خود مختيار رياستن جي فهرست

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[[File:Palais des Nations unies, à Genève.jpg|alt=A long row of flags|thumb|upright=1.2|&quot;پئليس آف نيشنز&quot;، [[جنيوا|جينيوا]]، [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]] جي سامهون لڳل [[گڏيل قومن جو عالمي ادارو|گڏيل قومن]] جي رڪن ملڪن ۽ مبصر رياستن جا جهنڊا ]]
هي '''خودمختيار رياستن جي فهرست'''، دنيا سڀ ئي رياستن، جيڪا پنهنجي خودمختياري جو دعوو ڪنديون آهن، جو هڪ جائزو پيش ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ هن رياستن جي خودمختياري ۽ ٻين ملڪن طرفان سڃاڻپ جي حيثيت متعلق ڄاڻ ڏنل آهي. 

اها 206 رياستون جيڪا فهرست ۾ شامل آهن، کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ 193 رياستون، جيڪيون گڏيل قومن جي اداري جي مڪمل رڪن آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;unms&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=United Nations Member States|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|publisher=United Nations|author=Press Release ORG/1469|accessdate=28 February 2011|date=3 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2 رياستون، جيڪيون گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي [[گڏيل قومن جي اداري جون مبصر رياستون|مبصر رياستون]] آھن ۽ 10 ٻيون تڪراري رياستون شامل آهن. 188 رياستون، جنهن ۾ 187 گڏيل قومن جي مڪمل رڪنيت واريون رياستون ۽ هڪ مبصر رياست شامل آهي، جي خودمختياري تي ڪو به تنازعو ناهي، جڏهن ته 15 رياستون جنهن جي خودمختياري تڪراري آهي، مان 6 گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي مڪمل رڪن رياستون، هڪ مبصر رياست، 6 ڊي فيڪٽو رياستون ۽ ٻه خاص حيثيت رکندڙ رياستون (ٻنهي نيوزيلينڊ سان آزاد لاڳاپيل ۾ آهن) شامل آهن.

==فهرست ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاء معيار==
اهڙي نوعيت جي فهرست ترتيب ڏيڻ هڪ پيچيده ۽ تڪراري عمل ٿي سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ قومن جي عالمي برادري جي سڀني ميمبرن تي پابند اهڙي ڪا هڪجهڙي تعريف موجود ناهي، جيڪا [[رياست (سياسي)|رياست]] لاءِ معيار مقرر ڪري. هن فهرست ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ معيارن بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ مهرباني ڪري هيٺ ڏنل ''[[شموليت جا معيار]]'' وارو حصو ڏسو. هن فهرست جو مقصد انهن ادارن  کي شامل ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي خودمختيار رياست طور ''[[ڊي فيڪٽو]]'' حيثيت سان تسليم ڪرايو ويٺا آهن؛ ۽ هن فهرست ۾ شموليت کي ڪنهن به اداري جي رياستي بابت قانوني حيثيت جي حمايت يا توثيق طور نه سمجهيو وڃي.
[[بين الاقوامي رواجي قانون]] ۾ رياست بابت غالب معيار کي [[رياست جو اعلامي نظريو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1933ع جي [[مونٽيوڊيو ڪنوينشن]] ذريعي ضابطه بند ڪيو ويو. هن ڪنوينشن موجب، بين الاقوامي قانون جي تحت هڪ رياست کي [[قانوني شخص]] ان صورت ۾ سمجهيو ويندو، جيڪڏهن اها هيٺيان شرط پوري ڪري: 
*(a) مستقل آبادي؛
*(b) مقرر ٿيل علائقو؛
*(c) حڪومت؛ ۽
*(d) ٻين رياستن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت؛
بشرطيڪه اها رياست زبردستي ذريعي حاصل نه ڪئي وئي هجي، ڇا اهو هٿيارن جي استعمال، سفارتي ڌمڪين، يا ڪنهن ٻئي اثرائتي جبر واري طريقي سان هجي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Hersch Lauterpacht|title=Recognition in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&amp;pg=PA419|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University
Press|page=xxxv|isbn=978110760
9433}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ان ڳالهه تي به بحث موجود آهي ته [[Diplomatic recognition|سفارتي سڃاڻپ]] کي رياستيت جو لازمي معيار سمجهيو وڃي يا نه. رياستيت جو اعلامي نظريو ان ڳالهه جو حامي آهي ته رياستيت هڪ مڪمل طور تي موضوعي  حيثيت رکي ٿي، ۽ ٻين رياستن طرفان سڃاڻپ غير لاڳاپيل آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، [[رياست جو تشڪيلي نظريو]] چوي ٿو ته ڪا به رياست تڏهن ئي بين الاقوامي قانون جي تحت شخصيت حاصل ڪري ٿي، جڏهن ٻين رياستن طرفان ان کي [[خودمختياري| خودمختيار]] طور تسليم ڪيو وڃي.
هن فهرست جي مقصد لاءِ، اهي سڀئي سياسي ادارا شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي پاڻ کي خودمختيار رياست سمجهن ٿا (چاهي [[آزاديءَ جي اعلان]] ذريعي يا ڪنهن ٻئي طريقي سان) ۽ گڏوگڏ هيٺين مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ شرط پوري ڪن:
اڪثر حالتن ۾ رياستيت جي اعلامي نظريي مطابق سمجهيا وڃن، ''يا''گهٽ ۾ گهٽ گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي هڪ [[گڏيل قومن جون رڪن رياستون|ميمبر رياست]] طرفان خودمختيار رياست طور سڃاتا وڃن. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ پهرين شرط جي تشريح بابت اختلاف موجود آهي، ۽ اهو تڪراري بڻيل آهي ته ڪو ادارو واقعي ان معيار تي پورو لهي ٿو يا نه. اهڙا منفرد سياسي ادارا، جيڪي مڪمل خودمختيار رياست جي درجي تي پورا نٿا لهن، [[نيم رياست|نيم رياستون يا ابتدائي رياستون]] (proto-states) سڏجن ٿيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hahn|first=Gordon|title=Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985–2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime|date=2002|page=527|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-0765800497}}{{cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Ryan|title=Age of Secession: The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth|date=2016|pages=85, 213–242|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-&lt;/ref&gt;1107161627}}.
مٿين معيارن جي بنياد تي، هن فهرست ۾ ڪُل 205 ادارا شامل ڪيا ويا آهن:{{efn|هيٺ ڏنل نقطا ٻن معيارن ((a) يا (b)) لاءِ ذريعن جي دستيابي جي بنياد تي ترتيب ڏنل آهن. هي ترتيب ٻنهي نظريائن جي اهميت جي ڀيٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ نه آهي. وڌيڪ تفصيل هر رياست جي الڳ اندراج ۾ ڏنل آهن.[[مالٽا جو خودمختيار مليٽري آرڊر]] کي هن فهرست ۾ شامل نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ⁠تہ خودمختيار حيثيت باوجود ان وٽ علائقو موجود ناهي ۽ نه ئي اها رياست جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿي. [[ننڍڙي رياست]] (micronation) طور سڃاتل ادارا به شامل ناهن ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جي دعويٰ ڪيل علائقن تي حقيقي ڪنٽرول اڪثر تڪراري هوندو آهي. ان سان گڏ، سڀئي [[غير رابطي وارا ماڻھو]] پڻ خارج ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي يا ته [[غير رياستي سماج م|اهڙين سماجن]] ۾ رهن ٿا جن کي رياست نٿو چئي سگهجي، يا جن جي حيثيت قطعي طور معلوم ناهي.
203 رياستون جيڪي گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ ميمبر رياست طرفان تسليم ٿيل آهن
هڪ رياست جيڪا رياستيت جي اعلامي نظريي تي پوري لهي ٿي ۽ رڳو غير گڏيل قومن جي ميمبر رياستن طرفان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي
هڪ رياست جيڪا رياستيت جي اعلامي نظريي تي پوري لهي ٿي پر ڪنهن به ٻي رياست طرفان سڃاتي نه وئي آهي
ٽيبل جي ساڄي پاسي واري ڪالم ۾ اهي ادارا نشان لڳايل آهن، جيڪي يا ته مڪمل خودمختيار رياستون ناهن يا ڪنهن ٻي خودمختيار رياست سان ويجهڙي لاڳاپي ۾ آهن. ان ۾ اهي ذيلي قومي علائقا به شامل آهن، جتي نالي واري رياست جي خودمختياري ڪنهن بين الاقوامي معاهدي سبب محدود ٿيل آهي. گڏيل طور تي، انهن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
اهي ادارا جيڪي ڪنهن ٻي رياست سان [[آزاد وابستگي واري رياست]] (associated state) جي لاڳاپي ۾ آهن
پاڪستان جي ڪنٽرول هيٺ ٻه ادارا، جيڪي نه خودمختيار رياستون آهن، نه ماتحت علائقا، ۽ نه ئي ڪنهن ٻي رياست جو حصو آهن: [[آزاد ڪشمير]] ۽ [[گلگت بلتستان]] ڪنهن ٻي رياست جا ماتحت علائقا، يا اهڙا علائقا جيڪي [[ماتحت علائقو| ماتحت علائقا]] واري صفحي مطابق ماتحت علائقن جون گهڻيون خاصيتون رکن ٿا
اهي ذيلي قومي ادارا، جيڪي بين الاقوامي معاهدن تحت قائم ڪيا ويا آهن
{{col-begin|width=760px}} گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي نظام ۾ رڪنيت واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ:

{{col-begin|width=760px}}
گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي نظام ۾ رڪنيت واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ: 
# {{legend|white|گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جون مڪمل رڪنيت واري رياستون}}
# {{legend|#ddf|گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي مبصر رياستون}}&lt;br&gt;محدود سڃاڻپ واري رياستن جي فهرست واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ:
# {{legend|white|غير متنازع خودمختياري}}
# {{legend|#fcc|تڪراري خودمختياري}}
{{col-end}}

==رياستن جي فهرست==

===گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي مڪمل رڪن ۽ مبصر رياستن جي فهرست===
{{col-begin|width=760px}}
گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي نظام ۾ رڪنيت واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ: 
* {{legend|white|گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جون مڪمل رڪنيت واري رياستون}}
* {{legend|#ddf|گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي مبصر رياستون}}&lt;br&gt;محدود سڃاڻپ واري رياستن جي فهرست واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ:
* {{legend|white|غير متنازع خودمختياري}}
* {{legend|#fcc|تڪراري خودمختياري}}
{{col-end}}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable sticky-header&quot; text-align:right;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:150pt;&quot;|عام ۽ رسمي نالا
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;| گڏيل قومن ۾ رڪنيت؟
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;|خودمختياري تڪرار
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|راڄڌاني ۽ وڏا شهر
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Afghanistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}'''، &lt;small&gt;سرڪاري نالو، '''امارت اسلامي افغانستان'''&lt;/small&gt;
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي. 
|'''ڪو به نا'''
&lt;small&gt;امارت اسلامي افغانستان جي حڪومت کي گڏيل قومن يا ڪنهن ٻئي رياست ([[روس]] کان سواءِ) تسليم نه ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russia-becomes-first-country-recognise-taliban-government-afghanistan-2025-07-03/|title=Russia becomes first country to recognise Taliban government of Afghanistan|last=Trevelyan|first=Mark|date=2025-07-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-07-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ختم ٿيل اڳوڻي حڪومت، اڃا تائين اداري پاران تسليم ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhund2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|archive-date=7 September 2021|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Seats_Denied&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=1 December 2021|title=U.N. Seats Denied, for Now, to Afghanistan's Taliban and Myanmar's Junta|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/americas/united-nations-taliban-myanmar.html|archive-date=28 December 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/americas/united-nations-taliban-myanmar.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|[[ڪابل]] (راڄڌاني)&lt;br&gt;[[غزني]]&lt;br&gt;[[ھرات]]
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Albania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
'''{{flag|Albania}}'''، &lt;small&gt; سرڪاري نالو، '''جمهوريه البانيه'''&lt;/small&gt;
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي.
|'''ڪو به نا'''
|[[تيرانا]] (راڄڌاني)&lt;br&gt;دريس&lt;br&gt;ويلوري 
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Algeria&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
'''{{flag|Algeria}}'''، &lt;small&gt;سرڪاري نالو، '''عوامي جمهوري جمهوريه الجزائر'''&lt;/small&gt;
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي.
|'''ڪو به نا'''
|[[الجزائر شھر]] (راڄڌاني)&lt;br&gt;وهران&lt;br&gt;قسطنطينه  
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;انڊورا&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Andorra}}'''&amp;nbsp;–   انڊورا جي پرنسيپلٽي 
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي.
|'''ڪو به نا'''
{{extent}}انڊورا هڪ [[Coregency#Andorra|مشترڪ پرنسپلٽي]] آهي، جنهن ۾ سربراههءِ رياست جو عهدو سرڪاري حيثيت سان گڏيل طور تي [[President of France|فرانس جي صدر]] ۽ رومن ڪيٿولڪ [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell|ڊائيوسيس آف ارگيل]] جي بشپ وٽ هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |title=Andorra country profile |work=BBC News |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215064605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن کي پاڻ [[Holy See]] جي منظوري سان مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Angola&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Angola}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Angola
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Antigua and Barbuda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Antigua and Barbuda is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;|Commonwealth realm refers to any member state of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] whose head of state is King [[Charles III]]. Each realm is separate, independent, and a sovereign state; see [[Commonwealth realm#Interrelationship|Commonwealth realm interrelationship]].}} with one autonomous region, [[Barbuda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |title=Chapter 44: The Barbuda Local Government Act |work=Laws of Antigua and Barbuda |url=http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf |access-date=10 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071022/http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;|For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see [[List of autonomous areas by country]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Argentina&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Argentina}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Argentine Republic{{efn|The [[Constitution of Argentina|Argentine Constitution]] (Art. 35) recognises the following denominations for Argentina: &quot;United Provinces of the Río de la Plata&quot;, &quot;Argentine Republic&quot; and &quot;Argentine Confederation&quot;; furthermore, it establishes the usage of &quot;Argentine Nation&quot; for purposes of legislation.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Argentina is a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|23 provinces and one autonomous city]].{{efn|name=&quot;ArgentineAntarctica&quot;|Argentina's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of ''[[Argentine Antarctica]]'' (''Antártida Argentina'') is one of five constituent [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] of the province [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.patagonia-argentina.com/en/tierradelfuego/|title=Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica|website=Patagonia-Argentina|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329190125/https://www.patagonia-argentina.com/en/tierradelfuego/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Armenia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Armenia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Armenia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot;|Not recognised by [[#Pakistan|Pakistan]]
{{extent}}Armenia is [[Armenia–Pakistan relations|not recognised]] by Pakistan due to [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|the dispute]] over [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|title=Pakistan Worldview, Report 21, Visit to Azerbaijan|publisher=Senate of Pakistan Foreign Relations Committee|date=2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219074354/http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nilufer Bakhtiyar: &quot;For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country&quot;|url=http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html|date=13 September 2006|access-date=11 June 2023 |website=Today.az |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813064453/http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html |archive-date=13 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325|title=Pakistan the only country not recognising Armenia – envoy|publisher=News.Az|date=5 February 2014|access-date=17 February 2014|quote=We are the only country not recognising Armenia as a state.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095734/http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325|archive-date=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Update inline|date=December 2024|reason=There appears to have been an offensive in 2023, which may have changed the status of this; sources are from long before then}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Australia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Australia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of Australia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Australia is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and a [[federation]] of both [[States and territories of Australia|states and territories]]. There are six states, three internal territories, six external territories and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic external territory. The external territories of Australia are:

* {{noflag|[[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]}}
* {{flag|Christmas Island}}
* {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}
* {{noflag|[[Coral Sea Islands Territory]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]}}
* {{flag|Norfolk Island}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Australian Antarctic Territory]]}}''
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Austria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Austria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Austria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the [[European Union]].{{efn|The member states of the [[European Union]] have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, which is an example of [[supranational union]]. The EU has 27 member states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Country profiles|url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles_en|access-date=11 June 2023|website=The European Union|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426190108/https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles_en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Austria is a [[federation]] of [[Federal states of Austria|nine states]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Azerbaijan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Azerbaijan{{efn|&quot;Azerbaijan Republic&quot; is sometimes used in an official capacity.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Azerbaijan contains one autonomous region, [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bahamas&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bahamas|name=Bahamas, The}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of The Bahamas&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bahamas, The {{!}} The Commonwealth|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bahamas|website=thecommonwealth.org|date=15 August 2013|access-date=12 March 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309082734/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bahamas|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The Bahamas is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bahrain&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bahrain}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Bahrain
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bangladesh&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}'''&amp;nbsp;– People's Republic of Bangladesh
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Barbados&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Barbados}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Belarus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belarus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Belarus
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Many states [[International reactions to the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and protests|rescinded their recognition]] of President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] following [[2020 Belarusian presidential election|the disputed 2020 election]]. [[#Lithuania|Lithuania]] currently recognises [[Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya]]'s [[Coordination Council (Belarus)|Coordination Council]] as the legitimate government of Belarus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |author1-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania) |title=Lithuanian Foreign Ministry's statement on the situation in Belarus |url=https://www.mfa.lt/default/en/news/lithuanian-foreign-ministrys-statement-on-the-situation-in-belarus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703061115/https://www.mfa.lt/default/en/news/lithuanian-foreign-ministrys-statement-on-the-situation-in-belarus |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |date=23 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Belgium&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belgium}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Belgium
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Belgium is a [[federation]] of [[Communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium|three linguistic communities and three regions]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Belize&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belize}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Belize is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Benin&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Benin}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Benin
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bhutan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bhutan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Bhutan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bolivia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bolivia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Plurinational State of Bolivia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Bosnia and Herzegovina has two constituent ''entities'':

* {{noflag|[[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]}}
* {{flag|Republika Srpska}}

and [[Brčko District]], a self-governing administrative ''district''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stjepanović2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Dual Substate Citizenship as Institutional Innovation: The Case of Bosnia's Brčko District |journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |date=2015 |pages=382–383 |first=Dejan |last=Stjepanović |volume=21 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1095043 |s2cid=146578107 |issn=1353-7113 |eissn=1557-2986 |oclc=5927465455}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Botswana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Botswana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Botswana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Brazil&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Brazil}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federative Republic of Brazil
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Brazil is a [[federation]] of [[Federative units of Brazil|26 states and one federal district]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Brunei&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Brunei}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Brunei Darussalam
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bulgaria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Bulgaria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Burkina Faso&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Burundi&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Burundi}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Burundi
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cambodia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cambodia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Cambodia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cameroon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cameroon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cameroon
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Canada&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Canada}}'''{{efn|The legal name for Canada is the sole word; an officially sanctioned, though disused, name is Dominion of Canada (which includes its legal title); see: [[Name of Canada#Use of Dominion|Use of Dominion]], [[Dominion#Canada]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Canada is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and a [[Canadian federalism|federation]] of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and three territories]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cape Verde&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cabo Verde{{efn|The government of Cape Verde declared &quot;Cabo Verde&quot; to be the official English name of the country in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131212-maps-cabo-verde-cartography-science-cape-verde-africa/|title=Cape Verde Gets New Name: 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change|author=Tanya Basu|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|date=14 December 2013|access-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020000546/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131212-maps-cabo-verde-cartography-science-cape-verde-africa/|archive-date=20 October 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Central African Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Chad&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Chad}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Chad
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Chile&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Chile}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Chile
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Chile has one special territory, [[Easter Island]].{{efn|name=&quot;ChileanAntarctic&quot;|Chile's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of the ''[[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Chilean Antarctic]]'' (''Antártica Chilena'') is a [[Communes of Chile|commune]] of the [[Antártica Chilena Province]] of the [[Magallanes Region]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;China&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|China}}'''&amp;nbsp;– People's Republic of China{{efn|name=&quot;ChinaTaiwan&quot;|The [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) is commonly referred to as &quot;China&quot;, while the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC) is commonly referred to as &quot;Taiwan&quot;. The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as [[Chinese Taipei]], or by other [[Chinese Taipei#Other alternative references to Taiwan|alternative names]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[Foreign relations of China#Countries without diplomatic relations with the PRC|Partially unrecognised]]. {{claimedby|ROC}}
{{extent}}China contains five autonomous regions, [[Guangxi]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Ningxia]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], and [[Xinjiang]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} Additionally, it has sovereignty over two [[special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Regions]]:

* {{flag|Hong Kong}}
* {{flag|Macao}}

China claims, but does not control, [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]], which is governed by a rival administration (the Republic of China) that claims all of China as its territory.{{efn|name=&quot;TAI2&quot;|In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) lost the [[Chinese Civil War]] to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and set up a provisional capital in [[Taipei]]. The CCP established the PRC. As such, the [[political status of Taiwan|political status of the ROC and legal status of Taiwan]] (alongside the [[Taiwan Area|territories]] under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the [[China and the United Nations|China seat]] to the PRC. In the view of the United Nations, no member of the organization withdrew as a consequence of this, but the ROC representatives declared that they were withdrawing. Most states recognise the PRC to be the [[One China|sole legitimate representative]] of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as &quot;[[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan, Province of China]]&quot;. The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwan independence]].}}

China is not recognised by [[Foreign relations of China#Countries without diplomatic relations with the PRC|{{numrec|Republic of China|link=N}}]] UN member states and [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]], which, with the exception of [[#Bhutan|Bhutan]], all recognise the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead.{{efn|See also [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China]] and [[Foreign relations of China]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Colombia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Colombia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Colombia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Comoros&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Comoros}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Union of the Comoros
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Comoros is a [[federation]] of [[Politics of the Comoros#Autonomous islands|three islands]].{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;|More information on more or less [[federation|federal]] structures can be found at [[Federation#Federal governments|Federal governments]].&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Comoros, Art. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}'''{{efn|Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Formerly referred to as [[Zaire]], its official name from 1971 to 1997.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Republic of the Congo|name=Congo, Republic of the}}'''{{efn|Also known as Congo-Brazzaville.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Costa Rica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Costa Rica
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Croatia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Croatia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Croatia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cuba&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cuba}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cuba
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cyprus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cyprus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cyprus
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |Not recognised by [[#Turkey|Turkey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/kakouris.cyprus/|publisher=CNN|title=Cyprus is not at peace with Turkey|author=Andreas S. Kakouris|date=9 July 2010|access-date=17 May 2014|quote=Turkey stands alone in violation of the will of the international community. It is the only country to recognise the &quot;TRNC&quot; and is the only country that does not recognise the Republic of Cyprus and its government.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518074323/http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/kakouris.cyprus/|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- and [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]{{cn|date=17 May 2014}} --&gt;
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]].

Cyprus is not recognised by [[#Turkey|Turkey]] due to the [[Cyprus problem]], with Turkey recognising [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Czech Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}'''{{efn|An official short name in English has been adopted by the Czech government, &quot;''Czechia''&quot;. This variant remains uncommon, but has been adopted by several companies and organizations including the United Nations. See [[Name of the Czech Republic]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Denmark&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kingdom of Denmark|name=Denmark}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Denmark
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} The [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]] includes two self-governing territories:
* {{flag|Faroe Islands}}
* {{flag|Greenland}}

The [[Denmark|metropolitan territory of Denmark]], the Faroe Islands and Greenland form the three constituent countries of the Kingdom.{{efn|The designation &quot;Denmark&quot; can refer either to Metropolitan Denmark or to the entire Danish Realm (e.g. in international organisations).}} The Kingdom of Denmark as a whole is a member of the EU, but [[Law of the European Union|EU law]] (in most cases) does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. See [[Greenland and the European Union]], and [[Faroe Islands and the European Union]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stm.dk/_p_12710.html |title=Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands : No. 137 of March 23, 1948 |website=Statsministeriat |location=Copenhagen |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910005827/http://www.stm.dk/_p_12710.html |archive-date=10 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stm.dk/_p_12712.html |title=The Greenland Home Rule Act : Act No. 577 of 29 November 1978 |website=Statsministeriat |location=Copenhagen |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214060548/http://www.stm.dk/_p_12712.html |archive-date=14 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Djibouti&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Djibouti}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Djibouti
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Dominica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Dominica}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of Dominica
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Dominican Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ecuador&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ecuador}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Ecuador
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Egypt&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Egypt}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Arab Republic of Egypt
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;El Salvador&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|El Salvador}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of El Salvador
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Equatorial Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Equatorial Guinea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Eritrea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Eritrea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Eritrea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Estonia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Estonia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Estonia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Eswatini&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Eswatini}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Eswatini{{efn|Formerly referred to as the Kingdom of Swaziland, its official name until 2018.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ethiopia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Ethiopia is a [[federation]] of [[Regions of Ethiopia|12 regions and two chartered cities]].
&lt;!--The European Union is not a sovereign state and should not be included--&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Fiji&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Fiji}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Fiji
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Fiji contains one autonomous region, [[Rotuma]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Laws of Fiji |place=Suva, Fiji |publisher=Government of Fiji |year=1927 |edition=1978 |chapter=Rotuma Act |chapter-url=http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621140255/http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419112327/http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |date=19 April 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Government of Fiji, Office of the Prime Minister |title=Chapter 122: Rotuma Act |work=Laws of Fiji |publisher=[[University of the South Pacific]] |year=1978 |url=http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ |access-date=10 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301163146/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ |archive-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Finland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Finland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Finland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}

* {{flag|Åland}} is a neutral and demilitarized autonomous region of Finland.{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}{{efn|[[Åland]] was demilitarized by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1856, which was later affirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on [[1995 enlargement of the European Union|Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;France&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|France}}'''&amp;nbsp;– French Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} France contains five [[Overseas departments and regions of France|overseas regions/departments]]; [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]], and [[Réunion]]. France also includes eight [[Overseas France|overseas territories]]:

* {{noflag|[[Clipperton Island]]}}
* {{flag|French Polynesia}}
* {{flag|New Caledonia}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Barthélemy]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Wallis and Futuna]]}}
* {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}{{efn|name=&quot;Adélie&quot;|France's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of ''[[Adélie Land]]'' (''Terre Adélie'') is one of five constituent districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Gabon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Gabon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Gabonese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Gambia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Gambia|name=Gambia, The}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of The Gambia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Gambia profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376517|website=BBC News|access-date=12 March 2018|date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311064543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376517|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Georgia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Georgia (country)|name=Georgia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Georgia contains two autonomous republics, [[Adjara]] and [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} In [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] and [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]], de facto states have been formed.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Germany&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Germany}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Germany
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Germany is a [[federation]] of [[States of Germany|16 states]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ghana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ghana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Ghana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Greece&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Greece}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Hellenic Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Greece contains one autonomous area, [[Mount Athos]].&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Greece, Art. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Grenada&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Grenada}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Grenada is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guatemala&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guatemala}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guatemala
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guinea{{efn|Also known as Guinea-Conakry.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guinea-Bissau&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guinea-Bissau
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guyana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guyana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Co-operative Republic of Guyana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Haiti&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Haiti}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Haiti
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Honduras&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Honduras}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Honduras
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Hungary&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Hungary}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Iceland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iceland}}'''{{efn|name=&quot;Republic&quot;|While sometimes referred to as the &quot;Republic of Iceland&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland|title=Iceland - Culture, History, &amp; People|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718220132/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf |title=Working Paper No. 54 : UNGEGN list of country names (Prepared by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names) |location=Vienna |date=May 2011 |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023432/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |website=unstats.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sometimes its counterpart ''Lýðveldið Ísland'' in Icelandic, the official name of the country is simply &quot;Iceland&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=54970|title=Hvert er formlegt heiti landsins okkar?|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022935/http://visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=54970|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; One example of the former is the name of the [[Constitution of Iceland]], which in Icelandic is ''Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands'' and is translated to &quot;the Constitution of the republic of Iceland&quot;. However, in this usage, &quot;republic&quot; is not capitalized.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;India&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|India}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of India
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}India is a [[federation]] of [[States and union territories of India|28 states and eight union territories]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Indonesia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Indonesia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Indonesia has nine autonomous [[Provinces of Indonesia|provinces]]: [[Aceh]], [[Jakarta]], [[Central Papua]], [[Highland Papua]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]], [[South Papua]], [[Southwest Papua]], [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]], and [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Iran&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iran}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Iran
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Iraq&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iraq}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Iraq
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Iraq is a [[federation]]{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518175432/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Iraqi constitution|archivedate=18 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[Governorates of Iraq|19 governorates]], four of which make up the autonomous [[Kurdistan Region]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ireland}}'''{{efn|&quot;Ireland&quot; is the official name of the country in English. &quot;Republic of Ireland&quot; (the official ''description'' in English) and &quot;Éire&quot; (the official name in Irish) have sometimes been used unofficially to distinguish the state from the larger [[Ireland|island of Ireland]], however, this is officially deprecated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=46 |pages=72–90 |number=1 |date=January 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies |doi=10.1086/508399 |jstor=10.1086/508399 |title=The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: &quot;A Country by Any Other Name&quot;? |last=Daly |first=Mary E. |doi-access=free |issn=0021-9371}}&lt;/ref&gt; See [[names of the Irish state]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Israel&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Israel}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Israel
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[International recognition of Israel|Partially unrecognised]]
{{extent}}Israel exerts strong control over the territory claimed by [[#Palestine|Palestine]]. It has annexed [[East Jerusalem]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm|title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel|website=www.knesset.gov.il|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; an act not recognised by the international community.&lt;ref name=dis&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=Disputes: International |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel has [[West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord|varying levels of control]] over the rest of the [[West Bank]], and although it ended its [[Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip|permanent civilian or military presence]] in the [[Gaza Strip]], it is still considered to be the occupying power under international law.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Bell |first=Abraham |title=International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense |work=Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29 |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=28 January 2008 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |archive-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Salih |first=Zak M. |title=Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status |publisher=[[University of Virginia School of Law]] |date=17 November 2005 |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=29 October 2004 |url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm |archive-date=1 November 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=occ&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&amp;pg=PA429|page=429|first=Andrew|last=Sanger|chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010|volume=13|editor=M.N. Schmitt |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|date=2011|isbn=978-90-6704-811-8|quote=It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.|doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14}}&lt;br /&gt;* {{cite book|title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts|editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst|first=Iain|last=Scobbie|author-link=Iain Scobbie|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-19-965775-9|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&amp;pg=PA295|quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}}&lt;br /&gt;* {{cite book|title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships|first=Michelle|last=Gawerc|publisher=Lexington Books|date=2012|isbn=9780739166109|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&amp;pg=PA44|quote=In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Israel is not recognised as a state by [[International recognition of Israel|28 UN members]] and the [[#SADR|Sahrawi Republic]]. The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], recognised by a majority of UN member states as the representative of the Palestinian people, [[Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition|recognised Israel in 1993]].

|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Italy&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Italy}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Italian Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} [[Italy]] has five autonomous regions: [[Aosta Valley]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ivory Coast&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Côte d'Ivoire{{efn|The government of Ivory Coast uses &quot;Côte d'Ivoire&quot; as the official English name of the country.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Jamaica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Jamaica}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Jamaica is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Japan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Japan}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-

|&lt;span id=&quot;Jordan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kazakhstan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kazakhstan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kenya&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kenya}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kenya
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kiribati&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kiribati}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kiribati
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kuwait&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kuwait}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Kuwait
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kyrgyzstan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kyrgyz Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Laos&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Laos}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Lao People's Democratic Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Latvia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Latvia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Latvia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Lebanon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lebanon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Lebanon
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Lesotho&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lesotho}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Lesotho
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Liberia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Liberia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Liberia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Libya&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Libya}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Libya
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Liechtenstein&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Principality of Liechtenstein
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Lithuania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lithuania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Lithuania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Luxembourg&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Madagascar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Madagascar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Madagascar
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Malawi&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malawi}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Malawi
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Malaysia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malaysia}}'''&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Malaysia is a [[federation]] of [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|13 states and three federal territories]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Maldives&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Maldives}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Maldives
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mali&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mali}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mali
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Malta&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malta}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Malta
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Marshall Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Marshall Islands
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mauritania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mauritania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Mauritania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mauritius&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mauritius}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mauritius
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Mauritius has an autonomous island, [[Rodrigues]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mexico&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mexico}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Mexican States
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Mexico is a [[federation]] of [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|31 states and one autonomous city]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Micronesia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia, Federated States of}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. The Federated States of Micronesia is a [[federation]] of [[Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia|four states]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Moldova&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Moldova}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Moldova
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Moldova has two [[Administrative divisions of Moldova|autonomous territorial units]], [[Gagauzia]] and the [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]]. The latter and a city, [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]] (Tighina), are under the ''de facto'' control of [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Monaco&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Monaco}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Principality of Monaco
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mongolia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mongolia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Montenegro&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Montenegro}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Morocco&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Morocco}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Morocco
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Part of the Moroccan-claimed [[Western Sahara]] is controlled by the partially recognised [[#SADR|Sahrawi Republic]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mozambique&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mozambique}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mozambique
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Myanmar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Myanmar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Union of Myanmar{{efn|The country's official name of Myanmar, adopted in 1989, has been mixed and controversial, with the former name Burma still being used in many cases. See [[Names of Myanmar]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}[[Wa State]] is a de facto autonomous state within Myanmar. The United Nations has not recognised the de facto ruling government of Myanmar, the [[State Administration Council]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Seats_Denied&quot; /&gt; &lt;!--France has only begun the process of recognising the NUG by passing a bill in the Senate--&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Namibia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Namibia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Namibia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nauru&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nauru}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Nauru
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nepal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nepal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Nepal is a [[federation]] composed of [[Provinces of Nepal|seven provinces]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Netherlands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of the Netherlands
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] includes four areas with substantial autonomy:

* {{flag|Aruba}}
* {{flag|Curaçao}}
* {{flag|Netherlands}}
* {{flag|Sint Maarten}}

The Metropolitan Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom. Three overseas parts of the Netherlands ([[Bonaire]], [[Saba (island)|Saba]] and [[Sint Eustatius]]) are [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of the metropolitan Netherlands.{{efn|The designation &quot;the Netherlands&quot; can refer either to the Metropolitan [[Netherlands]] or to the entire [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom]] (e.g. in international organisations).}} The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but [[Law of the European Union|EU law]] only wholly applies to parts within Europe.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;New Zealand&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|New Zealand}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}New Zealand is a [[Commonwealth realm]],{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and has one dependent territory and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territory:

* {{flag|Tokelau}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Ross Dependency]]}}''

The [[New Zealand Government]] acts for the entire [[Realm of New Zealand]] in all international contexts, which has responsibilities for (but no rights of control over) two freely [[associated state]]s:

* {{flag|Cook Islands}}
* {{flag|Niue}}

The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with {{Numrel|CK|alt2= |}} and {{Numrel|Niue|alt2= |}} UN members respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html|title=Beziehungen zu Deutschland|author=Federal Foreign Office of Germany|date=November 2009|publisher=Government of Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723070259/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html|archive-date=23 July 2010|access-date=16 July 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} For more information, see [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations |title=Foreign Affairs |publisher=United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004083335/http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html |archive-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN,&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |title=Article 102, Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, Supplement No. 8, Volume VI (1989–1994) |website=untreaty.un.org |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403031600/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2012 |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are members of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nicaragua&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nicaragua}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Nicaragua
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Nicaragua contains two autonomous regions, [[North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|North Caribbean Coast]] and [[South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|South Caribbean Coast]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Niger&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Niger}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Niger
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nigeria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nigeria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Nigeria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Nigeria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Nigeria|36 states and one federal territory]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;North Korea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|North Korea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic People's Republic of Korea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SKOREA}}
{{extent}}North Korea is not recognised by one UN member, [[#South Korea|South Korea]], which claims to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html |date=June 22, 1965 |website=ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp |title=Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea |access-date=27 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313123054/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html |archive-date=13 March 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;North Macedonia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|North Macedonia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of North Macedonia{{efn|Formerly known constitutionally as the &quot;Republic of Macedonia&quot; from 1991 to 2019 and under the international designation of &quot;the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia&quot; (FYROM) from 1993 to 2019 due to the [[Macedonia naming dispute]] with [[Greece]]. Following the [[Prespa Agreement]] going into effect in February 2019, the country was renamed &quot;North Macedonia&quot;.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Norway&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Norway}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Norway
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Norway has two [[unincorporated area]]s in Europe:

* {{noflag|[[Svalbard]]}} is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the [[Svalbard Treaty]].
* {{noflag|[[Jan Mayen]]}} is an uninhabited island that is an integral part of Norway, although unincorporated.

Norway has one [[Dependencies of Norway|dependent territory]] and two [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territories in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]:

* {{noflag|[[Bouvet Island]]}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Peter I Island]]}}''
* ''{{noflag|[[Queen Maud Land]]}}''
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Oman&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Oman}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Sultanate of Oman
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Pakistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Pakistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Pakistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Pakistan is a [[federation]] of [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces and one capital territory]]. Pakistan exercises control over certain portions of [[Kashmir]], but has not officially annexed any of it,&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Pakistan, Art. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Aslam, Tasnim |title=Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part... |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374 |newspaper=Outlook India |publisher=The Outlook Group |date=11 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213213928/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374 |archive-date=13 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=27 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; instead regarding it as a disputed territory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kristen P. |title=Despite nationalist conflicts: theory and practice of maintaining world peace |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYmurpH3ahsC |isbn=978-0-275-96934-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=R.K. |title=An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21st Century |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2001 |pages=120–121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC |isbn=978-81-261-1091-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The portions that it controls are divided into two territories, administered separately from Pakistan proper:

* {{flag|Azad Kashmir}}
* {{noflag|[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]}}

Azad Kashmir describes itself as a &quot;self-governing state under Pakistani control&quot;, while Gilgit-Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of &quot;areas&quot; with self-government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;catid=14 |title=Azad Kashmir Day |access-date=2014-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812174212/http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;catid=14 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gbtribune.files.wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf |title=To Be Published In The Next Issue Of The |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905063539/http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&amp;KHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ajk.gov.pk/history.php|title=AJ&amp;K History|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174235/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/history.php|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign, as they do not fulfil the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood (for example, their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states). Several state functions of these territories (such as foreign affairs and defense) are performed by Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbtribune.files.wordpress.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-aRAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=azad+kashmir+gilgit+baltistan&amp;pg=PA1100|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|access-date=5 October 2014|isbn=9781483333281|last1=Lansford|first1=Tom|date=2014-04-08|publisher=SAGE Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf# |title=The Azad Jammu And Kashmir Interim Constitution Act, 1974 |format=PDF |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013171853/http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Palau&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Palau}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Palau
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Palestine}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Palestine
| style=&quot;background:#ddf;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Current non-member observers|UN General Assembly observer state]]; member of two [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]&lt;!-- {{cn|date=April 2021}} -- it appears that the convention on this page is to keep details and citations to the last column, which is where the details and citations for this claim can be found --&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Partially unrecognised]]. [[Israeli-occupied territories|Occupied]] by [[#Israel|Israel]].
{{extent}}The State of Palestine, declared in 1988, is not recognised as a state by Israel but has received diplomatic recognition from {{Numrec|Palestine}} states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Palestine Liberation Organization|title=Road For Palestinian Statehood: Recognition and Admission|url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|publisher=Negotiations Affairs Department|access-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818214013/http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|archive-date=18 August 2011|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control over much of the territory that it proclaimed.&lt;ref&gt;See the following on statehood criteria:
* {{cite web|author=Mendes, Errol|title=Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute|url=http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|pages=28, 33|date=30 March 2010|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190057/http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|archive-date=31 August 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} &quot;...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention...&quot;; &quot;...the fact that a majority of states have recognised Palestine as a State should easily fulfil the requisite state practice&quot;.
* {{cite journal|author=McKinney, Kathryn M.|title=The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine|url=http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|journal=Seattle University Law Review|volume=18|issue=93|year=1994|page=97|publisher=Seattle University|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22 |date=22 July 2011 }} &quot;It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory&quot;.
* {{cite journal|author=McDonald, Avril|title=Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&amp;crawlid=1&amp;doctype=cite&amp;docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&amp;srctype=smi&amp;srcid=3B15&amp;key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|journal=Human Rights Brief|volume=25|date=Spring 2009|publisher=Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329201731/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&amp;crawlid=1&amp;doctype=cite&amp;docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&amp;srctype=smi&amp;srcid=3B15&amp;key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|archive-date=29 March 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} &quot;Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Palestinian Authority]] is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]] that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the [[occupied Palestinian territories]]. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unnms&quot;/&gt; The State of Palestine is a member state of [[UNESCO]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Arab States: Palestine|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|publisher=United Nations|access-date=3 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104131813/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]] and other international organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34074.pdf|pages=40–41|date=18 March 2021|access-date=11 April 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513163558/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34074.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Panama&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Panama}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Panama
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Papua New Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Independent State of Papua New Guinea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Papua New Guinea is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} with one autonomous region, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Paraguay&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Paraguay}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Paraguay
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Peru&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Peru}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Peru
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Philippines&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Philippines}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Philippines
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The Philippines contains one autonomous region, [[Bangsamoro]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Poland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Poland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Poland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Portugal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Portugal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Portuguese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Portugal contains two autonomous regions, [[Azores|the Azores]] and [[Madeira]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Qatar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Qatar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Qatar
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Romania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Romania}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Russia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Russia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Russian Federation
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Russia is a [[federation]] of 83 internationally recognised [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics.{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Rwanda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Rwanda}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Rwanda
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Kitts and Nevis&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Saint Kitts and Nevis is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and is a [[federation]]{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;}} of two islands, [[Saint Kitts]] and [[Nevis]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Lucia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Lucia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Saint Lucia is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Samoa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Samoa}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Independent State of Samoa
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;San Marino&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|San Marino}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of San Marino
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;São Tomé and Príncipe&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}São Tomé and Príncipe contains one autonomous province, [[Príncipe]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
&lt;!--Sealand is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--&gt;
&lt;!--Scotland is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Senegal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Senegal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Senegal
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Serbia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Serbia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Serbia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Serbia contains two autonomous provinces, [[Vojvodina]] and [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo and Metohija]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} The latter is under the de facto control of [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Seychelles&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Seychelles}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Seychelles
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sierra Leone&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Sierra Leone
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Singapore&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Singapore}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Singapore
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Slovakia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Slovakia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Slovak Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Slovenia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Slovenia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Slovenia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Solomon Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Solomon Islands is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Somalia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Somalia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Somalia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Somalia is a federation of [[states and regions of Somalia|six states]]. Two, [[Puntland]] and [[Galmudug]], have self-declared autonomy, while one, [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]], is de facto independent.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Africa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Africa}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Africa
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Korea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Korea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Korea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|NKOREA}}
{{extent}}South Korea has one autonomous region, [[Jeju Province]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Keun Min|title=Greetings|publisher=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|access-date=10 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502123553/http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
South Korea is not recognised by [[#North Korea|North Korea]], which claims to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Sudan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Sudan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Sudan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}South Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of South Sudan|10 states and three administrative areas]].

The [[Abyei|Abyei Area]] is a zone with &quot;special administrative status&quot; established by the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of South Sudan and [[#Sudan|Sudan]], but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.&lt;ref name=UNISFA2017&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unisfa.unmissions.org/statement-unisfa-recent-spate-attacks-abyei|title=Statement from UNISFA on the recent spate of attacks in Abyei|website=UNmissions.org|date=18 October 2017|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022254/https://unisfa.unmissions.org/statement-unisfa-recent-spate-attacks-abyei|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AbyeiName&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/17103/Abyei-Administration-Area-Changes-Name.aspx|title=Abyei Administration Area Changes Name|website=Gurtong.net|date=29 July 2015|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022037/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/17103/Abyei-Administration-Area-Changes-Name.aspx|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Spain&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Spain}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Spain
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Spain is divided into [[Autonomous communities of Spain|17 autonomous communities and two special autonomous cities]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}{{efn|name=&quot;Plazas&quot;|Spain holds several small overseas territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering [[Morocco]], known as the [[plazas de soberanía]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sri Lanka&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka{{efn|Formerly known as [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] until 1972.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sudan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sudan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Sudan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of Sudan|18 states]].

The [[Abyei|Abyei Area]] is a zone with &quot;special administrative status&quot; established by the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of [[#South Sudan|South Sudan]] and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.&lt;ref name=UNISFA2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=AbyeiName/&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Suriname&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Suriname}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Suriname
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sweden&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sweden}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Sweden
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Switzerland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Swiss Confederation
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Switzerland is a [[federation]] of [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 cantons]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Syria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Syria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Syrian Arab Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}During the [[Syrian civil war]], the [[National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian National Coalition]] (SNC) was [[National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces#International recognition|recognised]] as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people by 20 UN members and established an [[Syrian Interim Government|interim government]] to rule rebel-controlled territory. After the [[fall of the Assad regime]], the SNC declared its allegiance to the new government.
Syria has one self-declared autonomous region, [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tajikistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tajikistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Tajikistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Tajikistan contains one autonomous region, [[Gorno-Badakhshan]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tanzania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tanzania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Republic of Tanzania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Tanzania contains one autonomous region, [[Zanzibar]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Thailand&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Thailand}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Thailand
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Timor-Leste&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Timor-Leste}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste{{efn|Formerly also known as East Timor.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Togo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Togo}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Togolese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tonga&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tonga}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Tonga
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Trinidad and Tobago contains one autonomous region, [[Tobago]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tunisia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tunisia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Tunisia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Turkey&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Turkey}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Türkiye{{efn|Formerly the &quot;Republic of Turkey&quot;. In 2023, the United Nations recognized &quot;Türkiye&quot; as the official English name of the country after a request made by the Turkish government.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Turkmenistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Turkmenistan}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tuvalu&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tuvalu}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Tuvalu is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Uganda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uganda}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Uganda
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ukraine&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ukraine}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Ukraine contains one autonomous region, the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]],{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} which is under the control of [[#Russia|Russia]]. Seven other areas of Ukraine are under full or partial Russian control, including [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]], [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]],&lt;!-- Eastern part of Kharkiv Oblast is still occupied by Russia --&gt; [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]], [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]], [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]],&lt;!-- The Kinburn Peninsula of Mykolaiv Oblast is still occupied by Russia --&gt; [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]] oblasts and [[Sevastopol]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;United Arab Emirates&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The United Arab Emirates is a [[federation]] of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|seven emirates]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;United Kingdom&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The United Kingdom is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;||group=}} consisting of [[countries of the United Kingdom|four constituent countries]]: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]]. The United Kingdom has the following 13 [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territories]] and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territory:

* {{noflag|[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]{{Efn|There is no official flag for Akrotiri and Dhekelia; it is represented by the [[flag of the United Kingdom]], the [[Union Jack]]. See [[Flag of Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]}}}}
* {{flag|Anguilla}}
* {{flag|Bermuda}}
* {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}
* {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}
* {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
* {{flag|Falkland Islands}}
* {{flag|Gibraltar}}
* {{flag|Montserrat}}
* {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] {{Efn|There is no official flag for Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; it is represented by the [[flag of the United Kingdom]], the [[Union Jack]]. However, the 3 islands that comprise it do have flags. See [[Flag of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]}}}}
* {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
* {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
* ''{{flag|British Antarctic Territory}}''

The [[The Crown|British monarch]] also has direct sovereignty over three self-governing [[Crown Dependencies]]:

* {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}}
* {{flag|Isle of Man}}
* {{flag|Jersey}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;United States&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United States}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United States of America
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The United States is a [[federation]] of [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory]] ([[Palmyra Atoll]]).

Additionally, the [[federal government of the United States]] has sovereignty over 13 [[Territories of the United States#Incorporated vs. unincorporated territories|unincorporated territories]]. Of these unincorporated territories, five are inhabited possessions:

* {{flag|American Samoa}}
* {{flag|Guam}}
* {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}
* {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
* {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}

The United States also has sovereignty over eight uninhabited territories:

* [[Baker Island]]
* [[Howland Island]]
* [[Jarvis Island]]
* [[Johnston Atoll]]
* [[Kingman Reef]]
* [[Midway Atoll]]
* [[Navassa Island]]
* [[Wake Island]]

The United States disputes sovereignty over two territories:

* ''[[Bajo Nuevo Bank]]''
* ''[[Serranilla Bank]]''

Three sovereign states have become [[associated state]]s of the United States under the [[Compact of Free Association]]:

* {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
* {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
* {{flag|Palau}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Uruguay&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uruguay}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Oriental Republic of Uruguay
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Uzbekistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uzbekistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Uzbekistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Uzbekistan contains one autonomous region, [[Karakalpakstan]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Vanuatu&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vanuatu}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Vanuatu
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Vatican City&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vatican City}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Vatican City State
| style=&quot;background:#ddf;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Current non-member observers|UN General Assembly observer state]] under the designation of &quot;[[Holy See]]&quot;; member of three [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Administered by the [[Holy See]], a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations to {{Numrec|Holy See|N=3||states}} (including {{Numrec|Holy See|link=N}} UN member states, the [[#Cook Islands|Cook Islands]], the [[#Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]], and [[#Palestine|Palestine]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|title=Bilateral relations of the Holy See|publisher=Holy See website|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|archive-date=9 July 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[European Union]] and the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] maintain diplomatic relations with the Holy See. The Holy See is a member of three [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] ([[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]], [[Universal Postal Union|UPU]], and [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]]) and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], as well as being a permanent observer of the UN (in the category of &quot;Non-member State&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;unnms&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Non-member States and Entities |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |publisher=United Nations |access-date=30 August 2010 |date=29 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509204646/http://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Foreign relations of the Holy See#Participation in international organizations|multiple other UN System organizations]]. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the [[Pope]], who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and ''[[ex officio member|ex officio]]'' sovereign of Vatican City.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Venezuela&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Venezuela}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Venezuela is a [[federation]] of [[States of Venezuela|23 states]], [[Administrative divisions of Venezuela|one capital district, and federal dependencies]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Vietnam&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vietnam}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Socialist Republic of Vietnam
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Yemen&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Yemen}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Yemen
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Zambia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Zambia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Zambia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Zimbabwe&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Zimbabwe
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|}

===Other states===
{{col-begin|width=760px}}
{{col-2}}
'''&quot;Membership within the UN System&quot; column legend'''
{{legend|#e2efda|Member state of a UN Specialized Agency}}
{{legend|lemonchiffon|No membership}}
{{col-2}}
'''&quot;Sovereignty dispute&quot; column legend''' 
{{legend|white|Undisputed sovereignty}}
{{legend|#fcc|Disputed sovereignty}}
{{col-end}}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable sticky-header&quot; text-align:left;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:150pt;&quot;| Common and formal names
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;| Membership within the [[United Nations System|UN System]]{{efn|name=&quot;membership&quot;}}
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;| Sovereignty dispute{{efn|name=&quot;sd&quot;}}
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty{{efn|name=&quot;fi&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Abkhazia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Abkhazia
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Georgia|Georgia]]. [[Russian-occupied territories in Georgia|Occupied]] by [[#Russia|Russia]].
{{extent}}[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Syria, Venezuela, South Ossetia, and Transnistria.&lt;ref name=ASOTREC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|date=17 November 2006|access-date=5 June 2011|script-title=ru:Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же|publisher=newsru.com|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416050525/http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|archive-date=16 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cook Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cook Islands}}'''
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of eight [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])&lt;/small&gt;
{{extent}}A state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[#New Zealand|New Zealand]], the Cook Islands maintains [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands|diplomatic relations with at least 63 other states]] and is recognized as a sovereign state by a number of them. The Cook Islands is a member of [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty-making capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;/&gt; It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kosovo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kosovo}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kosovo
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of two [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SERBIA}}
{{extent}}Pursuant to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], Kosovo was placed under the administration of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/|website=UN|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225015010/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/|archive-date=25 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence in 2008]], and it has {{Numrec|Kosovo|received diplomatic recognition from|UN member states}} and the [[#Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]], while 18 of those states have recognised Kosovo only to later withdraw their recognition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/pres-servis/saopstenja/22340--18-k-sl03032020?lang=lat|title=''&quot;Sijera Leone je 18. država koja je povukla priznanje tzv. Kosova&quot;''|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130005310/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/pres-servis/saopstenja/22340--18-k-sl03032020?lang=lat|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank Group]]. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in [[North Kosovo]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Niue&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Niue}}'''
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of five [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])&lt;/small&gt;
{{extent}}A state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[#New Zealand|New Zealand]], Niue maintains [[Foreign relations of Niue|diplomatic relations with at least 28 other states]] and is recognized as a sovereign state by a number of them. Niue is a member of [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty-making capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;/&gt; It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Northern Cyprus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Cyprus|Cyprus]]. [[Cyprus problem|Occupied]] by [[#Turkey|Turkey]].
{{extent}} [[Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised only by]] [[#Turkey|Turkey]]. Under the name &quot;[[Turkish Cypriot State]]&quot;, it is an observer state of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]]. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the [[#Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Cyprus|date=7 June 2023|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202203/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;SADR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sahrawi Republic}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed and [[Southern Provinces|occupied]] by [[#Morocco|Morocco]].
{{extent}}The [[Polisario Front]], which administers the Sahrawi Republic, is recognized by the UN as the [[List of active national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations|legitimate representative]] of the people of [[Western Sahara]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/376/64/pdf/nr037664.pdf Question of Western Sahara]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} A/RES/34/37 (1979)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/390/38/pdf/nr039038.pdf Question of Western Sahara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415143254/https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/390/38/pdf/nr039038.pdf |date=2025-04-15 }} A/RES/35/19 (1980)&lt;/ref&gt; Recognised at some stage by {{Numrec|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic||UN member states}}, {{Numrec|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|W=Y|link=N}} of which have since withdrawn or frozen their recognition. It is a founding member of the [[African Union]], an international organization with [[United Nations General Assembly observers|permanent observer status]] at the UN General Assembly.

The territories under its control, the so-called [[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]], are claimed in whole by [[#Morocco|Morocco]] as part of its [[Southern Provinces]]. In turn, the Sahrawi Republic claims the part of Western Sahara to the west of the [[Moroccan Western Sahara Wall|Moroccan sand wall]] controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in [[Tindouf]], [[#Algeria|Algeria]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Somaliland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Somaliland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Somaliland
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SOMALIA}}
{{extent}}A de facto independent state&lt;ref name=montevideo&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States|page=53|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|quote=In addition to the four cases of contested statehood described above, there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognised by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.|access-date=24 September 2013|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009041217/http://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|archive-date=9 October 2013|url-status=live|isbn=9780199698394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FailureofStates&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf|last1=Kreuter|first1=Aaron|title=Self-Determination, Sovereignty, and the Failure of States: Somaliland and the Case for Justified Secession|journal=[[Minnesota Journal of International Law]]|volume=19|pages=380–381|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Law School]]|year=2010|issue=2|quote=Considering each of these factors, Somaliland has a colorable argument that it meets the theoretical requirements of statehood. ... On these bases, Somaliland appears to have a strong claim to statehood.|access-date=24 September 2013|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082111/http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082111/http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf |date=27 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=StrangeCase&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|last1=Arieff|first1=Alexis|title=de facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland|journal=[[Yale Journal of International Affairs]]|issue=Spring/Summer 2008|pages=1–79|publisher=International Affairs Council at Yale|access-date=17 April 2011|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2011|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf |date=13 December 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Foreign relations of Somaliland|not formally diplomatically recognised by]] any other state{{efn|Though [[Somaliland–Taiwan relations|de facto recognized by the Republic of China (Taiwan)]].}} and claimed in whole by the [[#Somalia|Federal Republic of Somalia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Somalilandprofile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Somaliland profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14115069|website=[[BBC News]]|date=14 December 2017|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423054426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14115069|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Ossetia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Ossetia–the State of Alania
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Georgia|Georgia]]. [[Russian-occupied territories in Georgia|Occupied]] by [[#Russia|Russia]].
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jansen, Dinah|title=The Conflict between Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: the South Ossetian Paradigm|url=https://es.scribd.com/document/31659924/The-Conflict-between-Self-Determination-and-Territorial-Integrity-The-South-Ossetian-Paradigm|journal=Geopolitics Vs. Global Governance: Reinterpreting International Security|pages=222–242|year=2009|publisher=Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, University of Dalhousie|isbn=978-1-896440-61-3|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819063355/https://es.scribd.com/document/31659924/The-Conflict-between-Self-Determination-and-Territorial-Integrity-The-South-Ossetian-Paradigm|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Syria, Venezuela, Abkhazia, and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] through the [[Administration of South Ossetia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnnAbSO&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Russia condemned for recognising rebel regions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|newspaper=CNN.com|publisher=Cable News Network|date=26 August 2008|access-date=26 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829045537/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|archive-date=29 August 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Taiwan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Republic of China|name=Taiwan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of China{{efn|name=&quot;ChinaTaiwan&quot;}}
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; UN member state until 1971, now no membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[Foreign relations of Taiwan|Partially unrecognised]]. {{claimedby|PRC}}.
{{extent}}A state competing (nominally) for recognition with the [[#China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China (ROC) controls the islands of [[geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]], [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], the [[Matsu Islands]], and [[Pratas Island]], as well as [[Taiping Island]] and [[Zhongzhou Reef]] of the [[Spratly Islands]], and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the [[Mainland China|mainland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=8 October 2008 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320 |access-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213128/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320 |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ROC is recognised by {{Numrec|Republic of China|alt=UN member states and the Holy See as of}} UN member states and [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]], none of which recognise the PRC. Additionally, one UN member ([[#Bhutan|Bhutan]]) has [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relations with neither the ROC nor the PRC|refrained from recognising]] either the ROC or the PRC.
 
In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=A88B8E342A02AD0A&amp;s=F1B6AD3B065E43D8|script-title=zh:中華民國國情介紹|date=22 March 2017|website=2.16.886.101.20003|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702041112/https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=A88B8E342A02AD0A&amp;s=F1B6AD3B065E43D8|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; with 58 UN member states, one [[list of states with limited recognition|self-declared state]] ([[#Somaliland|Somaliland]]), three territories ([[Guam]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Macau]]), and the [[European Union]] via its [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|representative offices and consulates]] under the [[One China]] principle. Taiwan has the 31st-largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=van der Wees |first1=Gerrit |title=Is Taiwan's International Space Expanding or Contracting? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/is-taiwans-international-space-expanding-or-contracting/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172602/https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/is-taiwans-international-space-expanding-or-contracting/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
The territory of the ROC is claimed in whole by the PRC.{{efn|name=&quot;TAI2&quot;}} The ROC [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#International organizations|participates in international organizations]] under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly &quot;[[Chinese Taipei]]&quot;. In the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the ROC has full membership under the designation of &quot;Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu&quot;. The ROC was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]. See [[China and the United Nations]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Transnistria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Transnistria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Moldova|Moldova]]. [[Russian military presence in Transnistria|Occupied]] by [[#Russia|Russia]].
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref name=montevideo/&gt; [[Foreign relations of Transnistria|recognised only by]] [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] and [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]].&lt;ref name=ASOTREC /&gt; Claimed in whole by [[#Moldova|Moldova]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=20 November 2022|title=Transnistria profile – Overview|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18286268|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405014442/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18286268|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==پڻ ڏسو==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  style=&quot;width:35%&quot; | '''رياست جو نالو''' !!style=&quot;width:12.5%&quot; | '''[[گڏيل قومون|گڏيل قومن]] ۾ حيثيت''' !!style=&quot;width:12.5%&quot; | '''خودمختياري تي تنازعو''' !! '''حيثيت ۽ خودمختياري جي اقرار بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ'''
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Ireland.svg|50px]]  '''[[ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|50px]]  '''[[آسٽريليا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || آسٽريليا [[دولته مشترڪه]] جو ميمبر ۽ 6 رياستن جو وفاق ۽ 10 علائقن تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي. ٻاهريان علائقا هيٺ ڏيکاريل آهن. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[اشمور ۽ ڪارٽير ٻيٽ]]   
* [[آسٽريليوي انٽارڪٽيڪي علائقا]]   
* [[Image:Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg|25px]] [[ڪرسمس ٻيٽ]]
* [[ڪوڪوس (ڪيلينگ) ٻيٽ]]
* [[مرجاني ٻيٽ وارو علائقو]] 
* [[هيئرڊ ٻيٽ ۽ ميڪڊونلڊ ٻيٽ]] 
* [[Image:Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg|25px]][[ نيرو فيڪا ٻيٽَ]] 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg|50px]]  '''[[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]]''' ||  ||  || 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg|50px]]  '''[[آذربائيجان]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || آذربائيجان ۾ ٻه خودمختيار رياستون [[نخجوان]] ۽ [[نگورنو ڪاراباخ]] شامل آهن.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|50px]]  '''[[آرمينيا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[پاڪستان]] آرمينيا کي آزاد ملڪ طور تسليم ناهي ڪيو.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Austria.svg|50px]]  '''[[آسٽريا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو ۽ 9 رياستن تي مشتمل وفاق آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Iceland.svg|50px]]  '''[[آئس لينڊ]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Abkhazia.svg|50px]] '''[[ابخازيہ]]''' || style=&quot;background: #FFFFA4;&quot; |گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ناهي || style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |[[جارجيا]] پاران دعوا ڪيل ||  ابخازيه کي [[روس]]، [[وينزويلا]] کان سواءِ ڪو به گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ملڪ، آزاد ملڪ تسليم نٿو ڪري. هن علائقي مٿان [[جارجيا]] جي دعوا آهي ۽ جارجيا هن کي ريپبلڪ آف ابخايزه جو خودمختيار علائقو تسليم ڪري ٿو.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_East Timor.svg|50px]]  '''[[اوڀر تيمور]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_North Korea.svg|50px]]  '''[[اتر ڪوريا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |[[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] پاران دعوا ڪيل || اتر ڪوريا کي گڏيل قومن جي اداري جا ٽي رڪن، [[فرانس]]، [[جاپان]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] آزاد ملڪ تسليم نٿا ڪن.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Angola.svg|50px]] '''[[انگولا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|50px]]  '''[[اٽلي]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو آهي ۽ 5 خودمختيار رياستون شامل آهن جن کي سرڪاري طور ”خاص حيثيت وارا علائقا” چيو ويندو آهي.
* [[Image:Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg|25px]] [[اوستا وادي]] 
* [[Image:Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg|25px]] [[فريولي وينيزيا جوليا]]
* [[Image:Flag_of_the_Italian_region_Sardinia.svg|25px]] [[سرڊينيا]]
* [[Image:Flag of Sicily.svg|25px]] [[سسيله]]
* [[Image:Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg|25px]] [[ترينتينو ڏکڻ ٽائرول]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Argentina.svg|50px]]  '''[[ارجنٽائن]]''' ||  گڏيل قومن جو رڪن|| ناهي  || ارجنٽائن [[ارجنٽائن جا صوبا|23 صوبن تي مشتعمل وفاق آهي ۽ 1 شهر خودمختيار آهي]].
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Jordan.svg|50px]]  '''[[اردن]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|50px]]  '''[[اريٽيريا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ازبڪستان]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  || ازبڪستان ۾ هڪ خودمختيار علائقو [[قراقل پاقستان]] شامل آهي.
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Equatorial Guinea.svg|50px]]  '''[[استوائي گني]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Israel.svg|50px]]  '''[[اسرائيل]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |جزوي طور خودمختياري تسليم نه ڪيل || اسرائيل جو انهن علائقن تي مظبوط اختيار آهي جن علائقن تي [[فلسطين]] جي دعوا آهي. اسرائيل [[اوڀر بيت المقدس]] کي پنهنجي رياست ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو، پر عالمي دنيا ان فيصلي کي تسليم نه ڪيو. اسرائيل جو [[اولهندو ڪنارو|اولهندي ڪناري]] تي پڻ ڪنٽرول آهي. توڙي جو [[عزا پٽي]] تي اسرائيلي شهري توڙي فوجي موجود ناهن پر خيال آهي ته عالمي قانون موجب اڄ به اسرائيل اتي قابض آهي. اسرائيل کي گڏيل قومن جي 32 رڪن ملڪن پاران تسليم ناهي ڪيو ويو.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|50px]]  '''[[اسٽونيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي  || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg|50px]]  '''[[اسپين]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو آهي. اسپين 18 خودمختيار برادرين ۽ 2 خاص خودمختيار شهرن تي ٻڌيل ملڪ آهي.
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[افغانستان]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Albania.svg|50px]]  '''[[البانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|50px]]  '''[[الجيريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Andorra.svg|50px]]  '''[[اينڊورا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || 
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg|50px]]  '''[[انڊونيشيا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || اندونيشيا 5 صوبن، [[آچي]]، [[جڪارتا]]، [[یوگیاڪارتا جو خاص علائقو|یوگیاڪارتا]]، [[پاپوا (صوبو)|پاپوا]]، [[اولهندو پاپوا (صوبو)|اولهندو پاپوا]] تي ٻڌل ملڪ آهي، اندونيشيا ۾ صوبن کي خاص قسم جي خودمختياري پڻ ڏنل آهي. 
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايٿوپيا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || اٿوپيا [[اٿوپيا جا علائقا|9 علائقن ۽ ٻن خاص شهرن]] تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Iran.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايران]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_El Salvador.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايل سيلويڊور]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Antigua and Barbuda.svg|50px]]  '''[[اينٽيگا ۽ باربوڊا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[دولته مشترڪه]] جو ميمبر ملڪ آهي. هڪ خومختيار علائقو [[باربوڊا]] پڻ شامل اٿس.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايڪواڊور]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Belarus.svg|50px]]  '''[[بيلاروس]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || بيلاروس [[روس]] سان [[گڏيل رياست]] جوڙي آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Barbados.svg|50px]]  '''[[بارباڊوس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || [[دولته مشترڪه]] جو حصو
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg|50px]]  '''[[بحرين]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|50px]]  '''[[برازيل]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || برازيل [[برازيل جون رياستون|26 رياستن ۽ 1 وفاقي صوبي]] تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg|50px]]  '''[[برما]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Brunei.svg|50px]]  '''[[برونائي]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|50px]]  '''[[برونڊي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Burkina Faso.svg|50px]]  '''[[برڪينا فاسو]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg|50px]]  '''[[بلغاريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg|50px]]  '''[[بنگلاديش]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو حصو || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|50px]]  '''[[بوسنيا|بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگووينا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي  || بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگووينا ٽن علائقن جو وفاق آهي.&lt;br /&gt; 
* [[Image:Flag_of_Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|25px]] [[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگووينا جو وفاق]]
* [[Image:Flag_of_Republika_Srpska.svg|25px]] [[ريپبلڪ آف سرپسڪا]]
* [[براڪو ضلعو]]، جيڪو هڪ آزاد اتنظامي علائقو آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg|50px]]  '''[[بوليويا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Botswana.svg|50px]]  '''[[بوٽسوانا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_the Bahamas.svg|50px]]  '''[[بهاماس]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || دولت [[مشترڪه]] جو رڪن
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg|50px]]  '''[[بيلجيئم]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو آهي. بيلجيم هڪ وفاق آهي، جيڪو مختلف ٻولين ڳالهائڻ وارن علائقن ۾ ورهايل آهي.
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Belize.svg|50px]]  '''[[بيليز]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || دولت [[مشترڪه]] جو رڪن
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Benin.svg|50px]]  '''[[بينن]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of India.svg|50px]] '''[[ڀارت]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || ڀارت يا هندوستان [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|29 رياستن ۽ 7 اتحادي علائقن]] تي مشتعمل [[وفاق]] آهي. انڊيا سڄي [[ڪشمير]] تي دعوا رکي ٿو، پر انڊيا جي دعوا واري ڪشمير جا علائقا [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[چين]] وٽ آهن.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڀوٽان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[تاجڪستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || تاجڪستان ۾ هڪ خودمختيار علائقو [[گورنو بدخشان خودمختيار علائقو|گورنو بدخشان]] شامل آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ترڪمانستان]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|50px]]  '''[[ترڪي]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|50px]]  '''[[تنزانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || تنزانيا ۾ هڪ خودمختيار علائقو [[زنجبار]] شامل آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|50px]]  '''[[تيونس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Taiwan.svg|50px]] '''[[تائيوان]]'''|| style=&quot;background:#FA58F4;color: white&quot; |[[چين ۽ گڏيل قومون|گڏيل قومن جو اڳوڻو رُڪن]] (ريپبلڪ آف چائينا طور 1945 کان 1971ع تائين) [[چيني تائپي]] جي نالي سان گڏيل قومن جي هڪ [[گڏيل قومن جي خاص ايجنسين جي فهرست|خاص ايجنسي جو مبصر]] || style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |[[چين]] پاران دعوا ڪيل ||  (رهيل)
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Thailand.svg|50px]]  '''[[ٿائي لينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tonga.svg|50px]] '''[[ٽونگا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|50px]] '''[[ٽوگو]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Transnistria_(state).svg|50px]] '''[[ٽرانس نسٽريا]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg|50px]] '''[[ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg|50px]] '''[[ٽوالو]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Palau.svg|50px]]  '''[[پالائو ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Panama.svg|50px]]  '''[[پاناما]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Papua New Guinea.svg|50px]]  '''[[پاپوا نيو گني]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[پاڪستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || پاڪستان [[پاڪستان جي انتظامي ورھاست|چئن صوبن، هڪ وفاقي گادي جو هنڌ ۽ قبائلي علائقن]] تي مشتمل هڪ [[وفاق]] آهي. ڪشمير جي علائقي تي پاڪستان جو [[انڊيا]] ۽ [[چين]] سان تڪرار آهي، [[آزاد ڪشمير|ڪشمير جا ڪجهه]] حصا پاڪستان جي اثر هيٺ آهن، پر اهي سرڪاري طور پاڪستان ۾ شامل نه آهن ۽ انهن کي [[تڪراري علائقا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. ڪشمير جا جيڪي علائقا پاڪستان جي قبضي هيٺ آهن اهي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايل آهن.
* [[Image:Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg|25px]] [[آزاد ڪشمير]] 
* [[گلگت بلتستان]]
[[آزاد ڪشمير]] پاڻ کي پاڪستان جي ڪنٽرول واري خودمختيار حڪومت ڪوٺي ٿي. هي علائقا آزاد نه آهن، ڇو ته اهي علائقا پاڻ مرادو ڪنهن ملڪ سان لهه وچڙ نٿا ڪن ۽ هنن جي دفاعي فوج پڻ [[پاڪستان فوج]] آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg|50px]]  '''[[پورچوگال]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Poland.svg|50px]]  '''[[پولينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg|50px]]  '''[[پيراگوئي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Peru.svg|50px]]  '''[[پيرو]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|50px]]  '''[[جارجيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Japan.svg|50px]]  '''[[جاپان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|50px]]  '''[[جبوتي]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg|50px]] '''[[جرمني]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg|50px]]  '''[[جميڪا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Chad.svg|50px]]  '''[[چاڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Chile.svg|50px]]  '''[[چلي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|50px]]  '''[[چين]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|50px]]  '''[[چيڪ ريپبلڪ]]'''||  گڏيل قومن جو رڪن||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_since_2004.svg|50px]]  '''[[چيچن ريپبلڪ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_South Africa.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]]'''||  گڏيل قومن جو رڪن|| ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_South Korea.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|50px]] '''[[ڏکڻ سوڊان]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Dominica.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڊومينيڪا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Denmark.svg|50px]] '''[[ڊينمارڪ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|50px]]  '''[[روانڊا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg|50px]]  '''[[رُوس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Romania.svg|50px]]  '''[[رومانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg|50px]]  '''[[زمبابوي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|50px]]  '''[[زيمبيا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg|50px]]  '''[[سولومن آئلينڊز]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Oman.svg|50px]]  '''[[سلطنت عمان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg|50px]]  '''[[سائوٽام ۽ پرنسپ]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_San Marino.svg|50px]]  '''[[سان مرينو]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Serbia (national).svg|50px]]  '''[[سربيا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sri Lanka.svg|50px]]  '''[[سريلنڪا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saudi Arabia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سعودي عرب]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سلوواڪيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سلووينیا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Samoa.svg|50px]]  '''[[ساموآ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Singapore.svg|50px]]  '''[[سنگاپور]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg|50px]]  '''[[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Swaziland.svg|50px]]  '''[[سوازي لينڊ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Suriname.svg|50px]]  '''[[سورينام]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|50px]]  '''[[سوڊان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|50px]]  '''[[سويڊن]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sierra Leone.svg|50px]]    '''[[سيرا ليون]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Seychelles.svg|50px]]  '''[[سیشلز]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽرل آفريڪن ريپبلڪ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saint Lucia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽ لوسيا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽ ونسنٽ ۽ گريناڊائنز]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽ ڪٽس ۽ نيوس]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Senegal.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينيگال]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Syria.svg|50px]]  '''[[شام]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|50px]]  '''[[صوماليا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Iraq.svg|50px]]  '''[[عراق]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Fiji.svg|50px]]  '''[[فجي]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_France.svg|50px]]  '''[[فرانس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image: Flag of Palestine.svg|50px]]  '''[[فلسطين]]'''|| style=&quot;background : LightSkyBlue|گڏيل قومن جو مبصر   || style=&quot;background : #DE6666;color: white &quot;|متنازعه  || اسرائيل جي قبضي ۾ 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Philippines.svg|50px]]  '''[[فلپائن]]'''‏||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Finland.svg|50px]]  '''[[فن لينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg|50px]]  '''[[قازقستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|50px]]  '''[[قبرص]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||   style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot;|ترڪي جي مدد سان اتر قبرص جو تنازعو|| اتر قبرص جي ترڪ آبادي ترڪي جي فوجي مدد سان پاڻمرادو خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو جيڪو تنازعو ھلندڙ آھي
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Qatar.svg|50px]]  '''[[قطر]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪانگو جي ڊيموڪريٽڪ ريپبلڪ]]'''||  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪانگو جي ريپبلڪ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪرغزستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪوموروس]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪروشيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪريبتي]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪمبوڊيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي||
|-
||[[Image:Flag_of_Costa Rica.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪوسٽاريڪا]]'''  ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Colombia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪولمبيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪويت]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيمرون]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪينيا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Canada.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيناڊا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيوبا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cape Verde.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيپ ورڊي]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Grenada.svg|50px]]  '''[[گريناڊا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guinea.svg|50px]]  '''[[گني]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|50px]]  '''[[گني بساؤ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg|50px]]  '''[[گوئٽي مالا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guyana.svg|50px]]  '''[[گيانا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Gabon.svg|50px]]  '''[[گيبون]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_The Gambia.svg|50px]]  '''[[گيمبيا]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|50px]]  '''[[گهانا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Liberia.svg|50px]]  '''[[لائبيریا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Laos.svg|50px]]  '''[[لائوس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg|50px]]  '''[[لبنان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg|50px]]  '''[[لٿوينيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Latvia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ليٽويا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg|50px]]  '''[[لڪسمبرگ]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Libya.svg|50px]]  '''[[ليبيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Lesotho.svg|50px]]  '''[[ليسوٿو]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg|50px]]  '''[[لڪٽنسٽائين]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Marshall Islands.svg|50px]]  '''[[مارشل آئلينڊز]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Morocco.svg|50px]] '''[[مراڪش]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg|50px]]  '''[[مائڪرونيشيا جون فيڊريٽيڊ اسٽيٽس]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg|50px]]  '''[[موريطانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Maldives.svg|50px]]  '''[[مالديپ]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Malta.svg|50px]]  '''[[مالٽا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Moldova.svg|50px]]  '''[[مولدووا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mali.svg|50px]]  '''[[مالي]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Egypt.svg|50px]]  '''[[مصر]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Western_Sahara.svg|50px]]  '''[[مغربي صحارا]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of the Republic of Macedonia.svg|50px]]  '''[[مقدونيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ملائيشيا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Malawi.svg|50px]]  '''[[ملاوي]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg|50px]]  '''[[منگوليا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|50px]]  '''[[موريشس]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg|50px]]  '''[[موزمبيق]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Monaco.svg|50px]]  '''[[موناڪو]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|50px]]  '''[[مڊگاسڪر]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mexico.svg|50px]]  '''[[ميڪسيڪو]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg|50px ]] '''[[نڪاراگوا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nauru.svg|50px]]  '''[[نائورو]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Niger.svg|50px]]  '''[[نائيجر]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|50px]]  '''[[نائيجيريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Norway.svg|50px]]  '''[[ناروي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Namibia.svg|50px]]  '''[[نميبيا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg|50px]]  '''[[نيوزي لینڊ]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nepal.svg|50px]]  '''[[نيپال]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg|50px]]  '''[[وانوآتو]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|- 
| [[Image:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|50px]]  '''[[ويت نام]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg|50px]]  '''[[وينزويلا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Vatican City.svg|50px]]  '''[[ويٽيڪن سٽي]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Netherlands.svg|50px]]  '''[[هالينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|50px]]  '''[[ھنگري]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Honduras (2022–present).svg|50px]]  '''[[هنڊوراس]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Haiti.svg|50px]]  '''[[هيٽي]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the United Kingdom.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونائيٽيڊ ڪنگڊم]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونائٽيڊ اسٽيٽس آف آمريڪا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونائيٽيڊ عرب امارات]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Yemen.svg|50px]]  '''[[يمن]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg|50px]]  '''[[يوراگوئي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|50px]]  '''[[يوگنڊا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|50px]]  '''[[يوڪرين]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|}

{|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:360px;&quot;|'''قطار: گڏيل قومن ۾ حيثيت'''
{{legend|#F3F3F3|گڏيل قومن جو رڪن}}
{{legend|LightSkyBlue|گڏيل قومن ۾ مبصر}}
{{legend|lightgreen|گڏيل قومن جي 1 خاص اداري جو رڪن}}
{{legend|orchid|گڏيل قومن جي خاص اداري جو مبصر}}
{{legend|LemonChiffon|گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ناهي}}
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:350px;&quot;|'''قطار: خودمختياري تي تنازعو'''
{{legend|#F3F3F3|غير متنازعه }}
{{legend|LightCoral|متنازعه}}
|}

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}
{{ڪچو}}
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]</text>
      <sha1>03d6n88lfjwcjrhil5o4844fyyxu85e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>مدينه منوره</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385759</id>
      <parentid>328042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>385759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42062" sha1="1bb1mv52whmqzqq30xd6yu7huu0h64r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = مدینو (مدینہ)
| official_name = المدينة المنورة
| native_name = المدينة
| settlement_type = [[شھر]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Madeena masjid nabavi 12122008230.jpg
| image2            = Quba Mosque 2013 09.jpg
| image3            = Hijaz Railway Station 2020.jpg
| image4            = Mount Uhud.JPG
| image5            = Masjid al-Qiblatain.jpg
| image6            = Al-Baqi Cemetery 2021.jpg
| caption1    = [[مسجد نبوي]]
| caption2    = [[مسجد قبا]]
| caption3    = [[حجاز ریلوي]]
| caption4    = [[جبل احد]]
| caption5    = [[قبلتین مسجد]]
| caption6    = [[جنت البقيع قبرستان]]
| perrow            = 1/2/2
| border            = infobox
}}
| image_flag = 
| flag_size = 135px
| image_seal = 
| pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia#Asia
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| pushpin_map_caption = نقشي م مدیني جو مقام
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|24|28|12|N|39|36|36|E|region:SA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1 = مدینو صوبو
| leader_title = [[مئیر]]
| leader_name = فھد البیلھشی&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fahad Al-Belaihshi Appointed Mayor of Madinah by a Royal Decree (Arabic) |url=https://sabq.org/cL3zph |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Sabq Online Newspaper |date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412164558/https://sabq.org/cL3zph |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر
| leader_name1 = شھزادو سلمان بن سلطان السعود
| area_total_km2 = 589
| area_total_sq_mi = 227
| area_metro_km2 = 22900
| elevation_m = 620
| elevation_ft = 2030
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medina Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204001752/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 14,11,599
| population_as_of = سال 2022ع جی آدمشماری
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = 
| population_metro = 14,77,047 (مدینہ گورنریٹ)
| website = {{URL| https://www.amana-md.gov.sa/}}
| timezone = [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset = +03:00
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = مدينة النبي (نبي جو شھر)&lt;br&gt;المدينة النبوية (نبي وارو شھر)&lt;br&gt;العاصمة الإسلامية الأولى&lt;br&gt;(اسلام جو پھریون گاديء جو ھنڌ)&lt;br&gt;طيبة الطيبة (پاڪن م پاڪ)
| parts_type = [[ضلعا]]
| population_density_sq_mi = 5212
| established_date2 = 5 دسمبر، 1925ع
| governing_body = مدیني جي علاقائي بلدیا
| elevation_max_m = 1077
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Uhud]]
| established_title2 = حجاز مقدس جی سعودی حکومت
| established_date = ناھین صدی قبل مسیح
| government_type = بلدیا
| population_rank = 4ھون
| named_for = [[محمد|نبی محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جی نالی تی]]
| established_date1 = سال 622 عیسوی، پھریون سال ھجری
| established_title1 = ھجرت
| established_title = پھریون آباد تیو
| population_demonym = مدني
| parts = * بلد
** الحرم
** قبا
** احد
** العوالی
** العقیق 
** العیون 
** البیداء
* مضافتی
** العقول
** الموالی
** المندسہ
** ابیار المشی 
** الفریش
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| area_urban_sq_mi = 
| area_rural_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| blank_name_sec1 = 
| population_rural = 
| blank_info_sec1 = 
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |frame-height=300 | stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0.2 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
'''مدينو''' (عربي: المدينة المنورة؛  روشني وارو شهر ) ۽ عام طور تي مدينو يا مدينه (المدينة) جي نالي سان پڻ آسان ڪيو ويو آهي. مدینو اسلام جي تاريخ ۾ پهريون راڄڌاني آهي ۽ مڪي کان پوءِ مسلمانن لاءِ ٻيو مقدس مقام آهي. اهو مديني واري علائقي (صوبي) جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو حجاز جي تاريخي سرزمين تي واقع آهي، جيڪو [[سعودي عرب]] جي اولهه ۾، مڪي کان اٽڪل 400 ڪلوميٽر اتر اوڀر طرف آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;amana-md.gov.sa2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502182207/http://www.amana-md.gov.sa/WebLinks/Amanageography.aspx أمانة المدينة المنورة، موقع ومساحة المدينة المنورة] تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]]&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گاڑھی سمند ([[البحر الأحمر]]) سان 150 ڪلوميٽر اوڀر طرف آهي. سڀ کان ويجھو بندرگاهه ينبوع بندرگاهه آهي، جيڪو اولهه طرف 220 ڪلوميٽر پري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;amana-md.gov.sa3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502182207/http://www.amana-md.gov.sa/WebLinks/Amanageography.aspx أمانة المدينة المنورة، موقع ومساحة المدينة المنورة] تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]]&lt;/ref&gt; مديني جي ايراضي اٽڪل 589 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;al-madinah.org2&quot;&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454 موقع ومساحة المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075035/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن مان 99 ڪلوميٽر پري شهري علائقو آهي. هي علائقو شهري علائقي کان ٻاهر آهي، ۽ ان ۾ جبلن، وادين، سيلاب جي ڍڳن، ريگستاني زمينن، زرعي زمينن، قبرستانن ۽ هاءِ وي نيٽ ورڪ جا حصا شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;al-madinah.org3&quot;&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454 موقع ومساحة المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075035/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2022ع جي آبادي 14,11,599 آهي، اهو ملڪ جو چوٿون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 58.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهن ۽ 41.5 سيڪڙو پرڏيهي آهن.

مديني جو بنياد پيغمبر صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جي هجرت کان 1500 سال اڳ رکيو ويو&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362 بداية تأسيس المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141654/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ 
مديني ۾ دنيا جي قديم ترين مسجدن مان ٽي شامل آهن ۽ مسلمانن لاءِ سڀ کان اهم آهن: مسجد نبوي، مسجد قبا&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm وزارة الحج في المملكة العربية السعودية: مسجد قباء] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095754/http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm|date=22 أغسطس 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ قبلتين مسجد. مديني کي مسلمانن لاءِ ان جي اهميت پيغمبر اسلام جي هجرت کانپوء ان جي سڄي زندگي مديني ۾ رهڻ کان ملي ٿي. تمام اهم هنڌن مان هڪ آهي ۽ مسلمان قرآن شريف جي انهن سورتن کي مدني سورتون سڏين ٿا جيڪي مديني ڏانهن هجرت کان پوءِ نازل ٿيون، ۽ ان جو واحد لفظ ”مدني سورت“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=n9wFTvG7F8q68gPK2IHfDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false القيمة التاريخية للقرآن الكريم والحديث النبوي الشريف] أ.م. خان {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209052458/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=n9wFTvG7F8q68gPK2IHfDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA|date=09 فبراير 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca+surah&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=oOAFTry8H4as8gOv5-XpDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ما ينبغي أن يعرفه الجميع عن القرآن الكريم]، أحمد الليثي {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108032632/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca+surah&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=oOAFTry8H4as8gOv5-XpDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA|date=08 يناير 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
شهر جي آبادي اٽڪل 14,11,599 ماڻهن تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/101460?type=TABLE|عنوان=تعداد السعودية - السكان حسب - الهيئة السعودية للإحصاء|تاريخ الوصول=1 أغسطس 2023|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714141738/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/101460?type=TABLE|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ شهر ۾ ڪيترائي نشان ۽ يادگار شامل آهن، جن ۾ شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد نبوي آهي، جيڪا مڪي جي مسجد الحرم کان پوءِ مسلمانن لاءِ ٻي مقدس مسجد سمجهي وڃي ٿي، ان کان علاوه جنت البقيع قبرستان، جيڪو شهر جي ماڻهن جو مکيه قبرستان آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي اصحاب رضوان اللہ علیھم اجمعین دفن آهن،&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=618 أماكن تشرع زيارتها]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023809/http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=618|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسجد قبا اسلام ۾ ٺاهيل پهرين مسجد هئي، قبلتين جي مسجد، جبل احد ۽ ڪيتريون ئي واديون، کوهه، گهاٽيون، رستا ۽ پراڻيون ماڳ آھن.

==نالا== 
===يثرب=== 
اسلام جي آمد کان اڳ، شهر يثرب (عربي: يَثْرِب) جي نالي سان مشهور هو. يثرب لفظ هاران ۾ مليل هڪ لکت ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، جيڪو بابل جي بادشاهه نابونڊيڊس (ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح) سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ ايندڙ صدين ۾ ڪيترن ئي متنن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح تصديق ٿيل آهي. اهو نالو قرآن جي سورت 33 جي آيت نمبر 13 ۾ پڻ درج ٿيل آهي: 
اسلام جي ظهور کان اڳ ”يثرب“ جي نالي سان مشهور هو، ان جو ذڪر قرآن مجيد ۾ آهي: 

 &quot;وَإِذْ قَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ يَا أَهْلَ يَثْرِبَ لَا مُقَامَ لَكُمْ فَارْجِعُوا وَيَسْتَأْذِنُ فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمُ النَّبِيَّ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّ بُيُوتَنَا عَوْرَةٌ وَمَا هِيَ بِعَوْرَةٍ إِنْ يُرِيدُونَ إِلَّا فِرَارًا&quot;  
(سورة الأحزاب)&lt;ref&gt;سورة الأحزاب - الآية رقم 13&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=2765&amp;idfrom=0&amp;idto=0&amp;flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 المكتبة الإسلامية، كتاب الجامع لأحكام القرآن، سورة الأحزاب، قوله تعالى: ''وإذ قالت طائفة منهم يا أهل يثرب لا مقام لكم فارجعوا''] تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ID=2765|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=8 أغسطس 2009|تاريخ أرشيف=10 مارس 2013|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310164104/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ID=2765|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;   
صحيح حديث ۾ ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي ته رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم ان جو نالو يثرب کان بدلائي مديني رکيو، ۽ ان جو پراڻو نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان منع ڪئي، پوءِ فرمايائون: مديني ۾ غير مسلمن جو داخل ٿيڻ حرام آهي، جيئن رسول الله ﷺ فرمايو آهي:
 &quot;من قال للمدينة يثرب فليستغفر الله… والمدينة المنورة محرم دخولها على غير المسلمين، فقد قال النبي محمد:&quot;اللهم إني أحرم ما بين لابتيها مثل ما حرم إبراهيم مكة، اللهم بارك في مُدِّهم و صاعهم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al3ez.net/mag/madina_pr_1.htm حرمة أرض المدينة]، فضائل المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123145714/http://www.al3ez.net/mag/madina_pr_1.htm|date=23 نوفمبر 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=1478&amp;idfrom=0&amp;idto=0&amp;flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 صحيح البخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب بركة صاع النبي ومده]، المكتبة الإسلامية تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ID=1478|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=8 أغسطس 2009|تاريخ أرشيف=10 مارس 2013|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310164055/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ID=1478|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان ڪري مشهور آهي ته هن شهر جو نالو جنگ خندق تائين رهيو. اسلامي روايتن موجب، محمد صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم بعد ۾ هن شهر کي هن نالي سان سڏڻ کان منع ڪئي. 

===طيبه ۽ طابه=== 
اٺين صديءَ جو پٿر مديني ۾ دريافت ٿيو، جنهن ۾ هن شهر کي ’طيبه‘ چيو وڃي ٿو. جنگ کان ڪجهه وقت پوءِ، محمد شهر طيبه (پاڪ يا سٺي) (عربي: طَيْبَة) ۽ طابه (عربي: طَابَة) جو نالو رکيو، جيڪو ساڳئي معنيٰ وارو آهي. هي نالو مشهور لوڪ گيت ”يا طيبه“ (اي طيبه!) ۾ به هن شهر جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. ٻن نالن کي گڏ ڪري هڪ ٻئي نالي سان شهر سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، طيبات الطابه (پاڪ ۽ مهربان). 
===مدينه===
هن شهر کي ڪجهه احاديث ۾ صرف مدينه (يعني شهر) سڏيو ويو آهي. نالا مدينة النبوية (ٱلْمَدِيْنَة ٱلنَّبَوِيَّة) ۽ مدينة النبي (ٻنهي معنيٰ ”پيغمبر جو شهر“ يا ”پيغمبر جو شهر“) ۽ المدينة المنورة (). هي شهر جو سڀ کان عام طور تي قبول ٿيل جديد نالو آهي، جيڪو سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ روڊ جي نشانين ۾ مديني سان گڏ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

==تاريخ==
مديني ڪيترن ئي ممتاز ماڳن ۽ نشانين جو گهر آهي، جن مان اڪثر مسجدون آهن ۽ تاريخي اهميت رکي ٿي. انهن ۾ مٿي ذڪر ڪيل ٽي مسجدون شامل آهن، مسجد الفتح (جنهن کي مسجد الخندق به چيو ويندو آهي)، ست مسجدون، بقيع قبرستان، جتي ڪيترن ئي مشهور اسلامي شخصيتن جون قبرون موجود آهن. سڌو سنئون مسجد نبوي جي ڏکڻ اوڀر طرف، احد جبل، احد جي نالي واري جنگ جو ماڳ ۽ ڪنگ فهد عاليشان قرآن پرنٽنگ ڪمپليڪس جتي جديد قرآني مصحف ڇپيل آهن.
===ابتدائي تاريخ ۽ يهودي ڪنٽرول===
مديني گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1500 سال اڳ، يا تقريبا 9 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ آباد هو. چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ تائين، عرب قبيلن يمن مان اچی قبضو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اتي ٽي مشهور يهودي قبيلا هئا، جيڪي محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جي وقت جي آس پاس شهر ۾ آباد هئا: بنو قينقاع، بنو قريظه ۽ بنو نضير. ابن خردادبه بعد ۾ ٻڌايو ته حجاز ۾ فارسي سلطنت جي تسلط دوران، بنو قريظه فارسي شاهه لاءِ ٽيڪس جمع ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪيو. 
عرب جي ٻن نون قبيلن، بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج جي اچڻ کان پوءِ صورتحال بدلجي وئي. شروعات ۾، اهي قبيلا يهودي قبيلن سان اتحاد ڪيا ويا جيڪي علائقي تي حڪومت ڪندا هئا، پر بعد ۾ اهي بغاوت ڪري آزاد ٿي ويا.
پنجين صدي عيسويءَ جي آخر تائين، يهودي حڪمرانن شهر جو ڪنٽرول ٻن عرب قبيلن جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو. يهودي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ۾ لکيل آهي ته ”ٻاهرين مدد طلب ڪرڻ ۽ غداريءَ سان هڪ ضيافت ۾ مکيه يهودين جو قتل عام ڪرڻ“ بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج آخرڪار مديني تي غالب اچي ويا. 
اڪثر جديد مورخ مسلمانن جي ان دعويٰ کي قبول ڪن ٿا ته بغاوت کان پوءِ يهودي قبيلا اوس ۽ خزرج جا ماتحت ٿي ويا. جڏهن ته، اسڪاٽش اسڪالر، وليم مونٽگومري واٽ جي مطابق، يهودي قبيلن جي گراهڪ 627ع کان اڳ واري دور جي تاريخي حسابن مان پيدا نه ٿي آهي، ۽ هن برقرار رکيو ته يهودين جي آبادي سياسي آزادي جي هڪ اندازي کي برقرار رکيو. ابتدائي مسلمان تاريخدان ابن اسحاق آخري يمن جي بادشاهه هميريءَ ۽ يثرب جي رهاڪن جي وچ ۾ هڪ قديم تڪرار ٻڌائي ٿو ته جڏهن بادشاهه نخلستان مان لنگهي رهيو هو، تڏهن رهاڪن سندس پٽ کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ يمن جي حاڪم ماڻهن کي ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ته هو ماڻهن کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا ۽ کجيون ڪٽي ڇڏيندا. ابن اسحاق جو چوڻ آهي ته کيس بنو قريظه قبيلي جي ٻن عالمن ائين ڪرڻ کان روڪيو هو، جن بادشاهه کي نخلستان کي بچائڻ لاءِ عرض ڪيو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اها اها جاءِ هئي، جنهن ڏانهن قريش جو هڪ نبي ايندڙ وقت ۾ هجرت ڪندو، ۽ سندس گهر ۽ آرام گاهه هوندو. يمن جي بادشاهه اهڙي طرح هن شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو ۽ يهوديت ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. هو ربین کي پاڻ سان وٺي ويو، ۽ مڪي ۾، انهن مبينا طور تي ڪعبي کي ابراهيم جي تعمير ڪيل عبادت گاھہ جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ۽ بادشاهه کي صلاح ڏني ته &quot;مڪي جي ماڻهن ڇا ڪيو: کعبہ جو طواف ڪرڻ، ان جي تعظيم ۽ احترام ڪرڻ، پنهنجو مٿو ڪٽايو ۽ تمام عاجزي سان هلو جيستائين هو پنهنجي حدن کي ڇڏي نه ويو. ابن اسحاق جو بيان آهي ته يمن جي ويجهو اچڻ تي ربي ماڻهن کي هڪ معجزو ڏيکاريو ته جيئن هو هڪ باھ مان بغير ڪنهن نقصان جي ٻاهر نڪري ۽ يمن جي ماڻهن يهوديت کي قبول ڪيو. 
آخرڪار بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج هڪ ٻئي جا دشمن ٿي ويا ۽ حضرت محمد ﷺ جي هجرت (هجرت 622ع) تائين مديني ڏانهن 120 سالن تائين وڙهندا رهيا ۽ پاڻ ۾ وڙهيا ويا. بنو نضير ۽ بنو قريظه بنو اوس سان اتحاد ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته بنو قينقاع بنو خزرج جو ساٿ ڏنو. هنن ڪل چار جنگيون وڙهيون سندن آخري ۽ سڀ کان خوني لڙائي بعث جي جنگ هئي، جيڪا محمد ﷺ جي اچڻ کان ڪجھ سال اڳ وڙھي وئي هئي. جنگ جو نتيجو اڻ کٽ هو، ۽ جنگ جاري رهي. عبدالله بن ابي، بنو خزرج جو هڪ سردار، جنگ ۾ حصو وٺڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو هو، جنهن ڪري هن کي عدل ۽ امن لاءِ شهرت ملي. هو محمد ﷺ جي اچڻ کان اڳ شهر جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ معزز رهاڪو هو. هلندڙ تڪرار کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ يثرب جي رهاڪن، مڪي کان ٻاهر هڪ جاءِ، عقبه ۾ محمد ﷺ سان ڳجهي ملاقات ڪئي، جنهن کيس ۽ سندس مومنن جي هڪ ننڍڙي ٽولي کي شهر ۾ اچڻ جي دعوت ڏني، جتي محمد ﷺ جن گروهن جي وچ ۾ ثالث جي خدمت ڪري سگهي ۽ سندس برادري آزاديءَ سان پنهنجي عقيدي تي عمل ڪري سگهي. 
===محمد ﷺ ۽ راشدين جي دور ۾=== 
سال 622ع ۾ محمد صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم ۽ هڪ اندازي مطابق 70 مڪي مهاجرن يثرب ۾ پناهه وٺڻ لاءِ ڪجهه مهينن جي عرصي ۾ مڪي کي ڇڏي ڏنو، هڪ اهڙو واقعو جنهن شهر جي مذهبي ۽ سياسي منظرنامي کي مڪمل طور تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. اوس ۽ خزرج قبيلن جي وچ ۾ پراڻي دشمني ختم ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ٻن عرب قبيلن ۽ ڪجهه مقامي يهودين اسلام جي نئين مذهب کي قبول ڪيو.محمد ﷺ، پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي ذريعي خزرج سان ڳنڍيل هو، هن شهر جي اڳواڻ طور تي اتفاق ڪيو ويو. يثرب جا رهاڪو جن ڪنهن پس منظر جي اسلام قبول ڪيو هو؛ ڪافر عرب يا يهودي، انصار (مددگار) سڏيندا هئا. 
ابن اسحاق جي مطابق، علائقي جي سڀني جماعتن مديني جي معاھدي (میثاق مدینہ) تي اتفاق ڪيو، جنهن ۾ سڀني جماعتن محمد ﷺ جي اڳواڻي ۾ گڏيل تعاون جو عزم ڪيو. هن دستاويز جي نوعيت، جيئن ابن اسحاق پاران ریڪارڊ ڪيل ۽ ابن هشام طرفان منتقل ڪئي وئي آهي، جديد مغربي مورخن جي وچ ۾ تڪرار جو موضوع آهي، جن مان ڪيترن جو خيال آهي ته اهو &quot;معاهدو&quot; ممڪن آهي ته مختلف تاريخن جي لکت جي بدران زباني، مختلف معاهدن جو مجموعو آهي، ۽ اهو واضح ناهي ته اهي ڪڏهن ٺاهيا ويا هئا. ٻيا عالم، جيتوڻيڪ، مغربي ۽ مسلمان، ٻنهي جو دليل آهي ته معاهدي جو متن، ڇا هڪ واحد دستاويز اصل ۾ يا ڪيترائي؟ ممڪن آهي ته اسان وٽ موجود قديم ترين اسلامي متنن مان هڪ آهي. يمن جي يهودي ذريعن ۾، محمد ۽ سندس يهودي رعيت جي وچ ۾ هڪ ٻيو معاهدو تيار ڪيو ويو، جيڪو ڪتاب ذمت النبي جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، جيڪو 3هين هجري (625ع) ۾ لکيو ويو، ۽ جنهن ۾ عرب ۾ رهندڙ يهودين کي سبت جي ڏينهن جي اظهار  ۽ انهن جي پاسي جا تالا وڌائڻ لاءِ جي آزادي ڏني وئي. ان جي بدلي ۾، انهن کي هر سال پنهنجي سرپرستن جي حفاظت لاء جزيه ادا ڪرڻو هو، جڏهن ته مسلمان زڪوات ادا ڪندا هئا.

جبل احد، جامع سيد الشهداء جي پراڻي مسجد سان گڏ، جنهن جو نالو حضرت محمد ﷺ جي چاچي حمزه بن عبدالمطلب جي نالي پٺيان آهي. مسجد 2012 ۾ ڊهي وئي ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ نئين، وڏي مسجد ٺاهي وئي. 

سال 625ع ۾ ابو سفيان بن حرب، مڪي جو هڪ وڏو سردار، جنهن بعد ۾ اسلام قبول ڪيو، مديني جي خلاف مڪي جي فوج جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. محمد ﷺ قريش جي لشڪر سان اٽڪل 1000 مسلمانن جی لشڪر سان ملڻ لاءِ روانو ٿيو، پر جيئن ئي لشڪر ميدان جنگ جي ويجهو پهتو ته عبدالله بن ابي جي ماتحت 300 ماڻهو پوئتي هٽي ويا، جنهن ڪري مسلمان فوج جي حوصلي کي سخت ڌڪ رسيو. محمد ﷺ پنهنجي هاڻوڪي 700 مسلمانن جی مضبوط فوج سان مارچ ڪندو رهيو ۽ 50 تير اندازن جي هڪ ٽولي کي هڪ ننڍي ٽڪريءَ تي چڙهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن کي هاڻي جبل الرماح (تیر اندازن جو جبل) چيو وڃي ٿو ته جيئن مڪي جي گهوڙي سوارن تي نظر رکي ۽ مسلمانن جي فوج جو پوئين پاسي کي تحفظ فراهم ڪري. جيئن جنگ گرم ٿي، مڪي وارن کي پوئتي هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. اڳين طرف تير اندازن کان اڳتي وڌيو ويو ۽ جنگ کي مسلمانن جي فتح ٿيندي ڏسي، تير انداز وارن فيصلو ڪيو ته اهي پوئتي هٽڻ وارا مڪي وارن جو تعاقب ڪن. هڪ ننڍڙي پارٽي، تنهن هوندي به، پوئتي رهي. باقي سڀني کي عرض ڪيو ته محمد ﷺ جي حڪم جي نافرماني نه ڪن. اهو ڏسي ته تيرنداز ٽڪريءَ تان هيٺ لهڻ شروع ڪري رهيا هئا، خالد بن وليد، جيڪو ھن وقت تائین مسلمان نا ھو، پنهنجي يونٽ کي ٽڪريءَ تي گهيرو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ۽ سندس گهوڙي سوارن جو تعاقب ڪيو ته هيٺ لهندڙ تيرانداز کي ٽڪريءَ جي اڳيان ميدان ۾ پڪڙي منظم طريقي سان ماريو ۽ ڏسندو رهيو. سندن مايوس ڪامريڊن تي، جيڪي ٽڪريءَ ۾ پوئتي رهجي ويا هئا، جيڪي حملي آورن کي ناڪام بڻائڻ لاءِ تير هلائي رهيا هئا، پر ڪو به اثر نه ٿيو. بهرحال، مڪي وارن مديني تي حملو ڪري پنهنجو فائدو نه ورتو ۽ مڪي ڏانهن موٽي آيا. مدني (مديني وارا) کي وڏو نقصان رسيو ۽ محمد ﷺ زخمي ٿي پيو. 
===خندق جي جنگ===

خندق جي جنگ واري جاءِ تي ستن مسجدن مان ٽن کي جديد مسجد الفتح ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو، هتي پس منظر ۾ جبل السلع ۽ پيش منظر ۾ مقامي سامان وڪڻڻ واري دڪان جي تصوير آهي. 

سال 627ع ۾ ابو سفيان هڪ ٻي لشڪر کي مديني طرف روانو ڪيو. سندس ارادن کان واقف ٿي، نبي ﷺ شهر جي اترئين پاسي کان بچاءَ لاءِ تجويزون طلب ڪيون، ڇاڪاڻ ته اوڀر ۽ اولهه آتش فشاني پٿرن سان محفوظ هئا ۽ ڏکڻ کجين جي وڻن سان ڍڪيل هو. سلمان الفارسي، هڪ فارسي صحابي، جيڪو ساساني جنگي حڪمت عملين کان واقف هو، هن شهر جي حفاظت لاءِ خندق کوٽڻ جي سفارش ڪئي، جنهن کي نبي ﷺ قبول ڪيو. ان بعد جو محاصرو خندق جي جنگ ۽ قریش جی ڪنفيڊرٽس جي جنگ جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. هڪ مهيني جي گھيري ۽ مختلف لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ، سخت سياري جي ڪري مڪي وارا وري واپس هليا ويا. محاصري دوران ابو سفيان يهودي قبيلي بنو قريظه سان رابطو ڪيو ۽ انهن سان هڪ معاهدو ڪيو ته مسلمان محافظن تي حملو ڪيو وڃي ۽ محافظن کي موثر انداز ۾ گهيرو ڪيو وڃي. تنهن هوندي به اهو مسلمانن طرفان دفاع ڪيو ويو ۽ منصوبو ناڪام ٿي ويو. اهو مديني جي آئين (میثاق مدینہ) جي ڀڃڪڙي هئي ۽ مڪي لشڪر جي واپسي کان پوء، نبي ﷺ فوري طور تي قريظه جي خلاف مارچ ڪيو ۽ انهن جي مضبوط قلعن جو گهيرو ڪيو. يهودي فوجن آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. بنو اوس جي ڪجهه ميمبرن پنهنجن پراڻن اتحادين جي طرفان ڳالهين تي اتفاق ڪيو ۽ نبي ﷺ  انهن جي سردارن مان هڪ، سعد بن معاذ کي جج مقرر ڪرڻ تي راضي ٿي ويو، جيڪو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪو هو. سعد فيصلو ڪيو ته قبيلي جي سڀني مردن کي قتل ڪيو وڃي ۽ عورتن ۽ ٻارن کي غلام بڻايو وڃي. ان عمل کي دفاعي انداز ۾ تصور ڪيو ويو ته جيئن مسلمان برادري مديني ۾ پنهنجي بقاءَ جو يقين رکي سگهي. فرانسيسي مؤرخ رابرٽ منٽران جو خيال آهي ته ان نقطه نظر کان اها ڪاميابي هئي، ان نقطي کان پوءِ مسلمانن کي بنيادي طور تي توسيع ۽ فتح جو سامان ڪيو ء بقا ۽ سان واسطو نه هو. 
هجرت کان پوءِ ڏهن سالن ۾ مديني جو بنياد وڌو جتان نبي ﷺ ۽ مسلمان فوجن حملو ڪيو ۽ ان تي حملا ڪيا ۽ اتان ئي هن مڪي تي ڪاهه ڪئي ۽ سال 630ع ۾ بغير جنگ جي ان ۾ داخل ٿيو. اسلام ۾ مڪي جي وڌندڙ اهميت، ڪعبة الله جي اسلامي دنيا جي مرڪز جي اهميت، نماز جي سمت (قبلی) جي حيثيت ۽ حج ۾. نبي ﷺ مديني واپس آيو، جيڪو ڪجهه سالن تائين رهيو. اسلام جو سڀ کان اهم شهر ۽ ابتدائي خلافت راشدين جي انتظام جو بنياد. فرض ڪيو ويو آهي ته هن شهر جو نالو مدينہ النبي (عربي ۾ &quot;پيغمبر جو شهر&quot;) نبي ﷺ جي نبوت جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو آهي ۽ شهر هن جي دفن جي جڳهه آهي.

==جاگرافي== 
مدينو حجاز جي علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو 200 ڪلوميٽر (120 ميل) ويڪرو پٽي نفود ريگستان ۽ ڳاڙهي سمنڊ جي وچ ۾ آهي. لڳ ڀڳ 720 ڪلوميٽر (450 ميل) رياض جي اتر اولهه ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو سعودي ريگستان جي مرڪز ۾ آهي. شهر سعودي عرب جي اولهه سامونڊي ڪناري کان 250 ڪلوميٽر (160 ميل) پري آهي ۽ تقريبن 620 ميٽر (2,030 فوٽ) سمنڊ جي سطح کان مٿي آهي.'30°36  ڊگھائي ڦاڪ اوڀر ۽ '28°24 ويڪرائي ڦاڪ اتر تي واقع آهي. اهو اٽڪل 589 چورس ڪلوميٽر (227 چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. شهر کي 12 ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن مان 7 کي شهري ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جڏهن ته باقي 5 کي مضافات ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي. 
===بلندي=== 
حجاز جي علائقي جي اڪثر شهرن وانگر، مدينو تمام گهڻي بلندي تي واقع آهي. مڪي کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي ڀيرا بلند، هي شهر 620 ميٽر (2,030 فوٽ) سمنڊ جي سطح کان مٿي آهي. جبل احد مديني جي بلند ترين چوٽي آهي ۽ 1,077 ميٽر (3,533 فوٽ) ڊگھي آهي. 
===جاگرافيائي بيهڪ===
مدينو هڪ ريگستاني نخلستان آهي جنهن جي چوڌاري حجاز جا جبل ۽ آتش فشاني ٽڪريون آهن. مديني جي چوڌاري مٽي گهڻو ڪري بيسالٽ تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته جبلن، خاص طور تي شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ قابل ذڪر، آتش فشاني راھ آهن جيڪي پيلوزوئڪ دور جي پهرين جيولوجيڪل دور جي تاريخ آهن. اهو ڪيترن ئي مشهور جبلن سان گهيريل آهي، خاص طور تي جبل الحجاج (حاجين جو جبل) اولهه ۾، جبل السلع اتر-اولهه، جبل العر يا قافلن جو جبل ڏکڻ ۽ جبل احد اتر ڏانهن آهي. هي شهر وادي العقل، وادي العقيق ۽ وادي الحمض جي ٽن وادين جي تري واري نقطي تي هڪ سڪل جبل جي پليٽ تي واقع آهي، ان ڪري، هتي خشڪ ريگستاني جبلن جي وچ ۾ وڏا سبز علائقا آهن. 
===موسم===
ڪوپن آبهوا جي درجه بندي (Köppen Scale) تحت، مدينو هڪ گرم ريگستاني آبهوا واري علائقي (BWh) ۾ پوي ٿو. اونهارو انتهائي گرم ۽ خشڪ هوندو آهي. ڏينهن جو گرمي پد °43 سينٽي گريڊ (°109 فارن هائيٽ) سان گڏ رات جو تقريباً °29 سينٽي گريڊ (°84 فارن هائيٽ) هوندو آهي. جون ۽ سيپٽمبر جي وچ ۾ °45 سينٽي گريڊ (°113 فارن هائيٽ) کان مٿي گرمي پد غير معمولي ناهي. سيارو ٿڌو هوندو آهي، گرمي پد رات جو °8 سينٽي گريڊ (°46 فارن هائيٽ) کان ڏينهن ۾ °25 سينٽي گريڊ (°77 فارن هائيٽ) تائين هوندو آهي. اتي تمام گھٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جيڪا تقريبن نومبر ۽ مئي جي وچ ۾ پوي ٿي. اونهاري ۾، هوا اتر۔اولهه آهي، جڏهن ته بهار ۽ سياري ۾، ڏکڻ۔اولهه آهي.

==اسلام ۾ اهميت==
مذهبي ماڳ جي حيثيت ۾ مديني جي اهميت ٻن مسجدن، [[مسجد نبوي]] ۽ [[مسجد قبا]] جي موجودگيءَ مان نڪتي. اهي ٻئي مسجدون حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پاڻ ٺاهيون هيون. اسلامي صحيفن ۾ مديني جي تقدس تي زور ڏنو ويو آهي. قرآن مجيد ۾ مديني جو ذڪر ڪيترائي ڀيرا آيو آهي. ٻه مثال آهن سوره توبه (آيت 101) ۽ سوره الحشر (آيت 8). مدني سورتون عام طور تي مڪي سورتن کان ڊگھيون هونديون آهن ۽ تعداد ۾ به وڏيون هونديون آهن. امام بخاري صحيح بخاري ۾ نقل ڪيو آهي ته انس بن مالڪ نبي ﷺ کان نقل ڪيو آهي ته: 
  ”مدينه ان جاءِ کان ان جاءِ تائين حرم آهي، ان جا وڻ نه وڍيا وڃن ۽ نه ڪا بدعت پيدا ڪئي وڃي ۽ نه ان ۾ ڪو گناهه ڪيو وڃي، ۽ جيڪو به ان ۾ بدعت پيدا ڪري يا گناهن جو ڪم ڪري ته پوءِ ان جو ڪو معافی نه ڪيو وڃي ۽ ان تی اللہ، ملائڪ ۽ سڀني ماڻھن جي لعنت ھجي.&quot; 
===مسجد نبوي=== 
اسلامي روايت موجب، مسجد نبوي ۾ هڪ نماز مسجد الحرام، جتي هڪ نماز ڪنهن ٻي مسجد ۾ هڪ لک 
نمازن جي برابر آهي، کان سواءِ ٻي ڪنهن به مسجد ۾ 1,000 نمازن جي برابر آهي. مسجد شروع ۾ صرف نماز لاءِ هڪ کليل جاءِ هئي ۽ نبي ﷺ جي روضي (رهائش جي جاءِ، جيتوڻيڪ لفظ جي لفظي معنيٰ آهي باغ) جي ڀرسان ان جي زالن جي گهرن سان گڏ، هڪ بلند ۽ ڍڪيل منبر هو. مسجد کي تاريخ ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا وڌايو ويو، ان جون ڪيتريون ئي اندروني خصوصيتون وقت جي حوالي سان جديد معيارن مطابق ترقي ڪيون ويون. 
جديد مسجد نبوي نبي ﷺ جي روضه جي مٿان واقع سائي گنبد جي ڪري مشهور آهي، جيڪو هن وقت نبي محمد ﷺ، حضرت ابوبڪر صديق رضی اللہ تعالٰی عنہ ۽ عمر فاروق رضی اللہ تعالٰی عنہ جي تدفين واري جاءِ طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ روڊ جي نشانين ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ۽ خود مديني لاءِ ھڪ آئڪن آهي. مسجد جو سمورو صحن 250 جھليندڙ ڇتين سان سج جي ڇانو ۾ آهي.

سج لٿي وقت اوڀر کان مسجد نبوي جو خوبصورت منظر. 
===مسجد قباء===
مسجد قباء ۾ نماز پڙهڻ سنت آهي. هڪ روايت ۾ سهل بن حنيف کان روايت آهي ته محمد ﷺ جن فرمايو: 
  ”جيڪو پنهنجي گهر ۾ غسل ڪري، پوءِ مسجد قبا ۾ اچي ۽ ان ۾ نماز پڙهي ته ان کي عمري جيترو ثواب آهي“. 
۽ ٻي روايت ۾ 
 ”جيڪو به ٻاهر نڪرندو جيستائين هن مسجد ۾ نه اچي، يعني مسجد قباء ۽ اتي نماز پڙهي ته اهو عمري جي برابر هوندو.&quot; 

بخاري ۽ مسلم ۾ لکيل آهي ته محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم هر ڇنڇر تي ٻه رڪعتون سنت نماز پڙهڻ لاءِ قباءَ ويندا هئا. مسجد قباءَ کي حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پنهنجي پراڻي شهر مديني ۾ اچڻ تي پاڻ تعمير ڪرايو هو. مسجد قباء جو ذڪر قرآن ۾ بالواسطه طور تي سوره توبه جي آيت نمبر 108 ۾ ڪيو ويو آهي. 
===ٻيون جایون=== 
====مسجد قبلتين==== 
مسجد القبلتين هڪ ٻي مسجد آهي جيڪا تاريخي لحاظ کان مسلمانن لاءِ اهم آهي. مسلمانن جو عقيدو آهي ته محمد ﷺ کي حڪم ڏنو ويو هو ته هو پنهنجي نماز جو رخ (قبلی) يروشلم ڏانهن بدلي ڪري مڪي ۾ ڪعبي ڏانهن نماز ادا ڪري. جيئن ته کيس سوره البقره جي آيت نمبر 143 ۽ 144 ۾ حڪم ڏنو ويو هو.هن وقت مسجد کي 4,000 کان وڌيڪ عبادت ڪندڙن کي رکڻ جي قابل وڌايو پيو آھي. ====مسجد الفتح ۽ ست مسجدون==== 
انهن تاريخي ست مسجدن مان ٽن کي تازو هڪ کليل صحن سان گڏ وڏي مسجد الفتح ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي. سني ذريعن جو چوڻ آهي ته اهڙي ڪا به حديث يا ٻيو ڪو ثبوت نه آهي جنهن مان ثابت ٿئي ته محمد ﷺ انهن مسجدن جي فضيلت بابت ڪجهه چيو هجي. 
====جنت البقيع قبرستان====
جنت البقيع مديني ۾ هڪ اهم قبرستان آهي جتي محمد ﷺ جي خاندان جا ڪيترائي فرد، خليفن ۽ عالمن کي دفن ڪيو ويو آهي. 
===اسلامي اسڪاٽولوجي ۾===
====تمدن جي پڄاڻي==== 
مديني ۾ تهذيب جي خاتمي بابت حضرت ابو هريره کان روايت آهي ته حضرت محمد ﷺ جن فرمايو: 
  ”ماڻهو مديني مان نڪرندا ته ان جي بهترين حالت هوندي به، ۽ ان ۾ جهنگلي پکين ۽ شڪاري جانورن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به نه رهندو، ۽ آخري ماڻهو مري ويندا جيڪي قبيلي مزينه جا ٻه رڍا هوندا. پنهنجين رڍن کي مديني ڏانهن ڊوڙائي رهيا هوندا، پر ان ۾ ڪنهن کي به نه ڏسندا، ۽ جڏهن ثنیت الوداع جي واديءَ ۾ پهچندا ته اوندهه ۾ ڪري پوندا“. 
(البخاري، جلد 3، ڪتاب 30، حديث 98)

==ڊيموگرافڪ== 
==ثقافت== 
==معيشت== 
==انساني وسيلا== 
==ٽرانسپورٽ== 
==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو==
• عزيز ديا (1914-1997)، ليکڪ.
==پڻ ڏسو==
• سعودي عرب پورٽل 

• اسلام پورٽل 

• المدينه ريجن ڊولپمينٽ اٿارٽي 

• روا المدينه 

• مديني جي تاريخ جي ببليوگرافي
==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:اسلام]]
[[زمرو:مدينه المنوره]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:Articles with short description]]</text>
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      <parentid>385759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:49:27Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>/* حوالا */</comment>
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      <text bytes="42065" sha1="m3vwsk14rlnnt2wpor34e02chu96os7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = مدینو (مدینہ)
| official_name = المدينة المنورة
| native_name = المدينة
| settlement_type = [[شھر]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Madeena masjid nabavi 12122008230.jpg
| image2            = Quba Mosque 2013 09.jpg
| image3            = Hijaz Railway Station 2020.jpg
| image4            = Mount Uhud.JPG
| image5            = Masjid al-Qiblatain.jpg
| image6            = Al-Baqi Cemetery 2021.jpg
| caption1    = [[مسجد نبوي]]
| caption2    = [[مسجد قبا]]
| caption3    = [[حجاز ریلوي]]
| caption4    = [[جبل احد]]
| caption5    = [[قبلتین مسجد]]
| caption6    = [[جنت البقيع قبرستان]]
| perrow            = 1/2/2
| border            = infobox
}}
| image_flag = 
| flag_size = 135px
| image_seal = 
| pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia#Asia
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| pushpin_map_caption = نقشي م مدیني جو مقام
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|24|28|12|N|39|36|36|E|region:SA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1 = مدینو صوبو
| leader_title = [[مئیر]]
| leader_name = فھد البیلھشی&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fahad Al-Belaihshi Appointed Mayor of Madinah by a Royal Decree (Arabic) |url=https://sabq.org/cL3zph |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Sabq Online Newspaper |date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412164558/https://sabq.org/cL3zph |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر
| leader_name1 = شھزادو سلمان بن سلطان السعود
| area_total_km2 = 589
| area_total_sq_mi = 227
| area_metro_km2 = 22900
| elevation_m = 620
| elevation_ft = 2030
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medina Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204001752/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 14,11,599
| population_as_of = سال 2022ع جی آدمشماری
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = 
| population_metro = 14,77,047 (مدینہ گورنریٹ)
| website = {{URL| https://www.amana-md.gov.sa/}}
| timezone = [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset = +03:00
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = مدينة النبي (نبي جو شھر)&lt;br&gt;المدينة النبوية (نبي وارو شھر)&lt;br&gt;العاصمة الإسلامية الأولى&lt;br&gt;(اسلام جو پھریون گاديء جو ھنڌ)&lt;br&gt;طيبة الطيبة (پاڪن م پاڪ)
| parts_type = [[ضلعا]]
| population_density_sq_mi = 5212
| established_date2 = 5 دسمبر، 1925ع
| governing_body = مدیني جي علاقائي بلدیا
| elevation_max_m = 1077
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Uhud]]
| established_title2 = حجاز مقدس جی سعودی حکومت
| established_date = ناھین صدی قبل مسیح
| government_type = بلدیا
| population_rank = 4ھون
| named_for = [[محمد|نبی محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جی نالی تی]]
| established_date1 = سال 622 عیسوی، پھریون سال ھجری
| established_title1 = ھجرت
| established_title = پھریون آباد تیو
| population_demonym = مدني
| parts = * بلد
** الحرم
** قبا
** احد
** العوالی
** العقیق 
** العیون 
** البیداء
* مضافتی
** العقول
** الموالی
** المندسہ
** ابیار المشی 
** الفریش
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| area_urban_sq_mi = 
| area_rural_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| blank_name_sec1 = 
| population_rural = 
| blank_info_sec1 = 
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |frame-height=300 | stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0.2 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
'''مدينو''' (عربي: المدينة المنورة؛  روشني وارو شهر ) ۽ عام طور تي مدينو يا مدينه (المدينة) جي نالي سان پڻ آسان ڪيو ويو آهي. مدینو اسلام جي تاريخ ۾ پهريون راڄڌاني آهي ۽ مڪي کان پوءِ مسلمانن لاءِ ٻيو مقدس مقام آهي. اهو مديني واري علائقي (صوبي) جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو حجاز جي تاريخي سرزمين تي واقع آهي، جيڪو [[سعودي عرب]] جي اولهه ۾، مڪي کان اٽڪل 400 ڪلوميٽر اتر اوڀر طرف آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;amana-md.gov.sa2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502182207/http://www.amana-md.gov.sa/WebLinks/Amanageography.aspx أمانة المدينة المنورة، موقع ومساحة المدينة المنورة] تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]]&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گاڑھی سمند ([[البحر الأحمر]]) سان 150 ڪلوميٽر اوڀر طرف آهي. سڀ کان ويجھو بندرگاهه ينبوع بندرگاهه آهي، جيڪو اولهه طرف 220 ڪلوميٽر پري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;amana-md.gov.sa3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502182207/http://www.amana-md.gov.sa/WebLinks/Amanageography.aspx أمانة المدينة المنورة، موقع ومساحة المدينة المنورة] تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]]&lt;/ref&gt; مديني جي ايراضي اٽڪل 589 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;al-madinah.org2&quot;&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454 موقع ومساحة المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075035/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن مان 99 ڪلوميٽر پري شهري علائقو آهي. هي علائقو شهري علائقي کان ٻاهر آهي، ۽ ان ۾ جبلن، وادين، سيلاب جي ڍڳن، ريگستاني زمينن، زرعي زمينن، قبرستانن ۽ هاءِ وي نيٽ ورڪ جا حصا شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;al-madinah.org3&quot;&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454 موقع ومساحة المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075035/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2022ع جي آبادي 14,11,599 آهي، اهو ملڪ جو چوٿون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 58.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهن ۽ 41.5 سيڪڙو پرڏيهي آهن.

مديني جو بنياد پيغمبر صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جي هجرت کان 1500 سال اڳ رکيو ويو&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362 بداية تأسيس المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141654/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ 
مديني ۾ دنيا جي قديم ترين مسجدن مان ٽي شامل آهن ۽ مسلمانن لاءِ سڀ کان اهم آهن: مسجد نبوي، مسجد قبا&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm وزارة الحج في المملكة العربية السعودية: مسجد قباء] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095754/http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm|date=22 أغسطس 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ قبلتين مسجد. مديني کي مسلمانن لاءِ ان جي اهميت پيغمبر اسلام جي هجرت کانپوء ان جي سڄي زندگي مديني ۾ رهڻ کان ملي ٿي. تمام اهم هنڌن مان هڪ آهي ۽ مسلمان قرآن شريف جي انهن سورتن کي مدني سورتون سڏين ٿا جيڪي مديني ڏانهن هجرت کان پوءِ نازل ٿيون، ۽ ان جو واحد لفظ ”مدني سورت“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=n9wFTvG7F8q68gPK2IHfDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false القيمة التاريخية للقرآن الكريم والحديث النبوي الشريف] أ.م. خان {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209052458/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=n9wFTvG7F8q68gPK2IHfDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA|date=09 فبراير 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca+surah&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=oOAFTry8H4as8gOv5-XpDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ما ينبغي أن يعرفه الجميع عن القرآن الكريم]، أحمد الليثي {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108032632/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca+surah&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=oOAFTry8H4as8gOv5-XpDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA|date=08 يناير 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
شهر جي آبادي اٽڪل 14,11,599 ماڻهن تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/101460?type=TABLE|عنوان=تعداد السعودية - السكان حسب - الهيئة السعودية للإحصاء|تاريخ الوصول=1 أغسطس 2023|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714141738/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/101460?type=TABLE|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ شهر ۾ ڪيترائي نشان ۽ يادگار شامل آهن، جن ۾ شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد نبوي آهي، جيڪا مڪي جي مسجد الحرم کان پوءِ مسلمانن لاءِ ٻي مقدس مسجد سمجهي وڃي ٿي، ان کان علاوه جنت البقيع قبرستان، جيڪو شهر جي ماڻهن جو مکيه قبرستان آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي اصحاب رضوان اللہ علیھم اجمعین دفن آهن،&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=618 أماكن تشرع زيارتها]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023809/http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=618|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسجد قبا اسلام ۾ ٺاهيل پهرين مسجد هئي، قبلتين جي مسجد، جبل احد ۽ ڪيتريون ئي واديون، کوهه، گهاٽيون، رستا ۽ پراڻيون ماڳ آھن.

==نالا== 
===يثرب=== 
اسلام جي آمد کان اڳ، شهر يثرب (عربي: يَثْرِب) جي نالي سان مشهور هو. يثرب لفظ هاران ۾ مليل هڪ لکت ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، جيڪو بابل جي بادشاهه نابونڊيڊس (ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح) سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ ايندڙ صدين ۾ ڪيترن ئي متنن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح تصديق ٿيل آهي. اهو نالو قرآن جي سورت 33 جي آيت نمبر 13 ۾ پڻ درج ٿيل آهي: 
اسلام جي ظهور کان اڳ ”يثرب“ جي نالي سان مشهور هو، ان جو ذڪر قرآن مجيد ۾ آهي: 

 &quot;وَإِذْ قَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ يَا أَهْلَ يَثْرِبَ لَا مُقَامَ لَكُمْ فَارْجِعُوا وَيَسْتَأْذِنُ فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمُ النَّبِيَّ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّ بُيُوتَنَا عَوْرَةٌ وَمَا هِيَ بِعَوْرَةٍ إِنْ يُرِيدُونَ إِلَّا فِرَارًا&quot;  
(سورة الأحزاب)&lt;ref&gt;سورة الأحزاب - الآية رقم 13&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=2765&amp;idfrom=0&amp;idto=0&amp;flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 المكتبة الإسلامية، كتاب الجامع لأحكام القرآن، سورة الأحزاب، قوله تعالى: ''وإذ قالت طائفة منهم يا أهل يثرب لا مقام لكم فارجعوا''] تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ID=2765|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=8 أغسطس 2009|تاريخ أرشيف=10 مارس 2013|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310164104/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ID=2765|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;   
صحيح حديث ۾ ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي ته رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم ان جو نالو يثرب کان بدلائي مديني رکيو، ۽ ان جو پراڻو نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان منع ڪئي، پوءِ فرمايائون: مديني ۾ غير مسلمن جو داخل ٿيڻ حرام آهي، جيئن رسول الله ﷺ فرمايو آهي:
 &quot;من قال للمدينة يثرب فليستغفر الله… والمدينة المنورة محرم دخولها على غير المسلمين، فقد قال النبي محمد:&quot;اللهم إني أحرم ما بين لابتيها مثل ما حرم إبراهيم مكة، اللهم بارك في مُدِّهم و صاعهم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al3ez.net/mag/madina_pr_1.htm حرمة أرض المدينة]، فضائل المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123145714/http://www.al3ez.net/mag/madina_pr_1.htm|date=23 نوفمبر 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=1478&amp;idfrom=0&amp;idto=0&amp;flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 صحيح البخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب بركة صاع النبي ومده]، المكتبة الإسلامية تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ID=1478|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=8 أغسطس 2009|تاريخ أرشيف=10 مارس 2013|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310164055/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ID=1478|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان ڪري مشهور آهي ته هن شهر جو نالو جنگ خندق تائين رهيو. اسلامي روايتن موجب، محمد صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم بعد ۾ هن شهر کي هن نالي سان سڏڻ کان منع ڪئي. 

===طيبه ۽ طابه=== 
اٺين صديءَ جو پٿر مديني ۾ دريافت ٿيو، جنهن ۾ هن شهر کي ’طيبه‘ چيو وڃي ٿو. جنگ کان ڪجهه وقت پوءِ، محمد شهر طيبه (پاڪ يا سٺي) (عربي: طَيْبَة) ۽ طابه (عربي: طَابَة) جو نالو رکيو، جيڪو ساڳئي معنيٰ وارو آهي. هي نالو مشهور لوڪ گيت ”يا طيبه“ (اي طيبه!) ۾ به هن شهر جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. ٻن نالن کي گڏ ڪري هڪ ٻئي نالي سان شهر سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، طيبات الطابه (پاڪ ۽ مهربان). 
===مدينه===
هن شهر کي ڪجهه احاديث ۾ صرف مدينه (يعني شهر) سڏيو ويو آهي. نالا مدينة النبوية (ٱلْمَدِيْنَة ٱلنَّبَوِيَّة) ۽ مدينة النبي (ٻنهي معنيٰ ”پيغمبر جو شهر“ يا ”پيغمبر جو شهر“) ۽ المدينة المنورة (). هي شهر جو سڀ کان عام طور تي قبول ٿيل جديد نالو آهي، جيڪو سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ روڊ جي نشانين ۾ مديني سان گڏ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

==تاريخ==
مديني ڪيترن ئي ممتاز ماڳن ۽ نشانين جو گهر آهي، جن مان اڪثر مسجدون آهن ۽ تاريخي اهميت رکي ٿي. انهن ۾ مٿي ذڪر ڪيل ٽي مسجدون شامل آهن، مسجد الفتح (جنهن کي مسجد الخندق به چيو ويندو آهي)، ست مسجدون، بقيع قبرستان، جتي ڪيترن ئي مشهور اسلامي شخصيتن جون قبرون موجود آهن. سڌو سنئون مسجد نبوي جي ڏکڻ اوڀر طرف، احد جبل، احد جي نالي واري جنگ جو ماڳ ۽ ڪنگ فهد عاليشان قرآن پرنٽنگ ڪمپليڪس جتي جديد قرآني مصحف ڇپيل آهن.
===ابتدائي تاريخ ۽ يهودي ڪنٽرول===
مديني گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1500 سال اڳ، يا تقريبا 9 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ آباد هو. چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ تائين، عرب قبيلن يمن مان اچی قبضو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اتي ٽي مشهور يهودي قبيلا هئا، جيڪي محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جي وقت جي آس پاس شهر ۾ آباد هئا: بنو قينقاع، بنو قريظه ۽ بنو نضير. ابن خردادبه بعد ۾ ٻڌايو ته حجاز ۾ فارسي سلطنت جي تسلط دوران، بنو قريظه فارسي شاهه لاءِ ٽيڪس جمع ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪيو. 
عرب جي ٻن نون قبيلن، بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج جي اچڻ کان پوءِ صورتحال بدلجي وئي. شروعات ۾، اهي قبيلا يهودي قبيلن سان اتحاد ڪيا ويا جيڪي علائقي تي حڪومت ڪندا هئا، پر بعد ۾ اهي بغاوت ڪري آزاد ٿي ويا.
پنجين صدي عيسويءَ جي آخر تائين، يهودي حڪمرانن شهر جو ڪنٽرول ٻن عرب قبيلن جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو. يهودي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ۾ لکيل آهي ته ”ٻاهرين مدد طلب ڪرڻ ۽ غداريءَ سان هڪ ضيافت ۾ مکيه يهودين جو قتل عام ڪرڻ“ بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج آخرڪار مديني تي غالب اچي ويا. 
اڪثر جديد مورخ مسلمانن جي ان دعويٰ کي قبول ڪن ٿا ته بغاوت کان پوءِ يهودي قبيلا اوس ۽ خزرج جا ماتحت ٿي ويا. جڏهن ته، اسڪاٽش اسڪالر، وليم مونٽگومري واٽ جي مطابق، يهودي قبيلن جي گراهڪ 627ع کان اڳ واري دور جي تاريخي حسابن مان پيدا نه ٿي آهي، ۽ هن برقرار رکيو ته يهودين جي آبادي سياسي آزادي جي هڪ اندازي کي برقرار رکيو. ابتدائي مسلمان تاريخدان ابن اسحاق آخري يمن جي بادشاهه هميريءَ ۽ يثرب جي رهاڪن جي وچ ۾ هڪ قديم تڪرار ٻڌائي ٿو ته جڏهن بادشاهه نخلستان مان لنگهي رهيو هو، تڏهن رهاڪن سندس پٽ کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ يمن جي حاڪم ماڻهن کي ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ته هو ماڻهن کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا ۽ کجيون ڪٽي ڇڏيندا. ابن اسحاق جو چوڻ آهي ته کيس بنو قريظه قبيلي جي ٻن عالمن ائين ڪرڻ کان روڪيو هو، جن بادشاهه کي نخلستان کي بچائڻ لاءِ عرض ڪيو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اها اها جاءِ هئي، جنهن ڏانهن قريش جو هڪ نبي ايندڙ وقت ۾ هجرت ڪندو، ۽ سندس گهر ۽ آرام گاهه هوندو. يمن جي بادشاهه اهڙي طرح هن شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو ۽ يهوديت ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. هو ربین کي پاڻ سان وٺي ويو، ۽ مڪي ۾، انهن مبينا طور تي ڪعبي کي ابراهيم جي تعمير ڪيل عبادت گاھہ جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ۽ بادشاهه کي صلاح ڏني ته &quot;مڪي جي ماڻهن ڇا ڪيو: کعبہ جو طواف ڪرڻ، ان جي تعظيم ۽ احترام ڪرڻ، پنهنجو مٿو ڪٽايو ۽ تمام عاجزي سان هلو جيستائين هو پنهنجي حدن کي ڇڏي نه ويو. ابن اسحاق جو بيان آهي ته يمن جي ويجهو اچڻ تي ربي ماڻهن کي هڪ معجزو ڏيکاريو ته جيئن هو هڪ باھ مان بغير ڪنهن نقصان جي ٻاهر نڪري ۽ يمن جي ماڻهن يهوديت کي قبول ڪيو. 
آخرڪار بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج هڪ ٻئي جا دشمن ٿي ويا ۽ حضرت محمد ﷺ جي هجرت (هجرت 622ع) تائين مديني ڏانهن 120 سالن تائين وڙهندا رهيا ۽ پاڻ ۾ وڙهيا ويا. بنو نضير ۽ بنو قريظه بنو اوس سان اتحاد ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته بنو قينقاع بنو خزرج جو ساٿ ڏنو. هنن ڪل چار جنگيون وڙهيون سندن آخري ۽ سڀ کان خوني لڙائي بعث جي جنگ هئي، جيڪا محمد ﷺ جي اچڻ کان ڪجھ سال اڳ وڙھي وئي هئي. جنگ جو نتيجو اڻ کٽ هو، ۽ جنگ جاري رهي. عبدالله بن ابي، بنو خزرج جو هڪ سردار، جنگ ۾ حصو وٺڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو هو، جنهن ڪري هن کي عدل ۽ امن لاءِ شهرت ملي. هو محمد ﷺ جي اچڻ کان اڳ شهر جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ معزز رهاڪو هو. هلندڙ تڪرار کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ يثرب جي رهاڪن، مڪي کان ٻاهر هڪ جاءِ، عقبه ۾ محمد ﷺ سان ڳجهي ملاقات ڪئي، جنهن کيس ۽ سندس مومنن جي هڪ ننڍڙي ٽولي کي شهر ۾ اچڻ جي دعوت ڏني، جتي محمد ﷺ جن گروهن جي وچ ۾ ثالث جي خدمت ڪري سگهي ۽ سندس برادري آزاديءَ سان پنهنجي عقيدي تي عمل ڪري سگهي. 
===محمد ﷺ ۽ راشدين جي دور ۾=== 
سال 622ع ۾ محمد صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم ۽ هڪ اندازي مطابق 70 مڪي مهاجرن يثرب ۾ پناهه وٺڻ لاءِ ڪجهه مهينن جي عرصي ۾ مڪي کي ڇڏي ڏنو، هڪ اهڙو واقعو جنهن شهر جي مذهبي ۽ سياسي منظرنامي کي مڪمل طور تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. اوس ۽ خزرج قبيلن جي وچ ۾ پراڻي دشمني ختم ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ٻن عرب قبيلن ۽ ڪجهه مقامي يهودين اسلام جي نئين مذهب کي قبول ڪيو.محمد ﷺ، پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي ذريعي خزرج سان ڳنڍيل هو، هن شهر جي اڳواڻ طور تي اتفاق ڪيو ويو. يثرب جا رهاڪو جن ڪنهن پس منظر جي اسلام قبول ڪيو هو؛ ڪافر عرب يا يهودي، انصار (مددگار) سڏيندا هئا. 
ابن اسحاق جي مطابق، علائقي جي سڀني جماعتن مديني جي معاھدي (میثاق مدینہ) تي اتفاق ڪيو، جنهن ۾ سڀني جماعتن محمد ﷺ جي اڳواڻي ۾ گڏيل تعاون جو عزم ڪيو. هن دستاويز جي نوعيت، جيئن ابن اسحاق پاران ریڪارڊ ڪيل ۽ ابن هشام طرفان منتقل ڪئي وئي آهي، جديد مغربي مورخن جي وچ ۾ تڪرار جو موضوع آهي، جن مان ڪيترن جو خيال آهي ته اهو &quot;معاهدو&quot; ممڪن آهي ته مختلف تاريخن جي لکت جي بدران زباني، مختلف معاهدن جو مجموعو آهي، ۽ اهو واضح ناهي ته اهي ڪڏهن ٺاهيا ويا هئا. ٻيا عالم، جيتوڻيڪ، مغربي ۽ مسلمان، ٻنهي جو دليل آهي ته معاهدي جو متن، ڇا هڪ واحد دستاويز اصل ۾ يا ڪيترائي؟ ممڪن آهي ته اسان وٽ موجود قديم ترين اسلامي متنن مان هڪ آهي. يمن جي يهودي ذريعن ۾، محمد ۽ سندس يهودي رعيت جي وچ ۾ هڪ ٻيو معاهدو تيار ڪيو ويو، جيڪو ڪتاب ذمت النبي جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، جيڪو 3هين هجري (625ع) ۾ لکيو ويو، ۽ جنهن ۾ عرب ۾ رهندڙ يهودين کي سبت جي ڏينهن جي اظهار  ۽ انهن جي پاسي جا تالا وڌائڻ لاءِ جي آزادي ڏني وئي. ان جي بدلي ۾، انهن کي هر سال پنهنجي سرپرستن جي حفاظت لاء جزيه ادا ڪرڻو هو، جڏهن ته مسلمان زڪوات ادا ڪندا هئا.

جبل احد، جامع سيد الشهداء جي پراڻي مسجد سان گڏ، جنهن جو نالو حضرت محمد ﷺ جي چاچي حمزه بن عبدالمطلب جي نالي پٺيان آهي. مسجد 2012 ۾ ڊهي وئي ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ نئين، وڏي مسجد ٺاهي وئي. 

سال 625ع ۾ ابو سفيان بن حرب، مڪي جو هڪ وڏو سردار، جنهن بعد ۾ اسلام قبول ڪيو، مديني جي خلاف مڪي جي فوج جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. محمد ﷺ قريش جي لشڪر سان اٽڪل 1000 مسلمانن جی لشڪر سان ملڻ لاءِ روانو ٿيو، پر جيئن ئي لشڪر ميدان جنگ جي ويجهو پهتو ته عبدالله بن ابي جي ماتحت 300 ماڻهو پوئتي هٽي ويا، جنهن ڪري مسلمان فوج جي حوصلي کي سخت ڌڪ رسيو. محمد ﷺ پنهنجي هاڻوڪي 700 مسلمانن جی مضبوط فوج سان مارچ ڪندو رهيو ۽ 50 تير اندازن جي هڪ ٽولي کي هڪ ننڍي ٽڪريءَ تي چڙهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن کي هاڻي جبل الرماح (تیر اندازن جو جبل) چيو وڃي ٿو ته جيئن مڪي جي گهوڙي سوارن تي نظر رکي ۽ مسلمانن جي فوج جو پوئين پاسي کي تحفظ فراهم ڪري. جيئن جنگ گرم ٿي، مڪي وارن کي پوئتي هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. اڳين طرف تير اندازن کان اڳتي وڌيو ويو ۽ جنگ کي مسلمانن جي فتح ٿيندي ڏسي، تير انداز وارن فيصلو ڪيو ته اهي پوئتي هٽڻ وارا مڪي وارن جو تعاقب ڪن. هڪ ننڍڙي پارٽي، تنهن هوندي به، پوئتي رهي. باقي سڀني کي عرض ڪيو ته محمد ﷺ جي حڪم جي نافرماني نه ڪن. اهو ڏسي ته تيرنداز ٽڪريءَ تان هيٺ لهڻ شروع ڪري رهيا هئا، خالد بن وليد، جيڪو ھن وقت تائین مسلمان نا ھو، پنهنجي يونٽ کي ٽڪريءَ تي گهيرو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ۽ سندس گهوڙي سوارن جو تعاقب ڪيو ته هيٺ لهندڙ تيرانداز کي ٽڪريءَ جي اڳيان ميدان ۾ پڪڙي منظم طريقي سان ماريو ۽ ڏسندو رهيو. سندن مايوس ڪامريڊن تي، جيڪي ٽڪريءَ ۾ پوئتي رهجي ويا هئا، جيڪي حملي آورن کي ناڪام بڻائڻ لاءِ تير هلائي رهيا هئا، پر ڪو به اثر نه ٿيو. بهرحال، مڪي وارن مديني تي حملو ڪري پنهنجو فائدو نه ورتو ۽ مڪي ڏانهن موٽي آيا. مدني (مديني وارا) کي وڏو نقصان رسيو ۽ محمد ﷺ زخمي ٿي پيو. 
===خندق جي جنگ===

خندق جي جنگ واري جاءِ تي ستن مسجدن مان ٽن کي جديد مسجد الفتح ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو، هتي پس منظر ۾ جبل السلع ۽ پيش منظر ۾ مقامي سامان وڪڻڻ واري دڪان جي تصوير آهي. 

سال 627ع ۾ ابو سفيان هڪ ٻي لشڪر کي مديني طرف روانو ڪيو. سندس ارادن کان واقف ٿي، نبي ﷺ شهر جي اترئين پاسي کان بچاءَ لاءِ تجويزون طلب ڪيون، ڇاڪاڻ ته اوڀر ۽ اولهه آتش فشاني پٿرن سان محفوظ هئا ۽ ڏکڻ کجين جي وڻن سان ڍڪيل هو. سلمان الفارسي، هڪ فارسي صحابي، جيڪو ساساني جنگي حڪمت عملين کان واقف هو، هن شهر جي حفاظت لاءِ خندق کوٽڻ جي سفارش ڪئي، جنهن کي نبي ﷺ قبول ڪيو. ان بعد جو محاصرو خندق جي جنگ ۽ قریش جی ڪنفيڊرٽس جي جنگ جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. هڪ مهيني جي گھيري ۽ مختلف لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ، سخت سياري جي ڪري مڪي وارا وري واپس هليا ويا. محاصري دوران ابو سفيان يهودي قبيلي بنو قريظه سان رابطو ڪيو ۽ انهن سان هڪ معاهدو ڪيو ته مسلمان محافظن تي حملو ڪيو وڃي ۽ محافظن کي موثر انداز ۾ گهيرو ڪيو وڃي. تنهن هوندي به اهو مسلمانن طرفان دفاع ڪيو ويو ۽ منصوبو ناڪام ٿي ويو. اهو مديني جي آئين (میثاق مدینہ) جي ڀڃڪڙي هئي ۽ مڪي لشڪر جي واپسي کان پوء، نبي ﷺ فوري طور تي قريظه جي خلاف مارچ ڪيو ۽ انهن جي مضبوط قلعن جو گهيرو ڪيو. يهودي فوجن آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. بنو اوس جي ڪجهه ميمبرن پنهنجن پراڻن اتحادين جي طرفان ڳالهين تي اتفاق ڪيو ۽ نبي ﷺ  انهن جي سردارن مان هڪ، سعد بن معاذ کي جج مقرر ڪرڻ تي راضي ٿي ويو، جيڪو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪو هو. سعد فيصلو ڪيو ته قبيلي جي سڀني مردن کي قتل ڪيو وڃي ۽ عورتن ۽ ٻارن کي غلام بڻايو وڃي. ان عمل کي دفاعي انداز ۾ تصور ڪيو ويو ته جيئن مسلمان برادري مديني ۾ پنهنجي بقاءَ جو يقين رکي سگهي. فرانسيسي مؤرخ رابرٽ منٽران جو خيال آهي ته ان نقطه نظر کان اها ڪاميابي هئي، ان نقطي کان پوءِ مسلمانن کي بنيادي طور تي توسيع ۽ فتح جو سامان ڪيو ء بقا ۽ سان واسطو نه هو. 
هجرت کان پوءِ ڏهن سالن ۾ مديني جو بنياد وڌو جتان نبي ﷺ ۽ مسلمان فوجن حملو ڪيو ۽ ان تي حملا ڪيا ۽ اتان ئي هن مڪي تي ڪاهه ڪئي ۽ سال 630ع ۾ بغير جنگ جي ان ۾ داخل ٿيو. اسلام ۾ مڪي جي وڌندڙ اهميت، ڪعبة الله جي اسلامي دنيا جي مرڪز جي اهميت، نماز جي سمت (قبلی) جي حيثيت ۽ حج ۾. نبي ﷺ مديني واپس آيو، جيڪو ڪجهه سالن تائين رهيو. اسلام جو سڀ کان اهم شهر ۽ ابتدائي خلافت راشدين جي انتظام جو بنياد. فرض ڪيو ويو آهي ته هن شهر جو نالو مدينہ النبي (عربي ۾ &quot;پيغمبر جو شهر&quot;) نبي ﷺ جي نبوت جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو آهي ۽ شهر هن جي دفن جي جڳهه آهي.

==جاگرافي== 
مدينو حجاز جي علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو 200 ڪلوميٽر (120 ميل) ويڪرو پٽي نفود ريگستان ۽ ڳاڙهي سمنڊ جي وچ ۾ آهي. لڳ ڀڳ 720 ڪلوميٽر (450 ميل) رياض جي اتر اولهه ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو سعودي ريگستان جي مرڪز ۾ آهي. شهر سعودي عرب جي اولهه سامونڊي ڪناري کان 250 ڪلوميٽر (160 ميل) پري آهي ۽ تقريبن 620 ميٽر (2,030 فوٽ) سمنڊ جي سطح کان مٿي آهي.'30°36  ڊگھائي ڦاڪ اوڀر ۽ '28°24 ويڪرائي ڦاڪ اتر تي واقع آهي. اهو اٽڪل 589 چورس ڪلوميٽر (227 چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. شهر کي 12 ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن مان 7 کي شهري ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جڏهن ته باقي 5 کي مضافات ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي. 
===بلندي=== 
حجاز جي علائقي جي اڪثر شهرن وانگر، مدينو تمام گهڻي بلندي تي واقع آهي. مڪي کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي ڀيرا بلند، هي شهر 620 ميٽر (2,030 فوٽ) سمنڊ جي سطح کان مٿي آهي. جبل احد مديني جي بلند ترين چوٽي آهي ۽ 1,077 ميٽر (3,533 فوٽ) ڊگھي آهي. 
===جاگرافيائي بيهڪ===
مدينو هڪ ريگستاني نخلستان آهي جنهن جي چوڌاري حجاز جا جبل ۽ آتش فشاني ٽڪريون آهن. مديني جي چوڌاري مٽي گهڻو ڪري بيسالٽ تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته جبلن، خاص طور تي شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ قابل ذڪر، آتش فشاني راھ آهن جيڪي پيلوزوئڪ دور جي پهرين جيولوجيڪل دور جي تاريخ آهن. اهو ڪيترن ئي مشهور جبلن سان گهيريل آهي، خاص طور تي جبل الحجاج (حاجين جو جبل) اولهه ۾، جبل السلع اتر-اولهه، جبل العر يا قافلن جو جبل ڏکڻ ۽ جبل احد اتر ڏانهن آهي. هي شهر وادي العقل، وادي العقيق ۽ وادي الحمض جي ٽن وادين جي تري واري نقطي تي هڪ سڪل جبل جي پليٽ تي واقع آهي، ان ڪري، هتي خشڪ ريگستاني جبلن جي وچ ۾ وڏا سبز علائقا آهن. 
===موسم===
ڪوپن آبهوا جي درجه بندي (Köppen Scale) تحت، مدينو هڪ گرم ريگستاني آبهوا واري علائقي (BWh) ۾ پوي ٿو. اونهارو انتهائي گرم ۽ خشڪ هوندو آهي. ڏينهن جو گرمي پد °43 سينٽي گريڊ (°109 فارن هائيٽ) سان گڏ رات جو تقريباً °29 سينٽي گريڊ (°84 فارن هائيٽ) هوندو آهي. جون ۽ سيپٽمبر جي وچ ۾ °45 سينٽي گريڊ (°113 فارن هائيٽ) کان مٿي گرمي پد غير معمولي ناهي. سيارو ٿڌو هوندو آهي، گرمي پد رات جو °8 سينٽي گريڊ (°46 فارن هائيٽ) کان ڏينهن ۾ °25 سينٽي گريڊ (°77 فارن هائيٽ) تائين هوندو آهي. اتي تمام گھٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جيڪا تقريبن نومبر ۽ مئي جي وچ ۾ پوي ٿي. اونهاري ۾، هوا اتر۔اولهه آهي، جڏهن ته بهار ۽ سياري ۾، ڏکڻ۔اولهه آهي.

==اسلام ۾ اهميت==
مذهبي ماڳ جي حيثيت ۾ مديني جي اهميت ٻن مسجدن، [[مسجد نبوي]] ۽ [[مسجد قبا]] جي موجودگيءَ مان نڪتي. اهي ٻئي مسجدون حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پاڻ ٺاهيون هيون. اسلامي صحيفن ۾ مديني جي تقدس تي زور ڏنو ويو آهي. قرآن مجيد ۾ مديني جو ذڪر ڪيترائي ڀيرا آيو آهي. ٻه مثال آهن سوره توبه (آيت 101) ۽ سوره الحشر (آيت 8). مدني سورتون عام طور تي مڪي سورتن کان ڊگھيون هونديون آهن ۽ تعداد ۾ به وڏيون هونديون آهن. امام بخاري صحيح بخاري ۾ نقل ڪيو آهي ته انس بن مالڪ نبي ﷺ کان نقل ڪيو آهي ته: 
  ”مدينه ان جاءِ کان ان جاءِ تائين حرم آهي، ان جا وڻ نه وڍيا وڃن ۽ نه ڪا بدعت پيدا ڪئي وڃي ۽ نه ان ۾ ڪو گناهه ڪيو وڃي، ۽ جيڪو به ان ۾ بدعت پيدا ڪري يا گناهن جو ڪم ڪري ته پوءِ ان جو ڪو معافی نه ڪيو وڃي ۽ ان تی اللہ، ملائڪ ۽ سڀني ماڻھن جي لعنت ھجي.&quot; 
===مسجد نبوي=== 
اسلامي روايت موجب، مسجد نبوي ۾ هڪ نماز مسجد الحرام، جتي هڪ نماز ڪنهن ٻي مسجد ۾ هڪ لک 
نمازن جي برابر آهي، کان سواءِ ٻي ڪنهن به مسجد ۾ 1,000 نمازن جي برابر آهي. مسجد شروع ۾ صرف نماز لاءِ هڪ کليل جاءِ هئي ۽ نبي ﷺ جي روضي (رهائش جي جاءِ، جيتوڻيڪ لفظ جي لفظي معنيٰ آهي باغ) جي ڀرسان ان جي زالن جي گهرن سان گڏ، هڪ بلند ۽ ڍڪيل منبر هو. مسجد کي تاريخ ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا وڌايو ويو، ان جون ڪيتريون ئي اندروني خصوصيتون وقت جي حوالي سان جديد معيارن مطابق ترقي ڪيون ويون. 
جديد مسجد نبوي نبي ﷺ جي روضه جي مٿان واقع سائي گنبد جي ڪري مشهور آهي، جيڪو هن وقت نبي محمد ﷺ، حضرت ابوبڪر صديق رضی اللہ تعالٰی عنہ ۽ عمر فاروق رضی اللہ تعالٰی عنہ جي تدفين واري جاءِ طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ روڊ جي نشانين ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ۽ خود مديني لاءِ ھڪ آئڪن آهي. مسجد جو سمورو صحن 250 جھليندڙ ڇتين سان سج جي ڇانو ۾ آهي.

سج لٿي وقت اوڀر کان مسجد نبوي جو خوبصورت منظر. 
===مسجد قباء===
مسجد قباء ۾ نماز پڙهڻ سنت آهي. هڪ روايت ۾ سهل بن حنيف کان روايت آهي ته محمد ﷺ جن فرمايو: 
  ”جيڪو پنهنجي گهر ۾ غسل ڪري، پوءِ مسجد قبا ۾ اچي ۽ ان ۾ نماز پڙهي ته ان کي عمري جيترو ثواب آهي“. 
۽ ٻي روايت ۾ 
 ”جيڪو به ٻاهر نڪرندو جيستائين هن مسجد ۾ نه اچي، يعني مسجد قباء ۽ اتي نماز پڙهي ته اهو عمري جي برابر هوندو.&quot; 

بخاري ۽ مسلم ۾ لکيل آهي ته محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم هر ڇنڇر تي ٻه رڪعتون سنت نماز پڙهڻ لاءِ قباءَ ويندا هئا. مسجد قباءَ کي حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پنهنجي پراڻي شهر مديني ۾ اچڻ تي پاڻ تعمير ڪرايو هو. مسجد قباء جو ذڪر قرآن ۾ بالواسطه طور تي سوره توبه جي آيت نمبر 108 ۾ ڪيو ويو آهي. 
===ٻيون جایون=== 
====مسجد قبلتين==== 
مسجد القبلتين هڪ ٻي مسجد آهي جيڪا تاريخي لحاظ کان مسلمانن لاءِ اهم آهي. مسلمانن جو عقيدو آهي ته محمد ﷺ کي حڪم ڏنو ويو هو ته هو پنهنجي نماز جو رخ (قبلی) يروشلم ڏانهن بدلي ڪري مڪي ۾ ڪعبي ڏانهن نماز ادا ڪري. جيئن ته کيس سوره البقره جي آيت نمبر 143 ۽ 144 ۾ حڪم ڏنو ويو هو.هن وقت مسجد کي 4,000 کان وڌيڪ عبادت ڪندڙن کي رکڻ جي قابل وڌايو پيو آھي. ====مسجد الفتح ۽ ست مسجدون==== 
انهن تاريخي ست مسجدن مان ٽن کي تازو هڪ کليل صحن سان گڏ وڏي مسجد الفتح ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي. سني ذريعن جو چوڻ آهي ته اهڙي ڪا به حديث يا ٻيو ڪو ثبوت نه آهي جنهن مان ثابت ٿئي ته محمد ﷺ انهن مسجدن جي فضيلت بابت ڪجهه چيو هجي. 
====جنت البقيع قبرستان====
جنت البقيع مديني ۾ هڪ اهم قبرستان آهي جتي محمد ﷺ جي خاندان جا ڪيترائي فرد، خليفن ۽ عالمن کي دفن ڪيو ويو آهي. 
===اسلامي اسڪاٽولوجي ۾===
====تمدن جي پڄاڻي==== 
مديني ۾ تهذيب جي خاتمي بابت حضرت ابو هريره کان روايت آهي ته حضرت محمد ﷺ جن فرمايو: 
  ”ماڻهو مديني مان نڪرندا ته ان جي بهترين حالت هوندي به، ۽ ان ۾ جهنگلي پکين ۽ شڪاري جانورن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به نه رهندو، ۽ آخري ماڻهو مري ويندا جيڪي قبيلي مزينه جا ٻه رڍا هوندا. پنهنجين رڍن کي مديني ڏانهن ڊوڙائي رهيا هوندا، پر ان ۾ ڪنهن کي به نه ڏسندا، ۽ جڏهن ثنیت الوداع جي واديءَ ۾ پهچندا ته اوندهه ۾ ڪري پوندا“. 
(البخاري، جلد 3، ڪتاب 30، حديث 98)

==ڊيموگرافڪ== 
==ثقافت== 
==معيشت== 
==انساني وسيلا== 
==ٽرانسپورٽ== 
==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو==
• عزيز ديا (1914-1997)، ليکڪ.
==پڻ ڏسو==
• سعودي عرب پورٽل 

• اسلام پورٽل 

• المدينه ريجن ڊولپمينٽ اٿارٽي 

• روا المدينه 

• مديني جي تاريخ جي ببليوگرافي
==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:مدينه المنوره]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>m3vwsk14rlnnt2wpor34e02chu96os7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385762</id>
      <parentid>385760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[مدينو]] کي [[مدينه منوره]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="42065" sha1="m3vwsk14rlnnt2wpor34e02chu96os7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = مدینو (مدینہ)
| official_name = المدينة المنورة
| native_name = المدينة
| settlement_type = [[شھر]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Madeena masjid nabavi 12122008230.jpg
| image2            = Quba Mosque 2013 09.jpg
| image3            = Hijaz Railway Station 2020.jpg
| image4            = Mount Uhud.JPG
| image5            = Masjid al-Qiblatain.jpg
| image6            = Al-Baqi Cemetery 2021.jpg
| caption1    = [[مسجد نبوي]]
| caption2    = [[مسجد قبا]]
| caption3    = [[حجاز ریلوي]]
| caption4    = [[جبل احد]]
| caption5    = [[قبلتین مسجد]]
| caption6    = [[جنت البقيع قبرستان]]
| perrow            = 1/2/2
| border            = infobox
}}
| image_flag = 
| flag_size = 135px
| image_seal = 
| pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia#Asia
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| pushpin_map_caption = نقشي م مدیني جو مقام
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|24|28|12|N|39|36|36|E|region:SA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1 = مدینو صوبو
| leader_title = [[مئیر]]
| leader_name = فھد البیلھشی&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fahad Al-Belaihshi Appointed Mayor of Madinah by a Royal Decree (Arabic) |url=https://sabq.org/cL3zph |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Sabq Online Newspaper |date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412164558/https://sabq.org/cL3zph |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر
| leader_name1 = شھزادو سلمان بن سلطان السعود
| area_total_km2 = 589
| area_total_sq_mi = 227
| area_metro_km2 = 22900
| elevation_m = 620
| elevation_ft = 2030
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medina Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204001752/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/madina/0301__al_mad%C4%ABnah_al_munuwarah/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 14,11,599
| population_as_of = سال 2022ع جی آدمشماری
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = 
| population_metro = 14,77,047 (مدینہ گورنریٹ)
| website = {{URL| https://www.amana-md.gov.sa/}}
| timezone = [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset = +03:00
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name = مدينة النبي (نبي جو شھر)&lt;br&gt;المدينة النبوية (نبي وارو شھر)&lt;br&gt;العاصمة الإسلامية الأولى&lt;br&gt;(اسلام جو پھریون گاديء جو ھنڌ)&lt;br&gt;طيبة الطيبة (پاڪن م پاڪ)
| parts_type = [[ضلعا]]
| population_density_sq_mi = 5212
| established_date2 = 5 دسمبر، 1925ع
| governing_body = مدیني جي علاقائي بلدیا
| elevation_max_m = 1077
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Uhud]]
| established_title2 = حجاز مقدس جی سعودی حکومت
| established_date = ناھین صدی قبل مسیح
| government_type = بلدیا
| population_rank = 4ھون
| named_for = [[محمد|نبی محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جی نالی تی]]
| established_date1 = سال 622 عیسوی، پھریون سال ھجری
| established_title1 = ھجرت
| established_title = پھریون آباد تیو
| population_demonym = مدني
| parts = * بلد
** الحرم
** قبا
** احد
** العوالی
** العقیق 
** العیون 
** البیداء
* مضافتی
** العقول
** الموالی
** المندسہ
** ابیار المشی 
** الفریش
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| area_urban_sq_mi = 
| area_rural_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| blank_name_sec1 = 
| population_rural = 
| blank_info_sec1 = 
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |frame-height=300 | stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0.2 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
'''مدينو''' (عربي: المدينة المنورة؛  روشني وارو شهر ) ۽ عام طور تي مدينو يا مدينه (المدينة) جي نالي سان پڻ آسان ڪيو ويو آهي. مدینو اسلام جي تاريخ ۾ پهريون راڄڌاني آهي ۽ مڪي کان پوءِ مسلمانن لاءِ ٻيو مقدس مقام آهي. اهو مديني واري علائقي (صوبي) جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو حجاز جي تاريخي سرزمين تي واقع آهي، جيڪو [[سعودي عرب]] جي اولهه ۾، مڪي کان اٽڪل 400 ڪلوميٽر اتر اوڀر طرف آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;amana-md.gov.sa2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502182207/http://www.amana-md.gov.sa/WebLinks/Amanageography.aspx أمانة المدينة المنورة، موقع ومساحة المدينة المنورة] تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]]&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گاڑھی سمند ([[البحر الأحمر]]) سان 150 ڪلوميٽر اوڀر طرف آهي. سڀ کان ويجھو بندرگاهه ينبوع بندرگاهه آهي، جيڪو اولهه طرف 220 ڪلوميٽر پري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;amana-md.gov.sa3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502182207/http://www.amana-md.gov.sa/WebLinks/Amanageography.aspx أمانة المدينة المنورة، موقع ومساحة المدينة المنورة] تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]]&lt;/ref&gt; مديني جي ايراضي اٽڪل 589 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;al-madinah.org2&quot;&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454 موقع ومساحة المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075035/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن مان 99 ڪلوميٽر پري شهري علائقو آهي. هي علائقو شهري علائقي کان ٻاهر آهي، ۽ ان ۾ جبلن، وادين، سيلاب جي ڍڳن، ريگستاني زمينن، زرعي زمينن، قبرستانن ۽ هاءِ وي نيٽ ورڪ جا حصا شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;al-madinah.org3&quot;&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454 موقع ومساحة المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[12 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075035/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=454|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2022ع جي آبادي 14,11,599 آهي، اهو ملڪ جو چوٿون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 58.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهن ۽ 41.5 سيڪڙو پرڏيهي آهن.

مديني جو بنياد پيغمبر صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جي هجرت کان 1500 سال اڳ رکيو ويو&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362 بداية تأسيس المدينة]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141654/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ 
مديني ۾ دنيا جي قديم ترين مسجدن مان ٽي شامل آهن ۽ مسلمانن لاءِ سڀ کان اهم آهن: مسجد نبوي، مسجد قبا&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm وزارة الحج في المملكة العربية السعودية: مسجد قباء] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095754/http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm|date=22 أغسطس 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ قبلتين مسجد. مديني کي مسلمانن لاءِ ان جي اهميت پيغمبر اسلام جي هجرت کانپوء ان جي سڄي زندگي مديني ۾ رهڻ کان ملي ٿي. تمام اهم هنڌن مان هڪ آهي ۽ مسلمان قرآن شريف جي انهن سورتن کي مدني سورتون سڏين ٿا جيڪي مديني ڏانهن هجرت کان پوءِ نازل ٿيون، ۽ ان جو واحد لفظ ”مدني سورت“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=n9wFTvG7F8q68gPK2IHfDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false القيمة التاريخية للقرآن الكريم والحديث النبوي الشريف] أ.م. خان {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209052458/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=n9wFTvG7F8q68gPK2IHfDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA|date=09 فبراير 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca+surah&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=oOAFTry8H4as8gOv5-XpDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ما ينبغي أن يعرفه الجميع عن القرآن الكريم]، أحمد الليثي {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108032632/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca+surah&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=oOAFTry8H4as8gOv5-XpDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA|date=08 يناير 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
شهر جي آبادي اٽڪل 14,11,599 ماڻهن تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/101460?type=TABLE|عنوان=تعداد السعودية - السكان حسب - الهيئة السعودية للإحصاء|تاريخ الوصول=1 أغسطس 2023|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714141738/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/101460?type=TABLE|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ شهر ۾ ڪيترائي نشان ۽ يادگار شامل آهن، جن ۾ شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد نبوي آهي، جيڪا مڪي جي مسجد الحرم کان پوءِ مسلمانن لاءِ ٻي مقدس مسجد سمجهي وڃي ٿي، ان کان علاوه جنت البقيع قبرستان، جيڪو شهر جي ماڻهن جو مکيه قبرستان آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي اصحاب رضوان اللہ علیھم اجمعین دفن آهن،&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=618 أماكن تشرع زيارتها]، مركز بحوث ودراسات المدينة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023809/http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=618|date=05 مارس 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسجد قبا اسلام ۾ ٺاهيل پهرين مسجد هئي، قبلتين جي مسجد، جبل احد ۽ ڪيتريون ئي واديون، کوهه، گهاٽيون، رستا ۽ پراڻيون ماڳ آھن.

==نالا== 
===يثرب=== 
اسلام جي آمد کان اڳ، شهر يثرب (عربي: يَثْرِب) جي نالي سان مشهور هو. يثرب لفظ هاران ۾ مليل هڪ لکت ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، جيڪو بابل جي بادشاهه نابونڊيڊس (ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح) سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ ايندڙ صدين ۾ ڪيترن ئي متنن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح تصديق ٿيل آهي. اهو نالو قرآن جي سورت 33 جي آيت نمبر 13 ۾ پڻ درج ٿيل آهي: 
اسلام جي ظهور کان اڳ ”يثرب“ جي نالي سان مشهور هو، ان جو ذڪر قرآن مجيد ۾ آهي: 

 &quot;وَإِذْ قَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ يَا أَهْلَ يَثْرِبَ لَا مُقَامَ لَكُمْ فَارْجِعُوا وَيَسْتَأْذِنُ فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمُ النَّبِيَّ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّ بُيُوتَنَا عَوْرَةٌ وَمَا هِيَ بِعَوْرَةٍ إِنْ يُرِيدُونَ إِلَّا فِرَارًا&quot;  
(سورة الأحزاب)&lt;ref&gt;سورة الأحزاب - الآية رقم 13&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=2765&amp;idfrom=0&amp;idto=0&amp;flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 المكتبة الإسلامية، كتاب الجامع لأحكام القرآن، سورة الأحزاب، قوله تعالى: ''وإذ قالت طائفة منهم يا أهل يثرب لا مقام لكم فارجعوا''] تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ID=2765|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=8 أغسطس 2009|تاريخ أرشيف=10 مارس 2013|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310164104/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=48&amp;ID=2765|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;   
صحيح حديث ۾ ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي ته رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم ان جو نالو يثرب کان بدلائي مديني رکيو، ۽ ان جو پراڻو نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان منع ڪئي، پوءِ فرمايائون: مديني ۾ غير مسلمن جو داخل ٿيڻ حرام آهي، جيئن رسول الله ﷺ فرمايو آهي:
 &quot;من قال للمدينة يثرب فليستغفر الله… والمدينة المنورة محرم دخولها على غير المسلمين، فقد قال النبي محمد:&quot;اللهم إني أحرم ما بين لابتيها مثل ما حرم إبراهيم مكة، اللهم بارك في مُدِّهم و صاعهم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.al3ez.net/mag/madina_pr_1.htm حرمة أرض المدينة]، فضائل المدينة المنورة، تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123145714/http://www.al3ez.net/mag/madina_pr_1.htm|date=23 نوفمبر 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=1478&amp;idfrom=0&amp;idto=0&amp;flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 صحيح البخاري، كتاب البيوع، باب بركة صاع النبي ومده]، المكتبة الإسلامية تاريخ الوصول [[13 يوليو]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ID=1478|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=8 أغسطس 2009|تاريخ أرشيف=10 مارس 2013|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310164055/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?flag=1&amp;bk_no=47&amp;ID=1478|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان ڪري مشهور آهي ته هن شهر جو نالو جنگ خندق تائين رهيو. اسلامي روايتن موجب، محمد صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم بعد ۾ هن شهر کي هن نالي سان سڏڻ کان منع ڪئي. 

===طيبه ۽ طابه=== 
اٺين صديءَ جو پٿر مديني ۾ دريافت ٿيو، جنهن ۾ هن شهر کي ’طيبه‘ چيو وڃي ٿو. جنگ کان ڪجهه وقت پوءِ، محمد شهر طيبه (پاڪ يا سٺي) (عربي: طَيْبَة) ۽ طابه (عربي: طَابَة) جو نالو رکيو، جيڪو ساڳئي معنيٰ وارو آهي. هي نالو مشهور لوڪ گيت ”يا طيبه“ (اي طيبه!) ۾ به هن شهر جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. ٻن نالن کي گڏ ڪري هڪ ٻئي نالي سان شهر سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، طيبات الطابه (پاڪ ۽ مهربان). 
===مدينه===
هن شهر کي ڪجهه احاديث ۾ صرف مدينه (يعني شهر) سڏيو ويو آهي. نالا مدينة النبوية (ٱلْمَدِيْنَة ٱلنَّبَوِيَّة) ۽ مدينة النبي (ٻنهي معنيٰ ”پيغمبر جو شهر“ يا ”پيغمبر جو شهر“) ۽ المدينة المنورة (). هي شهر جو سڀ کان عام طور تي قبول ٿيل جديد نالو آهي، جيڪو سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ روڊ جي نشانين ۾ مديني سان گڏ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

==تاريخ==
مديني ڪيترن ئي ممتاز ماڳن ۽ نشانين جو گهر آهي، جن مان اڪثر مسجدون آهن ۽ تاريخي اهميت رکي ٿي. انهن ۾ مٿي ذڪر ڪيل ٽي مسجدون شامل آهن، مسجد الفتح (جنهن کي مسجد الخندق به چيو ويندو آهي)، ست مسجدون، بقيع قبرستان، جتي ڪيترن ئي مشهور اسلامي شخصيتن جون قبرون موجود آهن. سڌو سنئون مسجد نبوي جي ڏکڻ اوڀر طرف، احد جبل، احد جي نالي واري جنگ جو ماڳ ۽ ڪنگ فهد عاليشان قرآن پرنٽنگ ڪمپليڪس جتي جديد قرآني مصحف ڇپيل آهن.
===ابتدائي تاريخ ۽ يهودي ڪنٽرول===
مديني گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1500 سال اڳ، يا تقريبا 9 صدي قبل مسيح ۾ آباد هو. چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ تائين، عرب قبيلن يمن مان اچی قبضو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اتي ٽي مشهور يهودي قبيلا هئا، جيڪي محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم جي وقت جي آس پاس شهر ۾ آباد هئا: بنو قينقاع، بنو قريظه ۽ بنو نضير. ابن خردادبه بعد ۾ ٻڌايو ته حجاز ۾ فارسي سلطنت جي تسلط دوران، بنو قريظه فارسي شاهه لاءِ ٽيڪس جمع ڪندڙ طور ڪم ڪيو. 
عرب جي ٻن نون قبيلن، بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج جي اچڻ کان پوءِ صورتحال بدلجي وئي. شروعات ۾، اهي قبيلا يهودي قبيلن سان اتحاد ڪيا ويا جيڪي علائقي تي حڪومت ڪندا هئا، پر بعد ۾ اهي بغاوت ڪري آزاد ٿي ويا.
پنجين صدي عيسويءَ جي آخر تائين، يهودي حڪمرانن شهر جو ڪنٽرول ٻن عرب قبيلن جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو. يهودي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ۾ لکيل آهي ته ”ٻاهرين مدد طلب ڪرڻ ۽ غداريءَ سان هڪ ضيافت ۾ مکيه يهودين جو قتل عام ڪرڻ“ بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج آخرڪار مديني تي غالب اچي ويا. 
اڪثر جديد مورخ مسلمانن جي ان دعويٰ کي قبول ڪن ٿا ته بغاوت کان پوءِ يهودي قبيلا اوس ۽ خزرج جا ماتحت ٿي ويا. جڏهن ته، اسڪاٽش اسڪالر، وليم مونٽگومري واٽ جي مطابق، يهودي قبيلن جي گراهڪ 627ع کان اڳ واري دور جي تاريخي حسابن مان پيدا نه ٿي آهي، ۽ هن برقرار رکيو ته يهودين جي آبادي سياسي آزادي جي هڪ اندازي کي برقرار رکيو. ابتدائي مسلمان تاريخدان ابن اسحاق آخري يمن جي بادشاهه هميريءَ ۽ يثرب جي رهاڪن جي وچ ۾ هڪ قديم تڪرار ٻڌائي ٿو ته جڏهن بادشاهه نخلستان مان لنگهي رهيو هو، تڏهن رهاڪن سندس پٽ کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ يمن جي حاڪم ماڻهن کي ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ته هو ماڻهن کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا ۽ کجيون ڪٽي ڇڏيندا. ابن اسحاق جو چوڻ آهي ته کيس بنو قريظه قبيلي جي ٻن عالمن ائين ڪرڻ کان روڪيو هو، جن بادشاهه کي نخلستان کي بچائڻ لاءِ عرض ڪيو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اها اها جاءِ هئي، جنهن ڏانهن قريش جو هڪ نبي ايندڙ وقت ۾ هجرت ڪندو، ۽ سندس گهر ۽ آرام گاهه هوندو. يمن جي بادشاهه اهڙي طرح هن شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو ۽ يهوديت ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. هو ربین کي پاڻ سان وٺي ويو، ۽ مڪي ۾، انهن مبينا طور تي ڪعبي کي ابراهيم جي تعمير ڪيل عبادت گاھہ جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ۽ بادشاهه کي صلاح ڏني ته &quot;مڪي جي ماڻهن ڇا ڪيو: کعبہ جو طواف ڪرڻ، ان جي تعظيم ۽ احترام ڪرڻ، پنهنجو مٿو ڪٽايو ۽ تمام عاجزي سان هلو جيستائين هو پنهنجي حدن کي ڇڏي نه ويو. ابن اسحاق جو بيان آهي ته يمن جي ويجهو اچڻ تي ربي ماڻهن کي هڪ معجزو ڏيکاريو ته جيئن هو هڪ باھ مان بغير ڪنهن نقصان جي ٻاهر نڪري ۽ يمن جي ماڻهن يهوديت کي قبول ڪيو. 
آخرڪار بنو اوس ۽ بنو خزرج هڪ ٻئي جا دشمن ٿي ويا ۽ حضرت محمد ﷺ جي هجرت (هجرت 622ع) تائين مديني ڏانهن 120 سالن تائين وڙهندا رهيا ۽ پاڻ ۾ وڙهيا ويا. بنو نضير ۽ بنو قريظه بنو اوس سان اتحاد ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته بنو قينقاع بنو خزرج جو ساٿ ڏنو. هنن ڪل چار جنگيون وڙهيون سندن آخري ۽ سڀ کان خوني لڙائي بعث جي جنگ هئي، جيڪا محمد ﷺ جي اچڻ کان ڪجھ سال اڳ وڙھي وئي هئي. جنگ جو نتيجو اڻ کٽ هو، ۽ جنگ جاري رهي. عبدالله بن ابي، بنو خزرج جو هڪ سردار، جنگ ۾ حصو وٺڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو هو، جنهن ڪري هن کي عدل ۽ امن لاءِ شهرت ملي. هو محمد ﷺ جي اچڻ کان اڳ شهر جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ معزز رهاڪو هو. هلندڙ تڪرار کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ يثرب جي رهاڪن، مڪي کان ٻاهر هڪ جاءِ، عقبه ۾ محمد ﷺ سان ڳجهي ملاقات ڪئي، جنهن کيس ۽ سندس مومنن جي هڪ ننڍڙي ٽولي کي شهر ۾ اچڻ جي دعوت ڏني، جتي محمد ﷺ جن گروهن جي وچ ۾ ثالث جي خدمت ڪري سگهي ۽ سندس برادري آزاديءَ سان پنهنجي عقيدي تي عمل ڪري سگهي. 
===محمد ﷺ ۽ راشدين جي دور ۾=== 
سال 622ع ۾ محمد صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم ۽ هڪ اندازي مطابق 70 مڪي مهاجرن يثرب ۾ پناهه وٺڻ لاءِ ڪجهه مهينن جي عرصي ۾ مڪي کي ڇڏي ڏنو، هڪ اهڙو واقعو جنهن شهر جي مذهبي ۽ سياسي منظرنامي کي مڪمل طور تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. اوس ۽ خزرج قبيلن جي وچ ۾ پراڻي دشمني ختم ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ٻن عرب قبيلن ۽ ڪجهه مقامي يهودين اسلام جي نئين مذهب کي قبول ڪيو.محمد ﷺ، پنهنجي ڏاڏي جي ذريعي خزرج سان ڳنڍيل هو، هن شهر جي اڳواڻ طور تي اتفاق ڪيو ويو. يثرب جا رهاڪو جن ڪنهن پس منظر جي اسلام قبول ڪيو هو؛ ڪافر عرب يا يهودي، انصار (مددگار) سڏيندا هئا. 
ابن اسحاق جي مطابق، علائقي جي سڀني جماعتن مديني جي معاھدي (میثاق مدینہ) تي اتفاق ڪيو، جنهن ۾ سڀني جماعتن محمد ﷺ جي اڳواڻي ۾ گڏيل تعاون جو عزم ڪيو. هن دستاويز جي نوعيت، جيئن ابن اسحاق پاران ریڪارڊ ڪيل ۽ ابن هشام طرفان منتقل ڪئي وئي آهي، جديد مغربي مورخن جي وچ ۾ تڪرار جو موضوع آهي، جن مان ڪيترن جو خيال آهي ته اهو &quot;معاهدو&quot; ممڪن آهي ته مختلف تاريخن جي لکت جي بدران زباني، مختلف معاهدن جو مجموعو آهي، ۽ اهو واضح ناهي ته اهي ڪڏهن ٺاهيا ويا هئا. ٻيا عالم، جيتوڻيڪ، مغربي ۽ مسلمان، ٻنهي جو دليل آهي ته معاهدي جو متن، ڇا هڪ واحد دستاويز اصل ۾ يا ڪيترائي؟ ممڪن آهي ته اسان وٽ موجود قديم ترين اسلامي متنن مان هڪ آهي. يمن جي يهودي ذريعن ۾، محمد ۽ سندس يهودي رعيت جي وچ ۾ هڪ ٻيو معاهدو تيار ڪيو ويو، جيڪو ڪتاب ذمت النبي جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، جيڪو 3هين هجري (625ع) ۾ لکيو ويو، ۽ جنهن ۾ عرب ۾ رهندڙ يهودين کي سبت جي ڏينهن جي اظهار  ۽ انهن جي پاسي جا تالا وڌائڻ لاءِ جي آزادي ڏني وئي. ان جي بدلي ۾، انهن کي هر سال پنهنجي سرپرستن جي حفاظت لاء جزيه ادا ڪرڻو هو، جڏهن ته مسلمان زڪوات ادا ڪندا هئا.

جبل احد، جامع سيد الشهداء جي پراڻي مسجد سان گڏ، جنهن جو نالو حضرت محمد ﷺ جي چاچي حمزه بن عبدالمطلب جي نالي پٺيان آهي. مسجد 2012 ۾ ڊهي وئي ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ نئين، وڏي مسجد ٺاهي وئي. 

سال 625ع ۾ ابو سفيان بن حرب، مڪي جو هڪ وڏو سردار، جنهن بعد ۾ اسلام قبول ڪيو، مديني جي خلاف مڪي جي فوج جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. محمد ﷺ قريش جي لشڪر سان اٽڪل 1000 مسلمانن جی لشڪر سان ملڻ لاءِ روانو ٿيو، پر جيئن ئي لشڪر ميدان جنگ جي ويجهو پهتو ته عبدالله بن ابي جي ماتحت 300 ماڻهو پوئتي هٽي ويا، جنهن ڪري مسلمان فوج جي حوصلي کي سخت ڌڪ رسيو. محمد ﷺ پنهنجي هاڻوڪي 700 مسلمانن جی مضبوط فوج سان مارچ ڪندو رهيو ۽ 50 تير اندازن جي هڪ ٽولي کي هڪ ننڍي ٽڪريءَ تي چڙهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن کي هاڻي جبل الرماح (تیر اندازن جو جبل) چيو وڃي ٿو ته جيئن مڪي جي گهوڙي سوارن تي نظر رکي ۽ مسلمانن جي فوج جو پوئين پاسي کي تحفظ فراهم ڪري. جيئن جنگ گرم ٿي، مڪي وارن کي پوئتي هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. اڳين طرف تير اندازن کان اڳتي وڌيو ويو ۽ جنگ کي مسلمانن جي فتح ٿيندي ڏسي، تير انداز وارن فيصلو ڪيو ته اهي پوئتي هٽڻ وارا مڪي وارن جو تعاقب ڪن. هڪ ننڍڙي پارٽي، تنهن هوندي به، پوئتي رهي. باقي سڀني کي عرض ڪيو ته محمد ﷺ جي حڪم جي نافرماني نه ڪن. اهو ڏسي ته تيرنداز ٽڪريءَ تان هيٺ لهڻ شروع ڪري رهيا هئا، خالد بن وليد، جيڪو ھن وقت تائین مسلمان نا ھو، پنهنجي يونٽ کي ٽڪريءَ تي گهيرو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ۽ سندس گهوڙي سوارن جو تعاقب ڪيو ته هيٺ لهندڙ تيرانداز کي ٽڪريءَ جي اڳيان ميدان ۾ پڪڙي منظم طريقي سان ماريو ۽ ڏسندو رهيو. سندن مايوس ڪامريڊن تي، جيڪي ٽڪريءَ ۾ پوئتي رهجي ويا هئا، جيڪي حملي آورن کي ناڪام بڻائڻ لاءِ تير هلائي رهيا هئا، پر ڪو به اثر نه ٿيو. بهرحال، مڪي وارن مديني تي حملو ڪري پنهنجو فائدو نه ورتو ۽ مڪي ڏانهن موٽي آيا. مدني (مديني وارا) کي وڏو نقصان رسيو ۽ محمد ﷺ زخمي ٿي پيو. 
===خندق جي جنگ===

خندق جي جنگ واري جاءِ تي ستن مسجدن مان ٽن کي جديد مسجد الفتح ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو، هتي پس منظر ۾ جبل السلع ۽ پيش منظر ۾ مقامي سامان وڪڻڻ واري دڪان جي تصوير آهي. 

سال 627ع ۾ ابو سفيان هڪ ٻي لشڪر کي مديني طرف روانو ڪيو. سندس ارادن کان واقف ٿي، نبي ﷺ شهر جي اترئين پاسي کان بچاءَ لاءِ تجويزون طلب ڪيون، ڇاڪاڻ ته اوڀر ۽ اولهه آتش فشاني پٿرن سان محفوظ هئا ۽ ڏکڻ کجين جي وڻن سان ڍڪيل هو. سلمان الفارسي، هڪ فارسي صحابي، جيڪو ساساني جنگي حڪمت عملين کان واقف هو، هن شهر جي حفاظت لاءِ خندق کوٽڻ جي سفارش ڪئي، جنهن کي نبي ﷺ قبول ڪيو. ان بعد جو محاصرو خندق جي جنگ ۽ قریش جی ڪنفيڊرٽس جي جنگ جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. هڪ مهيني جي گھيري ۽ مختلف لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ، سخت سياري جي ڪري مڪي وارا وري واپس هليا ويا. محاصري دوران ابو سفيان يهودي قبيلي بنو قريظه سان رابطو ڪيو ۽ انهن سان هڪ معاهدو ڪيو ته مسلمان محافظن تي حملو ڪيو وڃي ۽ محافظن کي موثر انداز ۾ گهيرو ڪيو وڃي. تنهن هوندي به اهو مسلمانن طرفان دفاع ڪيو ويو ۽ منصوبو ناڪام ٿي ويو. اهو مديني جي آئين (میثاق مدینہ) جي ڀڃڪڙي هئي ۽ مڪي لشڪر جي واپسي کان پوء، نبي ﷺ فوري طور تي قريظه جي خلاف مارچ ڪيو ۽ انهن جي مضبوط قلعن جو گهيرو ڪيو. يهودي فوجن آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. بنو اوس جي ڪجهه ميمبرن پنهنجن پراڻن اتحادين جي طرفان ڳالهين تي اتفاق ڪيو ۽ نبي ﷺ  انهن جي سردارن مان هڪ، سعد بن معاذ کي جج مقرر ڪرڻ تي راضي ٿي ويو، جيڪو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪو هو. سعد فيصلو ڪيو ته قبيلي جي سڀني مردن کي قتل ڪيو وڃي ۽ عورتن ۽ ٻارن کي غلام بڻايو وڃي. ان عمل کي دفاعي انداز ۾ تصور ڪيو ويو ته جيئن مسلمان برادري مديني ۾ پنهنجي بقاءَ جو يقين رکي سگهي. فرانسيسي مؤرخ رابرٽ منٽران جو خيال آهي ته ان نقطه نظر کان اها ڪاميابي هئي، ان نقطي کان پوءِ مسلمانن کي بنيادي طور تي توسيع ۽ فتح جو سامان ڪيو ء بقا ۽ سان واسطو نه هو. 
هجرت کان پوءِ ڏهن سالن ۾ مديني جو بنياد وڌو جتان نبي ﷺ ۽ مسلمان فوجن حملو ڪيو ۽ ان تي حملا ڪيا ۽ اتان ئي هن مڪي تي ڪاهه ڪئي ۽ سال 630ع ۾ بغير جنگ جي ان ۾ داخل ٿيو. اسلام ۾ مڪي جي وڌندڙ اهميت، ڪعبة الله جي اسلامي دنيا جي مرڪز جي اهميت، نماز جي سمت (قبلی) جي حيثيت ۽ حج ۾. نبي ﷺ مديني واپس آيو، جيڪو ڪجهه سالن تائين رهيو. اسلام جو سڀ کان اهم شهر ۽ ابتدائي خلافت راشدين جي انتظام جو بنياد. فرض ڪيو ويو آهي ته هن شهر جو نالو مدينہ النبي (عربي ۾ &quot;پيغمبر جو شهر&quot;) نبي ﷺ جي نبوت جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو آهي ۽ شهر هن جي دفن جي جڳهه آهي.

==جاگرافي== 
مدينو حجاز جي علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو 200 ڪلوميٽر (120 ميل) ويڪرو پٽي نفود ريگستان ۽ ڳاڙهي سمنڊ جي وچ ۾ آهي. لڳ ڀڳ 720 ڪلوميٽر (450 ميل) رياض جي اتر اولهه ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو سعودي ريگستان جي مرڪز ۾ آهي. شهر سعودي عرب جي اولهه سامونڊي ڪناري کان 250 ڪلوميٽر (160 ميل) پري آهي ۽ تقريبن 620 ميٽر (2,030 فوٽ) سمنڊ جي سطح کان مٿي آهي.'30°36  ڊگھائي ڦاڪ اوڀر ۽ '28°24 ويڪرائي ڦاڪ اتر تي واقع آهي. اهو اٽڪل 589 چورس ڪلوميٽر (227 چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. شهر کي 12 ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن مان 7 کي شهري ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جڏهن ته باقي 5 کي مضافات ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي. 
===بلندي=== 
حجاز جي علائقي جي اڪثر شهرن وانگر، مدينو تمام گهڻي بلندي تي واقع آهي. مڪي کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي ڀيرا بلند، هي شهر 620 ميٽر (2,030 فوٽ) سمنڊ جي سطح کان مٿي آهي. جبل احد مديني جي بلند ترين چوٽي آهي ۽ 1,077 ميٽر (3,533 فوٽ) ڊگھي آهي. 
===جاگرافيائي بيهڪ===
مدينو هڪ ريگستاني نخلستان آهي جنهن جي چوڌاري حجاز جا جبل ۽ آتش فشاني ٽڪريون آهن. مديني جي چوڌاري مٽي گهڻو ڪري بيسالٽ تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته جبلن، خاص طور تي شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ قابل ذڪر، آتش فشاني راھ آهن جيڪي پيلوزوئڪ دور جي پهرين جيولوجيڪل دور جي تاريخ آهن. اهو ڪيترن ئي مشهور جبلن سان گهيريل آهي، خاص طور تي جبل الحجاج (حاجين جو جبل) اولهه ۾، جبل السلع اتر-اولهه، جبل العر يا قافلن جو جبل ڏکڻ ۽ جبل احد اتر ڏانهن آهي. هي شهر وادي العقل، وادي العقيق ۽ وادي الحمض جي ٽن وادين جي تري واري نقطي تي هڪ سڪل جبل جي پليٽ تي واقع آهي، ان ڪري، هتي خشڪ ريگستاني جبلن جي وچ ۾ وڏا سبز علائقا آهن. 
===موسم===
ڪوپن آبهوا جي درجه بندي (Köppen Scale) تحت، مدينو هڪ گرم ريگستاني آبهوا واري علائقي (BWh) ۾ پوي ٿو. اونهارو انتهائي گرم ۽ خشڪ هوندو آهي. ڏينهن جو گرمي پد °43 سينٽي گريڊ (°109 فارن هائيٽ) سان گڏ رات جو تقريباً °29 سينٽي گريڊ (°84 فارن هائيٽ) هوندو آهي. جون ۽ سيپٽمبر جي وچ ۾ °45 سينٽي گريڊ (°113 فارن هائيٽ) کان مٿي گرمي پد غير معمولي ناهي. سيارو ٿڌو هوندو آهي، گرمي پد رات جو °8 سينٽي گريڊ (°46 فارن هائيٽ) کان ڏينهن ۾ °25 سينٽي گريڊ (°77 فارن هائيٽ) تائين هوندو آهي. اتي تمام گھٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جيڪا تقريبن نومبر ۽ مئي جي وچ ۾ پوي ٿي. اونهاري ۾، هوا اتر۔اولهه آهي، جڏهن ته بهار ۽ سياري ۾، ڏکڻ۔اولهه آهي.

==اسلام ۾ اهميت==
مذهبي ماڳ جي حيثيت ۾ مديني جي اهميت ٻن مسجدن، [[مسجد نبوي]] ۽ [[مسجد قبا]] جي موجودگيءَ مان نڪتي. اهي ٻئي مسجدون حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پاڻ ٺاهيون هيون. اسلامي صحيفن ۾ مديني جي تقدس تي زور ڏنو ويو آهي. قرآن مجيد ۾ مديني جو ذڪر ڪيترائي ڀيرا آيو آهي. ٻه مثال آهن سوره توبه (آيت 101) ۽ سوره الحشر (آيت 8). مدني سورتون عام طور تي مڪي سورتن کان ڊگھيون هونديون آهن ۽ تعداد ۾ به وڏيون هونديون آهن. امام بخاري صحيح بخاري ۾ نقل ڪيو آهي ته انس بن مالڪ نبي ﷺ کان نقل ڪيو آهي ته: 
  ”مدينه ان جاءِ کان ان جاءِ تائين حرم آهي، ان جا وڻ نه وڍيا وڃن ۽ نه ڪا بدعت پيدا ڪئي وڃي ۽ نه ان ۾ ڪو گناهه ڪيو وڃي، ۽ جيڪو به ان ۾ بدعت پيدا ڪري يا گناهن جو ڪم ڪري ته پوءِ ان جو ڪو معافی نه ڪيو وڃي ۽ ان تی اللہ، ملائڪ ۽ سڀني ماڻھن جي لعنت ھجي.&quot; 
===مسجد نبوي=== 
اسلامي روايت موجب، مسجد نبوي ۾ هڪ نماز مسجد الحرام، جتي هڪ نماز ڪنهن ٻي مسجد ۾ هڪ لک 
نمازن جي برابر آهي، کان سواءِ ٻي ڪنهن به مسجد ۾ 1,000 نمازن جي برابر آهي. مسجد شروع ۾ صرف نماز لاءِ هڪ کليل جاءِ هئي ۽ نبي ﷺ جي روضي (رهائش جي جاءِ، جيتوڻيڪ لفظ جي لفظي معنيٰ آهي باغ) جي ڀرسان ان جي زالن جي گهرن سان گڏ، هڪ بلند ۽ ڍڪيل منبر هو. مسجد کي تاريخ ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا وڌايو ويو، ان جون ڪيتريون ئي اندروني خصوصيتون وقت جي حوالي سان جديد معيارن مطابق ترقي ڪيون ويون. 
جديد مسجد نبوي نبي ﷺ جي روضه جي مٿان واقع سائي گنبد جي ڪري مشهور آهي، جيڪو هن وقت نبي محمد ﷺ، حضرت ابوبڪر صديق رضی اللہ تعالٰی عنہ ۽ عمر فاروق رضی اللہ تعالٰی عنہ جي تدفين واري جاءِ طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ روڊ جي نشانين ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ۽ خود مديني لاءِ ھڪ آئڪن آهي. مسجد جو سمورو صحن 250 جھليندڙ ڇتين سان سج جي ڇانو ۾ آهي.

سج لٿي وقت اوڀر کان مسجد نبوي جو خوبصورت منظر. 
===مسجد قباء===
مسجد قباء ۾ نماز پڙهڻ سنت آهي. هڪ روايت ۾ سهل بن حنيف کان روايت آهي ته محمد ﷺ جن فرمايو: 
  ”جيڪو پنهنجي گهر ۾ غسل ڪري، پوءِ مسجد قبا ۾ اچي ۽ ان ۾ نماز پڙهي ته ان کي عمري جيترو ثواب آهي“. 
۽ ٻي روايت ۾ 
 ”جيڪو به ٻاهر نڪرندو جيستائين هن مسجد ۾ نه اچي، يعني مسجد قباء ۽ اتي نماز پڙهي ته اهو عمري جي برابر هوندو.&quot; 

بخاري ۽ مسلم ۾ لکيل آهي ته محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم هر ڇنڇر تي ٻه رڪعتون سنت نماز پڙهڻ لاءِ قباءَ ويندا هئا. مسجد قباءَ کي حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پنهنجي پراڻي شهر مديني ۾ اچڻ تي پاڻ تعمير ڪرايو هو. مسجد قباء جو ذڪر قرآن ۾ بالواسطه طور تي سوره توبه جي آيت نمبر 108 ۾ ڪيو ويو آهي. 
===ٻيون جایون=== 
====مسجد قبلتين==== 
مسجد القبلتين هڪ ٻي مسجد آهي جيڪا تاريخي لحاظ کان مسلمانن لاءِ اهم آهي. مسلمانن جو عقيدو آهي ته محمد ﷺ کي حڪم ڏنو ويو هو ته هو پنهنجي نماز جو رخ (قبلی) يروشلم ڏانهن بدلي ڪري مڪي ۾ ڪعبي ڏانهن نماز ادا ڪري. جيئن ته کيس سوره البقره جي آيت نمبر 143 ۽ 144 ۾ حڪم ڏنو ويو هو.هن وقت مسجد کي 4,000 کان وڌيڪ عبادت ڪندڙن کي رکڻ جي قابل وڌايو پيو آھي. ====مسجد الفتح ۽ ست مسجدون==== 
انهن تاريخي ست مسجدن مان ٽن کي تازو هڪ کليل صحن سان گڏ وڏي مسجد الفتح ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي. سني ذريعن جو چوڻ آهي ته اهڙي ڪا به حديث يا ٻيو ڪو ثبوت نه آهي جنهن مان ثابت ٿئي ته محمد ﷺ انهن مسجدن جي فضيلت بابت ڪجهه چيو هجي. 
====جنت البقيع قبرستان====
جنت البقيع مديني ۾ هڪ اهم قبرستان آهي جتي محمد ﷺ جي خاندان جا ڪيترائي فرد، خليفن ۽ عالمن کي دفن ڪيو ويو آهي. 
===اسلامي اسڪاٽولوجي ۾===
====تمدن جي پڄاڻي==== 
مديني ۾ تهذيب جي خاتمي بابت حضرت ابو هريره کان روايت آهي ته حضرت محمد ﷺ جن فرمايو: 
  ”ماڻهو مديني مان نڪرندا ته ان جي بهترين حالت هوندي به، ۽ ان ۾ جهنگلي پکين ۽ شڪاري جانورن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به نه رهندو، ۽ آخري ماڻهو مري ويندا جيڪي قبيلي مزينه جا ٻه رڍا هوندا. پنهنجين رڍن کي مديني ڏانهن ڊوڙائي رهيا هوندا، پر ان ۾ ڪنهن کي به نه ڏسندا، ۽ جڏهن ثنیت الوداع جي واديءَ ۾ پهچندا ته اوندهه ۾ ڪري پوندا“. 
(البخاري، جلد 3، ڪتاب 30، حديث 98)

==ڊيموگرافڪ== 
==ثقافت== 
==معيشت== 
==انساني وسيلا== 
==ٽرانسپورٽ== 
==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو==
• عزيز ديا (1914-1997)، ليکڪ.
==پڻ ڏسو==
• سعودي عرب پورٽل 

• اسلام پورٽل 

• المدينه ريجن ڊولپمينٽ اٿارٽي 

• روا المدينه 

• مديني جي تاريخ جي ببليوگرافي
==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:مدينه المنوره]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</text>
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      <text bytes="20418" sha1="afgsisa6jn0vnm49ui1dm3ambko6o5r" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = مڪہ المڪرمہ&lt;!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, &quot;Mecca&quot;, the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --&gt;
| subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg
| image2            = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg
| image3            = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg
| image4            = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg
| image5            = Mina's tents.JPG
| caption1    = [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Great Mosque of Mecca) and [[Kaaba]]
| caption2    = [[The Clock Towers]]
| caption3    = [[Mount Arafat]]
| caption4    = [[Jabal al-Nour]]
| caption5    = [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] tent
| perrow            = 1/2/2
| border            = infobox
}}
| image_seal = 
| population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}})
| population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 2,385,509
| population_as_of = 2022 census
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = 
| population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate)
| leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]]
| leader_title1 = Provincial Governor
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]]
| official_name = {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}})
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]]
| subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia
| other_name = {{ubl|مقدس راڄڌاني({{lang|ar|العاصمة المقدسة}})|سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}})}}
| settlement_type = شھر
| native_name_lang = ar
| native_name = {{Script|Arab|مكة}}
| image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg
| map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within &lt;br /&gt; Mecca province
| timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +3
| area_code = +966-12
| website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}}
| elevation_m = 277
| flag_size = 135px
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| total_type = 
| coor_pinpoint = 
| area_total_km2 = 1200
| area_land_km2 = 760
| translit_lang1 = 
| area_urban_km2 = 
}}
'''مڪہ شريف''' (عربي: مكة المكرمة)، اسلام ۽ مسلمانن لاء سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ اولهه عربستان ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي حجاز ۾ مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&amp;pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر محمد جي سال 572 عيسوي ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) ۽ هن جي چوڌاري مسجد الحرام واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري (ننڍو حج) لاء ايندا آهن. اهو جده شهر، ڳاڙهي سمنڊ تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندر، کان 70 ڪلوميٽر (43 ميل) جي مفاصلي تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي (وادي بطحا)، ۾ سمندر جي سطح کان 277 ميٽر (909 فوٽ) جي اوچائي  تي واقع آهي. شهر آبادي سال 2022 ۾ 23,85,509 هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdsi.gov.sa22&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2024ع تائين هن جي آبادي 30 لک کان مٿان آهي. 

هن جاء کي 7000 سال اڳ، پيغمبر ابراهيم پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت اسماعيل جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ قرآن ۾ آيو آهي ته؛

&quot;ان اول بيت وضع ...........&quot; (القرآن، سوره ابراهيم)

هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو. پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceAF2&quot;&gt;كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره  کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB2&quot;&gt;[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&amp;m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&amp;p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&amp;p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&amp;p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ 

«لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» 

&lt;ref name=&quot;islamweb.net2&quot;&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=610&amp;idfrom=4098&amp;idto=4100&amp;flag=0&amp;bk_no=53&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&amp;idto=4100&amp;bk_no=53&amp;ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&amp;idto=4100&amp;bk_no=53&amp;ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&amp;cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&amp;cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد (مسجد النبوي)، مسجد الحرام ۽ مسجد اقصيٰ&quot;. 

ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن.


'''Mecca''' (; officiall.

Mecca is generally considered &quot;the fountainhead and cradle of [[Islam]]&quot;. Mecca is revered in Islam as the birthplace of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. The [[Hira cave]] atop the  (&quot;Mountain of Light&quot;), just outside the city, is where Muslims believe the [[Quran]] was first revealed to Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visiting Mecca for the  is an obligation upon all able Muslims. The [[Great Mosque of Mecca]], known as the {{transliteration|ar|Masjid al-Haram}}, is home to the [[Kaaba|Ka'bah]], believed by Muslims to have been built by [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] and [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]]. It is [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islam's holiest site]] and the direction of prayer () for all Muslims worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muslim rulers from in and around the region long tried to take the city and keep it in their control, and thus, much like most of the [[Hejaz]] region, the city has seen several [[regime change]]s. The city was most recently conquered in the [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz]] by [[Ibn Saud]] and his allies in 1925. Since then, Mecca has seen a tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, with newer, modern buildings such as the [[Abraj Al Bait]], the world's fourth-tallest building and [[List of largest buildings in the world|third-largest by floor area]], towering over the Great Mosque. The [[Saudi government]] has also carried out the [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|destruction of several historical structures and archaeological sites]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as the [[Ajyad Fortress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;Fattah, Hassan M.[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045207/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html |date=24 September 2014 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (20 January 2005).&lt;/ref&gt; However, many of the demolitions have officially been part of the continued expansion of the [[Masjid al-Haram]] at Mecca and the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina and their auxiliary service facilities in order to accommodate the ever-increasing number of Muslims performing the pilgrimage (''[[hajj]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Non-Muslims are strictly [[Closed city|prohibited from entering the city]].&lt;ref name=&quot;peters 206&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&amp;pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the Saudi government, Mecca is governed by the Mecca Regional Municipality, a municipal council of 14 locally elected members headed by the mayor (called  in Arabic) appointed by the [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi government]]. In 2015, the mayor of the city was Osama bin Fadhel Al-Barr;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=28 May 2015|title=Mayor of Makkah Receives Malaysian Consul General|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004403/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|accessdate=29 April 2024|archivedate=4 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004403/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NG201410&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last1=Stone|first1=Dan|date=3 October 2014|title=The Growing Pains of the Ancient Hajj|url=http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717031610/http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/|archive-date=17 July 2015|access-date=20 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|January 2022|lc=y}}, the mayor is Saleh Al-Turki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The City of Mecca , which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighbouring cities of Jeddah and [[Ta'if]], even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population compared to Mecca. The Provincial Governor of the province since 16 May 2007 is [[House of Saud|Prince]] [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>afgsisa6jn0vnm49ui1dm3ambko6o5r</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>385764</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:51:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[مڪو]] کي [[مڪه مڪرمه]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
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      <text bytes="20418" sha1="afgsisa6jn0vnm49ui1dm3ambko6o5r" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = مڪہ المڪرمہ&lt;!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, &quot;Mecca&quot;, the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --&gt;
| subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg
| image2            = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg
| image3            = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg
| image4            = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg
| image5            = Mina's tents.JPG
| caption1    = [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Great Mosque of Mecca) and [[Kaaba]]
| caption2    = [[The Clock Towers]]
| caption3    = [[Mount Arafat]]
| caption4    = [[Jabal al-Nour]]
| caption5    = [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] tent
| perrow            = 1/2/2
| border            = infobox
}}
| image_seal = 
| population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}})
| population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 2,385,509
| population_as_of = 2022 census
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = 
| population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate)
| leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]]
| leader_title1 = Provincial Governor
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]]
| official_name = {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}})
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]]
| subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia
| other_name = {{ubl|مقدس راڄڌاني({{lang|ar|العاصمة المقدسة}})|سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}})}}
| settlement_type = شھر
| native_name_lang = ar
| native_name = {{Script|Arab|مكة}}
| image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg
| map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within &lt;br /&gt; Mecca province
| timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +3
| area_code = +966-12
| website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}}
| elevation_m = 277
| flag_size = 135px
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| total_type = 
| coor_pinpoint = 
| area_total_km2 = 1200
| area_land_km2 = 760
| translit_lang1 = 
| area_urban_km2 = 
}}
'''مڪہ شريف''' (عربي: مكة المكرمة)، اسلام ۽ مسلمانن لاء سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ اولهه عربستان ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي حجاز ۾ مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&amp;pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر محمد جي سال 572 عيسوي ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) ۽ هن جي چوڌاري مسجد الحرام واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري (ننڍو حج) لاء ايندا آهن. اهو جده شهر، ڳاڙهي سمنڊ تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندر، کان 70 ڪلوميٽر (43 ميل) جي مفاصلي تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي (وادي بطحا)، ۾ سمندر جي سطح کان 277 ميٽر (909 فوٽ) جي اوچائي  تي واقع آهي. شهر آبادي سال 2022 ۾ 23,85,509 هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdsi.gov.sa22&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2024ع تائين هن جي آبادي 30 لک کان مٿان آهي. 

هن جاء کي 7000 سال اڳ، پيغمبر ابراهيم پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت اسماعيل جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ قرآن ۾ آيو آهي ته؛

&quot;ان اول بيت وضع ...........&quot; (القرآن، سوره ابراهيم)

هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو. پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceAF2&quot;&gt;كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره  کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB2&quot;&gt;[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&amp;m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&amp;p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&amp;p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&amp;p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ 

«لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» 

&lt;ref name=&quot;islamweb.net2&quot;&gt;[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=610&amp;idfrom=4098&amp;idto=4100&amp;flag=0&amp;bk_no=53&amp;ayano=0&amp;surano=0&amp;bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&amp;idto=4100&amp;bk_no=53&amp;ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&amp;idto=4100&amp;bk_no=53&amp;ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&amp;cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&amp;cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد (مسجد النبوي)، مسجد الحرام ۽ مسجد اقصيٰ&quot;. 

ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن.


'''Mecca''' (; officiall.

Mecca is generally considered &quot;the fountainhead and cradle of [[Islam]]&quot;. Mecca is revered in Islam as the birthplace of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. The [[Hira cave]] atop the  (&quot;Mountain of Light&quot;), just outside the city, is where Muslims believe the [[Quran]] was first revealed to Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&amp;pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&amp;pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visiting Mecca for the  is an obligation upon all able Muslims. The [[Great Mosque of Mecca]], known as the {{transliteration|ar|Masjid al-Haram}}, is home to the [[Kaaba|Ka'bah]], believed by Muslims to have been built by [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] and [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]]. It is [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islam's holiest site]] and the direction of prayer () for all Muslims worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muslim rulers from in and around the region long tried to take the city and keep it in their control, and thus, much like most of the [[Hejaz]] region, the city has seen several [[regime change]]s. The city was most recently conquered in the [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz]] by [[Ibn Saud]] and his allies in 1925. Since then, Mecca has seen a tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, with newer, modern buildings such as the [[Abraj Al Bait]], the world's fourth-tallest building and [[List of largest buildings in the world|third-largest by floor area]], towering over the Great Mosque. The [[Saudi government]] has also carried out the [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|destruction of several historical structures and archaeological sites]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as the [[Ajyad Fortress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;Fattah, Hassan M.[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045207/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/20/international/middleeast/20mecca.html |date=24 September 2014 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (20 January 2005).&lt;/ref&gt; However, many of the demolitions have officially been part of the continued expansion of the [[Masjid al-Haram]] at Mecca and the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina and their auxiliary service facilities in order to accommodate the ever-increasing number of Muslims performing the pilgrimage (''[[hajj]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Non-Muslims are strictly [[Closed city|prohibited from entering the city]].&lt;ref name=&quot;peters 206&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&amp;pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the Saudi government, Mecca is governed by the Mecca Regional Municipality, a municipal council of 14 locally elected members headed by the mayor (called  in Arabic) appointed by the [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi government]]. In 2015, the mayor of the city was Osama bin Fadhel Al-Barr;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=28 May 2015|title=Mayor of Makkah Receives Malaysian Consul General|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004403/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|accessdate=29 April 2024|archivedate=4 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004403/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/sau_jeddah/n2015/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/mayor-of-makkah-receives-malaysian-consul-general?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fsau_jeddah%2Fn2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NG201410&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last1=Stone|first1=Dan|date=3 October 2014|title=The Growing Pains of the Ancient Hajj|url=http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717031610/http://onward.nationalgeographic.com/2014/10/03/the-growing-pains-of-the-ancient-hajj/|archive-date=17 July 2015|access-date=20 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|January 2022|lc=y}}, the mayor is Saleh Al-Turki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The City of Mecca , which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighbouring cities of Jeddah and [[Ta'if]], even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population compared to Mecca. The Provincial Governor of the province since 16 May 2007 is [[House of Saud|Prince]] [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب]]
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</text>
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[[File:Interior, National Library of Finland, 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[National Library of Finland]] in [[Helsinki]]]]
'''ڪتب خانو''' يا دارُ الڪُتب يا مڪتبو (&lt;small&gt;Library)&lt;/small&gt;، هڪ اهڙي جاء آھي جتي اُنهن ماڻهن کي پڙهڻ لاء [[ڪتاب]] مهيا ڪيا ويندا آهن جيڪي مالي يا ٻين سببن جي ڪري ڪتاب خريد ڪري نٿا سگهن يا وري ڪتابن جو هڪ مجموعو جن کي خريد ڪرڻ بغير پڙهي سگهن ٿا.

جديد ڪتب خانن ۾ ڪتاب سان گڏ ڪتابي آڊيو ٽيپس &lt;small&gt;(audio tapes)&lt;/small&gt;، ڪيسيٽون &lt;small&gt;(cassettes)&lt;/small&gt;، وڊيو &lt;small&gt;(videotapes)&lt;/small&gt; وغيره دستياب هوندا آهن. اهڙي طرح جديد ڪتب خانن ۾ ڪوئي به شخص هر قسم جي معلومات تائين ڪنهن به صورت ۽ ذريعي سان معلومات تائين بغير ڪنهن مشڪل جي رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. ان کان علاوه ڪتب خاني جا ماهر پڙهندڙن کي ڪتاب ڳولهڻ ۽ ڪتابن جي رکوالي جون خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندا آهن.

لائبريرين صرف ڪتاب رکڻ ۽ کڻڻ لاءِ نہ هوندا آهن، پر اُن مان ماڻهن کي ڄاڻ ملندي آهي. لائبريري منظم ادارو آهي، جتي بهترين تحقيق ٿي سگهندي آهي، ماڻهن کي ڪجهه سکڻ ۽ ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملندي آهي، لائبريريون استاد جهڙو ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿيون. بهترين قومي لائبريرين ۾ هر ڪتاب ترتيب سان رکيل هوندو آهي، جتان پڙهندڙ پنهنجي مرضيءَ جا ڪتاب پڙهي سگهندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ موجوده دور ۾ [[انٽرنيٽ]] ڄاڻ ۽ ڪتابن جي حساب سان انتهائي اهم مواد مهيا ڪري ٿي. پر انٽرنيٽ لائبريرين جي اهميت گهٽائي نہ سگهي آهي، انٽرنيٽ هڪ هڪ وڏي سهولت ضرور آهي، پر تحقيق ڪندڙ ماڻهو لائبريرين ۾ وڃي ڪتاب پڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا. لائبريرين ۾ هر قسم جي ڊيٽا موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:SanDiegoCityCollegeLearningResource - bookshelf.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|      &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''هڪ صارف شيلف مان ڪتاب حاصل ڪري رهيي آهي'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;]]
لائبريري ڪتابن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، ۽ ممڪن آهي ته ٻين مواد ۽ ميڊيا، جيڪا ان جي ميمبرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ادارن جي ميمبرن جي استعمال لاء دستياب هجي. لائبريريون فزيڪل (هارڊ ڪاپيون) يا ڊيجيٽل (نرم ڪاپيون) مواد مهيا ڪن ٿيون ۽  فزيڪل مقام يا ورچوئل اسپيس يا ٻئي ٿي سگهن ٿيون. لائبريريءَ جي مجموعي ۾ عام طور تي ڇپيل مواد شامل هوندو آهي جيڪو گهر وٺي سگهجي ٿو ۽ عام طور تي پبليڪيشن جو هڪ حوالو سيڪشن پڻ شامل هوندو آهي جيڪو صرف احاطي اندر استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. وسيلا جهڙوڪ فلمن جا ڪمرشل ريليز، ٽيليويزن پروگرام، ٻيون وڊيو رڪارڊنگ، ريڊيو، ميوزڪ ۽ آڊيو رڪارڊنگ ڪيترن ئي فارميٽ ۾ موجود هوندا. انهن ۾  ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ (CD)، ڪيسٽون يا ٻيون قابل اطلاق فارميٽ جهڙوڪ مائڪرو فلمز شامل آهن. اهي شايد معلومات، موسيقي يا ٻين مواد تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري سگھن ٿيون جيڪي ببليوگرافڪ ڊيٽابيس تي رکيل آهن. 

لائيبريريون وڏي پيماني تي مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿيون ۽ عوامي اداري جهڙوڪ حڪومت، هڪ ادارو (جهڙوڪ اسڪول يا ميوزيم)، ڪارپوريشن يا هڪ خانگي فرد جي ذريعي منظم ۽ سنڀالي سگھجن ٿيون. مواد مهيا ڪرڻ کان علاوه، لائبريريون لائبريرين جون خدمتون پڻ مهيا ڪن ٿيون جيڪي معلومات کي ڳولڻ، چونڊڻ، گردش ڪرڻ ۽ منظم ڪرڻ ۾ جڏهن ته معلومات جي ضرورتن جي تشريح ڪرڻ ۽ مختلف وسيلن سان معلومات جي وڏي مقدار کي نيويگيٽ ڪرڻ ۽ تجزيو ڪرڻ تربيت يافته ماهر آهن. 

مطالعي جو علائقو لائبريري ۽ معلوماتي سائنس طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. لائبريريءَ جون عمارتون اڪثر ڪري پڙهائيءَ لاءِ خاموش علائقا مهيا ڪن ٿيون، گڏوگڏ گروپ اسٽڊي ۽ تعاون لاءِ عام علائقا ۽ انهن جي اليڪٽرانڪ وسيلن، جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽر ۽ انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي لاءِ عوامي سهولتون مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿيون. لائبريري جا صارف ۽ پيش ڪيل عام خدمتون ان جي قسم جي لحاظ کان مختلف آهن. مثال طور، عوامي لائبريري جي استعمال ڪندڙن جي ضرورتون خاص لائبريري يا علمي لائبريري جي ضرورتن کان مختلف آهن.

لائبريريون ڪميونٽي جا مرڪز به ٿي سگهن ٿيون.    اتي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ ماڻهو زندگيءَ سکيا ۾ مصروف ٿي سگهن ٿا. جديد لائبريريون پنهنجون خدمتون عمارت جي فزيڪل ديوار کان ٻاهر، مواد مهيا ڪرڻ سان، اليڪٽرانڪ ذريعن، بشمول گهر کان انٽرنيٽ ذريعي، وڌائين ٿيون. اهي خدمتون جيڪي لائبريريون پيش ڪن ٿيون مختلف طور تي لائبريري خدمتون، معلوماتي خدمتون، يا بيئن جي ميلاپ &quot;لائبريري ۽ معلوماتي خدمتون&quot; جي طور تي بيان ڪيون ويون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ مختلف ادارا ۽ ذريعا اهڙي اصطلاحن جي مختلف وضاحت ڪن ٿا. 
==ايٽائيمولوجي== 
==تاريخ==
==افعال== 
==لائبريرين== 
==قسمون==
==تنظيمون==
==تحفظ==
==گيلري==
[[فائل:Quaid-e-Azam Library in Jinnah Garden.jpg|thumbnail|left|قائداعظم لائبرري، لاهور]]
[[فائل:British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|thumb|left|300px|برٽش ميوزيم جو ريڊنگ روم]]

==پڻ ڏسو== 
==خارجي لنڪس==
{{Commons category|Libraries}}
* {{curlie|Reference/Libraries|Libraries}}
* [https://www.lib-web.org/ LIBweb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914005752/https://www.lib-web.org/ |date=2024-09-14 }}—Directory of library servers in 146 countries via WWW
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015838/https://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/ Centre for the History of the Book], hss.ed.ac.uk
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/librariesfaq/ Libraries: Frequently Asked Questions], ibiblio.org
* [https://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definition-of-library/ The Concept of Library: Definition of Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507062130/https://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definition-of-library/ |date=2023-05-07 }} sifonia.com
{{Authority control}}
{{subject bar|portal1=|wikt=yes|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Library|q=yes|b=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q7075}}

[[Category:Book promotion]]
[[Category:Libraries| ]]
[[Category:Library science]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڪتب خانا]]
[[زمرو:لائبريري]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:لائبريري سائنس]]</text>
      <sha1>0dxlro5351nh39xl0um1mdyaii5pl36</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385460</id>
      <parentid>385459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:15:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:لائبريري]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385460</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8123" sha1="7ytd9m8w5h9fvikt627ck8vvc35uwsq" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Organized collection of books or other information resources}}
[[File:Interior, National Library of Finland, 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[National Library of Finland]] in [[Helsinki]]]]
'''ڪتب خانو''' يا دارُ الڪُتب يا مڪتبو (&lt;small&gt;Library)&lt;/small&gt;، هڪ اهڙي جاء آھي جتي اُنهن ماڻهن کي پڙهڻ لاء [[ڪتاب]] مهيا ڪيا ويندا آهن جيڪي مالي يا ٻين سببن جي ڪري ڪتاب خريد ڪري نٿا سگهن يا وري ڪتابن جو هڪ مجموعو جن کي خريد ڪرڻ بغير پڙهي سگهن ٿا.

جديد ڪتب خانن ۾ ڪتاب سان گڏ ڪتابي آڊيو ٽيپس &lt;small&gt;(audio tapes)&lt;/small&gt;، ڪيسيٽون &lt;small&gt;(cassettes)&lt;/small&gt;، وڊيو &lt;small&gt;(videotapes)&lt;/small&gt; وغيره دستياب هوندا آهن. اهڙي طرح جديد ڪتب خانن ۾ ڪوئي به شخص هر قسم جي معلومات تائين ڪنهن به صورت ۽ ذريعي سان معلومات تائين بغير ڪنهن مشڪل جي رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. ان کان علاوه ڪتب خاني جا ماهر پڙهندڙن کي ڪتاب ڳولهڻ ۽ ڪتابن جي رکوالي جون خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندا آهن.

لائبريرين صرف ڪتاب رکڻ ۽ کڻڻ لاءِ نہ هوندا آهن، پر اُن مان ماڻهن کي ڄاڻ ملندي آهي. لائبريري منظم ادارو آهي، جتي بهترين تحقيق ٿي سگهندي آهي، ماڻهن کي ڪجهه سکڻ ۽ ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملندي آهي، لائبريريون استاد جهڙو ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿيون. بهترين قومي لائبريرين ۾ هر ڪتاب ترتيب سان رکيل هوندو آهي، جتان پڙهندڙ پنهنجي مرضيءَ جا ڪتاب پڙهي سگهندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ موجوده دور ۾ [[انٽرنيٽ]] ڄاڻ ۽ ڪتابن جي حساب سان انتهائي اهم مواد مهيا ڪري ٿي. پر انٽرنيٽ لائبريرين جي اهميت گهٽائي نہ سگهي آهي، انٽرنيٽ هڪ هڪ وڏي سهولت ضرور آهي، پر تحقيق ڪندڙ ماڻهو لائبريرين ۾ وڃي ڪتاب پڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا. لائبريرين ۾ هر قسم جي ڊيٽا موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:SanDiegoCityCollegeLearningResource - bookshelf.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|      &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''هڪ صارف شيلف مان ڪتاب حاصل ڪري رهيي آهي'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;]]
لائبريري ڪتابن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، ۽ ممڪن آهي ته ٻين مواد ۽ ميڊيا، جيڪا ان جي ميمبرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ادارن جي ميمبرن جي استعمال لاء دستياب هجي. لائبريريون فزيڪل (هارڊ ڪاپيون) يا ڊيجيٽل (نرم ڪاپيون) مواد مهيا ڪن ٿيون ۽  فزيڪل مقام يا ورچوئل اسپيس يا ٻئي ٿي سگهن ٿيون. لائبريريءَ جي مجموعي ۾ عام طور تي ڇپيل مواد شامل هوندو آهي جيڪو گهر وٺي سگهجي ٿو ۽ عام طور تي پبليڪيشن جو هڪ حوالو سيڪشن پڻ شامل هوندو آهي جيڪو صرف احاطي اندر استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. وسيلا جهڙوڪ فلمن جا ڪمرشل ريليز، ٽيليويزن پروگرام، ٻيون وڊيو رڪارڊنگ، ريڊيو، ميوزڪ ۽ آڊيو رڪارڊنگ ڪيترن ئي فارميٽ ۾ موجود هوندا. انهن ۾  ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ (CD)، ڪيسٽون يا ٻيون قابل اطلاق فارميٽ جهڙوڪ مائڪرو فلمز شامل آهن. اهي شايد معلومات، موسيقي يا ٻين مواد تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري سگھن ٿيون جيڪي ببليوگرافڪ ڊيٽابيس تي رکيل آهن. 

لائيبريريون وڏي پيماني تي مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿيون ۽ عوامي اداري جهڙوڪ حڪومت، هڪ ادارو (جهڙوڪ اسڪول يا ميوزيم)، ڪارپوريشن يا هڪ خانگي فرد جي ذريعي منظم ۽ سنڀالي سگھجن ٿيون. مواد مهيا ڪرڻ کان علاوه، لائبريريون لائبريرين جون خدمتون پڻ مهيا ڪن ٿيون جيڪي معلومات کي ڳولڻ، چونڊڻ، گردش ڪرڻ ۽ منظم ڪرڻ ۾ جڏهن ته معلومات جي ضرورتن جي تشريح ڪرڻ ۽ مختلف وسيلن سان معلومات جي وڏي مقدار کي نيويگيٽ ڪرڻ ۽ تجزيو ڪرڻ تربيت يافته ماهر آهن. 

مطالعي جو علائقو لائبريري ۽ معلوماتي سائنس طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. لائبريريءَ جون عمارتون اڪثر ڪري پڙهائيءَ لاءِ خاموش علائقا مهيا ڪن ٿيون، گڏوگڏ گروپ اسٽڊي ۽ تعاون لاءِ عام علائقا ۽ انهن جي اليڪٽرانڪ وسيلن، جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽر ۽ انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي لاءِ عوامي سهولتون مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿيون. لائبريري جا صارف ۽ پيش ڪيل عام خدمتون ان جي قسم جي لحاظ کان مختلف آهن. مثال طور، عوامي لائبريري جي استعمال ڪندڙن جي ضرورتون خاص لائبريري يا علمي لائبريري جي ضرورتن کان مختلف آهن.

لائبريريون ڪميونٽي جا مرڪز به ٿي سگهن ٿيون.    اتي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ ماڻهو زندگيءَ سکيا ۾ مصروف ٿي سگهن ٿا. جديد لائبريريون پنهنجون خدمتون عمارت جي فزيڪل ديوار کان ٻاهر، مواد مهيا ڪرڻ سان، اليڪٽرانڪ ذريعن، بشمول گهر کان انٽرنيٽ ذريعي، وڌائين ٿيون. اهي خدمتون جيڪي لائبريريون پيش ڪن ٿيون مختلف طور تي لائبريري خدمتون، معلوماتي خدمتون، يا بيئن جي ميلاپ &quot;لائبريري ۽ معلوماتي خدمتون&quot; جي طور تي بيان ڪيون ويون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ مختلف ادارا ۽ ذريعا اهڙي اصطلاحن جي مختلف وضاحت ڪن ٿا. 
==ايٽائيمولوجي== 
==تاريخ==
==افعال== 
==لائبريرين== 
==قسمون==
==تنظيمون==
==تحفظ==
==گيلري==
[[فائل:Quaid-e-Azam Library in Jinnah Garden.jpg|thumbnail|left|قائداعظم لائبرري، لاهور]]
[[فائل:British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|thumb|left|300px|برٽش ميوزيم جو ريڊنگ روم]]

==پڻ ڏسو== 
==خارجي لنڪس==
{{Commons category|Libraries}}
* {{curlie|Reference/Libraries|Libraries}}
* [https://www.lib-web.org/ LIBweb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914005752/https://www.lib-web.org/ |date=2024-09-14 }}—Directory of library servers in 146 countries via WWW
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015838/https://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/ Centre for the History of the Book], hss.ed.ac.uk
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/librariesfaq/ Libraries: Frequently Asked Questions], ibiblio.org
* [https://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definition-of-library/ The Concept of Library: Definition of Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507062130/https://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definition-of-library/ |date=2023-05-07 }} sifonia.com
{{Authority control}}
{{subject bar|portal1=|wikt=yes|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Library|q=yes|b=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q7075}}

[[Category:Book promotion]]
[[Category:Libraries| ]]
[[Category:Library science]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڪتب خانا]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:لائبريري سائنس]]</text>
      <sha1>7ytd9m8w5h9fvikt627ck8vvc35uwsq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385462</id>
      <parentid>385460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:17:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <minor />
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[[File:Interior, National Library of Finland, 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[National Library of Finland]] in [[Helsinki]]]]
'''ڪتب خانو''' يا دارُ الڪُتب يا مڪتبو (&lt;small&gt;Library)&lt;/small&gt;، هڪ اهڙي جاء آھي جتي اُنهن ماڻهن کي پڙهڻ لاء [[ڪتاب]] مهيا ڪيا ويندا آهن جيڪي مالي يا ٻين سببن جي ڪري ڪتاب خريد ڪري نٿا سگهن يا وري ڪتابن جو هڪ مجموعو جن کي خريد ڪرڻ بغير پڙهي سگهن ٿا.

جديد ڪتب خانن ۾ ڪتاب سان گڏ ڪتابي آڊيو ٽيپس &lt;small&gt;(audio tapes)&lt;/small&gt;، ڪيسيٽون &lt;small&gt;(cassettes)&lt;/small&gt;، وڊيو &lt;small&gt;(videotapes)&lt;/small&gt; وغيره دستياب هوندا آهن. اهڙي طرح جديد ڪتب خانن ۾ ڪوئي به شخص هر قسم جي معلومات تائين ڪنهن به صورت ۽ ذريعي سان معلومات تائين بغير ڪنهن مشڪل جي رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. ان کان علاوه ڪتب خاني جا ماهر پڙهندڙن کي ڪتاب ڳولهڻ ۽ ڪتابن جي رکوالي جون خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندا آهن.

لائبريرين صرف ڪتاب رکڻ ۽ کڻڻ لاءِ نہ هوندا آهن، پر اُن مان ماڻهن کي ڄاڻ ملندي آهي. لائبريري منظم ادارو آهي، جتي بهترين تحقيق ٿي سگهندي آهي، ماڻهن کي ڪجهه سکڻ ۽ ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملندي آهي، لائبريريون استاد جهڙو ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿيون. بهترين قومي لائبريرين ۾ هر ڪتاب ترتيب سان رکيل هوندو آهي، جتان پڙهندڙ پنهنجي مرضيءَ جا ڪتاب پڙهي سگهندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ موجوده دور ۾ [[انٽرنيٽ]] ڄاڻ ۽ ڪتابن جي حساب سان انتهائي اهم مواد مهيا ڪري ٿي. پر انٽرنيٽ لائبريرين جي اهميت گهٽائي نہ سگهي آهي، انٽرنيٽ هڪ هڪ وڏي سهولت ضرور آهي، پر تحقيق ڪندڙ ماڻهو لائبريرين ۾ وڃي ڪتاب پڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا. لائبريرين ۾ هر قسم جي ڊيٽا موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:SanDiegoCityCollegeLearningResource - bookshelf.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|      &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''هڪ صارف شيلف مان ڪتاب حاصل ڪري رهيي آهي'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;]]
لائبريري ڪتابن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، ۽ ممڪن آهي ته ٻين مواد ۽ ميڊيا، جيڪا ان جي ميمبرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ادارن جي ميمبرن جي استعمال لاء دستياب هجي. لائبريريون فزيڪل (هارڊ ڪاپيون) يا ڊيجيٽل (نرم ڪاپيون) مواد مهيا ڪن ٿيون ۽  فزيڪل مقام يا ورچوئل اسپيس يا ٻئي ٿي سگهن ٿيون. لائبريريءَ جي مجموعي ۾ عام طور تي ڇپيل مواد شامل هوندو آهي جيڪو گهر وٺي سگهجي ٿو ۽ عام طور تي پبليڪيشن جو هڪ حوالو سيڪشن پڻ شامل هوندو آهي جيڪو صرف احاطي اندر استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. وسيلا جهڙوڪ فلمن جا ڪمرشل ريليز، ٽيليويزن پروگرام، ٻيون وڊيو رڪارڊنگ، ريڊيو، ميوزڪ ۽ آڊيو رڪارڊنگ ڪيترن ئي فارميٽ ۾ موجود هوندا. انهن ۾  ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ (CD)، ڪيسٽون يا ٻيون قابل اطلاق فارميٽ جهڙوڪ مائڪرو فلمز شامل آهن. اهي شايد معلومات، موسيقي يا ٻين مواد تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري سگھن ٿيون جيڪي ببليوگرافڪ ڊيٽابيس تي رکيل آهن. 

لائيبريريون وڏي پيماني تي مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿيون ۽ عوامي اداري جهڙوڪ حڪومت، هڪ ادارو (جهڙوڪ اسڪول يا ميوزيم)، ڪارپوريشن يا هڪ خانگي فرد جي ذريعي منظم ۽ سنڀالي سگھجن ٿيون. مواد مهيا ڪرڻ کان علاوه، لائبريريون لائبريرين جون خدمتون پڻ مهيا ڪن ٿيون جيڪي معلومات کي ڳولڻ، چونڊڻ، گردش ڪرڻ ۽ منظم ڪرڻ ۾ جڏهن ته معلومات جي ضرورتن جي تشريح ڪرڻ ۽ مختلف وسيلن سان معلومات جي وڏي مقدار کي نيويگيٽ ڪرڻ ۽ تجزيو ڪرڻ تربيت يافته ماهر آهن. 

مطالعي جو علائقو لائبريري ۽ معلوماتي سائنس طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. لائبريريءَ جون عمارتون اڪثر ڪري پڙهائيءَ لاءِ خاموش علائقا مهيا ڪن ٿيون، گڏوگڏ گروپ اسٽڊي ۽ تعاون لاءِ عام علائقا ۽ انهن جي اليڪٽرانڪ وسيلن، جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽر ۽ انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي لاءِ عوامي سهولتون مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿيون. لائبريري جا صارف ۽ پيش ڪيل عام خدمتون ان جي قسم جي لحاظ کان مختلف آهن. مثال طور، عوامي لائبريري جي استعمال ڪندڙن جي ضرورتون خاص لائبريري يا علمي لائبريري جي ضرورتن کان مختلف آهن.

لائبريريون ڪميونٽي جا مرڪز به ٿي سگهن ٿيون.    اتي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ ماڻهو زندگيءَ سکيا ۾ مصروف ٿي سگهن ٿا. جديد لائبريريون پنهنجون خدمتون عمارت جي فزيڪل ديوار کان ٻاهر، مواد مهيا ڪرڻ سان، اليڪٽرانڪ ذريعن، بشمول گهر کان انٽرنيٽ ذريعي، وڌائين ٿيون. اهي خدمتون جيڪي لائبريريون پيش ڪن ٿيون مختلف طور تي لائبريري خدمتون، معلوماتي خدمتون، يا بيئن جي ميلاپ &quot;لائبريري ۽ معلوماتي خدمتون&quot; جي طور تي بيان ڪيون ويون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ مختلف ادارا ۽ ذريعا اهڙي اصطلاحن جي مختلف وضاحت ڪن ٿا. 
==ايٽائيمولوجي== 
==تاريخ==
==افعال== 
==لائبريرين== 
==قسمون==
==تنظيمون==
==تحفظ==
==گيلري==
[[فائل:Quaid-e-Azam Library in Jinnah Garden.jpg|thumbnail|left|قائداعظم لائبرري، لاهور]]
[[فائل:British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|thumb|left|300px|برٽش ميوزيم جو ريڊنگ روم]]

==پڻ ڏسو== 
==خارجي لنڪس==
{{Commons category|Libraries}}
* {{curlie|Reference/Libraries|Libraries}}
* [https://www.lib-web.org/ LIBweb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914005752/https://www.lib-web.org/ |date=2024-09-14 }}—Directory of library servers in 146 countries via WWW
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015838/https://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/ Centre for the History of the Book], hss.ed.ac.uk
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/librariesfaq/ Libraries: Frequently Asked Questions], ibiblio.org
* [https://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definition-of-library/ The Concept of Library: Definition of Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507062130/https://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definition-of-library/ |date=2023-05-07 }} sifonia.com
{{Authority control}}
{{subject bar|portal1=|wikt=yes|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Library|q=yes|b=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q7075}}

[[Category:Book promotion]]
[[Category:Libraries| ]]
[[Category:Library science]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڪتب خانا]]
[[زمرو:لائبريري سائنس]]
[[زمرو:ڪتابن جي ترويج]]</text>
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 | 8  = {{{child8_agency|}}}
 | 9  = {{{child9_agency|}}}
 | 10 = {{{child10_agency|}}}
 | 11 = {{{child11_agency|}}}
 | 12 = {{{child12_agency|}}}
 | 13 = {{{child13_agency|}}}
 | 14 = {{{child14_agency|}}}
 | 15 = {{{child15_agency|}}}
 | 16 = {{{child16_agency|}}}
 | 17 = {{{child17_agency|}}}
 | 18 = {{{child18_agency|}}}
 | 19 = {{{child19_agency|}}}
 | 20 = {{{child20_agency|}}}
 | 21 = {{{child21_agency|}}}
 | 22 = {{{child22_agency|}}}
 | 23 = {{{child23_agency|}}}
 | 24 = {{{child24_agency|}}}
 | 25 = {{{child25_agency|}}}
 }}

| label20      = {{#if:{{{keydocument2|}}}|اهم دستاويز|اهم دستاويز}}
| data20       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{keydocument1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{keydocument2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{keydocument3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{keydocument4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{keydocument5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{keydocument6|}}}
 }}

| label21      = ويب سائيٽ
| data21       = {{{website|}}}

| label22      = ايجنسي سڃاڻپ
| data22       = {{{agency_id|}}}

| header23     = {{#if:{{{map|}}}|{{Infobox|child=yes|decat=yes
 | title   = نقشو
 | image   = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map|}}}|alt={{{map_alt}}}|size={{{map_size|{{{map_width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
 | caption = {{{map_caption|}}}
 }}}}

| image3     = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}|{{Location map|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
 |alt     = {{{pushpin_map_alt|{{{map_alt|}}}}}}
 |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
 |float   = center
 |mark    = {{{map_dot_mark|Red pog.svg}}}
 |marksize= 7
 |label   = {{{pushpin_label|{{{map dot label|{{{map_dot_label|}}}}}}}}}
 |relief  = {{{pushpin_relief|{{{relief|}}}}}}
 |border  = none
 |caption = &lt;!--leave blank--&gt;
 |width   = {{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}}
}} |&lt;!-- else if map_type is blank
--&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|alt={{{map_alt|}}}}}&lt;!-- end if map_type
--&gt;}}
| caption3   = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}} |{{{pushpin_map_caption|{{{map_caption|Location within {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type}}}}}}|name}}}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{{map_caption|}}} }}}}
| header24     = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|حوالا}}
| data25       = {{{footnotes|}}}

| data26     = {{{embed|}}}

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox government agency]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| agency_id | agency_name | agency_type | budget | chief1_name | chief1_position | chief2_name | chief2_position | chief3_name | chief3_position | chief4_name | chief4_position | chief5_name | chief5_position | chief6_name | chief6_position | chief7_name | chief7_position | chief8_name | chief8_position | chief9_name | chief9_position | child | child1_agency | child10_agency | child11_agency | child12_agency | child13_agency | child14_agency | child15_agency | child16_agency | child17_agency | child18_agency | child19_agency | child2_agency | child20_agency | child21_agency | child22_agency | child23_agency | child24_agency | child25_agency | child3_agency | child4_agency | child5_agency | child6_agency | child7_agency | child8_agency | child9_agency | coordinates | deputyminister_type | deputyminister1_name | deputyminister1_pfo | deputyminister2_name | deputyminister2_pfo | deputyminister3_name | deputyminister3_pfo | deputyminister4_name | deputyminister4_pfo | deputyminister5_name | deputyminister5_pfo | deputyminister6_name | deputyminister6_pfo | deputyminister7_name | deputyminister7_pfo | deputyminister8_name | deputyminister8_pfo | dissolved | embed | employees | footnotes | formed | headquarters | image | image_caption |image_alt | image_map | image_size | italic title | jurisdiction | keydocument1 | keydocument2 | keydocument3 | keydocument4 | keydocument5 | keydocument6 | logo | logo_caption |logo_alt| logo_size | logo_width | map | map_alt | map_caption | map_dot_label | map_dot_mark | map_size | map_type | map_width | minister_type | minister1_name | minister1_pfo | minister2_name | minister2_pfo | minister3_name | minister3_pfo | minister4_name | minister4_pfo | minister5_name | minister5_pfo | minister6_name | minister6_pfo | minister7_name | minister7_pfo | minister8_name | minister8_pfo | motto | name | native_name | native_name_a | native_name_r | nativename | nativename_a | nativename_r | parent_agency | parent_agency_type | parent_department | picture | picture_caption | picture_width | preceding1 | preceding2 | preceding3 | preceding4 | preceding5 | preceding6 | region_code | seal |seal_alt | seal_caption | seal_size | seal_width | service | status | subbox | superseding | superseding1 | superseding2 | superseding3 | superseding4 | superseding5 | superseding6 | type | website }}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>couyj4rsx79jut3tu0txrc67hzkpi3r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385623</id>
      <parentid>385622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:09:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13705" sha1="domeee9y9ib75bfv9cue0l540b4omsu" xml:space="preserve">{{ infobox
| child        = {{{child|}}}
| subbox       = {{{subbox|}}}
| italic title = {{{italic title|no}}}

| titlestyle   = font-size: 125%;
| title        = {{{name|{{{agency_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}
| subheader    = {{Br separated entries
 | 1 = {{{native_name|{{{nativename|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{native_name_a|{{{nativename_a|}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{{native_name_r|{{{nativename_r|}}}}}}
 }}

| image        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|{{{seal_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption      = {{{seal_caption|}}}

| image2       = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logo_size|{{{logo_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{logo_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption2     = {{{logo_caption|}}}

| headerstyle  = background-color: #efefef

| data1        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|{{{picture|}}}}}}|size={{{image_size|{{{picture_width|}}}}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}{{#if: {{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption|}}}}}} | {{break}}{{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption}}}}}} }}

| header2      = {{#if: {{{formed|}}}{{{preceding1|}}}{{{dissolved|}}}{{{superseding|}}}{{{jurisdiction|}}}{{{headquarters|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{employees|}}}{{{budget|}}}{{{minister1_name|}}}{{{chief1_name|}}}{{{parent_agency|}}}{{{child1_agency|}}}{{{keydocument1|}}}{{{website|}}}{{{footnotes|}}}{{{map|}}}{{{map_caption|}}} | {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي }} }} جائزو }}

| label3       = قيام
| data3        = {{{formed|}}}

| label4       = {{#if:{{{preceding1|}}} | {{#if:{{{preceding2|}}}پيشرو|پيشرو {{{type|agency}}} }} }}
| data4        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{preceding1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{preceding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{preceding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{preceding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{preceding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{preceding6|}}}
 }}

| label5       = ختم ٿيو
| data5        = {{{dissolved|}}}

| label6       = {{#if:{{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{superseding2|}}}جانشين|جانشين {{{service|agency}}} }} }}
| data6        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{superseding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{superseding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{superseding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{superseding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{superseding6|}}}
 }}

| label7       = قسم
| data7        = {{{agency_type|}}}
| class7       = category

| label8       = اختياري دائرو
| data8        = {{{jurisdiction|}}}

| label9       = حيثيت
| data9        = {{{status|}}}

| label10      = مرڪزي دفتر
| data10       = {{{headquarters|}}}{{#if: {{{coordinates|}}}|{{break}}{{{coordinates|}}} }}

| label11      = نعرو
| data11       = {{{motto|}}}

| label12      = ملازم
| data12       = {{{employees|}}}

| label13      = ساليانو بجيٽ
| data13       = {{{budget|}}}

| label14      = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data14       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{minister1_name|}}}|{{{minister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|{{{minister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{{minister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|{{{minister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{minister3_name|}}}|{{{minister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|{{{minister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{minister4_name|}}}|{{{minister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|{{{minister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{minister5_name|}}}|{{{minister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|{{{minister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{minister6_name|}}}|{{{minister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|{{{minister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{minister7_name|}}}|{{{minister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|{{{minister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{minister8_name|}}}|{{{minister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|{{{minister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label15      = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data15       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label16      = {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}} عملدار{{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|ن}}
| data16       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{chief1_name|}}}|{{{chief1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|, {{{chief1_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|{{{chief1_position}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|{{{chief2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|, {{{chief2_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|{{{chief2_position}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{chief3_name|}}}|{{{chief3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|, {{{chief3_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|{{{chief3_position}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{chief4_name|}}}|{{{chief4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|, {{{chief4_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|{{{chief4_position}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{chief5_name|}}}|{{{chief5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|, {{{chief5_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|{{{chief5_position}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{chief6_name|}}}|{{{chief6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|, {{{chief6_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|{{{chief6_position}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{chief7_name|}}}|{{{chief7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|, {{{chief7_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|{{{chief7_position}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{chief8_name|}}}|{{{chief8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|, {{{chief8_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|{{{chief8_position}}}}}}}
 | 9 = {{#if:{{{chief9_name|}}}|{{{chief9_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|, {{{chief9_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|{{{chief9_position}}}}}}}
 }}

| label17      = نگران کاتو
| data17       = {{{parent_department|}}}

| label18      = نگران {{#if:{{{parent_agency_type|}}}|{{{parent_agency_type}}}|{{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|agency}}}}
| data18       = {{{parent_agency|}}}

| label19      = {{#if:{{{child2_agency|}}}|ذيلي ايجنسيون|ذيلي {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}}
| data19       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1  = {{{child1_agency|}}}
 | 2  = {{{child2_agency|}}}
 | 3  = {{{child3_agency|}}}
 | 4  = {{{child4_agency|}}}
 | 5  = {{{child5_agency|}}}
 | 6  = {{{child6_agency|}}}
 | 7  = {{{child7_agency|}}}
 | 8  = {{{child8_agency|}}}
 | 9  = {{{child9_agency|}}}
 | 10 = {{{child10_agency|}}}
 | 11 = {{{child11_agency|}}}
 | 12 = {{{child12_agency|}}}
 | 13 = {{{child13_agency|}}}
 | 14 = {{{child14_agency|}}}
 | 15 = {{{child15_agency|}}}
 | 16 = {{{child16_agency|}}}
 | 17 = {{{child17_agency|}}}
 | 18 = {{{child18_agency|}}}
 | 19 = {{{child19_agency|}}}
 | 20 = {{{child20_agency|}}}
 | 21 = {{{child21_agency|}}}
 | 22 = {{{child22_agency|}}}
 | 23 = {{{child23_agency|}}}
 | 24 = {{{child24_agency|}}}
 | 25 = {{{child25_agency|}}}
 }}

| label20      = {{#if:{{{keydocument2|}}}|اهم دستاويز|اهم دستاويز}}
| data20       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{keydocument1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{keydocument2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{keydocument3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{keydocument4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{keydocument5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{keydocument6|}}}
 }}

| label21      = ويب سائيٽ
| data21       = {{{website|}}}

| label22      = ايجنسي سڃاڻپ
| data22       = {{{agency_id|}}}

| header23     = {{#if:{{{map|}}}|{{Infobox|child=yes|decat=yes
 | title   = نقشو
 | image   = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map|}}}|alt={{{map_alt}}}|size={{{map_size|{{{map_width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
 | caption = {{{map_caption|}}}
 }}}}

| image3     = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}|{{Location map|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
 |alt     = {{{pushpin_map_alt|{{{map_alt|}}}}}}
 |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
 |float   = center
 |mark    = {{{map_dot_mark|Red pog.svg}}}
 |marksize= 7
 |label   = {{{pushpin_label|{{{map dot label|{{{map_dot_label|}}}}}}}}}
 |relief  = {{{pushpin_relief|{{{relief|}}}}}}
 |border  = none
 |caption = &lt;!--leave blank--&gt;
 |width   = {{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}}
}} |&lt;!-- else if map_type is blank
--&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|alt={{{map_alt|}}}}}&lt;!-- end if map_type
--&gt;}}
| caption3   = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}} |{{{pushpin_map_caption|{{{map_caption|Location within {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type}}}}}}|name}}}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{{map_caption|}}} }}}}
| header24     = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|حوالا}}
| data25       = {{{footnotes|}}}

| data26     = {{{embed|}}}

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox government agency]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| agency_id | agency_name | agency_type | budget | chief1_name | chief1_position | chief2_name | chief2_position | chief3_name | chief3_position | chief4_name | chief4_position | chief5_name | chief5_position | chief6_name | chief6_position | chief7_name | chief7_position | chief8_name | chief8_position | chief9_name | chief9_position | child | child1_agency | child10_agency | child11_agency | child12_agency | child13_agency | child14_agency | child15_agency | child16_agency | child17_agency | child18_agency | child19_agency | child2_agency | child20_agency | child21_agency | child22_agency | child23_agency | child24_agency | child25_agency | child3_agency | child4_agency | child5_agency | child6_agency | child7_agency | child8_agency | child9_agency | coordinates | deputyminister_type | deputyminister1_name | deputyminister1_pfo | deputyminister2_name | deputyminister2_pfo | deputyminister3_name | deputyminister3_pfo | deputyminister4_name | deputyminister4_pfo | deputyminister5_name | deputyminister5_pfo | deputyminister6_name | deputyminister6_pfo | deputyminister7_name | deputyminister7_pfo | deputyminister8_name | deputyminister8_pfo | dissolved | embed | employees | footnotes | formed | headquarters | image | image_caption |image_alt | image_map | image_size | italic title | jurisdiction | keydocument1 | keydocument2 | keydocument3 | keydocument4 | keydocument5 | keydocument6 | logo | logo_caption |logo_alt| logo_size | logo_width | map | map_alt | map_caption | map_dot_label | map_dot_mark | map_size | map_type | map_width | minister_type | minister1_name | minister1_pfo | minister2_name | minister2_pfo | minister3_name | minister3_pfo | minister4_name | minister4_pfo | minister5_name | minister5_pfo | minister6_name | minister6_pfo | minister7_name | minister7_pfo | minister8_name | minister8_pfo | motto | name | native_name | native_name_a | native_name_r | nativename | nativename_a | nativename_r | parent_agency | parent_agency_type | parent_department | picture | picture_caption | picture_width | preceding1 | preceding2 | preceding3 | preceding4 | preceding5 | preceding6 | region_code | seal |seal_alt | seal_caption | seal_size | seal_width | service | status | subbox | superseding | superseding1 | superseding2 | superseding3 | superseding4 | superseding5 | superseding6 | type | website }}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>domeee9y9ib75bfv9cue0l540b4omsu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385624</id>
      <parentid>385623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13712" sha1="cadiu4ban5935wkhiaq39x9pas6gd8q" xml:space="preserve">{{ infobox
| child        = {{{child|}}}
| subbox       = {{{subbox|}}}
| italic title = {{{italic title|no}}}

| titlestyle   = font-size: 125%;
| title        = {{{name|{{{agency_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}
| subheader    = {{Br separated entries
 | 1 = {{{native_name|{{{nativename|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{native_name_a|{{{nativename_a|}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{{native_name_r|{{{nativename_r|}}}}}}
 }}

| image        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|{{{seal_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption      = {{{seal_caption|}}}

| image2       = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logo_size|{{{logo_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{logo_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption2     = {{{logo_caption|}}}

| headerstyle  = background-color: #efefef

| data1        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|{{{picture|}}}}}}|size={{{image_size|{{{picture_width|}}}}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}{{#if: {{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption|}}}}}} | {{break}}{{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption}}}}}} }}

| header2      = {{#if: {{{formed|}}}{{{preceding1|}}}{{{dissolved|}}}{{{superseding|}}}{{{jurisdiction|}}}{{{headquarters|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{employees|}}}{{{budget|}}}{{{minister1_name|}}}{{{chief1_name|}}}{{{parent_agency|}}}{{{child1_agency|}}}{{{keydocument1|}}}{{{website|}}}{{{footnotes|}}}{{{map|}}}{{{map_caption|}}} | {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي }} }} جائزو }}

| label3       = قيام
| data3        = {{{formed|}}}

| label4       = {{#if:{{{preceding1|}}} | {{#if:{{{preceding2|}}}پيشرو|پيشرو {{{type|agency}}} }} }}
| data4        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{preceding1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{preceding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{preceding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{preceding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{preceding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{preceding6|}}}
 }}

| label5       = ختم ٿيو
| data5        = {{{dissolved|}}}

| label6       = {{#if:{{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{superseding2|}}}جانشين|جانشين {{{سروس|ايجنسي}}} }} }}
| data6        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{superseding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{superseding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{superseding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{superseding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{superseding6|}}}
 }}

| label7       = قسم
| data7        = {{{agency_type|}}}
| class7       = category

| label8       = اختياري دائرو
| data8        = {{{jurisdiction|}}}

| label9       = حيثيت
| data9        = {{{status|}}}

| label10      = مرڪزي دفتر
| data10       = {{{headquarters|}}}{{#if: {{{coordinates|}}}|{{break}}{{{coordinates|}}} }}

| label11      = نعرو
| data11       = {{{motto|}}}

| label12      = ملازم
| data12       = {{{employees|}}}

| label13      = ساليانو بجيٽ
| data13       = {{{budget|}}}

| label14      = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data14       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{minister1_name|}}}|{{{minister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|{{{minister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{{minister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|{{{minister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{minister3_name|}}}|{{{minister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|{{{minister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{minister4_name|}}}|{{{minister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|{{{minister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{minister5_name|}}}|{{{minister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|{{{minister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{minister6_name|}}}|{{{minister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|{{{minister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{minister7_name|}}}|{{{minister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|{{{minister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{minister8_name|}}}|{{{minister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|{{{minister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label15      = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data15       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label16      = {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}} عملدار{{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|ن}}
| data16       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{chief1_name|}}}|{{{chief1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|, {{{chief1_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|{{{chief1_position}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|{{{chief2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|, {{{chief2_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|{{{chief2_position}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{chief3_name|}}}|{{{chief3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|, {{{chief3_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|{{{chief3_position}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{chief4_name|}}}|{{{chief4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|, {{{chief4_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|{{{chief4_position}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{chief5_name|}}}|{{{chief5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|, {{{chief5_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|{{{chief5_position}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{chief6_name|}}}|{{{chief6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|, {{{chief6_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|{{{chief6_position}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{chief7_name|}}}|{{{chief7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|, {{{chief7_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|{{{chief7_position}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{chief8_name|}}}|{{{chief8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|, {{{chief8_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|{{{chief8_position}}}}}}}
 | 9 = {{#if:{{{chief9_name|}}}|{{{chief9_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|, {{{chief9_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|{{{chief9_position}}}}}}}
 }}

| label17      = نگران کاتو
| data17       = {{{parent_department|}}}

| label18      = نگران {{#if:{{{parent_agency_type|}}}|{{{parent_agency_type}}}|{{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|agency}}}}
| data18       = {{{parent_agency|}}}

| label19      = {{#if:{{{child2_agency|}}}|ذيلي ايجنسيون|ذيلي {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}}
| data19       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1  = {{{child1_agency|}}}
 | 2  = {{{child2_agency|}}}
 | 3  = {{{child3_agency|}}}
 | 4  = {{{child4_agency|}}}
 | 5  = {{{child5_agency|}}}
 | 6  = {{{child6_agency|}}}
 | 7  = {{{child7_agency|}}}
 | 8  = {{{child8_agency|}}}
 | 9  = {{{child9_agency|}}}
 | 10 = {{{child10_agency|}}}
 | 11 = {{{child11_agency|}}}
 | 12 = {{{child12_agency|}}}
 | 13 = {{{child13_agency|}}}
 | 14 = {{{child14_agency|}}}
 | 15 = {{{child15_agency|}}}
 | 16 = {{{child16_agency|}}}
 | 17 = {{{child17_agency|}}}
 | 18 = {{{child18_agency|}}}
 | 19 = {{{child19_agency|}}}
 | 20 = {{{child20_agency|}}}
 | 21 = {{{child21_agency|}}}
 | 22 = {{{child22_agency|}}}
 | 23 = {{{child23_agency|}}}
 | 24 = {{{child24_agency|}}}
 | 25 = {{{child25_agency|}}}
 }}

| label20      = {{#if:{{{keydocument2|}}}|اهم دستاويز|اهم دستاويز}}
| data20       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{keydocument1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{keydocument2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{keydocument3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{keydocument4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{keydocument5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{keydocument6|}}}
 }}

| label21      = ويب سائيٽ
| data21       = {{{website|}}}

| label22      = ايجنسي سڃاڻپ
| data22       = {{{agency_id|}}}

| header23     = {{#if:{{{map|}}}|{{Infobox|child=yes|decat=yes
 | title   = نقشو
 | image   = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map|}}}|alt={{{map_alt}}}|size={{{map_size|{{{map_width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
 | caption = {{{map_caption|}}}
 }}}}

| image3     = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}|{{Location map|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
 |alt     = {{{pushpin_map_alt|{{{map_alt|}}}}}}
 |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
 |float   = center
 |mark    = {{{map_dot_mark|Red pog.svg}}}
 |marksize= 7
 |label   = {{{pushpin_label|{{{map dot label|{{{map_dot_label|}}}}}}}}}
 |relief  = {{{pushpin_relief|{{{relief|}}}}}}
 |border  = none
 |caption = &lt;!--leave blank--&gt;
 |width   = {{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}}
}} |&lt;!-- else if map_type is blank
--&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|alt={{{map_alt|}}}}}&lt;!-- end if map_type
--&gt;}}
| caption3   = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}} |{{{pushpin_map_caption|{{{map_caption|Location within {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type}}}}}}|name}}}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{{map_caption|}}} }}}}
| header24     = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|حوالا}}
| data25       = {{{footnotes|}}}

| data26     = {{{embed|}}}

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox government agency]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| agency_id | agency_name | agency_type | budget | chief1_name | chief1_position | chief2_name | chief2_position | chief3_name | chief3_position | chief4_name | chief4_position | chief5_name | chief5_position | chief6_name | chief6_position | chief7_name | chief7_position | chief8_name | chief8_position | chief9_name | chief9_position | child | child1_agency | child10_agency | child11_agency | child12_agency | child13_agency | child14_agency | child15_agency | child16_agency | child17_agency | child18_agency | child19_agency | child2_agency | child20_agency | child21_agency | child22_agency | child23_agency | child24_agency | child25_agency | child3_agency | child4_agency | child5_agency | child6_agency | child7_agency | child8_agency | child9_agency | coordinates | deputyminister_type | deputyminister1_name | deputyminister1_pfo | deputyminister2_name | deputyminister2_pfo | deputyminister3_name | deputyminister3_pfo | deputyminister4_name | deputyminister4_pfo | deputyminister5_name | deputyminister5_pfo | deputyminister6_name | deputyminister6_pfo | deputyminister7_name | deputyminister7_pfo | deputyminister8_name | deputyminister8_pfo | dissolved | embed | employees | footnotes | formed | headquarters | image | image_caption |image_alt | image_map | image_size | italic title | jurisdiction | keydocument1 | keydocument2 | keydocument3 | keydocument4 | keydocument5 | keydocument6 | logo | logo_caption |logo_alt| logo_size | logo_width | map | map_alt | map_caption | map_dot_label | map_dot_mark | map_size | map_type | map_width | minister_type | minister1_name | minister1_pfo | minister2_name | minister2_pfo | minister3_name | minister3_pfo | minister4_name | minister4_pfo | minister5_name | minister5_pfo | minister6_name | minister6_pfo | minister7_name | minister7_pfo | minister8_name | minister8_pfo | motto | name | native_name | native_name_a | native_name_r | nativename | nativename_a | nativename_r | parent_agency | parent_agency_type | parent_department | picture | picture_caption | picture_width | preceding1 | preceding2 | preceding3 | preceding4 | preceding5 | preceding6 | region_code | seal |seal_alt | seal_caption | seal_size | seal_width | service | status | subbox | superseding | superseding1 | superseding2 | superseding3 | superseding4 | superseding5 | superseding6 | type | website }}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --&gt;
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      <sha1>cadiu4ban5935wkhiaq39x9pas6gd8q</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>385625</id>
      <parentid>385624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="13718" sha1="0mpb5eihijhq4e7iv6og6rtcq8yrqny" xml:space="preserve">{{ infobox
| child        = {{{child|}}}
| subbox       = {{{subbox|}}}
| italic title = {{{italic title|no}}}

| titlestyle   = font-size: 125%;
| title        = {{{name|{{{agency_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}
| subheader    = {{Br separated entries
 | 1 = {{{native_name|{{{nativename|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{native_name_a|{{{nativename_a|}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{{native_name_r|{{{nativename_r|}}}}}}
 }}

| image        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|{{{seal_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption      = {{{seal_caption|}}}

| image2       = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logo_size|{{{logo_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{logo_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption2     = {{{logo_caption|}}}

| headerstyle  = background-color: #efefef

| data1        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|{{{picture|}}}}}}|size={{{image_size|{{{picture_width|}}}}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}{{#if: {{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption|}}}}}} | {{break}}{{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption}}}}}} }}

| header2      = {{#if: {{{formed|}}}{{{preceding1|}}}{{{dissolved|}}}{{{superseding|}}}{{{jurisdiction|}}}{{{headquarters|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{employees|}}}{{{budget|}}}{{{minister1_name|}}}{{{chief1_name|}}}{{{parent_agency|}}}{{{child1_agency|}}}{{{keydocument1|}}}{{{website|}}}{{{footnotes|}}}{{{map|}}}{{{map_caption|}}} | {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي }} }} جائزو }}

| label3       = قيام
| data3        = {{{formed|}}}

| label4       = {{#if:{{{preceding1|}}} | {{#if:{{{preceding2|}}}پيشرو|پيشرو {{{type|ايجنسي}}} }} }}
| data4        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{preceding1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{preceding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{preceding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{preceding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{preceding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{preceding6|}}}
 }}

| label5       = ختم ٿيو
| data5        = {{{dissolved|}}}

| label6       = {{#if:{{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{superseding2|}}}جانشين|جانشين {{{سروس|ايجنسي}}} }} }}
| data6        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{superseding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{superseding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{superseding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{superseding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{superseding6|}}}
 }}

| label7       = قسم
| data7        = {{{agency_type|}}}
| class7       = category

| label8       = اختياري دائرو
| data8        = {{{jurisdiction|}}}

| label9       = حيثيت
| data9        = {{{status|}}}

| label10      = مرڪزي دفتر
| data10       = {{{headquarters|}}}{{#if: {{{coordinates|}}}|{{break}}{{{coordinates|}}} }}

| label11      = نعرو
| data11       = {{{motto|}}}

| label12      = ملازم
| data12       = {{{employees|}}}

| label13      = ساليانو بجيٽ
| data13       = {{{budget|}}}

| label14      = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data14       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{minister1_name|}}}|{{{minister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|{{{minister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{{minister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|{{{minister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{minister3_name|}}}|{{{minister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|{{{minister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{minister4_name|}}}|{{{minister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|{{{minister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{minister5_name|}}}|{{{minister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|{{{minister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{minister6_name|}}}|{{{minister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|{{{minister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{minister7_name|}}}|{{{minister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|{{{minister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{minister8_name|}}}|{{{minister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|{{{minister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label15      = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data15       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label16      = {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}} عملدار{{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|ن}}
| data16       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{chief1_name|}}}|{{{chief1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|, {{{chief1_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|{{{chief1_position}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|{{{chief2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|, {{{chief2_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|{{{chief2_position}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{chief3_name|}}}|{{{chief3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|, {{{chief3_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|{{{chief3_position}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{chief4_name|}}}|{{{chief4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|, {{{chief4_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|{{{chief4_position}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{chief5_name|}}}|{{{chief5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|, {{{chief5_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|{{{chief5_position}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{chief6_name|}}}|{{{chief6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|, {{{chief6_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|{{{chief6_position}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{chief7_name|}}}|{{{chief7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|, {{{chief7_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|{{{chief7_position}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{chief8_name|}}}|{{{chief8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|, {{{chief8_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|{{{chief8_position}}}}}}}
 | 9 = {{#if:{{{chief9_name|}}}|{{{chief9_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|, {{{chief9_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|{{{chief9_position}}}}}}}
 }}

| label17      = نگران کاتو
| data17       = {{{parent_department|}}}

| label18      = نگران {{#if:{{{parent_agency_type|}}}|{{{parent_agency_type}}}|{{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|agency}}}}
| data18       = {{{parent_agency|}}}

| label19      = {{#if:{{{child2_agency|}}}|ذيلي ايجنسيون|ذيلي {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}}
| data19       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1  = {{{child1_agency|}}}
 | 2  = {{{child2_agency|}}}
 | 3  = {{{child3_agency|}}}
 | 4  = {{{child4_agency|}}}
 | 5  = {{{child5_agency|}}}
 | 6  = {{{child6_agency|}}}
 | 7  = {{{child7_agency|}}}
 | 8  = {{{child8_agency|}}}
 | 9  = {{{child9_agency|}}}
 | 10 = {{{child10_agency|}}}
 | 11 = {{{child11_agency|}}}
 | 12 = {{{child12_agency|}}}
 | 13 = {{{child13_agency|}}}
 | 14 = {{{child14_agency|}}}
 | 15 = {{{child15_agency|}}}
 | 16 = {{{child16_agency|}}}
 | 17 = {{{child17_agency|}}}
 | 18 = {{{child18_agency|}}}
 | 19 = {{{child19_agency|}}}
 | 20 = {{{child20_agency|}}}
 | 21 = {{{child21_agency|}}}
 | 22 = {{{child22_agency|}}}
 | 23 = {{{child23_agency|}}}
 | 24 = {{{child24_agency|}}}
 | 25 = {{{child25_agency|}}}
 }}

| label20      = {{#if:{{{keydocument2|}}}|اهم دستاويز|اهم دستاويز}}
| data20       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{keydocument1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{keydocument2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{keydocument3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{keydocument4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{keydocument5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{keydocument6|}}}
 }}

| label21      = ويب سائيٽ
| data21       = {{{website|}}}

| label22      = ايجنسي سڃاڻپ
| data22       = {{{agency_id|}}}

| header23     = {{#if:{{{map|}}}|{{Infobox|child=yes|decat=yes
 | title   = نقشو
 | image   = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map|}}}|alt={{{map_alt}}}|size={{{map_size|{{{map_width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
 | caption = {{{map_caption|}}}
 }}}}

| image3     = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}|{{Location map|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
 |alt     = {{{pushpin_map_alt|{{{map_alt|}}}}}}
 |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
 |float   = center
 |mark    = {{{map_dot_mark|Red pog.svg}}}
 |marksize= 7
 |label   = {{{pushpin_label|{{{map dot label|{{{map_dot_label|}}}}}}}}}
 |relief  = {{{pushpin_relief|{{{relief|}}}}}}
 |border  = none
 |caption = &lt;!--leave blank--&gt;
 |width   = {{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}}
}} |&lt;!-- else if map_type is blank
--&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|alt={{{map_alt|}}}}}&lt;!-- end if map_type
--&gt;}}
| caption3   = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}} |{{{pushpin_map_caption|{{{map_caption|Location within {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type}}}}}}|name}}}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{{map_caption|}}} }}}}
| header24     = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|حوالا}}
| data25       = {{{footnotes|}}}

| data26     = {{{embed|}}}

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox government agency]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| agency_id | agency_name | agency_type | budget | chief1_name | chief1_position | chief2_name | chief2_position | chief3_name | chief3_position | chief4_name | chief4_position | chief5_name | chief5_position | chief6_name | chief6_position | chief7_name | chief7_position | chief8_name | chief8_position | chief9_name | chief9_position | child | child1_agency | child10_agency | child11_agency | child12_agency | child13_agency | child14_agency | child15_agency | child16_agency | child17_agency | child18_agency | child19_agency | child2_agency | child20_agency | child21_agency | child22_agency | child23_agency | child24_agency | child25_agency | child3_agency | child4_agency | child5_agency | child6_agency | child7_agency | child8_agency | child9_agency | coordinates | deputyminister_type | deputyminister1_name | deputyminister1_pfo | deputyminister2_name | deputyminister2_pfo | deputyminister3_name | deputyminister3_pfo | deputyminister4_name | deputyminister4_pfo | deputyminister5_name | deputyminister5_pfo | deputyminister6_name | deputyminister6_pfo | deputyminister7_name | deputyminister7_pfo | deputyminister8_name | deputyminister8_pfo | dissolved | embed | employees | footnotes | formed | headquarters | image | image_caption |image_alt | image_map | image_size | italic title | jurisdiction | keydocument1 | keydocument2 | keydocument3 | keydocument4 | keydocument5 | keydocument6 | logo | logo_caption |logo_alt| logo_size | logo_width | map | map_alt | map_caption | map_dot_label | map_dot_mark | map_size | map_type | map_width | minister_type | minister1_name | minister1_pfo | minister2_name | minister2_pfo | minister3_name | minister3_pfo | minister4_name | minister4_pfo | minister5_name | minister5_pfo | minister6_name | minister6_pfo | minister7_name | minister7_pfo | minister8_name | minister8_pfo | motto | name | native_name | native_name_a | native_name_r | nativename | nativename_a | nativename_r | parent_agency | parent_agency_type | parent_department | picture | picture_caption | picture_width | preceding1 | preceding2 | preceding3 | preceding4 | preceding5 | preceding6 | region_code | seal |seal_alt | seal_caption | seal_size | seal_width | service | status | subbox | superseding | superseding1 | superseding2 | superseding3 | superseding4 | superseding5 | superseding6 | type | website }}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0mpb5eihijhq4e7iv6og6rtcq8yrqny</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385626</id>
      <parentid>385625</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T03:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13716" sha1="8uh6w07hqxrx7v9arctq3lmvnayo4nr" xml:space="preserve">{{ infobox
| child        = {{{child|}}}
| subbox       = {{{subbox|}}}
| italic title = {{{italic title|no}}}

| titlestyle   = font-size: 125%;
| title        = {{{name|{{{agency_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}
| subheader    = {{Br separated entries
 | 1 = {{{native_name|{{{nativename|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{native_name_a|{{{nativename_a|}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{{native_name_r|{{{nativename_r|}}}}}}
 }}

| image        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|{{{seal_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption      = {{{seal_caption|}}}

| image2       = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logo_size|{{{logo_width|}}}}}}| alt={{{logo_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
| caption2     = {{{logo_caption|}}}

| headerstyle  = background-color: #efefef

| data1        = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|{{{picture|}}}}}}|size={{{image_size|{{{picture_width|}}}}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}{{#if: {{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption|}}}}}} | {{break}}{{{image_caption|{{{picture_caption}}}}}} }}

| header2      = {{#if: {{{formed|}}}{{{preceding1|}}}{{{dissolved|}}}{{{superseding|}}}{{{jurisdiction|}}}{{{headquarters|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{employees|}}}{{{budget|}}}{{{minister1_name|}}}{{{chief1_name|}}}{{{parent_agency|}}}{{{child1_agency|}}}{{{keydocument1|}}}{{{website|}}}{{{footnotes|}}}{{{map|}}}{{{map_caption|}}} | {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي }} }} جائزو }}

| label3       = قيام
| data3        = {{{formed|}}}

| label4       = {{#if:{{{preceding1|}}} | {{#if:{{{preceding2|}}}پيشرو|پيشرو {{{type|ايجنسي}}} }} }}
| data4        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{preceding1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{preceding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{preceding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{preceding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{preceding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{preceding6|}}}
 }}

| label5       = خاتمو 
| data5        = {{{dissolved|}}}

| label6       = {{#if:{{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{superseding2|}}}جانشين|جانشين {{{سروس|ايجنسي}}} }} }}
| data6        = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{superseding|{{{superseding1|}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{{superseding2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{superseding3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{superseding4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{superseding5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{superseding6|}}}
 }}

| label7       = قسم
| data7        = {{{agency_type|}}}
| class7       = category

| label8       = اختياري دائرو
| data8        = {{{jurisdiction|}}}

| label9       = حيثيت
| data9        = {{{status|}}}

| label10      = مرڪزي دفتر
| data10       = {{{headquarters|}}}{{#if: {{{coordinates|}}}|{{break}}{{{coordinates|}}} }}

| label11      = نعرو
| data11       = {{{motto|}}}

| label12      = ملازم
| data12       = {{{employees|}}}

| label13      = ساليانو بجيٽ
| data13       = {{{budget|}}}

| label14      = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{minister_type|}}}|{{{minister_type}}}|وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data14       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{minister1_name|}}}|{{{minister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister1_pfo|}}}|{{{minister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{minister2_name|}}}|{{{minister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister2_pfo|}}}|{{{minister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{minister3_name|}}}|{{{minister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister3_pfo|}}}|{{{minister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{minister4_name|}}}|{{{minister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister4_pfo|}}}|{{{minister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{minister5_name|}}}|{{{minister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister5_pfo|}}}|{{{minister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{minister6_name|}}}|{{{minister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister6_pfo|}}}|{{{minister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{minister7_name|}}}|{{{minister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister7_pfo|}}}|{{{minister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{minister8_name|}}}|{{{minister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{minister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{minister8_pfo|}}}|{{{minister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label15      = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار|{{#if:{{{deputyminister_type|}}}|{{{deputyminister_type}}}|نائب وزير}} ذميدار}}
| data15       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister1_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister1_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister2_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister2_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister3_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister3_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister4_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister4_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister5_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister5_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister6_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister6_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister7_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister7_pfo}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|, {{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}|{{#if:{{{deputyminister8_pfo|}}}|{{{deputyminister8_pfo}}}}}}}
 }}

| label16      = {{ucfirst: {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}} عملدار{{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|ن}}
| data16       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{#if:{{{chief1_name|}}}|{{{chief1_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|, {{{chief1_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief1_position|}}}|{{{chief1_position}}}}}}}
 | 2 = {{#if:{{{chief2_name|}}}|{{{chief2_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|, {{{chief2_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief2_position|}}}|{{{chief2_position}}}}}}}
 | 3 = {{#if:{{{chief3_name|}}}|{{{chief3_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|, {{{chief3_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief3_position|}}}|{{{chief3_position}}}}}}}
 | 4 = {{#if:{{{chief4_name|}}}|{{{chief4_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|, {{{chief4_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief4_position|}}}|{{{chief4_position}}}}}}}
 | 5 = {{#if:{{{chief5_name|}}}|{{{chief5_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|, {{{chief5_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief5_position|}}}|{{{chief5_position}}}}}}}
 | 6 = {{#if:{{{chief6_name|}}}|{{{chief6_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|, {{{chief6_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief6_position|}}}|{{{chief6_position}}}}}}}
 | 7 = {{#if:{{{chief7_name|}}}|{{{chief7_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|, {{{chief7_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief7_position|}}}|{{{chief7_position}}}}}}}
 | 8 = {{#if:{{{chief8_name|}}}|{{{chief8_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|, {{{chief8_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief8_position|}}}|{{{chief8_position}}}}}}}
 | 9 = {{#if:{{{chief9_name|}}}|{{{chief9_name|}}}{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|, {{{chief9_position}}}}}|{{#if:{{{chief9_position|}}}|{{{chief9_position}}}}}}}
 }}

| label17      = نگران کاتو
| data17       = {{{parent_department|}}}

| label18      = نگران {{#if:{{{parent_agency_type|}}}|{{{parent_agency_type}}}|{{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|agency}}}}
| data18       = {{{parent_agency|}}}

| label19      = {{#if:{{{child2_agency|}}}|ذيلي ايجنسيون|ذيلي {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|ايجنسي}}}}
| data19       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1  = {{{child1_agency|}}}
 | 2  = {{{child2_agency|}}}
 | 3  = {{{child3_agency|}}}
 | 4  = {{{child4_agency|}}}
 | 5  = {{{child5_agency|}}}
 | 6  = {{{child6_agency|}}}
 | 7  = {{{child7_agency|}}}
 | 8  = {{{child8_agency|}}}
 | 9  = {{{child9_agency|}}}
 | 10 = {{{child10_agency|}}}
 | 11 = {{{child11_agency|}}}
 | 12 = {{{child12_agency|}}}
 | 13 = {{{child13_agency|}}}
 | 14 = {{{child14_agency|}}}
 | 15 = {{{child15_agency|}}}
 | 16 = {{{child16_agency|}}}
 | 17 = {{{child17_agency|}}}
 | 18 = {{{child18_agency|}}}
 | 19 = {{{child19_agency|}}}
 | 20 = {{{child20_agency|}}}
 | 21 = {{{child21_agency|}}}
 | 22 = {{{child22_agency|}}}
 | 23 = {{{child23_agency|}}}
 | 24 = {{{child24_agency|}}}
 | 25 = {{{child25_agency|}}}
 }}

| label20      = {{#if:{{{keydocument2|}}}|اهم دستاويز|اهم دستاويز}}
| data20       = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;
 | 1 = {{{keydocument1|}}}
 | 2 = {{{keydocument2|}}}
 | 3 = {{{keydocument3|}}}
 | 4 = {{{keydocument4|}}}
 | 5 = {{{keydocument5|}}}
 | 6 = {{{keydocument6|}}}
 }}

| label21      = ويب سائيٽ
| data21       = {{{website|}}}

| label22      = ايجنسي سڃاڻپ
| data22       = {{{agency_id|}}}

| header23     = {{#if:{{{map|}}}|{{Infobox|child=yes|decat=yes
 | title   = نقشو
 | image   = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map|}}}|alt={{{map_alt}}}|size={{{map_size|{{{map_width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless}}
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    <title>يوسف جو گنبذ</title>
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| footer = قبو یوسف | width = 120| image1 = Jerusalem-2013-Temple Mount-Dome of Yusuf 01.jpg| alt1 = Angled view| image2 = Jerusalem-2013-Temple Mount-Dome of Yusuf 02.jpg| align =  left| alt2= Direct view}}

'''يوسف جو گنبد''' يا '''[[گنبد يوسف]]''' ({{lang-en|Dome of Yusuf}}; {{lang-ar|فبة یوسف‎}}) حرم قدسي شريف ۾ [[قبۃ الصخرۃ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ عليحده [[گنبد]] آهي۔ ان کي سڀ کان پهرين  [[ٻارهين صدي]] ۾ [[صلاح الدرن ايوبي]]  تعمير ڪرايو، جڏهن ته ان کان بعد ڪافي دفعا هن جي مرمت ٿي چڪي آهي۔ &lt;ref name=Hillenbrand&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&amp;pg=PA191&amp;dq=%22dome+of+joseph%22+jerusalem&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=-gSqTIuIFYGhOtiatJcM&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22dome%20of%20joseph%22%20jerusalem&amp;f=false|title=The Crusades: Islamic perspectives|author=Carole Hillenbrand|edition=   Illustrated, reprint, annotated|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-92914-1 |page=191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Gulru&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;dq=%22qubbat+yusuf%22+jerusalem&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=7gWqTKOOC4SbOv6z9agM&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22qubbat%20yusuf%22%20jerusalem&amp;f=false|page=73|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|author=Gülru Necipoğlu|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=BRILL|year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-11084-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ayalon&gt;{{cite book|page=97|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=h7CfAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22qubbat+yusuf%22+%22renovated+several+times%22&amp;dq=%22qubbat+yusuf%22+%22renovated+several+times%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=DQuqTLaSIcrpOaCXqZwM&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA|title=Islamic art and archaeology in Palestine|author=Myriam Rosen-Ayalon|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Left Coast Press|year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59874-064-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
هن تي ٻه ڪتبه موجود آهن هڪ [[ٻارهين صدي]] جنهن تي صلاح الدين جو نالو ۽ تاريخ 1191 درج آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيو [[سترهين صدي]] جو آهي جس تي يوسف آغا جو نالو آهي جيڪو غالباََ يرووشلم جو عثماني گورنر هيو، ۽ تاريخ 1681 درج آهي۔ &lt;ref name=Hillenbrand/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ADL&quot;&gt;[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5266 Qubbat Yusuf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805051948/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5266 |date=2011-08-05 }} Archnet Digital Library.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FA07&quot;&gt;[http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Al-Aqsa Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111170439/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |date=2010-11-11 }} Friends of al-Aqsa 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{-}}
== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

[[زمرو:اسلامي جايون]]</text>
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    <title>آرمينيا</title>
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      <text bytes="40026" sha1="j3gh4lk53e9xql6zm12dphe9a0g3r81" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = ريپبلڪ آف آرمينيا
| common_name = آرمينيا
| native_name = 
| image_flag = Flag of Armenia.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Armenia.svg
| national_motto = 
| national_anthem = {{smaller|&quot;اسان جو اباڻو وطن&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt;[[فائل:Mer Hayrenik instrumental.ogg|مرڪز]]
| image_map = Armenia (orthographic projection).svg
| capital = [[يريوان]]
| coordinates = 
| largest_city = [[يريوان]]
| official_languages = آرمينيائي ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Constitution of Armenia, Article 20|url=http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ |publisher=president.am}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| national_languages = آرمینیائی
| languages_type = 
| languages_sub = 
| languages = 
| languages2_type = 
| languages2_sub = 
| languages2 = {{Coord|40|N|45|E|display=title}}
| ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |98.1% آرمينيائي | % 1.2
يزيدي  | %0.4 
[[روسي]] | %0.3 ٻيا}}
&lt;ref&gt;اساترين، گارنيڪ ۽ اراڪلووا، [https://web.archive.org/web/20080813025239/http://www.hra.am/file/minorities_en.pdf The Ethnic Minorities in Armenia]. Part of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]].  at [[WebCite]] (16 April 2010).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Culture of Armenia [http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc &quot;The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143439/http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc |date=2017-10-10 }}. As per the most recent census in 2011. [http://mincult.am/national_minority.html &quot;National minority&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216082403/http://mincult.am/national_minority.html |date=2017-02-16 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2011ع
| religion = [[عيسائيت]] (آرمينيائي حواري ڪليسا)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=constitution&amp;lang=eng|title=National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia - Official Web Site - parliament.am|website=www.parliament.am}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 
| demonym = آرمينيائي يا آرمينيئن
| government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني]] [[پارلياماني نظام|پارلياماني]] [[ريپبلڪ]]
| leader_title1 = صدر
| leader_name1 = آرمين سرڪسيئن (9 اپريل 2018 کان)
| leader_title2 = وزيراعظم
| leader_name2 = نڪول پاشينيان (8 مئي 2018 کان)
| leader_title3 = نيشنل اسيمبلي جو صدر
| leader_name3 = آرارات ميرزويان (14 جنوري 2019 کان)
| legislature = نيشنل اسيمبلي
| sovereignty_type = بنياد ۽ آزادي
| established_event1 = بنياد پيو
| established_date1 = 2492 ق.م.
| established_event2 = حايازا۔ازي
| established_date2 = 1500–1290 ق.م.
| established_event3 = شوپريا&lt;ref&gt;[[ڊيوڊ مارشل لينگ|لينگ، ڊيوڊ مارشل]]. ''Armenia: Cradle of Civilization''. London: Allen and Unwin, 1970, p. 114. {{ISBN|0-04-956007-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Cornwall: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 (map), 30–32, 38, 43 {{ISBN|0-631-22037-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| established_date3 = 14ھين صدي ق.م - 1190ق.م
| established_event4 = اووراتوو &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Redgate |first=A. E. |title=The Armenians |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-22037-2 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC&amp;dq |edition=Reprint |quote=However, the most easily identifiable ancestors of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| established_date4 = 860 ق.م – 590 ق.م
| established_event5 = اروندي شاھي خاندان
| established_date5 = 6ھين صدي ق.م.
| established_event6 = عظيم آرمينيائي بادشاھت، جنھن ۾ آرمينيا، آرتاشيسي گھراڻي ھيٺ متحد ٿيو &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=de Laet |editor1-first=Sigfried J. |editor2-last=Herrmann |editor2-first=Joachim |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century
century A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&amp;pg=PA128 128] |edition=1st |quote=The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, managed to unite the country...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| established_date6 = 190 ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa |date=2005 |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |page=393 |quote=It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| established_event7 = آرشاڪوني گھراڻو
| established_date7 = 52ع – 428ع
| established_event8 = باغراتي آرمينيا
| established_date8 = 885ع – 1045ع
| established_event9 = سليشيا واري آرمينيائي بادشاھت
| established_date9 = 1198ع – 1375ع
| established_event10 = آرمينيا جي پھرين ريپبلڪ
| established_date10 = 28 مئي، 1918ع
| established_event11 = سويت يونين کان آزادي ورتائين
| established_date11 = 23 آگسٽ، 1990ع&lt;br&gt;
21  سيپٽمبر 1991ع&lt;br&gt;
26  ڊسمبر 1991ع
| area_km2 = 29,743
| area_rank = 138ھون
| area_sq_mi = 11,484 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| percent_water = 4.71&lt;ref name=&quot;cia-fact&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=17 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719074837/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html |archivedate=19 July 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Armenia}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
| population_census = {{nowrap|{{decrease}} 3,018,854&lt;ref name=&quot;Armenia information&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |title=Statistical Service of Armenia|publisher=Armstat |accessdate=20 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;News.am&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Armenia Population |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |agency=countrymeters.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank = 134ھون
| population_density_km2 = 101.5
| population_density_sq_mi = 262.9 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 99ھون
| GDP_PPP = 27.212 بلین آمريڪي ڊالر&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=43&amp;pr1.y=12&amp;c=911&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] Database, October 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=17 January 2018|location=Washington, D.C.|date=4 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year = 2017ع
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = 9,098 آمريڪي ڊالر&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal = 11.037 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;/&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year = 2017
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,690&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;/&gt;
| Gini = 31.5 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2013
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=WB1&gt;{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 12 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank = 
| HDI = 0.743 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2015 &lt;!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2016 |year=2016 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=28 September 2017 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 84th
| currency = آرمينيائي ڊرام (֏)
| currency_code = AMD
| time_zone = آرمينيائي وقت (AMT)
| utc_offset = +4
| drives_on = ساڄو پاسو
| calling_code = +374
| patron_saint = سينٽ گريگوري
| cctld = [[.am]] [[.հայ]]
| footnote_b = آزادي جو اعلان
| footnote_c = آرمئنيائي ريفرنڊم ذريعي آزادي جو اعلان
| footnote_d = آزادي سوويت يونين جي ٽٽڻ سان دنيا ۾ وڏي پيماني تي تسليم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 جولاء 1995 تي نئون آئين لاڳو ڪيو ويو.
}}
'''آرمينيا''' (Armenia؛ {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Armenia.ogg|ɑr|ˈ|m|i:|n|i|ə}})، &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t Armenia].&quot; Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; سرڪاري نالو &quot;ريپبلڪ آف آرمينيا&quot;، [[يوريشيا]] جي علائقي ڏکڻ ڪوھ قاف جو ملڪ آھي جيڪو اولھ ايشيا ۾ واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The CIA World Factbook 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xutfBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT5241|year=2014|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=978-1-62914-903-5|page=5241}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The [[UN]] [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm classification of world regions] places Armenia in Western Asia; the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]] {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html|title=Armenia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=[[CIA]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010101707/https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html|archivedate=10 October 2010|deadurl=no|accessdate=2 September 2010|df=dmy}} {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&amp;Rootmap=armeni&amp;Mode=d&amp;SubMode=w|title=Armenia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}, {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia|title=Armenia|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}, {{cite book|title=Calendario Atlante De Agostini|date=2015|publisher=Istituto Geografico De Agostini|isbn=9788851124908|edition=111|location=Novara|page=sub voce|language=Italian}} and ''Oxford Reference Online''&lt;nowiki&gt; {{cite web|url=&lt;/nowiki&gt;http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-652 |title=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford Reference Online |accessdate=20 October 2012|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-652 |doi-broken-date=2017-09-23&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو سرحد اولھ ۾ [[ترڪي]]، اتر ۾ [[جارجيا]]، اوڀر ۾ [[نگورنو ڪاراباخ]] جي آذربائيجاني علائقي ۾ ريپبلڪ آف [[ارتسخ]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ايران]] ۽ [[آذربائيجان]] جي ايڪسڪليو علائقي، نخچیوان سان ملن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History|last=|first=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-510507-0|location=|page=156|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يريوان]] راڄڌاني، سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مالي مرڪز آهي ۽ ان جي ڪرنسي ڊرام (AMD) آهي. 

اھو ھڪ وحداني، ڪثيرالجماعت، جمھوري قومي رياست آھي جيڪا ھڪ قديم ثقافتي ورثو رکي ٿي. اتر اوڀر م ايشيائي ڪوچڪ ۽ ڏکڻ اولهه م ٽرانس ڪاڪيشيا جو تاريخي علائقو آهي، جيڪو ترڪيءَ جي اتر اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي، جنهن جي پکيڙ لڳ ڀڳ ساڍا يارهن هزار چورس ميلن تي پکڙيل آهي. آرمينيا ڪنهن وقت [[روس]] جي رياست به رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;سنڌيانا&quot; /&gt; هن جي آبادي چاليهه لکن کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;سنڌيانا&quot; /&gt; آرمينيا جو گهڻو حصو پهاڙي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;سنڌيانا&quot; /&gt; چيو وڃي ٿو ته طوفان نوح کانپوءِ حضرت نوح جو ٻيڙو اچي هتي لٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;سنڌيانا&quot; /&gt; هتان جي آبهوا [[پاڪستان]] جي آبهوا سان هڪجهڙائي رکي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;سنڌيانا&quot; /&gt; هتان جا رهواسي مشرقي قوم جي نسل مان آهن، جيڪي انڊو يورپين ماڻهن سان گڏجي ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;سنڌيانا&quot; /&gt; هتان جي مقامي زبان فارسي سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;سنڌيانا&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==
 
آرمينيائي حڪومت ستين صدي ق . م ۾ قائم ٿي&lt;ref name = &quot;  سنڌيانا&quot;/&gt;. [[اوراتو]] آرمينيا جي مٿاھين پٽ وارو علائقو آهي جتي 680 ق م بادشاهت قائم ٿي جيڪا 590ق م تائين رھي ۽ ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[سگونيا]] شھر ۾ ھو. ان بعد اھو علائقو [[آرمينيا جي ساتراپي]] (دؤر:570 ق م کان 201 ق م ) نالي قائم ٿيل بادشاهت جي حڪومت ھيٺ رھيو جنھن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[اربوني]] ھو جيڪو موجوده [[يريوان]] لڳ واقع ھو ۽ آرمينيا جو باقي حصو ساڳي وقت [[ميديائي گھراڻو|ميديائي گھراڻي]] جي حڪمراني (678 ق م کان 549 ق م) ۾ رھيو جنھن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[ھگمتانه]] شھر ھيو جيڪو اولھ ايران ۾ واقع ھيو.   505 ق.م سائرس اعظم ان کي ايراني سلطنت ۾ شامل ڪيو&lt;ref name = &quot; سنڌيانا &quot;/&gt;.  ساتراپي جي زوال بعد آرمينيا جي بادشاھت (دؤر:331 ق م کان 428ع) قائم ٿي.  
جڏهن سڪندر اعظم 330 ق.م ايران فتح ڪيو ته سلوڪسي (Selevcid)، سلطنت جو حصو بنجي ويو. (سلوڪس سڪندراعظم جو هڪ جرنيل هو). سڪندراعظم جي وفات کانپوءِ سندس جرنيلن ان جي حڪومت پاڻ ۾ ورهائي ڇڏي. سلوڪس جي حصي ۾ شام ۽ اوڀرندي حصي وارا علائقا آيا. هتي سلوڪس خاندان 312 ق. م کان 364 ق. م تائين حڪومت ڪئي&lt;ref name = &quot; سنڌيانا &quot;/&gt;. آرمينيا جي بادشاهت شروع ۾ [[اروندي گھراڻو|اروندي گھراڻي]] (دور: 600 ق م کان 200ق م) پوء

[[File:Arshakuni Armenia 150-en.svg|thumb|آرمينيا 150 ق م ۾ ]]
[[آرتاشسي گھراڻو|آرتاشسي گھراڻي]] (190 ق م کان 12ع)  پوء 
[[ارشڪاني گھراڻو|ارشڪاني گھراڻي]] (دؤر: 12ع کان 428ع) حڪومت ڪئي.  ٻي صدي ق.م ۾ روم ۽ سلوڪسي حڪومتن ۾ جنگ لڳي. ان عرصي دوران آرمينيا آزاد ملڪ بنجي ويو&lt;ref name = &quot; سنڌيانا &quot;/&gt;. آرمينيا 94 ق.م کان 56 ق. م تائين مشرق قريب جي سڀني حڪومتن کان طاقتور حڪومت هئي&lt;ref name = &quot;  سنڌيانا&quot;/&gt;.ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان قديم عيسائي مملڪت چيو ويندو هو&lt;ref name = &quot;  سنڌيانا&quot;/&gt;. 

[[File:Etchmiadzin cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[ايچميڊزين ڪيٿيڊرل]] آرمينيا جو مڌر چرچ 303ع ۾ قائم ٿيل جنھن کي دنيا جي قديم ترين چرچ ۾ شمار ڪيو ويندو آهي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2008|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=65|editor=Stokes, Jamie|quote=Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bauer-Manndorff|first=Elisabeth|title=Armenia: Past and Present|year=1981|publisher=Reich Verlag|location=Lucerne|oclc=8063377|quote=Etchmiadzin, with the world's oldest cathedral and the seat of the Catholicos, draws tourists from all over the world.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Utudjian|first=Édouard|title=Armenian Architecture: 4th to 17th Century|year=1968|publisher=Editions A. Morancé|location=Paris|oclc=464421|page=7|authorlink=Édouard Utudjian|quote=...the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that of Etchmiadzin, founded in the 4th century.}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ڇاڪاڻ ته 300ع ۾ هتان جي بادشاهه ترمي دانس عيسائيت کي سرڪاري مذهب قرار ڏنو هو&lt;ref name = &quot;سنڌيانا  &quot;/&gt;  پھرين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ آرمينيا دنيا جو پھريون ملڪ ھيو جنھن رياستي سطح تي عيسائيت جو مذھب اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;({{cite book |last=Garsoïan|first=Nina|authorlink=Nina Garsoïan|title=Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times|editor=R.G. Hovannisian|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1997|page=81|volume=1}})&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Stringer|first=Martin D.|title=A Sociological History of Christian Worship|url=https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-81955-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri/page/n101 92]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include [[Osroene]], the [[Silures]], and [[San Marino]]. See [[Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=René|last=Grousset|title=Histoire de l'Arménie|publisher=Payot|year=1947|edition=1984|page=122}}. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (''op.cit.'' p. 82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.&lt;/ref&gt; پنجين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ آرمينيائي بادشاهت [[بازنطيني ايمپائر]] ۽[[ساساني ايمپائر]] ۾ ورھائجي وئي.
نائين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ آرمينيا ۾  وري آرمينيائي بادشاهت [[باگراتوني گھراڻو|باگراتوني گھراڻي]] قائم ڪئي جيڪا بازنطيني ايمپائر سان جنگن ڪري زوال پذير ٿي وئي اٺين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ هي ملڪ عربن جي قبضي هيٺ اچي ويو&lt;ref name = &quot; سنڌيانا &quot;/&gt;. يارهين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ سلجوقين ان تي قبضو ڪيو&lt;ref name = &quot; سنڌيانا &quot;/&gt;. 1045 ع ۾ آرمينيا ترڪن جي [[سيلجوڪ ايمپائر]]بجي قبضي ۾ اچي ويو. ھڪ آرمينيائي پرنسپلٽي جيڪا پوء [[سليسيا جي آرمينيائي بادشاهت| سليسيائي بادشاهت]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي يارھين ۽ چوڏھين صدين وچ ۾ ميڊيٽرينئن سمنڊ تي قائم ٿي. سورھين ۽ اوڻويھين صدين وچ ۾ روايتي آرمينيائي وطن اوڀر آرمينيا ۽ اولھ آرمينيا تي مشتمل ھيو جيڪي [[خلافت عثمانيه]] ۽ فارسي ايمپائر جي قبضي ۾ ھيا ۽ انھن تي واري واري سان انھن ايمپائرن ٻن صدين کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين حڪومت ڪئي. اوڻويھين صديءَ ۾ اوڀر آرمينيا تي روسي ايمپائر قبضو ڪيو جڏھن ته اولھ آرمينيا خلافت عثمانيه جي قبضي هيٺ هو. آرمينيا سورهين صديءَ ۾ ترڪ سلطنت عثمانيه جو حصو بڻجي ويو&lt;ref name = &quot; سنڌيانا &quot;/&gt;. آرمينيا جي ڪجهه حصي تي روس ۽ ايران جو به قبضو رهيو&lt;ref name = &quot;  سنڌيانا&quot;/&gt;.

[[فائل:Am-map1.png|thumb|آرمينيا جو نقشو]]

پھرين جنگ عظيم ۾ عثماني خلافت ھڪ منصوبي تحت پندرهن لک آرمينيائي ماڻھن کي ماري انھن جي نسل ڪشي ڪئي. پهرين جنگ عظيم ۾ ترڪيءَ کي شڪست ملي، 1917ع ۾ روس ۾ سوشلسٽ انقلاب کانپوِ 1918ع ۾ آرمينين پنهنجي آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر 1920ع ۾ ترڪيءَ ۽ روس جي حڪومتن ٻيهر ان تي قبضو ڪري ورتو&lt;ref name=
&quot;  سنڌيانا&quot;&gt;[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=آرمينيا&lt;/ref&gt;]  &lt;/ref&gt;.  1918 ۾ روسي انقلاب اچڻ سان روسي ايمپائر جو خاتمو ٿيو جنھن جي نتيجي ۾ سڀني روسي قبضي وارن ملڪن آزادي جا اعلان ڪري ڌار ٿي ويا جن ۾ آرمينيائي ريپبلڪ پڻ شامل ھئي. 1920ع ۾ آرمينيا جي ريپبلڪ [[ٽرانسڪاڪيشن سوشلسٽ فيڊريٽو ريپبلڪ]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1922ع ۾ اھا ريپبلڪ سوويت يونين بجي باني رڪن ٿي. 1936ع ۾ ٽرانسڪاڪيشن سوشلسٽ فيڊريٽو سوويت ريپبلڪ کي ٽوڙي آذربائيجان سوويت سوشلسٽ ريپبلڪ، جارجيا سوويت سوشلسٽ ريپبلڪ سان گڏوگڏ آرمينيائي سوويت سوشلسٽ ريپبلڪ قائم ڪيون ويون جيڪي سوويت يونين جون رڪن ٿيون. آرمينين سوويت سوشلسٽ ريپبلڪ 1991ع ۾ ٽٽي وئي ۽ ھاڻوڪي آرمينيائي ريپبلڪ قائم ٿي.

==جاگرافي==
آرمينيا چوڌاري زمين سان گھيريل ملڪ آھي جيڪو [[ٽرانس قفقاز]] (ڏکڻ ڪوھ قاف) واري خطي ۾ ڏکڻ ڪوھ قاف واري جبلن سميت ڪيسپئن سمنڊ ۽ ڪاري سمنڊ جي وچ واري ھيٺاھين ميدانن ۾ واقع آھي. آرمينيا جا اتر اوڀر وارا مٿانھان ميدان [[اولھ ايشيا]] ۾ واقع آھن&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The CIA World Factbook 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xutfBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT5241|year=2014|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=978-1-62914-903-5|page=5241}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The [[UN]] [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm classification of world regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020625192322/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|date=25 June 2002}} places Armenia in Western Asia; the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]] {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html|title=Armenia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=[[CIA]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010101707/https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html|archivedate=10 October 2010|accessdate=2 September 2010|url-status=live}} {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&amp;Rootmap=armeni&amp;Mode=d&amp;SubMode=w|title=Armenia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808084113/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&amp;Rootmap=armeni&amp;Mode=d&amp;SubMode=w|archive-date=8 August 2007|access-date=16 April 2009|url-status=live}}, {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia|title=Armenia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=16 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401081831/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia|archive-date=1 April 2009|url-status=live}}, {{cite book|title=Calendario Atlante De Agostini|date=2015|publisher=Istituto Geografico De Agostini|isbn=9788851124908|edition=111|location=Novara|page=sub voce|language=Italian}} and ''Oxford Reference Online'' {{Cite journal|year=2004|title=Oxford Reference|url=https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo|publisher=Oxford Reference Online|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001|isbn=9780199546091|url-access=registration}} also place Armenia in Asia.&lt;/ref&gt;. اھي مٿانھان ميدان اولھ ۾ ترڪي ۽ اتر ۾ جارجيا، اوڀر ۾ آذربائيجان ۽ ڊي فيڪٽو  خودمختيار [[ارتسخ ]] ريپبلڪ ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ايران ۽ [[نخجوان واري خوداختيار ريپبلڪ|نخجوان]] جي اينڪليو جي سرحدن سان وڃي لڳن ٿا&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-510507-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156 156]|via=|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===ٽوپو گرافي===
[[File:Armenien topo.jpg|thumb|آرمينيا جا جبل ۽ ٻرندڙ جبل]]

آرمينيا جي پکيڙ {{convert|29743|km2|sqmi|0}} آھي. آرمينيا جي زمين گھڻي ڀاڱي جابلو آھي جتان تيز نديون وھن ٿيون ۽ ان تي ڪجهه ٻيلا پڻ آھن. سطح سمنڊ کان اتان جي زمين {{convert|390|m|ft|0}} کان
{{convert|4090|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} تائين بلند آھي ۽ سمنڊ جي سطح کان مٿي 39 ميٽرن کان گھٽ ڪوبه علائقو ڪانھي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geographic Characteristic of The Republic of Armenia|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf|year=2007|accessdate=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034102/http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; بلندي جي لحاظ کان ھي ملڪ دنيا جي ڏھن بلند ترين ملڪن ۾ شامل آهي. ان جا جابلو علائقا بلندي ۾ سوئيٽزرلينڊ ۽ نيپال کان بہ وڌيڪ بلند آھي&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://farm1.staticflickr.com/779/30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg|title=Percentage of Mountain Area per Country (map)|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109155517/https://farm1.staticflickr.com/779/30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[ڪوھ آرارات]] تاريخي طور تي آرمينيا جو حصو رھيو آھي پر ھن وقت ترڪي ۾ شامل آھي، ھن علائقي جي بلندي ترين چوٽي آھي. اھو جبل آرمينيا مان پڻ نظر ايندو آهي. اھو جبل آرمينيا جو سڃاڻپ سمجھيو ويندو آھي ڇوتہ آرمينيا جي سرڪاري نسبتي نشان ۾ اھو جبل شامل آھي&lt;ref name=&quot;Azarian2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Natasha May Azarian|title=The Seeds of Memory: Narrative Renditions of the Armenian Genocide Across Generations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&amp;pg=PA96|accessdate=28 April 2013|year=2007|isbn=978-0-549-53005-3|page=96|quote=Mount Ararat is considered the 'heart' of historical Armenia as it is Armenian folklore which considers the majestic mountain to be the place where Noah's Arc landed. Armenian businesses, households, and schools almost ubiquitously have at ...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131920/http://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&amp;pg=PA96|archive-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adalian2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Rouben Paul Adalian|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&amp;pg=PA85|accessdate=28 April 2013|date=13 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|page=85|quote=Although the mythology associated with the pagan worship of the mountain is now lost to popular belief, Mount Ararat has played a very ...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528164521/http://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Minahan1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=James Minahan|title=Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&amp;pg=PA2|accessdate=28 April 2013|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30610-5|pages=2–3|quote=Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is located in what is now modern Turkey. Situated near the border, the peak is visible from nearly every area of Armenia. Historically, the mountain has been the Armenian people's most ...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528125621/http://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&amp;pg=PA2|archive-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===موسم===

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map ARM present.svg|thumb|[[ڪوپن گيئگر آبھوا جي درجابندي]] وارو آرمينيا جو نقشو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |pages=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/302311/2/sdata2018214.pdf |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180229//bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/302311/sdata2018214.pdf;jsessionid=65665A2C93110E4FCFCF1D01F6392834?sequence=2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
آرمينيا جي آبھوا اونھاري ۾ گرم ، خشڪ ۽ سج واري ھوندي آھي جيڪا جون کان سيپٽمبر جي وچ تائين ھلندي آهي. گرمي پد {{convert|22 |۽|36|C|F}} جي وچ ۾ ڦرندو رهندو آهي. ان ھوندي بہ گھم تيز گرمي جي اثر کي زائل ڪندي آهي. شام واريون وڻندڙ ٿڌيون ھوائون جبلن ھيٺ گھلنديون آھن. ھتي بھار گھٽ ۽ سرء وڌيڪ ٿيندو آهي. ھتي جو سيارو تمام ٿڌو ۽ برف گھڻي پوندي آهي. سردي ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-10|۽|-5|°C|°F}} 
تائين ھوندو آھي. سياري ۾ ھتي برف تي اسڪيئنگ راند کيڏي ويندي آهي. [[سيوان ڍنڊ]] آرمينيا جي مٿاھين حصي تي واقع آهي ۽ اھا دنيا جي  اندر سامونڊي سطح کان بلند ترين ٻيون نمبر وڏي ڍنڍ آھي.

== حڪومتي ۽ سياسي نظام ==


[[File:2014 Erywań, Budynek Zgromadzenia Narodowego Republiki Armenii.jpg|thumb|يريوان ۾ واقع آرمينيا جي نيشنل اسيمبلي]]

آرمينيا ۾ [[پارلياماني جمھوريت]] قائم آھي. ان کان اڳ اپريل 2018 تائين ملڪ جي آئين تحت [[نيم صدارتي نظام]] رائج ھيو. موجوده آئين مطابق صدر رياست جو سربراھ ۽ وزيراعظم حڪومتي سربراھ آھي. قانونسازي جا اختيار [[ آرمينيا جي نيشنل اسيمبلي|نيشنل اسيمبلي]] وٽ آهي جنھن کي ازگين زوگوف چوندا آهن جيڪا ھڪ ايواني پارليامينٽ آھي.
[[File:Armen Sarkissian with Mike Pompeo.jpg|thumb|يو ايس سيڪريٽري [[مائيڪ پومپيو]] آرمينيائي صدر [[آرمين سرڪسيئن]] سان گڏ]]

آرمينيا 2 مارچ 1992 تي [[گڏيل قومن جو اداروا|گڏيل قومن]] جو رڪن ٿيو.

==انتظامي ورهاست==

[[File:Գեղարդ.jpg|thumb|ڪوٽائيڪ صوبي ۾ گيگار خانقاہ]]
آرمينيا ۾ ڏھ صوبا آھن. ھن ملڪ ۾ صوبي کي مارز ۽ صوبن کي مارزر چوندا آهن. صوبي جي گورنر کي ماررزپيٽ چوندا آهن&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Regional Administration Bodies |url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/ |publisher=The Government of the Republic of Armenia |accessdate=11 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211012350/http://www.gov.am/en/regions |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=live  }}&lt;/ref&gt; يريوان ملڪ جي گادي جو هنڌ آهي جنھن ۾ 12 ضلعا آهن.
{|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right; font-size:90%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;font-size:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
!colspan=&quot;&quot;|صوبو
!colspan=&quot;&quot;|گاديءَ جو هنڌ
! پکيڙ&lt;br&gt;چورس&lt;br&gt; ڪ م
! آبادي †
|-
|[[آراگاتسوتن صوبو]]||[[اشتاراڪ]]||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|2,756
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|132,925
|-
|[[آرارات صوبو]]||[[آرتاشات]]||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|2,090
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|260,367
|-
|[[آرماوير صوبو]]||[[آرماوير]] ||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|1,242
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|265,770
|-
|[[گگارڪونيڪ صوبو]]||[[گاوار]]||5,349
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|235,075
|-
|[[ڪوتايڪ صوبو]]||[[ھرازدان]]|| style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|2,086
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|254,397
|-
|[[لوري صوبو]]||[[وانادزور]]||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|3,799
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|235,537
|-
|[[شيراڪ صوبو]] ||[[گيومري]] ||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|2,680
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|251,941
|-
|[[سيونيڪ صوبو]] ||[[ڪاپان]] ||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|4,506
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|141,771
|-
|[[تاووش صوبو]] ||[[ايجوان]] ||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|2,704
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|128,609
|-
|[[وايوتس جور صوبو]] ||[[يغگنادزور]]||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|2,308
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|52,324
|-
|[[يريوان صوبو]] ||[[يريوان]] شھر ||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|223||style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|1,060,138
|}
† 2011 جي آدمشماري&lt;br /&gt;
وسيلا: صوبن جي پکيڙ ۽ آبادي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Armstat:Provinces, area and population|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144321/http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشيت==
آرمينيا ھڪ ترقي پذير ملڪ آھي. 2018 جي [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] مطابق ھن ملڪ جي شرح مطابق شمار 81 نمبر تي ھيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ARM.pdf|title=Human Development Report|date=2019|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716153627/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ARM.pdf|url-status=live}}
&lt;/ref&gt; ھن ملڪ جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو ذريعو سمنڊ پار آرمينيائي ماڻھن جي سيڙپڪاري آھي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101901471.html |title=Armenian Eyes, Ears on US Genocide Vote |work=The Washington Post |date=19 October 2007 |accessdate=7 July 2009 |first=Avet |last=Demourian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425123241/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101901471.html |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live  }}&lt;/ref&gt;. آزادي کان اڳ ھن رياست جي معيشت م ڪيميائي صنعت، [[اليڪٽرانڪس]]، مشينري، کاڌي ٺاھڻ واري صنعت، مصنوعي رٻڙ، ڪپڙي جي صنعت تي مشتمل ھئي&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;/&gt;. سوويت يونين واري دؤر ۾ زرعي ترقي ۾ ھي رياست پوئتي رھي. آزادي کان پوءِ ھتي زراعت کي فروغ ڏنو ويو&lt;ref name=agri&gt;Z. Lerman and A. Mirzakhanian, ''Private Agriculture in Armenia'', Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=yb2007&gt;[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=179 Statistical Yearbook 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003060915/http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=179 |date=3 October 2008 }}, Armenia National Statistical Service, Yerevan
&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[File:Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline.jpg|thumb|يريوان آرمينيا جو معاشي ۽ ثقافتي مرڪز آھي]]

آرمينيا جي کاڻن مان سون، شيھو، جست ۽ ٽامو نڪري ٿو. ھن ملڪ جي توانائي جون ضرورتون روس پوريون ڪري ٿو.  تيل، گيس ۽  ائٽمي توانائي وارن ريئيڪٽرن جو تيل سمورو روس مان درآمد ڪيو وڃي ٿو. توانائي جو سڀ کان وڏو سرچشمو ھائڊرو اليڪٽرڪ آھي. ملڪ ۾ تيل گيس ۽ ڪوئلي جا ننڍا ذخيره آھن پر اُنھن جي نيڪالي جي صلاحيت ناڪافي آهي. ھن ملڪ جي 
ماحولياتي صفائي لاء ڪاربان ڊاء آڪسائيڊ ۽ ٻين زھريلن عنصرن جي نيڪال واري بايوو ڪئپيسٽي تائين پھچ ڏاڍي گھٽ آھي. عالمي ڀيٽ ۾ ھن ملڪ جي شرح ,2019 ۾ 0.8 ھيڪٽر تائين مس ھئي &lt;ref name=footprintdata&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=1&amp;type=BCpc,EFCpc|title=Country Trends|publisher=Global Footprint Network|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=1&amp;type=BCpc,EFCpc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تعليم==

[[File:Old building of Yerevan State University2.jpg|thumb|[[يريوان اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]]]


وچولي دؤر م [[گلادزور يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[تاتيف يونيورسٽي]]  آرمينيا جي تعليم ۾ ھڪ اھم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سوويت دؤر ۾ 1960 تائين ھتان جي ماڻھن جي تعليمي شرح %100  ھئي&lt;ref name=&quot;loc&quot;&gt;Curtis, Glenn E. and Ronald G. Suny. &quot;Education&quot;. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/amtoc.html Armenia: A Country Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912060405/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/amtoc.html|date=12 September 2009}}. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (March 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''
&lt;/ref&gt;. 1988 ۽ 1989 واري تعليمي سال دوران ھر 10000 پري سيڪنڊري شاگردن مان صرف 301 شاگرد. سيڪنڊري ۽ ھائر سيڪنڊري تعليم حاصل ڪئي جيڪا سوويت دؤر واري تعليمي شرح کان گھٽ ھئي&lt;ref name=&quot;loc&quot; /&gt;.
1990-91 واري تعليمي سال ۾ 1,307 پرائمري ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪولن ۾ 608,800 شاگرد داخلا ھئا.

==نگارخانو==
&lt;br&gt;&lt;gallery caption=&quot;آرمينيا&quot;&gt;
Yerevan-Republic Square-30-Foreign Affairs-Museum-2019-gje.jpg|ييروين شھر جو ريپبلڪن اسڪوائر
Geghard-Gavit-04-Kathogike-2019-gje.jpg|گيھارڊ گيوٽ
Haghartsin-18-Refektorium-2019-gje.jpg|ھئگرٽسن
Khor Virap-06-Mauer-2019-gje.jpg|خور ويراپ
Zvartnots-12-2019-gje.jpg|زوارٽناٽس
Etchmiadzin-78-Kreuzstein-2019-gje.jpg|ايچميڊزين
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:آرمينيا]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڏکڻ قفقاز]] 
[[زمرو:اوڀر يورپ]] 
[[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:زمين بند ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ٻن کنڊن ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اولھه ايشيا جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اتر اولھه ايشيائي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:1991 ۾ ٺاهيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:آزاد رياستن جي ڪامن ويلٿ جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:يوريشيائي اقتصادي يونين جون ميمبر رياستون]]</text>
      <sha1>j3gh4lk53e9xql6zm12dphe9a0g3r81</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>آتش ڪده آذر (ڪتاب)</title>
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        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:فارسي ڪتابون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="897" sha1="nd0a7ejcw70itjk0qfs35uwg471hg9u" xml:space="preserve">هي [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] گو شاعرن جو وڏي ذخيري وارو تذڪرو آهي، جنهن کي لطف علي بيگ آذر (1722-1791ء) لکيو. آذر هن تذڪري ۾ [[سنڌ]] سميت انهن شاعرن جو ڪلام قلمبند ڪيو آهي، جن جي ڪلام جو ڪو به سراغ نٿي مليو. آتش ڪده آذر ڪريم خان رند (عهد حڪومت 1700-1779ء) لاءِ لکيو ويو هو. هي تذڪرو 3 دفعا 19 صديءَ ۾ [[ڀارت|هندستان]] مان ۽ ويجهڙائيءَ ۾ ئي [[ایران|ايران]] مان پڻ ڇپجي چڪو آهي .&lt;ref&gt;[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%20%DA%AA%D8%AF%D9%87%20%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1 آتش ڪده آذر : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڪتاب]]
[[زمرو:فارسي ڪتابون]]</text>
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        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:سنڌي ڪتاب]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="928" sha1="fvs6z2xcmvfkjtzpjhbl0ydvzf68d32" xml:space="preserve">هي [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] گو شاعرن جو وڏي ذخيري وارو تذڪرو آهي، جنهن کي لطف علي بيگ آذر (1722-1791ء) لکيو. آذر هن تذڪري ۾ [[سنڌ]] سميت انهن شاعرن جو ڪلام قلمبند ڪيو آهي، جن جي ڪلام جو ڪو به سراغ نٿي مليو. آتش ڪده آذر ڪريم خان رند (عهد حڪومت 1700-1779ء) لاءِ لکيو ويو هو. هي تذڪرو 3 دفعا 19 صديءَ ۾ [[ڀارت|هندستان]] مان ۽ ويجهڙائيءَ ۾ ئي [[ایران|ايران]] مان پڻ ڇپجي چڪو آهي .&lt;ref&gt;[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%20%DA%AA%D8%AF%D9%87%20%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1 آتش ڪده آذر : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڪتاب]]
[[زمرو:فارسي ڪتابون]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ڪتاب]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:20:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:فارسي ڪتابون]]; added [[Category:فارسي ٻولي جا شاعر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="938" sha1="1cuptcu109kct6s5onuqo2prt02gopa" xml:space="preserve">هي [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] گو شاعرن جو وڏي ذخيري وارو تذڪرو آهي، جنهن کي لطف علي بيگ آذر (1722-1791ء) لکيو. آذر هن تذڪري ۾ [[سنڌ]] سميت انهن شاعرن جو ڪلام قلمبند ڪيو آهي، جن جي ڪلام جو ڪو به سراغ نٿي مليو. آتش ڪده آذر ڪريم خان رند (عهد حڪومت 1700-1779ء) لاءِ لکيو ويو هو. هي تذڪرو 3 دفعا 19 صديءَ ۾ [[ڀارت|هندستان]] مان ۽ ويجهڙائيءَ ۾ ئي [[ایران|ايران]] مان پڻ ڇپجي چڪو آهي .&lt;ref&gt;[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%20%DA%AA%D8%AF%D9%87%20%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1 آتش ڪده آذر : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
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[[زمرو:ڪتاب]]
[[زمرو:فارسي ٻولي جا شاعر]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ڪتاب]]</text>
      <sha1>1cuptcu109kct6s5onuqo2prt02gopa</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:سنڌ جون شخصيتون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385467</origin>
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      <text bytes="980" sha1="1fj92acd9znf4s35ia2zx29502v4615" xml:space="preserve">هي [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] گو شاعرن جو وڏي ذخيري وارو تذڪرو آهي، جنهن کي لطف علي بيگ آذر (1722-1791ء) لکيو. آذر هن تذڪري ۾ [[سنڌ]] سميت انهن شاعرن جو ڪلام قلمبند ڪيو آهي، جن جي ڪلام جو ڪو به سراغ نٿي مليو. آتش ڪده آذر ڪريم خان رند (عهد حڪومت 1700-1779ء) لاءِ لکيو ويو هو. هي تذڪرو 3 دفعا 19 صديءَ ۾ [[ڀارت|هندستان]] مان ۽ ويجهڙائيءَ ۾ ئي [[ایران|ايران]] مان پڻ ڇپجي چڪو آهي .&lt;ref&gt;[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%20%DA%AA%D8%AF%D9%87%20%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1 آتش ڪده آذر : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڪتاب]]
[[زمرو:فارسي ٻولي جا شاعر]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ڪتاب]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ جون شخصيتون]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>آتم رامائڻ (ڪتاب)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:مذهبي ڪتاب]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385469</origin>
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      <text bytes="630" sha1="b4ivf6frdcnjlwv9ujrixaujo22rp3c" xml:space="preserve">هن ڌرمي [[ڪتاب]] جو مترجم ويرومل ملاڻي آهي. هن ڪرائون سائيز ڪتاب ۾ 160 صفحا آهن ۽ قيمت 5 آنا لکيل آهي، هيءُ ڪتاب، ڪوڙي مل سنڌي ساهتيه منڊل، حيدرآباد طرفان پيپلز پرنٽنگ پريس حيدرآباد مان سال [[1937ع|1937ء]] ۾ ڇپيو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%85%20%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%BB آتم رامائڻ : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڪتاب]]
[[زمرو:مذهبي ڪتاب]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="3713" sha1="mwovvyacgpberqk36lhltpc1ipgnba2" xml:space="preserve">{{صندوق معلومات شخص}}

'''آچاريه ڪرپالاڻي''' جو پيدائشي نالو '''جيوترام ڀڳوانداس ڪرپالاڻي''' هو، پر سياست ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ ”آچاريه ڪرپالاڻيءَ“ جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. [[1888ء]] ۾ [[حيدرآباد]] [[سنڌ]] ۾ ڄائو. ابتدائي تعليم حيدرآباد ۾ ورتائين، پوءِ اعليٰ تعليم لاءِ ولسن ڪاليج بمبئيءَ ۾ داخلا ورتائين. بنگال جي ورهاڱي خلاف هلچل ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي ڏوهه ۾ ڪاليج ڇڏڻو پيس. انکان پوءِ ڊي جي سنڌ ڪاليج ڪراچيءَ ۾ داخلا ورتائين. 1912ء ۾ ايم. اي پاس ڪري، [[سکر]] ۾ استاد مقرر ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪلڪتي يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ ليڪچرر مقرر ٿيو ۽ بهار صوبي جي مظفر ڳڙهه ڪاليج ۾ پڙهائڻ لڳو. جيئن ته ڪرپالاڻي سنڌي هو، تنهنڪري بهاري شاگرد کانئس شاهه عبداللطيف ڀٽائيءَ جو ڪلام نهايت دلچسپيءَ سان ٻڌندا هئا. [[1917ء]] ۾ جڏهن مهاتما گانڌيءَ ستيا گره هلچل شروع ڪئي ته ان جو ساٿ ڏنائين. مهاتما گانڌي مظفرپور ۾ وٽس اچي ترسندو هو، انهيءَ ڏوهه ۾ کيس نوڪريءَ مان ڪڍي ڇڏيائون. ان کان پوءِ آچاريه ڪرپالاڻيءَ سڄي زندگي مهاتما گانڌيءَ جو ساٿ ڏنو. [[1918ء]] ۾ پنڊت مدن موهن مالويه جو پرائيويٽ سيڪريٽري ٿي رهيو. [[1919ء]] ۾ بنارس جي هندو يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو ۽ سياسيات جو استاد بڻيو. [[1920ء]] ۾ جليانوالا باغ واري واقعي تي مهاتما گانڌيءَ سِول نافرماني تحريڪ شروع ڪئي ته آچاريه ڪرپالاڻي به وديشِي ڪپڙن کي ساڙي هن تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ ائين سال کن کان پوءِ وري اچي گانڌيءَ سان شريڪ ڪار ٿيو. [[1922ء]] کان [[1937ء]] تائين هو ”گجرات وديا پيٺ“ جو پرنسپال رهيو، [[1934ء]] ۾ انڊيا ڪانگريس آل انڊيا ڪانگريس جو سيڪريٽري جنرل ٿيو ۽ [[1946ء]] تائين اهو عهدو وٽس رهيو، [[آڪٽوبر]] [[1946ء]] ۾ انڊيا ڪانگريس آل انڊيا ڪانگريس جو صدر منتخب ٿيو، پر پوءِ پارٽيءَ ۾ اختلافن سبب استعيفا ڏنائين. انگريزن خلاف سياسي سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ ڪري ڪيترا ڀيرا جيل ويو. ورهاڱي بعد ڀارت جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو ميمبر چونڊيو. [[1951ء]] ۾ پنهنجي ڌار سياسي پارٽي ”ڪانگريس نيشنل ڊيموڪريٽ فرنٽ“ قائم ڪيائين، [[1952ء]] کان [[1957ء]] تائين لوڪ سڀا جو به ميمبر رهيو. آزاد خيال ۽ ڪشاده دل انسان هو. ڪيترن ئي ڪتابن جو مصنف هو. سندس وفات [[1982ء]] ۾ ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=آچاريه%20ڪرپالاڻي آچاريه ڪرپالاڻي : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:سنڌي سياستدان]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي نسل جا هندوستاني ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:1888ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1982ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>قاضي اسد عابد</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>360362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
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      <text bytes="2466" sha1="impv2c3txuocujayy9vky5z1vtod3xc" xml:space="preserve">نامور صحافي ۽ سياستدان قاضي -اسد- عابد جو تعلق [[حيدرآباد، سنڌ|حيدرآباد]] جي مشهور قاضي خاندان سان آهي. سندس والد [[قاضي عبدالمجيد عابد]] برک صحافي ۽ سياستدان رهيو آهي. قاضي -اسد- جو -جنم- حيدرآباد ۾ ٿيو. -انگلنڊ- مان B.B.A جي ڊگري ورتل اٿس. سندس صحافتي خدمتن جي مڃتا طور 23 مارچ 2007 ع تي کيس -پاڪستان- جي اعليٰ سول اعزاز ”ستاره امتياز“ سان نوازيو ويو. 
سياست ۾ سندس تعلق -پاڪستان- پيپلز پارٽيءَ سان آهي، جنهن جي -ٽڪيٽ- -تان- حيدرآباد واري -تڪ- -تان- ٻه ڀيرا قومي اسيمبليءَ جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو. اخبارن جي مالڪن جي تنظيم ”آل -پاڪستان- نيوز پيپرز سوسائٽيءَ“ جو 9 ڀيرا جنرل سيڪريٽري چونڊيو ويو آهي. هن وقت سندس ڀيڻ ڊاڪٽر فهميده مرزا قومي اسيمبليءَ جي اسپيڪر آهي. قاضي -اسد- عابد جو -پاڪستان- جي سياست ۽ سرڪاري ادارن جي نمائندگيءَ ۾ انتهائي اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي. هن وقت سندس سياسي وفاداريون -پاڪستان- پيپلز پارٽيءَ سان آهن. -ان- کان علاوه عبرت گروپ آف پبليڪيشن جو -ايگزيڪيوٽو- -ايڊيٽر- آهي. 
هن گروپ آف پبليڪيشن ۾ روزاني عبرت، روزاني سنڌو، پندرهن روزه عبرت مئگزين، هفتيوار سنڌو، ماهوار هزار داستان شامل آهن. جڏهن ته هن کان اڳ عورتن جو رسالو ماهوار ”بختاور“، ٻارن جا رسالا ”ارچڪ مرچڪ“، ”ششر“ ۽ ”عبرت بڪ ڪلب“ به هن گروپ آف پبليڪيشن ۾ شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=آرڪائيو ڪاپي |url=http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A |accessdate=2016-05-26 |archive-date=2016-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501091433/http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
      <sha1>impv2c3txuocujayy9vky5z1vtod3xc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385751</id>
      <parentid>385748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:40:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
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      <origin>385751</origin>
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      <text bytes="2117" sha1="68rjnvwi78dnkcifrofqhqsupgcv6w4" xml:space="preserve">نامور صحافي ۽ سياستدان قاضي -اسد- عابد جو تعلق [[حيدرآباد، سنڌ|حيدرآباد]] جي مشهور قاضي خاندان سان آهي. سندس والد [[قاضي عبدالمجيد عابد]] برک صحافي ۽ سياستدان رهيو آهي. قاضي -اسد- جو -جنم- حيدرآباد ۾ ٿيو. -انگلنڊ- مان B.B.A جي ڊگري ورتل اٿس. سندس صحافتي خدمتن جي مڃتا طور 23 مارچ 2007 ع تي کيس -پاڪستان- جي اعليٰ سول اعزاز ”ستاره امتياز“ سان نوازيو ويو. 
سياست ۾ سندس تعلق -پاڪستان- پيپلز پارٽيءَ سان آهي، جنهن جي -ٽڪيٽ- -تان- حيدرآباد واري -تڪ- -تان- ٻه ڀيرا قومي اسيمبليءَ جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو. اخبارن جي مالڪن جي تنظيم ”آل -پاڪستان- نيوز پيپرز سوسائٽيءَ“ جو 9 ڀيرا جنرل سيڪريٽري چونڊيو ويو آهي. هن وقت سندس ڀيڻ ڊاڪٽر فهميده مرزا قومي اسيمبليءَ جي اسپيڪر آهي. قاضي -اسد- عابد جو -پاڪستان- جي سياست ۽ سرڪاري ادارن جي نمائندگيءَ ۾ انتهائي اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي. هن وقت سندس سياسي وفاداريون -پاڪستان- پيپلز پارٽيءَ سان آهن. -ان- کان علاوه عبرت گروپ آف پبليڪيشن جو -ايگزيڪيوٽو- -ايڊيٽر- آهي. 
هن گروپ آف پبليڪيشن ۾ روزاني عبرت، روزاني سنڌو، پندرهن روزه عبرت مئگزين، هفتيوار سنڌو، ماهوار هزار داستان شامل آهن. جڏهن ته هن کان اڳ عورتن جو رسالو ماهوار ”بختاور“، ٻارن جا رسالا ”ارچڪ مرچڪ“، ”ششر“ ۽ ”عبرت بڪ ڪلب“ به هن گروپ آف پبليڪيشن ۾ شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;https://jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/mkr/2013/trendsetter.html &lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="311" sha1="7j5hrvhc2vieuevf571a93oi05pfrmc" xml:space="preserve">{{Cat main|پاڪستان ۾ سياحت}}
{{Commons cat|پاڪستان ۾ سياحت}}

[[زمرو:پاڪستان]]
[[زمرو:سياحت بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ سياحت]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ خدمت جون صنعتون]]
[[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ سياحت بلحاظ ملڪ]]</text>
      <sha1>7j5hrvhc2vieuevf571a93oi05pfrmc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:ملڪ ڊيٽا مملڪت اٽلي</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>29003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385627</id>
      <parentid>73850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:22:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Flag_of_Italy_(1860).svg with [[File:Flag_of_the_Royal_Italian_Army.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · As also indicated in the description,</comment>
      <origin>385627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="629" sha1="5qsqy8ln130arpfoh1y9o7l1kwgyuov" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = مملڪت اٽلي
| shortname alias = اٽلي
| flag alias = Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg
| flag alias-civil = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg
| link alias-naval = Regia Marina
| link alias-air force = Regia Aeronautica
| flag alias-army = Flag of the Royal Italian Army.svg
| link alias-army = Royal Italian Army
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| templatename = مملڪت اٽلي
| var1 = civil
| related1 = اٽلي
| related2 = مملڪت اٽلي (نيپولين)
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5qsqy8ln130arpfoh1y9o7l1kwgyuov</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1 محرم</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385704</id>
      <parentid>88733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T08:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385704</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="718" sha1="0n49xlo9dosd166l31tilyj4v2lfy92" xml:space="preserve">{{محرم}}
== واقعا ==
1ھ - [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر]] فاروق رضي الله تعالٰي عنه هجري سن جو آغاز ڪيو.

4ھ: مسلمانن ۽ بنو ثعلبہ ۽ غطفان جي ڪجهه نوجوانن جي وچ ۾ نجد ۾ غزوه ذات الرقاع جو واقعو پيش آيو.

17ھ: [[حضرت عمر فاروق]] رضي الله عنه هجري سن جي شروعات ڪئي۔

== پيدائشون ==

== وفاتون ==
24ھ - [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر]] فاروق رضي الله تعالٰي عنه شھادت ماڻي.

== موڪلون ۽ ڏڻ ==
1 محرم تي نئين اسلامي سال جو آغاز ٿئي ٿو.

{{اسلامي مھينا}}</text>
      <sha1>0n49xlo9dosd166l31tilyj4v2lfy92</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385737</id>
      <parentid>385704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:07:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2587" sha1="gwvc1lqpfxjb1e5uq892ntf3gjrom2i" xml:space="preserve">{{محرم}}
== واقعا ==
1ھ - [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضي الله تعالٰي]] عنه هجري سن جو آغاز ڪيو.

4ھ: [[مسلمان فيلسوفن جي فهرست|مسلمانن]] ۽ بنو ثعلبہ ۽ غطفان جي ڪجهه نوجوانن جي وچ ۾ نجد ۾ غزوه ذات الرقاع جو واقعو پيش آيو.

17ھ: [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضي الله عنه]] هجري سن جي شروعات ڪئي۔

21ھ: عمرو بن عاص رضه الله عنه اسلامي فتحِ مصر جي مهمن دوران اسکندريه فتح ڪري ورتو.

24ھ: خليفو ٻيون [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضه الله عنه]] مديني منوره ۾ شهادت ماڻي.

1270ھ: [[عثماني سلطنت|سلطنتِ عثمانيه]] روس تي حملي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو “جنگِ ڪريم” جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.

1344ھ: [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]] مينڊيٽ خلاف سلطان الاطرش جي قيادت ۾ بغاوت ٿي.

1381ھ: [[سلطان عبد الحميد]] ٻئين حجاجِ ڪرام لاءِ حجاز ريلوي ٺاهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.

1378ھ: [[عرب]] اتحاد جي خاتمي کان پوءِ عراق ۽ اردن الڳ الڳ ملڪ بڻجي ويا.

1400ھ: جهيمان عتيبي جي قيادت ۾ [[مسجد الحرام|مسجدِ حرام]] ۾ يرغمالي جو واقعو پيش آيو.

== پيدائشون ==
130ھ: [[محمد بن عمر الواقدي]]، اسلام جو مؤرخ (وفات: 11 ذوالحجہ 207ھ).

687ھ: سلطان [[اورخان اول]]، ابن [[ارطغرل|ارطغرل بن سليمان شاه]].

1235ھ: [[سید علی محمد باب|علي محمد شيرازي]]، بابيت جو باني.

== وفاتون ==
24ھ - [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر]] فاروق رضي الله تعالٰي عنه شھادت ماڻي.

24ھ: [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضی الله عنه]]، ٻيون خليفو.

81ھ: محمد بن حنفيه رضی الله عنه، تابعين مان.

161ھ: حضرت سفيان ثوري رحمت الله عليه.

632ھ: ابو حفص شهاب الدين سهروردي، سلسلو سهرورديه جو باني. (پيدائش: 539ھ)

1439ھ: محمد مهدي عاکف، اخوان المسلمين جو ستون اڳواڻ. 

== موڪلون ۽ ڏڻ ==
1 محرم تي نئين اسلامي سال جو آغاز ٿئي ٿو.

{{اسلامي مھينا}}</text>
      <sha1>gwvc1lqpfxjb1e5uq892ntf3gjrom2i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385738</id>
      <parentid>385737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:08:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* واقعا */</comment>
      <origin>385738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2615" sha1="s4mdevvevjw8o7ithk2g2pxwfn5u1mo" xml:space="preserve">{{محرم}}
== واقعا ==
1ھ - [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضي الله تعالٰي]] عنه هجري سن جو آغاز ڪيو.

4ھ: [[مسلمان فيلسوفن جي فهرست|مسلمانن]] ۽ بنو ثعلبہ ۽ غطفان جي ڪجهه نوجوانن جي وچ ۾ نجد ۾ غزوه ذات الرقاع جو واقعو پيش آيو.

17ھ: [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضي الله عنه]] هجري سن جي شروعات ڪئي۔

21ھ: عمرو بن عاص رضه الله عنه اسلامي فتحِ مصر جي مهمن دوران اسکندريه فتح ڪري ورتو.

24ھ: خليفو ٻيون [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضه الله عنه]] مديني منوره ۾ شهادت ماڻي.

1270ھ: [[عثماني سلطنت|سلطنتِ عثمانيه]] روس تي حملي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو “جنگِ ڪريم” جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.

1344ھ: [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]] مينڊيٽ خلاف سلطان الاطرش جي قيادت ۾ بغاوت ٿي.

1381ھ: [[عبدالحمید ثانی|سلطان عبد الحميد]] ٻئين حجاجِ ڪرام لاءِ حجاز ريلوي ٺاهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.

1378ھ: [[عرب]] اتحاد جي خاتمي کان پوءِ عراق ۽ اردن الڳ الڳ ملڪ بڻجي ويا.

1400ھ: جهيمان عتيبي جي قيادت ۾ [[مسجد الحرام|مسجدِ حرام]] ۾ يرغمالي جو واقعو پيش آيو.

== پيدائشون ==
130ھ: [[محمد بن عمر الواقدي]]، اسلام جو مؤرخ (وفات: 11 ذوالحجہ 207ھ).

687ھ: سلطان [[اورخان اول]]، ابن [[ارطغرل|ارطغرل بن سليمان شاه]].

1235ھ: [[سید علی محمد باب|علي محمد شيرازي]]، بابيت جو باني.

== وفاتون ==
24ھ - [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر]] فاروق رضي الله تعالٰي عنه شھادت ماڻي.

24ھ: [[عمر بن خطاب|حضرت عمر فاروق رضی الله عنه]]، ٻيون خليفو.

81ھ: محمد بن حنفيه رضی الله عنه، تابعين مان.

161ھ: حضرت سفيان ثوري رحمت الله عليه.

632ھ: ابو حفص شهاب الدين سهروردي، سلسلو سهرورديه جو باني. (پيدائش: 539ھ)

1439ھ: محمد مهدي عاکف، اخوان المسلمين جو ستون اڳواڻ. 

== موڪلون ۽ ڏڻ ==
1 محرم تي نئين اسلامي سال جو آغاز ٿئي ٿو.

{{اسلامي مھينا}}</text>
      <sha1>s4mdevvevjw8o7ithk2g2pxwfn5u1mo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>27 رجب</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385681</id>
      <parentid>87503</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* واقعا */</comment>
      <origin>385681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2128" sha1="1xj05ejj1oircmev862h2sjk4dzt9qs" xml:space="preserve">{{رجب}}

== 27 رجب جي اهميت ==
معراج جي رات الله تعاليٰ پنهنجي آخري نبي، [[محمد ﷺ|حضرت محمد ﷺ]] کي مسجد الحرام کان بيت المقدس تائين سفر ڪرايو ويو، جنهن کي اسراءَ چيو وڃي ٿو. ان کان پوءِ پاڻ ﷺ کي آسمانن جي سير ڪرائي وئي، جتي الله تعاليٰ جون بي شمار نشانيون ڏيکاريون ويون 

* '''سفر جو آغاز''': اهو سفر رات جي وقت حضرت ام هاني جي گهر کان شروع ٿيو۔ [[محمد ﷺ|نبي پاڪ ﷺ]] حضرت جبرائيل جي ساٿ سان هڪ سواري (براق) تي سوار ٿيا۔
* '''[[يروشلم|بيت المقدس]] جو سفر''': براق تي سفر ڪندي [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ سڳورا ﷺ]] سڀ کان پهريان بيت المقدس (مسجد اقصيٰ) پهتا۔
* '''سڀني نبين جي امامت''': [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]] ۾ پاڻ سڀني نبين ۽ رسولن جي امامت فرمائي۔
* '''آسمانن جي سير''': ان کان پوءِ [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ سڳورا]] آسمانن ڏانهن ويا، جتي مختلف نبين سڳورن سان ملاقاتون ٿيون۔
* '''[[نماز]] جو تحفّو''': هن ئي رات تي امت [[محمد ﷺ|محمدي]] لاءِ پنج وقت نمازون فرض ڪيون ويون۔
* معراج جي رات اها مبارڪ رات آهي، جنهن ۾ [[محمد ﷺ|حضور اڪرم ﷺ]] کي الله تعاليٰ پنهنجي خاص قدرت جون نشانيون ڏيکاريون ۽ مسلمانن تي پنج وقت نماز فرض ڪئي. هي رات عبادت، دعا ۽ الله جي رحمت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي اهميت رکي ٿي

==موڪلون ۽ ڏڻ==
*مسلمانن جي ھڪ وڏي تعداد ھن رات [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; جي [[معراج]] واري واقعي تي گھرن ۾ ڏيئا، مسجدن ۾ خصوصي عبادتون، ۽ صدقو خيرات ڪندا آھن۔

{{اسلامي مھينا}}

[[زمرو:رجب]]</text>
      <sha1>1xj05ejj1oircmev862h2sjk4dzt9qs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385684</id>
      <parentid>385681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:17:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>385684</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1930" sha1="iabi6sbw7fer0u8zk1j6ex2c1ujaxrm" xml:space="preserve">{{رجب}}

== 27 رجب جي اهميت ==
معراج جي رات الله تعاليٰ پنهنجي آخري نبي، [[محمد ﷺ|حضرت محمد ﷺ]] کي مسجد الحرام کان بيت المقدس تائين سفر ڪرايو ويو، جنهن کي اسراءَ چيو وڃي ٿو. ان کان پوءِ پاڻ ﷺ کي آسمانن جي سير ڪرائي وئي، جتي الله تعاليٰ پنهنجي خاص قدرت جون نشانيون ڏيکاريون ۽ مسلمانن تي پنج وقت نماز فرض ڪئي. هي رات عبادت، دعا ۽ الله جي رحمت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي اهميت رکي ٿي. 

* '''سفر جو آغاز''': اهو سفر رات جي وقت حضرت ام هاني جي گهر کان شروع ٿيو۔ [[محمد ﷺ|نبي پاڪ ﷺ]] حضرت جبرائيل جي ساٿ سان هڪ سواري (براق) تي سوار ٿيا۔
* '''[[يروشلم|بيت المقدس]] جو سفر''': براق تي سفر ڪندي [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ سڳورا ﷺ]] سڀ کان پهريان بيت المقدس (مسجد اقصيٰ) پهتا۔
* '''سڀني نبين جي امامت''': [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]] ۾ پاڻ سڀني نبين ۽ رسولن جي امامت فرمائي۔
* '''آسمانن جي سير''': ان کان پوءِ [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ سڳورا]] آسمانن ڏانهن ويا، جتي مختلف نبين سڳورن سان ملاقاتون ٿيون۔
* '''[[نماز]] جو تحفّو''': هن ئي رات تي امت [[محمد ﷺ|محمدي]] لاءِ پنج وقت نمازون فرض ڪيون ويون۔

==موڪلون ۽ ڏڻ==
*مسلمانن جي ھڪ وڏي تعداد ھن رات [[محمد]]&lt;sup&gt;ص&lt;/sup&gt; جي [[معراج]] واري واقعي تي گھرن ۾ ڏيئا، مسجدن ۾ خصوصي عبادتون، ۽ صدقو خيرات ڪندا آھن۔

{{اسلامي مھينا}}

[[زمرو:رجب]]</text>
      <sha1>iabi6sbw7fer0u8zk1j6ex2c1ujaxrm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>14 شعبان</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385699</id>
      <parentid>88521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:53:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385699</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1542" sha1="ckqvb0wwxpd9fheu1am45bx1nc0ti1r" xml:space="preserve">{{شعبان}}
==واقعا==
14 شعبان اسلامي مهيني [[شعبان]] جو هڪ اهم ڏينهن آهي. شعبان جو مهينو عبادت، توبهه ۽ الله تعاليٰ جي قرب حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي اهميت رکي ٿو.

حضرت محمد ﷺ شعبان جي مهيني ۾ گهڻا نفلي روزا رکندا هئا ۽ مسلمانن کي به عبادت، دعا ۽ نيڪ عملن جي هدايت فرمائيندا هئا. 

هي ڏينهن انسان کي پنهنجي عملن جو جائزو وٺڻ، گناهن کان توبهه ڪرڻ ۽ الله تعاليٰ کان بخشش طلب ڪرڻ جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. مسلمانن کي گهرجي ته هو پنهنجي دلين مان نفرت، حسد ۽ ڪيني کي ختم ڪري محبت، ڀائيچاري ۽ نيڪي کي فروغ ڏين.

14 شعبان جو اصل پيغام اهو آهي ته انسان پنهنجي زندگي کي الله تعاليٰ جي حڪمن مطابق بڻائي، عبادت ۾ واڌارو آڻي ۽ آخرت جي تياري ڪري. اهڙي طرح هي ڏينهن روحاني سڌاري ۽ نيڪيءَ ڏانهن قدم وڌائڻ جو هڪ بهترين موقعو آهي.

==موڪلون ۽ ڏڻ==
14 شعبان تي مسلمان ايندڙ بابرڪت رات جي تياري طور قرآن پاڪ جي تلاوت، ذڪر، استغفار ۽ ٻين نيڪ عملن ۾ مشغول ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[شعبان]]&lt;/ref&gt;{{اسلامي مھينا}}

[[زمرو:شعبان|14]]</text>
      <sha1>ckqvb0wwxpd9fheu1am45bx1nc0ti1r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>يروشلم</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385767</id>
      <parentid>306860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:55:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* حوالا */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11208" sha1="89hpof45a0e14zf8udvo3bew9mwpqut" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = يروشلم
|native_name             =  بيت المقدس
|image_skyline           = Jerusalem infobox image.JPG
|imagesize               = 280px
|image_caption           = '''مٿان کان کاٻي پاسي: سينٽ الياس وٽان يروشلم جو فضائي منظر ؛ پراڻو شھر؛ ماميلا مارٽ؛ ڪنيسيٽ؛ پٿر جو قبو؛ دائود جو منارو ۽ پراڻي شھر جي ڀت؛ ۽ اولھ واري ڀت.
|image_flag              = Flag of Jerusalem.svg{{!}}border
|flag_size               =
|flag_alt                = Flag of Jerusalem
|flag_link               = يروشلم جو جھنڊو
|image_shield            = Emblem of Jerusalem.svg
|shield_size             = 60px
|shield_alt              = Emblem of Jerusalem
|shield_link             = Emblem of Jerusalem
|etymology               = 
|nickname                =  بيت المقدس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Baitul_Muqaddas.html?id=Q08engEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y,|title=Baitul Muqaddas|author=|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Book Home|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; (The Holy City/House)
|motto                   =
|anthem                  =
|image_map               = 
|mapsize                 =
|map_caption             = 
|image_map1              =
|mapsize1                =
|map_alt1                =
|map_caption1            =
|pushpin_map             = Israel
|pushpin_label_position  = 
|pushpin_label           = &lt;!-- only necessary if &quot;name&quot; or &quot;official_name&quot; are too long --&gt;
|pushpin_map_alt         = Location of Jerusalem
|pushpin_mapsize         =
|pushpin_map_caption     = بيت المقدس جو مقام
|coordinates             = {{coord|31|47|N|35|13|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type        =
 ملڪ
|subdivision_name        = &lt;!-- the name of the country --&gt;
|subdivision_type1       =انتظامي نگراني  
|subdivision_name1       = {{ISR}}
|subdivision_type2       = دعويدار
|subdivision_name2       = [[اسرائيل]]  ۽
 [[فلسطين]]{{ref label|pal-pos|vii|}}
|subdivision_type3       = [[اسرائيل جا ضلعا|ضلعو]] 
|subdivision_name3       = [[يروشلم ضلعو]] 
|subdivision_type4       = [[فلسطين جون گورنريون|گورنري]]
|subdivision_name4       = [[يروشلم گورنري]]
|established_title       = [[گھون اسپرنگ]] وسندي 
|established_date        = 4500 ق م
|established_title1      = [[دائود جو شھر]]
|established_date1       = 1010 ق م
|established_title2      = [[يروشلم جي ديوار]]
|established_date2       = 1541
|established_title3      = [[بيت المقدس لاء جنگ|بيت المقدس جي اوڀر ۽ اولھ ۾ ورھاست]]
|established_date3       = 1948 جولاءِ  18
|established_title4      = [[يروشلم جو ڏينهن|شھر جو انضمام]]
|established_date4       = 1967 جون 7
|established_title5      = [[بيت المقدس جو قانون]]
|established_date5       = 1980 July 30
|government_type         = [[ميئر ڪائونسل جي حڪومت|ميئر ڪائونسل]]
|governing_body          = [[بيت المقدس جي ميونسپلٽي]]
|leader_party            =
|leader_title            =اسرائيلي ميئر 
|leader_name             = [[نير برڪات]]
|leader_title2           = اوڀر بيت المقدس جو فلسطيني ميئر
|leader_name2            = [[زڪي الغل]]
|unit_pref               = dunam
|area_total_dunam        = 125156
|area_metro_dunam        = 652000
|elevation_m             = 754
|population_total        = {{Israel populations|Jerusalem}}{{Israel populations|reference}}
|population_metro        = 1,124,300&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=LOCALITIES, POPULATION AND DENSITY PER SQ. KM., BY METROPOLITAN AREA(1) AND SELECTED LOCALITIES|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton66/st02_25.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=18 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_km2  = 6917.1
|population_demonym      = [[يروشلمي]] &lt;br&gt; جيروسلمائيٽ
&lt;br&gt;[[wikt:Qudsi|Qudsi]]/[[Maqdisi]]
|demographics_type1      = نسلي آبادي
(2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jerusalem.muni.il/en/Visitors/Facts/Pages/default.aspx|title=Facts and Figures|author=|date=|work=jerusalem.muni.il|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031141148/http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/en/Visitors/Facts/Pages/default.aspx|archivedate=31 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|demographics1_title1    = [[اسرائيلي يھودي|يھودي]]
|demographics1_title2    = [[اسرائيلي عرب|عرب]]
|demographics1_title3    = others
|demographics1_info1     = 64%
|demographics1_info2     = 35%
|demographics1_info3     = 1%
|timezone1               = [[اسرائيلي جو معياري وقت]] , [[فلسطين جو معياري وقت]]
|utc_offset1             = +02:00
|timezone1_DST           = [[اسرائيل جو اونھاري وارو وقت]] ۽  [[فلسطين جو اونھاري وارو وقت]]
|utc_offset1_DST         = +03:00
|postal_code_type        =  اسرائيل جو پوسٽل ڪوڊ
|postal_code             = 9XXXXXX
|area_code_type          =  اسرائيل جو ايريا ڪوڊ
|area_code               = +972-2
|website                 = {{URL|https://www.jerusalem.muni.il/en/Pages/default.aspx|jerusalem.muni.il}} (اسرائيلي){{ref label|muni-site|iv|}}
|footnotes               =
{{designation list |embed = yes
|designation1            = WHS
|designation1_offname    = [[يروشلم ۽ شھر جي پراڻي ڀت]]
|designation1_date       = 1981
|designation1_number     = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148 148]
|designation1_criteria   = ii, iii, vi
|designation1_type       = ثقافتي
|designation1_free1name  =  علائقو
|designation1_free1value = [[يروشلم ضلعو]]
|designation1_free2name  = [[خطري ۾ آيل انساني ورثي واريون جايون|خطري ۾]]
|designation1_free2value = 1982–p کان ھاڻي تائين
}}
}}
'''بيت المقدس''' هيءُ شهر [[اسرائيل]] ۽ [[اردن]] جي سرحد تي تل ابيب جي ڏکڻ اڀرندي ۾، يهوديه جي پهاڙي ۽ پٿريلي لاهه تي واقع آهي. 1950ع ۾ هن جديد شهر کي اسرائيل جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويو. قديم شهر اردن جي علائقي ۾ شامل رهيو. بيت المقدس يهودين ۽ عيسائين جو مقدس شهر ۽ مسلمانن جو قبله اول ۽ اهم زيارتگاهه آهي. يهودين ۽ مسيحين جي مذهبي ڪتاب ۾ ان کي ”صيهون“ چيو ويو آهي. هيءُ شهر خدا جي نشاني آهي. ٽنهي مذهبن جا سڀ مقدس قديم ماڳ، هن شهر ۾ آهن. مسلمان حرم شريف جي زيارت ڪن ٿا، جيڪو احاطو آهي. انهيءَ ۾ قبة الصخرا ۽ مسجد اقصيٰ واقع آهن. چيو وڃي ٿو ته حرم شريف جي مشرقي ديوار جو هيٺيون حصو ”هيڪل سليمانيءَ“ جو آهي. اتي ئي ديوار گريه آهي، جيڪا يهودين جي لاءِ مقدس آهي. اُهي انهيءَ ديوار وٽ اچي، هيڪل کي ياد ڪري روئندا آهن. مسيحين جي خيال ۾ ڪنيسة القيام مقدس آهي، جيڪا روايت جي مطابق ”کوپري“ نالي پهاڙي واقع آهي. اها ئي پهاڙي هئي، جنهن تي مسيحي عقيدي موجب، حضرت عيسيٰ عليه السلام کي صليب تي چاڙهيو ويو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=بيت%20المقدس|title=بيت المقدس|date=|accessdate=نومبر 12، 2017|website=[[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا سنڌيانا]] جي ويب-سرزمين|publisher=[[سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو با اختيار ادارو]]، حيدرآباد|last=|first=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== جاگرافي ==

قديم شهر کي چوديواري آهي، جيڪا سلطان سليمان اول (1542ع ۾) اڏائي هئي. ان جي مشرق ۾ قدروان واديءَ آهي، جنهن جي پار گشمنيءَ جو باغ، ڪوهه زيتون آهي. جديد شهر (مغرب) سياسي ۽ اقتصادي مرڪز آهي. ان ۾ سرڪاري جايون، اسڪول، فلسطين جي آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر، خانقاهه ۽ يهودين جون عبادتگاهون آهن. بيت المقدس ۾ ”عهدنامه قديم ۽ جديد“، ٻنهي ۾ بيان ڪيل ماڳن ۽ واقعن جا آثار وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن. هيءُ شهر گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 15 صديون قبل مسيح کان آباد آهي. ممڪن آهي ته اهو بيت المقدس (يروشلم) هجي. حضرت دائود عه ان کي يبوسين کان وٺي پنهنجو دارالحڪومت بنايو. حضرت سليمان معبد تعمير ڪرائي، ان کي شان شوڪت بخشيو هو. هتي يهودا جي بادشاهن زوال پذير طاقت قائم رکڻ لاءِ لاحاصل ڪوششون ڪيون. عظيم عبراني پيغمبرن جي وڏي تعداد هن شهر جي گهٽين ۾ وعظ ڪيا. 586 ق. م ۾ بابُلَ هن تي قبضو ڪيو. عزارا ۽ نحمياه، جلاوطنيءَ کان پوءِ، هن کي ٻيهر تعمير ڪرايو. هيءُ مڪابين ۽ خاندان هيروديس جو مرڪز رهيو. قديم رومي بادشاهه بيت المقدس جا دشمن هئا. مسلمانن جو عقيدو آهي ته نبي سڳورو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم بيت المقدس ۾ تشريف فرما ٿيو هو. 637ع ۾ هيءُ شهر مسلمانن جي ملڪيت ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1099ع ۾ ٻيهر مسيحي بيت المقدس تي قابض ٿي ويا. 1187ع ۾ سلطان صلاح الدين ايوبيءَ جي قيادت ۾ مسلمانن وري هن شهر کي فتح ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح پهرين عالمي جنگ تائين مسلمانن جي قبضي ۾ رهيو. عالمي جنگ دوران فلسطين انگريزن جي قبضي ۾ رهيو. جون 1967ع ۾ عربن (متحده عرب جمهوريه، اردن ۽ [[شام]]) ۽ اسرائيلين جي وچ ۾ جيڪا جنگ لڳي، تنهن ۾ اسرائيلين بيت المقدس جي عربي علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. اقوام متحده جي جنرل اسيمبليءَ فيصلو ڪيو ته اهو علائقو واپس ڪيو وڃي، ليڪن اسرائيلين ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:فلسطین]]
[[زمرو:اسرائيل]]
[[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:اسرائيل ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:فلسطین ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]
[[زمرو:يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:فلسطين ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ]]</text>
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{{Cat main}}'''[[سياحت|سير سپاٽو]]''' (انگريزي: Tourism؛ اردو: سياحت)، تفريح، آرام يا ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ سفر جو عمل آهي ۽ انگريزي اصطلاح، &quot;ٽوئرزم&quot; هن لاء معاوضي واري خدمتن (Services) لاء به استعمال ٿيندي آهي. عالمي سياحتي تنظيم جي مطابق، 
 &quot;سياح (تفريحي سفر ڪرڻ وارا) اها ماڻهو آهن جيڪا &quot;پنهنجي روزاني ماحول کان ٻاهر تفريح، ڪاروبار ۽ ٻين مقصدن لاءِ، نه هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ نه ئي اهڙي سرگرمي جي مشق،  جيڪا دورو ڪيل جڳهه جي اندر معاوضي سان لاڳاپيل هوندي آهي، سفر ڪن ٿا ۽ رهن ٿا&quot;.

[[سياحت]] ملڪ جي معاشيات جي ريڙھ هوندي آهي ۽ سياحتي ماڳ تفريح فراهم ڪندا آهن.

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{{Aligned table
 |style=margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;border:none;
 |col1style=vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;
 |col2style=vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;
 | {{legend|#002900|90–100%}} 
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em; | [[آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام|آذربائيجان]]| [[ڪوسووو ۾ اسلام|ڪوسووو]] | [[ترڪي ۾ اسلام|ترڪي]]}} 
 | &lt;!--(50–60%, 60–70%, 70–80%)--&gt; | 
 | {{legend|#194e19|70–80%}}  | [[قازقستان ۾ اسلام|قازقستان]]
 | {{legend|#4b994b|50–70%}}  
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em; |[[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينا ۾ اسلام|بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا]]|[[البانيا ۾ اسلام|البانيا]]}}
 | {{legend|#57ab57|30–50%}}  | [[اتر مقدونيه ۾ اسلام|اتر مقدونيه]]
 | {{legend|#87c387|10–20%}}
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em; |[[بلغاريه ۾ اسلام|بلغاريه]] | [[قبرص ۾ اسلام|قبرص]] | [[جارجيا (ملڪ) ۾ اسلام|جارجيا]] |[[مانٽينيگرو ۾ اسلام|مانٽينيگرو ]] |[[روس ۾ اسلام|روس]]}}
 | {{legend|#a0cfa0|5–10%}}
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em; |[[آسٽريا ۾ اسلام|آسٽريا]] |[[سويڊن ۾ اسلام|سويڊين]] |[[بيلجيم ۾ اسلام|بيلجيم]] |[[فرانس ۾ اسلام|فرانس]] |[[جرمني ۾ اسلام|جرمني]]|[[يونان ۾ اسلام|يونان]]|[[ليچٽنسٽائين ۾ اسلام|ليچٽنسٽائين]]|[[نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسلام|نيدرلينڊز]] |[[سوئيٽزرلينڊ ۾ اسلام|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] |[[برطانيه ۾ اسلام|گڏيل بادشاھت]] |[[ناروي ۾ اسلام|ناروي]] |[[ڊينمارڪ ۾ اسلام|ڊينمارڪ]]}}
 | {{legend|#b8dbb8|4–5%}}
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em;  |[[اٽلي ۾ اسلام|اٽلي]] |[[سربيا ۾ اسلام|سربيا]]  |}}
 | {{legend|#d0e7d0|2–4%}}
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em;  |[[لڪسمبرگ ۾ اسلام|لڪسمبرگ]]| |[[سلووينيا ۾ اسلام|سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين ۾ اسلام|اسپين]]}}
 | {{legend|#e8f3e8|1–2%}}
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em; |[[ڪروشيا ۾ اسلام|ڪروشيا ]]|[[آئرلينڊ ۾ اسلام|آئرلينڊ]]|[[يوڪرين ۾ اسلام|يوڪرين]]}}
 | {{legend|#ffffff|&lt; 1%}}
 | {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.25em; |[[انڊورا ۾ اسلام|انڊورا]]|[[آرمينيا ۾ اسلام|آرمينيا]] |[[بيلاروس ۾ اسلام|بيلاروس]] |[[چيڪ ريپبلڪ ۾ اسلام|چيڪ ريپبلڪ ]]|[[اسٽونيا ۾ اسلام|اسٽونيا]] |[[فنلئنڊ ۾ اسلام |فنلئنڊ]] |[[ھنگري ۾ اسلام|ھنگري]] |[[آئس لينڊ ۾ اسلام|آئس لينڊ]] |[[ليٽويا ۾ اسلام|ليٽويا ]] |[[لٿونيا ۾ اسلام|لٿونيا]] |[[مالٽا ۾ اسلام|مالٽا]]  |[[مولدووا ۾ اسلام|مولدووا]] |[[موناڪو ۾ اسلام|موناڪو]] |[[پولينڊ ۾ اسلام|پولينڊ]] |[[پورچوگال ۾ اسلام|پورچوگال]] |[[رومانيه ۾ اسلام|رومانيه]] |[[سان مارينو ۾ اسلام|سان مارينو ]] |[[سلوواڪيا ۾ اسلام|سلوواڪيه]] }}
}}
]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

''Note:'' {{para|imagesize}} ''may be used to set a different image width/size.''</text>
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        <id>8681</id>
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| bodyclass  = biography vcard
| bodystyle  = {{#if:{{{box_width|}}}|width:{{{box_width}}};}}
| above      = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}|&lt;span class=&quot;honorific-prefix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;honorific-suffix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;}}
| image      = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}|frameless}}|alt={{{alt|}}}]]}}
| imageclass = {{image class names|{{{image}}}}}
| caption    = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}

| label1     = پيدائش
| data1      = {{br separated entries|{{#if:{{{birth name|{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}}}}|&lt;span class=&quot;nickname&quot;&gt;{{{birth name|{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;}}|{{{birth date|{{{birth_date|{{{birthdate|}}}}}}}}}|{{{birth place|{{{birth_place|{{{birthplace|{{{location|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

| label2     = گمشدگي
| data2      = {{br separated entries|{{{disappeared_date|}}}|{{{disappeared_place|}}} }}

| label3     = گمشدگي بابت ڄاڻ
| data3      = {{{disappeared_status|}}}

| label4     = وفات
| data4      = {{br separated entries|{{{death date|{{{death_date|{{{deathdate|}}}}}}}}}|{{{death place|{{{death_place|{{{deathplace|}}}}}}}}}}}

| label5     = وفات جو ڪارڻ
| data5      = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}}

| label6     = لاش مليو
| data6      = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}}

| label7     = مدفن
| class7     = label
| data7      = {{br separated entries|{{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|{{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}}

| label8     = يادگار
| data8      = {{{monuments|}}}

| label9     = رھائش
| class9     = {{#if:{{{death date|{{{death_date|{{{deathdate|}}}}}}}}}{{{death place|{{{death_place|{{{deathplace|}}}}}}}}}||label}}
| data9      = {{{residence|}}}

| class10    = category
| label10    = قوميت
| data10     = {{{nationality|}}}

| label11    = ٻيا نالا
| class11    = nickname
| data11     = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}}

| class12    = category
| label12    = بُڻ بُڻياد
| data12     = {{{ethnicity|}}}

| class13    = category
| label13    = شھريت
| data13     = {{{citizenship|}}}

| label14    = تعليم
| data14     = {{{education|}}}

| label15    = مادر علمي
| data15     = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}}

| label16    = پيشو
| class16    = role
| data16     = {{{occupation|}}}

| label17    = سَرگَرمُ سالَ
| data17     = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}}

| label18    = آجر
| data18     = {{{employer|}}}
| class18    = org

| label19    = تنظيم
| data19     = {{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}}
| class19    = org

| label20    = ايجنٽ
| data20     = {{{agent|}}}
| class20    = agent

| label21    = شھرت جو ڪارڻ
| data21     = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}}

| label22    = مشھور ڪم
| data22     = {{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}}

| label23    = طرز
| data23     = {{{style|}}}
| class23    = category

| label24    = کان متاثر ٿيو 
| data24     = {{{influences|}}}

| label25    = کي متاثر ڪيو
| data25     = {{{influenced|}}}

| label26    = اباڻو شھر 
| data26     = {{{home town|{{{home_town|}}}}}}

| label27    =پگھار
| data27     = {{{salary|}}}

| label28    = خالص اثاثا 
| data28     = {{{net worth|{{{net_worth|{{{networth|}}}}}}}}}

| label29    = قد
| data29     = {{{height|}}}

| label30    = وزن
| data30     = {{{weight|}}}

| label31    = ٽيليويزن
| data31     = {{{television|}}}

| label32    = لقب
| data32     = {{{title|}}}
| class32    = title

| label33    = مدت
| data33     = {{{term|}}}

| label34    = پيشرو
| data34     = {{{predecessor|}}}

| label35    = جانشين
| data35     = {{{successor|}}}

| label36    = جماعت
| data36     = {{{party|}}}
| class36    = org

| label37    = تحريڪ
| data37     = {{{movement|}}}
| class37    = category

| label38    = &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;مخالف&lt;/span&gt;
| data38     = {{{opponents|}}}

| label39    = بورڊ 
| data39     = {{{boards|}}}

| label40    = مذھب
| data40     = {{{religion|}}}
| class40    = category

| label41    = فرقو
| data41     = {{{denomination|}}}
| class41    = category

| label42    =  فرد جرم
| data42     = {{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}}

| label43    =  ڏوھ جي سزا
| data43     = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}}

| label44    = ڏوھن ۾ مقام
| data44     = {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}}
| class44    = category

| label45    = جيون ساٿي
| data45     = {{{spouse|}}}

| label46    =  گهريلو ساٿي (ڇڙو)
| data46     = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|}}}}}}

| label47    = ٻار ٻچا
| data47     = {{{children|}}}

| label48    = ماءُپيءُ
| data48     = {{{parents|}}}

| label49    = رشتيدار
| data49     = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}}

| label50    = سڏ سڃاڻپ 
| data50     = {{{callsign|}}}

| label51    = اعزاز
| data51     = {{{awards|}}}

| data52     = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}}
| data53     = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}}
| data54     = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}}
| data55     = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}}
| data56     = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}}
| data57     = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}}

| header58   = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|ھٿ اکر}}
| data59     = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[File:{{{signature}}}|{{px|{{{signature size|{{{signature_size|}}}}}}|frameless}}|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}]]}}

| header60   = {{#if:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}|ويب سائيٽ}}
| data61     = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}

| below      = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|'''حاشيو'''&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot;&gt;{{{footnotes}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| belowstyle = border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:center

}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{birth date|¬}}}{{{birth place|¬}}}{{{death date|¬}}}{{{death place|¬}}}|¬¬¬¬||[[زمرو:فرسودہ پيراميٽرز جو استعمال ڪندڙ خانو معلومات شخص|1{{PAGENAME}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{birthdate|¬}}}{{{birthplace|¬}}}{{{deathdate|¬}}}{{{deathplace|¬}}}|¬¬¬¬||[[زمرو:فرسودہ پيراميٽرز جو استعمال ڪندڙ خانو معلومات شخص|2{{PAGENAME}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{date_of_birth|¬}}}{{{place_of_birth|¬}}}{{{date_of_death|¬}}}{{{place_of_death|¬}}}|¬¬¬¬||[[زمرو:فرسودہ پيراميٽرز جو استعمال ڪندڙ خانو معلومات شخص|3{{PAGENAME}}]]}}&lt;!--
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--&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{dateofbirth|¬}}}{{{placeofbirth|¬}}}{{{dateofdeath|¬}}}{{{placeofdeath|¬}}}|¬¬¬¬||[[زمرو:فرسودہ پيراميٽرز جو استعمال ڪندڙ خانو معلومات شخص|5{{PAGENAME}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{location|¬}}}|¬||[[Category:Infobox person using deprecated location parameter]]}}&lt;!--
زمرو:فرسودہ محل وقوع پيراميٽر جو استعمال ڪندڙ خانو معلومات شخص
زمرو:برخلاف_نيٽ_ورٿ_پيراميٽر_سان_ڄاڻخانو_ماڻهو_استعمال_ڪندڙ_صفحا
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{{documentation}} 
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  <page>
    <title>ڪنگنا رناوت</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385593</id>
      <parentid>249441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:10:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KaleemBot</username>
        <id>10779</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>خودڪار: [[زمرو:هندي فلم پروڊيوسر]] جو اضافو + ترتيب</comment>
      <origin>385593</origin>
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      <text bytes="2043" sha1="3mbk9t4jp7mgo8288lq28qv2dan3sq9" xml:space="preserve">ڪنگنا رَناوَت (انگريزي: Kangana Ranaut)، (پيدائش 23 مارچ 1987ع)، ھندي فلمن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ھندوستاني اداڪارا ۽ فلم ساز&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kangana-ranaut-to-karni-sena-on-manikarnika-row-im-rajput-will-destroy-you-1979536|title=Kangana Ranaut To Karni Sena On Manikarnika Row: I'm Rajput, Will Destroy You|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2021-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-am-not-fond-of-surprise-birthdays-kangana-ranaut/story-kNFHsDiSkQ4aoGvmZEv5mO.html|title=I am not fond of surprise birthdays: Kangana Ranaut|date=2013-03-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2021-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ھيءَ ميڊيا ۾ انڊيا جي مُھانگين ترين اداڪارائن ۾ ڳڻي وڃي ٿي. ھن ڪيترائي ايوارڊ حاصل ڪيا آھن، جھڙوڪ: چار [[نيشنل فلم ايوارڊ]] ۽ پنج [[فلم فيئر ايوارڊ]]. [[فوربز انڊيا]] پاران کيس ڇھ ڀيرا 100 وڏين شخصيتن جي فھرست ۾ رکيو ويو آھي. 2020ع ۾ ھندوستان جي حڪومت کيس ملڪ جي چوٿين وڏي شھري اعزاز [[پدم شري|پدما شري]] سان نوازيو.
[[فائل:Kangana Ranaut at 2019 Cannes (cropped).jpg|thumb|ڪنگنا رناوت 2019ع ۾ ڪينز فلم فيسٽيول ۾]]

== حوالا ==
[[زمرو:ايڪيهين صدي جون ڀارتي اداڪارائون]]
[[زمرو:ڀارتي اسٽيج اداڪارائون]]
[[زمرو:ڀارتي فلمي اداڪارائون]]
[[زمرو:تامل سئنيما ۾ اداڪارائون]]
[[زمرو:تيلگو سئنيما ۾ اداڪارائون]]
[[زمرو:جيوت ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:فن ۾ پدما شري حاصل ڪندڙ]]
[[زمرو:ھندي سنيما ۾ اداڪارائون]]
[[زمرو:ممبئي جون اداڪارائون]]
[[زمرو:هندي فلم پروڊيوسر]]
[[زمرو:1987ع جون پيدائشون]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>براٽيسلاوا</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385389</id>
      <parentid>314446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:00:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Bratislava-bratislava-flag.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Bratislava.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)).</comment>
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      <text bytes="10661" sha1="mau3e9gc00jlj7za9skuyczz7okkan3" xml:space="preserve">{{For|علائقي|براٽيسلاوا علائقو}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = براٽيسلاوا&lt;br&gt;Bratislava
| settlement_type = گاديء وارو شھر
&lt;!-- images, nicknames, motto --&gt;| image_skyline = {{multiple image
  | border                 = infobox
  | total_width            = 280
  | image_style            = border:1;
  | perrow                 = 1/2/1/2
  | image1                 = Bratislava Panorama R01.jpg
  | image2                 = Bratislava - 52119321317.jpg
  | image3                 = Panorama of Bratislava.jpg
  | image4                 = Hlavné Namestie (35096533142).jpg
  | image5                 = Blue Church, Bratislava 02.jpg
  | image6                 = Palais Grassalkovich Bratislava September 2016.jpg
  }}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': View of Bratislava; Financial district; [[Old Town, Bratislava|Old Town]] streets; [[Grassalkovich Palace]]; [[Blue Church]]; View of Old Town
| image_flag = Flag of Bratislava.svg
| flag_border = no
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Bratislava.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Bratislava.svg
| blank_emblem_size = 128
| blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]]
| motto = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Slovakia}}
| subdivision_type1 = 
| subdivision_name1 = 
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Bratislava Region.svg|20px]] [[Bratislava Region|Bratislava]]
| subdivision_type4 = 
| subdivision_name4 = &lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;
| image_map = 
| map_caption = 
| pushpin_map = Slovakia#Slovakia Bratislava Region#Europe
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bratislava in [[Slovakia]]
| coordinates_footnotes = &lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Bratislava|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Matúš Vallo]]
&lt;!-- established --&gt;| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 907
&lt;!-- area --&gt;| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 367.584
&lt;!-- elevation --&gt;| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 134
&lt;!-- population --&gt;| population_as_of = 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bratislava finds census results as positive |url=https://spravy.pravda.sk/regiony/clanok/614202-bratislava-vnima-scitanie-pozitivne-rozdiel-20-tisic-ludi-vsak-ziada-vysvetlit/|publisher=Pravda.sk |access-date=2021-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = {{Plain list|
* Bratislavčan (m), Bratislavčanka (f) ([[Slovak language|sk]]),
* Bratislavan ([[English language|en]]),
* pozsonyi ([[Hungarian language|hu]]),
* Preßburger ([[German language|de]])
}}
| population_urban = 
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
&lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 8XX XX
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = 421 2
| geocode = 
| iso_code = 
| website = {{URL|https://bratislava.sk/en|bratislava.sk}}
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross metropolitan product]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| blank_info_sec2 = 2021
| blank1_name_sec2 = &amp;nbsp;– Total
| blank1_info_sec2 = €28 billion &lt;br/&gt;(US${{To USD|28|EUR|year=2021|round=yes}}B)
| coor_pinpoint = €38,900 &lt;br/&gt;(US${{Formatnum:{{To USD|38900|EUR|year=2021|round=yes}}}})
| footnotes = 
| official_name = 
| area_urban_km2 = 853.15
| area_metro_km2 = 2,053
| area_metro_sq_mi = 792.66
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_blank1_title = Capital city census
| population_blank1 = 476,922
| population_blank2_title = Capital city estimate
| population_blank2 = 660,000
| population_density_blank2_km2 = 1,297
| population_metro = 728,370
}}
'''براٽيسلاوا''' (/ˌbrætɪˈslɑːvə/ brat-iss-lah-və؛ جرمن: Pressburg يا Preßburg؛ هنگرين: Pozsony؛ سلوواڪ: Prešporok)&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سلوواڪيا]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي ۽ [[ڊينيوب ندي|ڊينيوب نديءَ]] تي سڀني شهرن ۾ چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي. سرڪاري طور تي، شهر جي آبادي اٽڪل 4,75,000 آهي. بهرحال، ڪجهه ذريعن جو اندازو آهي ته اهو 6,60,000 (تقريبن 140 سيڪڙو سرڪاري انگن اکرن جو) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;stats20172&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ekonomika.sme.sk/c/20542623/v-bratislave-zije-stvrt-miliona-cepeckarov-najviac-ich-nie-je-v-petrzalke.html#axzz4iMYraSg7|title=Market Locator's analysis of the real number of Bratislava's inhabitants|date=May 26, 2017|publisher=Denník SME|access-date=June 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; براٽيسلاوا ڏکڻ۔اولهه سلوواڪيا ۾ ننڍي ڪارپيٿين جبلن جي سلسلي جي پيرن ۾ آهي، جيڪو  ٻنهي ڪنارن تي درياء ڊنيوب ۽ درياء موروا جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪري ٿو. [[آسٽريا]] ۽ [[هنگري]] جي سرحدن سان، اهو واحد قومي راڄڌاني آهي جيڪو ٻن خود مختيار رياستن جي سرحد تي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.czech-transport.com/fne-portal/index.php?aid=170|title=Bratislava Blast|author=Dominic Swire|year=2006|publisher=Finance New Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210141244/http://www.czech-transport.com/fne-portal/index.php?aid=170|archive-date=December 10, 2006|access-date=May 8, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شهر جي تاريخ ڪيترن ئي قومن ۽ مذهبن جي ماڻهن کان متاثر رهي آهي، جن ۾ آسٽرين، بلغار، ڪروٽس، چيڪ، جرمن ، هنگرين، يهودي ۽ سلوواڪ شامل آهن. &lt;ref name=&quot;culturebrochure&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/VismoOnline_ActionScripts/File.aspx?id_org=700014&amp;id_dokumenty=1080|title=Brochure – Culture and Attractions|year=2006|publisher=City of Bratislava|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307203845/http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/VismoOnline_ActionScripts/File.aspx?id_org=700014&amp;id_dokumenty=1080|archive-date=March 7, 2007|access-date=April 25, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو سال 1563ع کان 1783ع تائين هنگري جي بادشاهت جي تاجپوشي جو مقام ۽ قانون سازي جو مرڪز ۽ راڄڌاني هو. هنگري جي يارنهن بادشاهن ۽ اٺن راڻين کي سينٽ مارٽن جي ڪيٿڊرل ۾ تاج پوشي ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/10/travel/charm-and-concrete-in-bratislava.html|title=Charm and Concrete in Bratislava|last=Gruber|first=Ruth E.|date=March 10, 1991|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2008-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنگري جي اڪثر پارليامينٽ جون اسيمبليون 17 هين صدي کان وٺي هنگري ريفارم ايرا تائين هتي منعقد ڪيون ويون، ۽ هي شهر ڪيترن ئي هنگرين، جرمن ۽ سلوواڪ تاريخي شخصيتن جو گهر رهيو آهي.
[[Category:Pages with Slovak IPA]]
[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]
[[Category:Pages with German IPA]]
اڄ '''براٽيسلاوا''' سلوواڪيا جو سياسي، ثقافتي ۽ اقتصادي مرڪز آهي. اهو سلوواڪ صدر، پارليامينٽ ۽ سلوواڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي سيٽ آهي. هن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي يونيورسٽيون ۽ ڪيترائي عجائب گھر، ٿيٽر، گيلريون ۽ ٻيا ثقافتي ۽ تعليمي ادارا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcomebrochure&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/VismoOnline_ActionScripts/File.aspx?id_org=700014&amp;id_dokumenty=1059|title=Brochure – Welcome to Bratislava|year=2006|publisher=City of Bratislava|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305020757/http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/VismoOnline_ActionScripts/File.aspx?id_org=700014&amp;id_dokumenty=1059|archive-date=March 5, 2007|access-date=April 25, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلوواڪيا جا ڪيترائي وڏا ڪاروبار ۽ مالياتي ادارن جا اتي هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهن.

براٽيسلاوا [[يورپي اتحاد|يورپي يونين]] جو 57 هون وڏو شهر آهي ۽ يورپي يونين جو في کس جي۔دي۔پي ([[خريداري سگهه برابري|PPP]]) جي لحاظ کان 19هون امير ترين علائقو  آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table|title=Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713042916/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table|archive-date=13 July 2023|access-date=2023-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; خريداري طاقت جي برابري تي جي ڊي پي ٻين سلوواڪي علائقن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;finweb.hnonline.sk&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://finweb.hnonline.sk/ekonomika/919558-bratislava-je-treti-najbohatsi-region-unie|title=Bratislava je tretí najbohatší región únie. Ako je možné, že predbehla Londýn či Paríž?|date=March 2017|publisher=Finweb.hnonline.sk|access-date=December 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://laboureconomics.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/bratislava-capital-city-of-slovakia-versus-other-regions-of-slovak-republic/|title=Bratislava – capital city of Slovakia versus other regions of Slovak Republic|date=April 29, 2013|publisher=Laboureconomics.wordpress.com|access-date=December 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; براٽيسلاوا هر سال تقريباً هڪ لک سياح، اڪثر ڪري چيڪ ريپبلڪ، جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کان، حاصل ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20402512/bratislava-reports-increase-in-visitors.html|title=Bratislava reports increase in visitors|date=2016-12-06|website=[[SME (newspaper)|The Slovak Spectator]]|language=en|access-date=2019-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سلوواڪيا]]
[[زمرو:سلوواڪيا ۾ شھر ۽ وسنديون]]
[[زمرو:يورپ ۾ راڄڌانيون]]</text>
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    <title>اويو رياست</title>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name               = اويو
| official_name      =
| type               = [[نائيجيريا جون رياستون|رياست]]
| established_title  = [[نائيجيريا جي رياستن جي قيام جي تاريخ موجب فهرست|قيام جي تاريخ]]
| established_date   = 3 فيبروري 1976ع
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 |perrow              = 1/2/2
 |border              = infobox
 |total_width         = 300
 |caption_align       = center
 |image1              = Dugbe commercial area, Ibadan Oyo state.jpg
 |caption1            = [[ابادان]] جو منظر، جيڪو گاديءَ جو شهر آهي
 |image2              = Old Oyo wall ruin.jpg
 |caption2            = [[قديم اويو]] جي شهر جي ڀتين جا آثار
 |image3              = Aerial view of University of Ibadan.jpg
 |caption3            = [[ابادان يونيورسٽي]]
 |image4              = Iyake Suspended lake - Ado Awaye, Iseyin, Oyo State, Nigeria. 06.jpg
 |caption4            = [[اياڪي ڍنڍ]]
 |image5              = Ado awaye mountain in oyo state 08.jpg
 |caption5            = [[اڊو-اوايي]] جون ٽڪريون }}
| image_alt          =
| image_caption      =
| image_flag         = Oyo State Flag.svg
| flag_alt           = اويو رياست جو جهنڊو
| flag_size          = 120px
| image_seal         = Oyo_State_Coat_of_Arms.png
| seal_alt           = اويو رياست جي مھر
| nickname           = [[نائيجيريا جي رياستن جا لقب|رفتار مقرر ڪندڙ رياست]]
| image_map          = Nigeria - Oyo.svg
| map_alt            =
| map_caption        = نائيجيريا ۾ اويو رياست جو مقام
| coordinates        = {{coord|8|00|N|4|00|E|region:NG_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      =
| coordinates_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Altman183&quot;&gt;The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage by Susan Altman, Chapter O, page 183&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_type   = ملڪ
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| seat_type          = [[نائيجيريا جي رياستي گاديءَ وارن شهرن جي فهرست|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]]
| seat               = [[ابادان]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body     = اويو رياست جي حڪومت
| leader_party       = [[نائيجيريا جي پيپلز ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي|پي ڊي پي]]
| leader_title       = [[اويو رياست جي گورنرن جي فهرست|گورنر]]&lt;ref&gt;اڳوڻن گورنرن جي فهرست لاءِ [[اويو رياست جي گورنرن جي فهرست]] ڏسو&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_name        = [[سيئي مڪندي]]
| leader_title1      = {{nowrap|[[اويو رياست جو نائب گورنر|نائب گورنر]]}}
| leader_name1       = [[بايو لاوال]] ([[نائيجيريا جي پيپلز ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي|پي ڊي پي]])
| leader_title2      = قانون ساز اداري
| leader_name2       = [[اويو رياست جي اسيمبلي]]
| leader_title3      = [[نائيجيريا جي سينيٽ|سينيٽر]]
| leader_name3       = {{Nowrap|مرڪزي: [[يونس اڪنتوندي]] ([[آل پروگريسوز ڪانگريس|اي پي سي]])}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Nowrap|اتر: [[عبدالفتاحي بُهاري]] ([[آل پروگريسوز ڪانگريس|اي پي سي]])}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Nowrap|ڏکڻ: [[شرف الدين علي]] ([[آل پروگريسوز ڪانگريس|اي پي سي]])}}
| leader_title4      = [[نائيجيريا جو ايوان نمائندگان|نمائندا]]
| leader_name4       = [[اويو مان نائيجيريا جي قومي اسيمبلي جو وفد#10هين اسيمبلي (2023ع کان اڳتي)|فهرست]]
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     =
| area_total_km2     = 28454
| area_rank          =
| area_note          =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m        =
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oyostate.gov.ng/about-oyo/brief-overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826174830/http://www.oyostate.gov.ng/about-oyo/brief-overview |date=2009-08-26 }} State overview&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 5,580,894&lt;ref name=&quot;PHC Tables&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/|title=2006 PHC Priority Tables – NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION|website=population.gov.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054745/http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/|archive-date=2017-10-10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_as_of   = 2006
| population_est     = 7,976,100&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oyo State: Subdivision |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA031__oyo/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=2024-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207103940/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA031__oyo/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| pop_est_as_of      = 2022
| population_rank    =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note    =
| demographics_type1 = [[نائيجيريا جي رياستن جي جي ڊي پي موجب فهرست|جي ڊي پي (PPP)]]
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = سال
| demographics1_info1 = [[نائيجيريا جي رياستن جي جي ڊي پي موجب فهرست|2021]]
| demographics1_title2 = ڪل
| demographics1_info2 = $23.8 ارب&lt;ref name=&quot;C-GIDD GDP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2022-10-13 |editor-last=Okeowo |editor-first=Gabriel |editor2-last=Fatoba |editor2-first=Iyanuoluwa |title=State of States 2022 Edition |url=https://yourbudgit.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-State-of-states_Official.pdf |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Budgit.org |publisher=BudgIT |publication-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331012420/https://yourbudgit.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-State-of-states_Official.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title3 = في فرد
| demographics1_info3 = $2,560&lt;ref name=&quot;C-GIDD GDP&quot;/&gt;
| timezone1          = [[اولهه آفريقا وقت|WAT]]
| utc_offset1        = +01
| postal_code_type   = ٽپال ڪوڊ
| postal_code        = 200001
| area_code_type     =
| area_code          =
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:NG|NG-OY]]
| blank_name_sec1    = [[انساني ترقياتي اشاريو|HDI]] (2022)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.603&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|وچولو}} · [[انساني ترقياتي اشاريي موجب نائيجيريا جي رياستن جي فهرست|37 مان 15هين]]
| website            = {{URL|www.oyostate.gov.ng}}
| footnotes          =
| image_shield       =
}}

'''اويو''' ({{Audio|Oyo_town.wav|ٻُڌو}})({{langx|yo|Ìpínlẹ̀ Ọ̀yọ́}} {{ipa|yo|ìk͡pĩ́lɛ̀ ɔ̀jɔ́|}}) [[نائيجيريا]] جي [[ڏکڻ اولھ (نائيجيريا)|ڏکڻ اولھ]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[نائيجيريا جون رياستون|رياست]] آهي۔ ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[ابادان]] آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جو [[نائيجيريا جي شهرن جي آبادي موجب فهرست|ٽيون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر]] آهي ۽ ماضيءَ ۾ [[آفريقا]] جو ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر هو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nenge|first=Katrine|date=2019-01-08|title=Which is the largest city in Africa: Lagos vs. Ibadan city|url=https://www.legit.ng/1212538-is-ibadan-largest-city-africa.html|access-date=2021-03-07|newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325073145/https://www.legit.ng/1212538-is-ibadan-largest-city-africa.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اويو رياست جي اتر ۾ [[ڪوارا رياست]] سان 337 ڪلوميٽر، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اوسُن رياست]] سان 187 ڪلوميٽر (جزوي طور اوسُن درياهه جي پار)، ڏکڻ ۾ [[اوگون رياست]] سان ۽ اولهه ۾ [[بنين]] جي [[جمهوريه]] سان 98 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهي سرحد آهي۔ 2022ع جي اندازي موجب 7,976,100 آبادي سان، اويو رياست [[نائيجيريا]] جي [[آبادي موجب نائيجيريا جي رياستن جي فهرست|ڇهين سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي واري رياست]] آهي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oyo {{!}} state, Nigeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oyo-state-Nigeria |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405232336/https://www.britannica.com/place/Oyo-state-Nigeria |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اويو رياست جي وڏي اڪثريت [[يوروبا ماڻهو|يوروبا]] ماڻهن تي مشتمل آهي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=oyo, nigeria language|url=https://thehumanasia.com/caoimhin-translation-ioib/oyo,-nigeria-language-503501|access-date=2021-03-07|website=thehumanasia.com|archive-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302065543/https://thehumanasia.com/caoimhin-translation-ioib/oyo%2C-nigeria-language-503501|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;رفتار مقرر ڪندڙ رياست&quot; جي لقب سان سڃاتي ويندڙ موجوده اويو رياست ان علائقي تي واقع آهي جيڪو اڳ [[اويو سلطنت]] جي حڪمراني هيٺ هو۔ اويو سلطنت هڪ طاقتور&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=History of Nigeria. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samuel |first=Johnson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XSiGw4_qlAC |title=The History of the Yorubas: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1966|isbn=978-1-108-02099-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يوروبا لينڊ|يوروبا]] سلطنت هئي، جيڪا تقريباً {{Circa|1300}}ع کان 1896ع تائين اويو رياست جي وڏي حصي ۽ وسيع يوروبا علائقن تي حڪمراني ڪندي رهي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peter |first=Morton-Williams |title=THE ỌYỌ YORUBA AND THE ATLANTIC TRADE, 1670-1830 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856687 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |jstor=41856687 |via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Akinjogbin|first=I. A.|date=1966|title=THE OYO EMPIRE IN THE 18TH CENTURY–A REASSESSMENT|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856706|journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria|volume=3|issue=3|pages=449–460|jstor=41856706|issn=0018-2540}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تعمير ٿيل جديد شهر اويو، يعني &quot;نئون اويو&quot; ({{lang|yo|Ọ̀yọ́ Àtìbà}})، کي شاهي اويو دور جو هڪ يادگار سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته جيئن ان کي اتر ۾ واقع اڳوڻي گاديءَ واري شهر &quot;[[اويو سلطنت#ابادان|قديم اويو]]&quot; ({{lang|yo|Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé}}) کان الڳ سڃاتو وڃي۔ جيتوڻيڪ وچئين دور جي عظيم اويو سلطنت 1835ع ۾ زوال پذير ٿي وئي، پر [[الافين]] (محل جو مالڪ ۽ نگهبان) اڄ به موجوده اويو رياست جي اويو شهر ۾ هڪ [[تقريب|رسمي]] ڪردار ادا ڪندو رهي ٿو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Association of Local Governments of Nigeria|url=https://algon.ng/Oyo.php|access-date=2021-06-03|website=algon.ng|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603080245/https://algon.ng/Oyo.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

زميني ايراضيءَ جي لحاظ کان اويو رياست ڏکڻ نائيجيريا جي سڀ کان وڏي رياست آهي ۽ لاگوس کان پوءِ ڏکڻ نائيجيريا جي ٻي سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي واري رياست آهي۔ 2006ع جي مردم شماري موجب، 5,580,894 آبادي سان هي نائيجيريا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي واري رياست هئي۔ 2022ع جي تازي اندازي مطابق آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 7,976,100 هئي، جنهن سبب اها [[آبادي موجب نائيجيريا جي رياستن جي فهرست|ڇهين سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي واري رياست]] بڻجي وئي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

نائيجيريا جي پهرين يونيورسٽي جي قيام واري هنڌ طور مشهور،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN |url=https://www.ui.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.ui.edu.ng |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309110743/https://www.ui.edu.ng./ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ابادان يونيورسٽي]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-09|title=Oyo State|url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/oyo-state/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416211302/https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/oyo-state/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا 1948ع ۾ قائم ٿي، هن رياست کي نائيجيريا ۾ ڪيترن ئي &quot;پهريون&quot; ادارن جي رياست طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جن ۾ پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن، پهريون رستو، پهريون اسٽيڊيم، پهرين ريلوي لائين ۽ پهريون تدريسي اسپتال وغيره شامل آهن۔

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Ijio Hill, Iwajowa LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|اجيو ٽڪري، اِواجووا مقامي حڪومتي ايراضي، اويو رياست]]

اويو رياست تقريباً {{convert|28,454|km2|acres sqmi|abbr=off}} ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ ماپ جي لحاظ کان 14هين نمبر تي آهي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;Unveiling Nigeria - state&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unveiling Nigeria - state |url=https://www.unveilingnigeria.ng/geopolitical-zone/oyo-state |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.unveilingnigeria.ng |archive-date=2021-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027153305/https://unveilingnigeria.ng/geopolitical-zone/oyo-state |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; هتان جو [[زميني منظرنامو]] پراڻن سخت پٿرن ۽ گنبذ نما ٽڪرين تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪي ڏاکڻي حصي ۾ تقريباً {{convert|500|m|yd ft|abbr=off}} اوچائيءَ کان آهستي آهستي اڀرن ٿيون ۽ اتر ۾ سمنڊ جي سطح کان تقريباً {{convert|1200|m|yd ft|abbr=off}} اوچائيءَ تائين پهچن ٿيون۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oyo State:The Pace Setter State. News{{!}}Discussions{{!}}Projects {{!}} Yoruba Parapo|url=https://ooduafamily.freeforums.net/thread/33/state-pace-setter-discussions-projects|access-date=2021-06-03|website=ooduafamily.freeforums.net|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603080504/https://ooduafamily.freeforums.net/thread/33/state-pace-setter-discussions-projects|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهم درياهن جهڙوڪ [[اوگون درياهه|اوگون]]، [[اوبا درياهه|اوبا]]، [[اويان]]، [[اوٽن درياهه|اوٽن]]، اوفيڪي، ساسا، [[اوني]]، [[ايرنلي درياهه|ايرنلي]] ۽ [[اوسُن درياهه]] جا سرچشما انهن بلند علائقن مان نڪرن ٿا۔ رياست جا ڏاکڻا ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر وارا حصا هڪ لڳاتار ميداني علائقو ٺاهين ٿا۔&lt;ref name=&quot;Unveiling Nigeria - state&quot;/&gt;

اويو رياست ۾ ڪيترائي قدرتي ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ [[قديم اويو قومي پارڪ]]، اگودي پارڪ ۽ باغ شامل آهن۔ هن علائقي ۾ اڳ خطري هيٺ آيل [[آفريقي جهنگلي ڪتو]] ''[[Lycaon pictus]]'' جو [[رهائشگاهه]] موجود هو؛&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 |date=2010-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر خيال ڪيو وڃي ٿو ته هي [[ڪينڊيڊي]] خاندان جو جانور هتان مقامي طور ناپيد ٿي چڪو آهي۔{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

===آبهوا===
هتان جي آبهوا [[خط استوايي آبهوا]] آهي، جنهن ۾ نمايان طور [[سُڪل موسم]] ۽ [[برساتي موسم]] شامل آهن ۽ نمي نسبتاً وڌيڪ هوندي آهي۔ سُڪل موسم نومبر کان مارچ تائين جاري رهي ٿي، جڏهن ته برساتي موسم اپريل ۾ شروع ٿي آڪٽوبر ۾ ختم ٿئي ٿي۔ سراسري روزاني گرمي پد تقريباً سڄو سال {{convert|25|°C}} کان {{convert|35|°C}} جي وچ ۾ رهي ٿو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Adedapo Olufemi Adeogun&lt;sup&gt;1|first1=2&lt;/Sup&gt;|last2=Popoola&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;|first2=Kehinde Olajide|last3=Oduola&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;|first3=Adedayo Olatunbosun|last4=Olakiigbe&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;|first4=Abiodun Kanmi|last5=Awolola&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;|first5=Samson Taiwo|date=2017-08-18|title=High Level of DDT Resistance and Reduced Susceptibility to Deltamethrin in Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzi, and Anopheles arabiensis from Urban Communities in Oyo State, South-West Nigeria|url=http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/jmr/article/view/3247|journal=Journal of Mosquito Research|language=en|volume=7|issn=1927-646X|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806034723/http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/jmr/article/view/3247|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تاريخ==
اها 1976ع ۾ [[مغربي رياست (نائيجيريا)|مغربي رياست]] مان ٺاهي وئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Abubakar |date=26 February 2022 |title=Oyo state |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oyo-state-Nigeria |website=Britannice.com |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217202638/https://www.britannica.com/place/Oyo-state-Nigeria |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ان ۾ [[اوسُن رياست]] پڻ شامل هئي، جيڪا 1991ع ۾ الڳ ڪئي وئي. اويو رياست [[wiktionary:Homogenous|هم جنس]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گهڻو ڪري [[يوروبا ماڻهو|يوروبا]] نسلي گروهه آباد آهي؛ اهي بنيادي طور زرعي آهن، پر گهڻي آبادي وارن شهري مرڪزن ۾ رهڻ جو لاڙو رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bascom|first=William R.|date=1962-08-01|title=Some Aspects of Yoruba Urbanism|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43h9640r|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=64|issue=4|pages=699–709|doi=10.1525/aa.1962.64.4.02a00010|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806015533/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43h9640r|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مقامي ماڻهو گهڻو ڪري اويو، [[اونڪو|اوڪي-اوگن]]، ابادان&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=THE IBADAN PEOPLE OF NIGERIA|url=https://steemit.com/nigeria/@aderonkemi/the-ibadan-people-of-nigeria|last=Ago|first=Aderonkemiin #nigeria • 3 Years|date=2017-10-06|website=Steemit|language=en|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806071735/https://steemit.com/nigeria/@aderonkemi/the-ibadan-people-of-nigeria|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[اِباراپا ماڻهو|اِباراپا]] ماڻهن تي مشتمل آهن، جيڪي سڀ يوروبا خاندان سان تعلق رکن ٿا. ابادان [[برطانوي نوآبادياتي حڪمراني]] جي ڏينهن کان پراڻي [[مغربي علائقو، نائيجيريا|مغربي علائقي]] جي [[انتظاميه (حڪومت)|انتظاميه]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western State, Nigeria (1967 - 1970) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ng-w.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.crwflags.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ابادان کان سواءِ، اويو رياست جا ٻيا اهم شهر ۽ ڳوٺ هي آهن: [[اويو، نائيجيريا|اويو]]، [[اوگبوموشو|اوگبوموشو]]، اِسيين-اوڪي اوگن، اِپاپو-اوڪي اوگن، ڪِسي-اوڪي اوگن، اوڪيهو-اوڪي اوگن، ساڪي-اوڪي اوگن، اِگبيتي-اوڪي اوگن، اِگبوهو-اوڪي اوگن [اِگبوهو]، ايروا-اِباراپا، [[اِروڪو]]، لانليٽي، اوجي اووڊي-اوڪي اوگن، سيپيتيري-اوڪي اوگن، اِلورا-اويو، جوبيلي-اويو، [[نائيجيريا|اوي-اويو]]، اِليرو-اوڪي اوگن، اوڪاڪا-اوڪي اوگن، اِگبو اورا-اِباراپا، [[اِديري]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Unveiling Nigeria - state|url=https://www.unveilingnigeria.ng/geopolitical-zone/oyo-state|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.unveilingnigeria.ng|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603080959/https://www.unveilingnigeria.ng/geopolitical-zone/oyo-state|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع ۾، يوروبا [[نائيجيريا جون علحدگي پسند تحريڪون|علحدگي پسندن]] ابادان ۾ رياستي حڪومت کي [[اويو رياست جي بغاوت جي ڪوشش|غير ڪاميابي سان ڪيرائڻ جي ڪوشش]] ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ | title =  The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria  | author = Ibrahim Adeyemi | work = HumAngle | date = 23 April 2024 | access-date = 29 September 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==رڪارڊ ۽ اهم نشان==
[[File:Bower towers, Ibadan.jpg|thumb|باور ٽاورز، ابادان]]
نائيجيريا ۾ ڊگري ڏيندڙ پهريون ادارو [[ابادان يونيورسٽي]] آهي، جيڪا 1948ع ۾ قائم ٿيڻ وقت [[لنڊن يونيورسٽي]] جي هڪ ڪاليج طور قائم ڪئي وئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of London |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.london.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ پوءِ 1962ع ۾ [[خودمختيار ادارو|خودمختيار]] يونيورسٽي ۾ تبديل ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of UI {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN|url=https://www.ui.edu.ng/uihistory|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.ui.edu.ng|archive-date=2019-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910143436/http://www.ui.edu.ng/uihistory|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; رياست جون ٻيون يونيورسٽيون هي آهن: [[ليڊ سٽي يونيورسٽي]]، ابادان،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=::Lead City University, Nigeria |url=https://www.lcu.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.lcu.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اجايي ڪروٿر يونيورسٽي]]، [[اويو، نائيجيريا|اويو]]،&lt;ref name=&quot;acu.edu.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajayi Crowther University {{!}} Private University in Nigeria |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪولا ديسي يونيورسٽي]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://koladaisiuniversity.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Koladaisi University |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊومينيڪن يونيورسٽي، ابادان، ۽ [[لاڊوڪي اڪنتولا يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]، [[اوگبوموشو]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lautech.edu.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria. |url=https://www.lautech.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.lautech.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[دي پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ابادان]]،&lt;ref name=&quot;Home&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.polyibadan.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Polytechnc, Ibadan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; اويو رياست ڪاليج آف ايگريڪلچر اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، اِگبو اورا،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Page - OYSCATECH |url=http://oyscatech.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=oyscatech.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ اڊيسيون اوگنڊوين پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ايروا، اويو رياست ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=TEACHERS REGISTRATION COUNCIL OF NIGERIA|year=2020|title=2019-2020 Statistical Digest|url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/TRCN-2019-2020-STATISTICAL-DIGEST.pdf|journal=TRCN Statistical Digest|publisher=Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria|publication-place=Nigeria|issn=1597-2135|access-date=2021-06-03|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603082703/https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/TRCN-2019-2020-STATISTICAL-DIGEST.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

رياست ۾ 324 [[ثانوي اسڪول]] ۽ 1,576 سرڪاري [[پرائمري اسڪول]] آهن. شهر جا ٻيا قابل ذڪر ادارا [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج اسپتال، ابادان]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University College Hospital – UCH, Ibadan |url=https://uch-ibadan.org.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; نائيجيريا جي پهرين تدريسي اسپتال، ۽ [[انٽرنيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽراپيڪل ايگريڪلچر]] (IITA) آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Trade &amp; International Business Center|url=http://ntibc.ng/listing/state/32/Oyo|access-date=2021-06-03|website=ntibc.ng|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603083126/http://ntibc.ng/listing/state/32/Oyo|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ابادان ۾ واقع [[ڪوڪو هائوس]] آفريقا ۾ تعمير ٿيل پهريون [[آسمان ڇهندڙ عمارت]] هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-01-04|title=Cocoa House: Nigeria's 1st skyscraper is decaying even though it rakes in millions of naira for 6 states [Special Report]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/cocoa-house-nigerias-1st-skyscraper-is-decaying-even-though-it-rakes-in-millions-of/ty8mjlv|access-date=2021-06-03|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603083358/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/cocoa-house-nigerias-1st-skyscraper-is-decaying-even-though-it-rakes-in-millions-of/ty8mjlv|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

رياست ۾ [[نائيجيرين ٽيليويزن اٿارٽي|NTA ابادان]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IBADAN Archives |url=https://nta.ng/tag/ibadan/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; آفريقا جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن، ۽ اوبافيمي اوولوو (اڳوڻو لبرٽي) اسٽيڊيم آهي، جنهن ۾ 35,000 ماڻهن جي گنجائش آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=vanguard|date=2015-11-13|title=Ibadan: Nigeria's home of many Firsts|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/ibadan-nigerias-home-of-many-firsts/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-03|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603083617/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/ibadan-nigerias-home-of-many-firsts/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

رياست ۾ واقع ٻيا اهم سياحتي ماڳ هي آهن: [[اگودي باغ|اگودي نباتاتي باغ]]، اڊو-اوايي معلق ڍنڍ، [[ماپو هال]]، ابادان يونيورسٽي جو [[چڙيا گهر]]، اِدو [[سينوٽاف]]، [[ٽرانس ونڊرلينڊ|ٽرانس-ونڊرلينڊ اميوزمينٽ پارڪ]]، [[قديم اويو قومي پارڪ]]، جيڪو مشهور [[اويو سلطنت|قديم اويو سلطنت]] جي قديم گاديءَ واري تاريخي ماڳ تي واقع آهي، اِگبيتي ۾ ايياموپو ۽ اگبيلي ٽڪري، [[باور ٽاور]] ۽ ثقافتي مرڪز، موڪولا. رياست ملڪ جو پهريون ايف ايم ريڊيو ۽ پهريون خانگي ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن، [[گيلڪسي ٽيليويزن (نائيجيريا)|گيلڪسي ٽيليويزن]] پڻ رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-02-14 |title=Galaxy Television {{!}} Home |url=https://www.galaxytvonline.com/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Galaxy Television |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oyo State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Oyo/|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603083816/https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Oyo/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:OLOKE MEJI HILL.jpg|thumb|اولوڪي ميجي ٽڪري]]

== حڪومت ۽ سياست ==
نائيجيريا جي 1999ع واري آئين&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515002448/https://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm |date=2020-05-15 }} (accessed 20 September 2008)&lt;/ref&gt; تحت، اويو رياست جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين 35 [[نائيجيريا جون رياستون|نائيجيريا رياستن]] جون حڪومتون ٽن شاخن ۾ ورهايل آهن، جيئن [[نائيجيريا|وفاقي جمهوريه نائيجيريا]] جي حڪومت سان مطابقت ۾ هجن، جيڪا پڻ ٽن سطحن تي ٻڌل آهي: [[انتظامي شاخ]]، [[قانون سازي|قانون ساز شاخ]] ۽ [[عدليه]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Government and society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=2023-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012185112/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اويو رياست جي حڪومت جي انتظامي شاخ جي سربراهي چونڊيل [[اويو رياست جو گورنر|انتظامي گورنر]] ڪري ٿو، جيڪو مقرر ڪيل ڪابينا ميمبرن تي مشتمل [[اويو رياست جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪائونسل|رياستي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪائونسل]] جي صدارت ڪري ٿو. اويو رياست جو موجوده گورنر [[سيئي مڪندي]] آهي ۽ [[بايو لاوال]] نائب گورنر طور ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oyo State Government {{!}} Office of the governor|url=https://upgrade.oyostate.gov.ng/office-of-governor/|access-date=2021-06-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603084459/https://upgrade.oyostate.gov.ng/office-of-governor/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون ساز شاخ جي سربراهي اسيمبلي جي ايوان جو چونڊيل اسپيڪر ڪري ٿو. موجوده اسپيڪر عزت مآب [[ديبو اوگنڊوين]] آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oyo Assembly – Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/oyo-assembly/|access-date=2021-06-03|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603085056/https://www.channelstv.com/tag/oyo-assembly/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آخر ۾، عدليه جي سربراهي اويو رياست هاءِ ڪورٽ جو چيف جج ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2024-03-19 |title=Oyo chief judge pardons 38 inmates |url=https://gazettengr.com/oyo-chief-judge-pardons-38-inmates/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2024-06-27 |newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; رياست جي موجوده چيف جج عزت مآب جسٽس ايابو يريما آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Davis, Sir Godfrey, (23 Oct. 1890–7 Aug. 1968), formerly Chief Judge, Chief Court, Sind|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u49778|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u49778|access-date=2021-06-03|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==تعليم==
هن وقت اويو رياست ۾ 2,004 [[سرڪاري اسڪول (حڪومتي مالي مدد سان)|سرڪاري اسڪول]] (پرائمري)، 971 خانگي نرسري/پرائمري اسڪول، 969 سرڪاري ثانوي اسڪول، جن ۾ سائنس جا 7 اسڪول شامل آهن، ۽ 57 خانگي ثانوي اسڪول آهن. رياست ۾ پنج سرڪاري [[ٽيڪنيڪل اسڪول|ٽيڪنيڪل ڪاليج]] پڻ آهن، جيڪي [[اويو، نائيجيريا|اويو]]، [[اوگبوموشو]]، [[ابادان]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria. |url=https://lautech.edu.ng/aboutus |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=lautech.edu.ng |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008202834/https://www.lautech.edu.ng/aboutus |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; شاڪي-اوڪي اوگن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki |url=https://tops.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627091943/https://tops.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ اِسيين-اوڪي اوگن ۾ واقع آهن، جن ۾ 2000/2001ع جي تعليمي سيشن ۾ 2,829 شاگرد داخل هئا. نيشنل يوٿ سروس ڪور&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to The NYSC Portal |url=https://portal.nysc.org.ng/nysc1/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=portal.nysc.org.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; (NYSC) جو مستقل اورينٽيشن ڪيمپ اِسيين ۾ واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Chapter 4. Public Schools, High Schools, Normal Schools, and Colleges|date=2012-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400843176.41|work=Stand and Prosper|pages=41–56|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400843176.41|isbn=978-1-4008-4317-6|access-date=2021-06-03|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اِسيين جي بيرڪ واري علائقي جي ٽڪريءَ جي پاسي تي واقع ابيڊي رائٽرز ريزيڊنسي هڪ بين الاقوامي رهائشي مرڪز آهي، جنهن سڄي دنيا، خاص طور آفريقا، مان وڏن ليکڪن، صحافين ۽ مصنفن کي آندو آهي، جن ۾ آفريقا جو پهريون نوبل انعام يافته پروفيسر [[وولي سوينڪا]]، جوموڪي ويريسيمو، فنمي الوڪو، رچرڊ علي، پال ليئم ۽ ٻيا شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2016-03-12 |title=Ebedi Writers Residency Honours Achebe, Gimba, Mabel Segun, Soyinka |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/art/ebedi-writers-residency-honours-achebe-gimba-mabel-segun-soyinka/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-06-12 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612144104/https://editor.guardian.ng/art/ebedi-writers-residency-honours-achebe-gimba-mabel-segun-soyinka/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تاريخي طور نمايان ثانوي اسڪولن ۾ [[سينٽ اينز اسڪول ابادان]] (1869ع)،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=St. Annes {{!}} St. Annes Schools, Calabar |url=https://www.stannesschools.ng/# |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.stannesschools.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ويسلي ڪاليج، ابادان]] (1905ع)، [[ابادان گرامر اسڪول]] (1913ع)، [[گورنمينٽ ڪاليج، ابادان]] (1927ع)،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government College Ibadan Website – Government College Ibadan Website |url=https://governmentcollegeibadan.com/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; سينٽ ٿريسا ڪاليج ابادان (1932ع)، ابادان بوائز هاءِ اسڪول (1938ع)، [[اوليوٽ بيپٽسٽ هاءِ اسڪول|اوليوٽ هائٽس اويو]] (1945ع)، [[ڪوئنز اسڪول، ابادان]] (1952ع)، [[لويولا ڪاليج، ابادان]] (1954ع)، سينٽ برناڊينز اويو (1957ع)، لاگيلو گرامر اسڪول ابادان (1958ع)، اِسيين ڊسٽرڪٽ گرامر اسڪول اِسيين (1964ع)، ميٿوڊسٽ هاءِ اسڪول، ابادان (1961ع)، سينٽ پيٽرڪز گرامر اسڪول ابادان (1962ع) ۽ ڪيترائي ٻيا شامل آهن. هي آفريقا جي علم جي اڳواڻ سرچشمي، مشهور ابادان يونيورسٽي، جو به گهر آهي (يونيورسٽي اصل ۾ لنڊن يونيورسٽي جي هڪ آزاد خارجي ڪاليج طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، جنهن کي تڏهن يونيورسٽي ڪاليج، ابادان چيو ويندو هو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN |url=http://www.ui.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.ui.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[ابادان يونيورسٽي]]&lt;/ref&gt;).

2001/2002ع جي تعليمي سيشن ۾ ٻه نوان ٽيڪنيڪل ڪاليج، هڪ اِسيين، اِسيين مقامي حڪومتي علائقي ۾، ۽ ٻيو اِڪيجا، اولويوولي مقامي حڪومتي علائقي ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا. تعليم جو هڪ ڪاليج، اويو رياست ڪاليج آف ايجوڪيشن، اويو، پڻ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oyo State College of Education, Lanlate |url=https://oyscoel.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; هتي هڪ پولي ٽيڪنڪ، [[دي پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ابادان]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Home&quot;/&gt; آهي، جنهن جا 2 سيٽلائيٽ ڪيمپس [[ايروا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adeseun Ogundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa |url=https://aope.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=aope.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ شاڪي-اوڪي اوگن ۾ آهن، جيڪو هاڻي اوڪي-اوگن پولي ٽيڪنڪ جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ هڪ رياستي ملڪيت واري يونيورسٽي، [[لاڊوڪي اڪنتولا يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي]] (LAUTECH)، اوگبوموشو،&lt;ref name=&quot;lautech.edu.ng&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria. |url=https://www.lautech.edu.ng/index.php/aboutus |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.lautech.edu.ng |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803150545/https://www.lautech.edu.ng/index.php/aboutus |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; پڻ آهي، جيڪا اويو ۽ [[اوسُن رياست]] جي حڪومتن جي گڏيل ملڪيت آهي. وفاقي پريميئر يونيورسٽي [[ابادان يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN |url=http://www.ui.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.ui.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; پڻ رياست جي گاديءَ واري شهر ۾ واقع آهي. هڪ خانگي پولي ٽيڪنڪ (SAF پولي ٽيڪنڪ، اِسيين) اِسيين ۾ واقع آهي. ساڪي ويسٽ مقامي حڪومت ۾ هڪ ووڪيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آهي، جنهن جو نالو دي ڪنگز پولي، شاڪي-اوڪي اوگن آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tertiary Institutions Owned By Oyo State Government – Oyo State Government |url=https://old.oyostate.gov.ng/ministry-of-education-science-and-technology/tertiary-institutions-owned-by-oyo-state-government/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725193333/https://old.oyostate.gov.ng/ministry-of-education-science-and-technology/tertiary-institutions-owned-by-oyo-state-government/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

ان کان علاوه [[فيڊرل ڪاليج آف اينمل هيلٿ اينڊ پروڊڪشن ٽيڪنالاجي، ووم|فيڊرل ڪاليج آف اينمل هيلٿ اينڊ پروڊڪشن ٽيڪنالاجي، ابادان]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odeyemi |first=Oluwasanmi |date=2024-01-31 |title=Home - Federal College of Animal Health &amp; Production Technology (FCAHPTIB) |url=https://fcahptib.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=fcahptib.edu.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[فيڊرل ڪاليج آف ايجوڪيشن (اسپيشل)، اويو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EDU |title=Federal College Of Education |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-college-of-education/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; فيڊرل اسڪول آف سرويئنگ، اويو؛ [[ڪوڪو ريسرچ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف نائيجيريا]] (CRIN)، انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ايگريڪلچرل ريسرچ اينڊ ٽريننگ (IAR&amp;T)، نائيجيرين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس ليبارٽري ٽيڪنالاجي (NISLT)، فيڊرل ڪاليج آف فاريسٽري، ابادان (FEDCOFOR)،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan. – Nursing them to Nurture the World |url=https://fcfibadan.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=fcfibadan.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[فاريسٽري ريسرچ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف نائيجيريا]] (FRIN)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria |url=http://frin.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; جو ماتحت ادارو آهي، ۽ [[نائيجيرين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سوشل اينڊ اڪنامڪ ريسرچ]] (NISER)، سڀ ابادان ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home page |url=https://niser.gov.ng/v2/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=NISER |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About NISER |url=https://niser.gov.ng/v2/about-niser/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=NISER |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

ساڳئي طرح، رياست ۾ 15 خانہ بدوش اسڪول آهن. اهي گا جورو ۽ گا بالي، ٻئي ڪِسي (اِريپو مقامي حڪومت) ۾؛ باوچيلو گورنمينٽ؛ ارين-اوي، ابيوگن، اوڪاڪا ۽ بابا-اوڊي (ايتيسواجو مقامي حڪومت)؛ اِگانا (اِواجووا مقامي حڪومت)؛ اِگنگان ۽ اييتي (اِباراپا اتر مقامي حڪومت)؛ گا ڪونڊو ۽ اِگبو-اورا (اِباراپا مرڪزي مقامي حڪومت) ۽ سيپيتيري (ساڪي اوڀر مقامي حڪومت) آهن. رياست جي سڀني حصن ۾ 213 [[جاري تعليم]] جا مرڪز پکڙيل آهن.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resources book in education|date = November 1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rCQL0KukPgC&amp;dq=There+are+213+continuing+education+centres+spread+all+over+the+State.&amp;pg=PA46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

15 خاص پرائمري اسڪول ۽ ثانوي اسڪولن ۾ 8 خاص يونٽ معذور ٻارن جي سار سنڀال ڪن ٿا. رياست جي سرڪاري ثانوي اسڪولن ۾ 11,732 تدريسي عملو ۽ 2,789 غير تدريسي عملو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

بالغ ۽ غير رسمي تعليم واري ايجنسي (AANFE) انهن اڻ پڙهيل بالغن جي سار سنڀال ڪري ٿي، جن کي رسمي تعليم جو موقعو نه مليو هو. ايجنسي جون رياست جي 33 مقامي حڪومتي علائقن ۾ 455 ڪلاسون موجود آهن، جڏهن ته تازو 200,000 اڻ پڙهيل بالغن ۽ 80,000 کان وڌيڪ پوسٽ-لٽريٽ بالغن کي تربيت ڏني وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aanfe Oyo state|url=https://aanfe.oyostate.gov.ng/objectives-functions/|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218182204/https://aanfe.oyostate.gov.ng/objectives-functions/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽين جي فهرست===
هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون اويو رياست اندر واقع آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=List of Universities in Oyo State|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/list-of-universities-in-oyo-state/|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603100103/https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/list-of-universities-in-oyo-state/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اجايي ڪروٿر يونيورسٽي|اجايي ڪروٿر يونيورسٽي، اويو]]&lt;ref name=&quot;acu.edu.ng&quot;/&gt;
* [[ڪولا ديسي يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://koladaisiuniversity.edu.ng/about-us/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Koladaisi University |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612142812/https://koladaisiuniversity.edu.ng/about-us/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[لاڊوڪي اڪنتولا يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي|لاڊوڪي اڪنتولا يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪنالاجي، اوگبوموشو]]
* [[ليڊ سٽي يونيورسٽي|ليڊ سٽي يونيورسٽي، ابادان]]
* [[ابادان يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN |url=https://ui.edu.ng/History |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=ui.edu.ng |archive-date=2022-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814185018/http://www.ui.edu.ng/History |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2024}}
* [[اٽيبا يونيورسٽي، اويو]]
* [[ڊومينيڪن يونيورسٽي، ابادان]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DOMINICAN UNIVERSITY IBADAN, NIGERIA. |url=https://dui.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=dui.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اويو اسٽيٽ ٽيڪنيڪل يونيورسٽي]]، ابادان، اويو رياست&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-31 |title=Oyo's technical university renamed after Ajimobi |url=https://dailytrust.com/oyos-technical-university-renamed-after-ajimobi/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڊومينيئن يونيورسٽي، ابادان]]
* [[ايمانوئل الاياندي يونيورسٽي آف ايجوڪيشن]]

===پولي ٽيڪنڪن جي فهرست===
* [[اڊيسيون اوگنڊوين پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ايروا]]
* [[اويو اسٽيٽ ڪاليج آف ايگريڪلچر اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، اِگبو-اورا
* [[دي پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ابادان]]
{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2024}}
* [[فيڊرل پولي ٽيڪنڪ آييدي، اوگبوموشو]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FEDPA {{!}} Home |url=https://federalpolyayede.edu.ng/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=federalpolyayede.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اوڪي-اوگن پولي ٽيڪنڪ]]

===خاص ٽرشري ادارن جي فهرست===
{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2024}}
* [[فيڊرل ڪاليج آف ايگريڪلچر، ابادان]]
* [[فيڊرل ڪاليج آف فاريسٽري، ابادان]]
* [[فيڊرل ڪوآپريٽو ڪاليج، ابادان]]
* [[فيڊرل اسڪول آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس، ابادان]]
* [[فيڊرل اسڪول آف سرويئنگ، اويو]]

===خاص ڪاليجن جي فهرست===
* [[فيڊرل ڪاليج آف ايجوڪيشن (اسپيشل)، اويو]]
* [[اويو اسٽيٽ ڪاليج آف ايگريڪلچر اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، اِگبو-اورا
{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2024}}
* [[فيڊرل ڪاليج آف اينمل هيلٿ اينڊ پروڊڪشن ٽيڪنالاجي]]، مور پلانٽيشن ابادان (FCAHPT)
* [[فيڊرل ڪاليج آف ايگريڪلچر ابادان]]
* [[اويو اسٽيٽ ڪاليج آف نرسنگ اينڊ مڊوائفري]]، ايلييلي، ابادان
* [[اويو اسٽيٽ ڪاليج آف هيلٿ سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، ايلييلي، ابادان
* [[دي ڪاليج آف ايجوڪيشن، لانليٽي]]

===رجسٽرڊ خانگي پولي ٽيڪنڪن جي فهرست===
{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2024}}
* [[بولمور پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ابادان]]
* [[سٽي پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ابادان]]
* [[ڪنگز پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ساڪي]]
* [[SAF پولي ٽيڪنڪ، اِسيين]]
* [[ٽاور پولي ٽيڪنڪ، ابادان]] ٽرانسپورٽ

فيڊرل يونيورسٽي آف ايگريڪلچر اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي اوڪيهو کي 2025ع ۾ اويو رياست ۾ پڻ منظوري ڏني وئي.

==ٽرانسپورٽ==
===وفاقي شاهراهون===
انهن ۾ شامل آهن:
* [[A1 شاهراهه (نائيجيريا)|A1]]، [[آفريقي اتحاد روڊ]] TAH2: [[ٽرانس آفريڪن هاءِ وي نيٽ ورڪ|ٽرانس آفريڪن هاءِ وي 2]] جو حصو، اتر طرف ابادان ۽ اتر اوڀر طرف اويو ۽ اوگبوموشو کان ٿيندي اوٽيريري وٽ ڪوارا رياست تائين،
* [[A5 شاهراهه (نائيجيريا)|A5]]، اوگون رياست مان اومِن اَديو وٽان اوڀر طرف ابادان تائين،
* [[A7 شاهراهه (نائيجيريا)|A7]]، ڪوارا رياست مان اولوروليڪن وٽان اتر اولهه طرف اِگبيتي ۽ ڪِشي کان ٿيندي ٻيهر باتابي وٽ ڪوارا رياست تائين،
* E1 [[لاگوس-ابادان ايڪسپريس وي]] اتر طرف ابادان تائين،
* [[A122 شاهراهه (نائيجيريا)|A122]]، ابادان کان اوڀر طرف ايرنمي وٽ اوسُن رياست تائين.

ٻين اهم رستن ۾ شامل آهن:
* شاڪي-گوانارا روڊ، اتر اولهه طرف ڪوارا رياست&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Kwara State |date=2024-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwara_State&amp;oldid=1227378936 |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۾ اووڊي تائين،
* شاڪي-الابافي روڊ، اتر طرف اِفيلوڊن وٽ ڪوارا رياست تائين،
* ساڪي-اِگبوهو/اِلورِن/ساڪي-اوگبورو روڊ، اوڀر طرف [[شاڪي، نائيجيريا|شاڪي]] کان [[اِگبوهو]] تائين،
* اوڪو-ايلرين روڊ، ڏکڻ اوڀر طرف [[اوگبوموشو]] کان اجومو وسيلي اوسُن رياست ۾ اِليي تائين،
* اوڪو-ايريسا-آدو روڊ/اولوڪن-ايريسا-پا روڊ، ڏکڻ طرف اجومو کان اوڪو وسيلي اوسُن رياست ۾ افارو تائين، جتي اهو ايجگبو-اوڪو روڊ طور وڃي ٿو،
* اوي روڊ، [[اويو، نائيجيريا|اويو]] ۾ A1 کان ڏکڻ اوڀر طرف اوسُن رياست ۾ ڪيييسيني تائين، جتي اهو اوجونگبودو-اوي-الابو-ايوو روڊ طور وڃي ٿو،
* ابادان-ايوو روڊ، اتر اوڀر طرف اوسُن رياست تائين،
* اوريتا-اپيرن-بيرے روڊ، ابادان کان ڏکڻ اوڀر طرف اودي اپيرن تائين،
* اولوروندا روڊ، اودي اپيرن کان اڪاران روڊ طور اوگون رياست ۾ اولوگبوئي تائين، جتي اهو ابادان-اِجيبو-اِگبو روڊ طور وڃي ٿو،
* اِجيبو-اوڊي-اِدي-ايونري روڊ، ابادان کان ڏکڻ طرف اوگون رياست ۾ مامو تائين،
* اِگبارا-اورِيلي-اِجيون روڊ، ڏکڻ طرف اوگون رياست ۾ اِجادي تائين.

===ريلويون===

[[ابادان]]، لاگوس کان ڪانو (1899ع) تائين [[نائيجيرين ريلويز|اولهه ريلوي]] تي هڪ اهم آخري اسٽيشن آهي، جيڪا 1067&amp;nbsp;mm (3ˈ6&quot;) [[ڪيپ گيج]] تي آهي، جڏهن ته لاگوس کان ابادان تائين نئين 1435&amp;nbsp;mm (4ˈ8½&quot;) [[معياري گيج ريلوي|معياري گيج]] لائين 2021ع ۾ کولِي وئي.

===ايئرپورٽ===

[[ابادان ايئرپورٽ]] کان ايئر پيس ۽ اوورلينڊ ايئر ويز ذريعي ابوجا ۽ لاگوس لاءِ خدمتون موجود آهن.

==موجوده سرڪاري عملدارن جي فهرست==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!ڪمشنر/آفيسر
!وزارت/آفيس
|-
|[[اولوواسيئي مڪندي]]
| [[گورنر]]
|-
| [[بايو لاوال]]
| [[نائب گورنر|نائب گورنر]]
|-
| [[اديبو اوگنڊوين]]
| رياستي اسيمبلي جي ايوان جو اسپيڪر
|-
| اولوباميوو اديئوسن
|[[رياستي حڪومت جو سيڪريٽري]]
|-
| عزت مآب سيگن اوگنويي
| [[چيف آف اسٽاف|چيف آف اسٽاف]]
|-
| اڪينولا اوجو
|ماليات جو ڪمشنر
|-
| عزت مآب تيميلولو اشامو
|توانائي ۽ معدني وسيلن جو ڪمشنر
|-
| اميدات او. اگبولا
|هيڊ آف سروس
|-
| چيف اوبافيمي ادي مولا اوجو
| مقامي حڪومت ۽ سرداري معاملن جو ڪمشنر
|-
| اويلو وو اويوو
|اٽارني جنرل ۽ انصاف جو ڪمشنر
|}

==زراعت==
[[زراعت]] اويو رياست جي ماڻهن جو مکيه ڌنڌو آهي. رياست جي آبهوا [[مڪئي]]، [[يام (سبزي)|يام]]، [[ڪساوا]]، [[باجرو]]، [[چانور]]، [[پلانٽين (پچائڻ)|پلانٽين]]، [[ڪوڪو بين|ڪوڪو]]، [[کجيءَ جو وڻ|کجيءَ جي پيداوار]]، [[ڪاجو]] وغيره جهڙن فصلن جي پوک لاءِ سازگار آهي. اِسيين/اِپاپو، اِلورا، [[ايروا]]، [[اوگبوموشو]]، اِريسا آدو، اِجايي، اڪوفو ۽ [[لالوپون]] ۾ ڪيترائي سرڪاري زرعي آبادڪاري مرڪز آهن. هتي مٽي، [[ڪائولنائٽ|ڪائولن]] ۽ اڪوامارين جي گهڻائي آهي. ساڪي، فاسولا ۽ ابادان ۾ وسيع ڍورن جا فارم پڻ آهن، ابادان جي موناتن ۾ هڪ کير جو فارم آهي، ۽ رياست گير اويو اسٽيٽ ايگريڪلچرل ڊولپمينٽ پروگرام جو هيڊڪوارٽر ساڪي ۾ آهي. ڪيترائي بين الاقوامي ۽ وفاقي زرعي ادارا رياست ۾ واقع آهن.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==مقامي حڪومتي علائقا==
{{See also|اويو رياست جي ڳوٺن جي فهرست}}

اويو رياست 33 [[نائيجيريا جا مقامي حڪومتي علائقا|مقامي حڪومتي علائقن]] تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=jlukmon |date=2023-05-02 |title=List of 33 Local Governments in Oyo State and their Headquarters. |url=https://aboutnigerians.com/list-of-33-local-governments-in-oyo-state-and-their-headquarters/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=ABOUT NIGERIANS |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505120602/https://aboutnigerians.com/list-of-33-local-governments-in-oyo-state-and-their-headquarters/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي هي آهن:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[افيجيو]] جوبيلي
* [[اڪين ييلي، اويو رياست|اڪين ييلي]] مونيا
* [[اٽيبا]] اوفا ميٽا
* [[اٽيسبو]] تيدي-اوڪي اوگن
* [[اگبيڊا]] اگبيڊا
* [[ابادان اتر]] اگودي گيٽ
* [[ابادان اتر اوڀر]] ايوو روڊ
* [[ابادان اتر اولهه]] ڊگبي/اونيريڪي
* [[ابادان ڏکڻ اوڀر]] ماپو
* [[ابادان ڏکڻ اولهه]] رنگ روڊ
* [[اِباراپا مرڪزي]] اِگبو اورا
* [[اِباراپا اوڀر]] ايروا
* [[اِباراپا اتر]] اييتي
* [[اِدو، نائيجيريا|اِدو]] اِدو
* [[اِريپو]] ڪِسي-اوڪي اوگن
* [[اِسيين]] اِسيين-اوڪي اوگن
* [[ايتيسواجو]] اوتو-اوڪي اوگن
* [[اِواجووا]] اِويريلي-اوڪي اوگن
* [[ڪاجولا]] اوڪيهو-اوڪي اوگن
* [[لاگيلو، نائيجيريا|لاگيلو]] اِيانائوفا
* [[اوگبوموشو اتر]] اوگبوموشو
* [[اوگبوموشو ڏکڻ]] اروومولي
* [[اوگو اولووا]] اجاوا
* [[اولورونسوگو]] اِگبيتي-اوڪي اوگن
* [[اولويوولي، نائيجيريا|اولويوولي]] اِدي ايونري
* [[اونا آرا]] اڪانران
* [[اوري لوپي]] اِگبوهو-اوڪي اوگن
* [[اوري ايري]] اِڪويي
* [[اويو اوڀر]] ڪوسوبو
* [[اويو اولهه]] اوجونگبودو
* [[ساڪي اوڀر]] اگو امودو-اوڪي اوگن
* [[ساڪي اولهه]] شاڪي-اوڪي اوگن
* [[سوروليري، اويو رياست|سوروليري]] اِريسا آدو
{{div col end}}

==نمايان شخصيتون==
&lt;!---♦♦♦ هن فهرست ۾ صرف ان شخص کي شامل ڪريو جنهن جو انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجو مضمون اڳ ۾ موجود هجي ♦♦♦---&gt;
&lt;!---♦♦♦ مهرباني ڪري فهرست کي آخري نالي موجب الفابيٽيڪل ترتيب ۾ رکو ♦♦♦---&gt;
* [[9ice]] (ڄمڻ وقت نالو اليگزينڊر ابولوري اڊيگبولا اڪانڊي، 17 جنوري 1980ع)، موسيقار&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2020-07-27|title=9ICE ALAPOMEJI|url=https://www.glimpse.ng/9ice-alapomeji/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Glimpse Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032135/https://www.glimpse.ng/9ice-alapomeji/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[واندي ابيمبولا]]، رٽائرڊ تعليمدان، مذهبي اڳواڻ ۽ سياستدان.
* [[جوزف اڊيبايو اڊيلڪون]]، مبشر
* [[لاميدي اڊيڊبو]]، اشرافيائي طاقت جو دلال
* [[بنجامن اڊيڪنلي]]، جنرل
* [[اڪينوومي اڊيسينا]]، صدر، آفريقي ترقياتي بئنڪ، AfDB
* [[لام اڊيسينا]]، اويو رياست جو اڳوڻو گورنر (1999ع–2003ع)، ايڪشن ڪانگريس آف نائيجيريا جو اڳواڻ.
* اوتونبا (ڊاڪٽر) [[ڪرسٽوفر الائو-اڪالا]]، اويو رياست جو اڳوڻو گورنر (2007ع–2011ع)
* سينيٽر [[ابيولا اجميوبي]]، اويو رياست جو اڳوڻو گورنر (2011ع–2019ع)
* اوبا [[لاميدي اڊييمي ٽيون]]، [[اويو جو الافين|اويو جو اڳوڻو الافين]]
* اوبا [[ساليو اديتونجي]]، ابادان لينڊ جو 41هون اولوبادان
* [[اولانيي افونجا]]، اداڪار ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار
* [[بنجامن اڪاندي]]، تعليمدان
* [[رچرڊ اڪنجيدي]]، وڪيل ۽ سياستدان
* [[اوليومبو اووجوبي]]، ڳوٺاڻو سرجن
* [[لاڊوڪي اڪنتولا]]، سياستدان، وڪيل ۽ مقرر
* [[قادري ارونا]]، ٽيبل ٽينس رانديگر
* [[اڊيبايو جانسن بئنڪولي]]، سياستدان
* سيڪيرو [[ايندي بئرسٽر]]، موسيقار
* [[عبدالفتاحي بُهاري]]، سينيٽر
* [[سيموئل اجايي ڪروٿر]]، پادري ۽ مؤرخ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-04-07|title=Our heroes past: Samuel Ajayi Crowther|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/our-heroes-past-samuel-ajayi-crowther/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-02-25|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225095453/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/our-heroes-past-samuel-ajayi-crowther/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[سنڊي اڪين ڊاري]]، صحافي ۽ سياستدان
* [[اڊيبايو فاليتي]]، اداڪار، شاعر ۽ ليکڪ
* [[توين فالولا]]، مؤرخ ۽ تعليمدان
* [[تاڊي اپاڊيولا]]، شاعر
* [[سيموئل جانسن (نائيجيرين مؤرخ)|سيموئل جانسن]]، مؤرخ
* سينيٽر [[رشيد لادوجا]]، اويو رياست جو اڳوڻو گورنر (2003ع–2007ع)
* [[ڪاسي لڪمان لاوال]]، ڪاروباري شخصيت
* [[عباس اڪاندي اوبيسيري]]، فوجي موسيقار ۽ تفريحڪار
* [[اڪينپيلو اوبيسيسان|چيف اڪينپيلو اوبيسيسان]]، ڊائري نويس ۽ ڪوآپريٽو بئنڪ جو باني
* [[لاتوندي اوڊيڪو]]، طبيب، استاد ۽ شاعر
* پروفيسر [[ڊيبو اوجيرندي]]، اڳوڻو رجسٽرار، [[جوائنٽ ايڊميشنز اينڊ ميٽرڪيوليشن بورڊ|نائيجيريا جو جوائنٽ ميٽرڪيوليشن بورڊ]]
* [[تونجي اولاوپا]]، باني ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو وائيس چيئرمين، [[ابادان اسڪول آف گورنمينٽ اينڊ پبلڪ پاليسي|ISGPP]]
* اوبا [[اولاسنڪانمي ابيوي اوپيولا، ڪورونلوجو پهريون]]، اِروڪو جو اونيروڪو
* [[سعيد اوسپا]]، فوجي ۽ هپ-هاپ فنڪار
* [[ڊيوڊ اوييلو وو]]، اداڪار
* [[افيز اوييتورو]]، اداڪار، مزاحيه فنڪار ۽ تعليمدان
* [[ساڊي (ڳائڻي)|ساڊي]]، آر اينڊ بي/سول فنڪار، اويو رياست ۾ ڄائي.
* سينيٽر (رٽائرڊ عزت مآب) [[مونسورات سنمونو]]، OYHA جي پهرين عورت اسپيڪر ۽ اويو رياست مان پهرين عورت سينيٽر.
* [[ابراهيم تائيوو]]، جنرل ۽ سياستدان
* [[بوڊي ٿامس]]، سياستدان ۽ وڪيل
* [[پرنس افيز اولاديگبولو]]، نائيجيرين ڪاروباري شخصيت
* [[توسن اينيولورندا]]، [[CEO]] ۽ گڏيل باني، [[Moniepoint Inc]]
* [[لادوسو لاداپو]]، نائيجيرين جورسٽ ۽ سياستدان
* [[لادونتان اوييڪانمي]]، ابادان لينڊ جي 14هين ايالودي
&lt;!---♦♦♦ هن فهرست ۾ صرف ان شخص کي شامل ڪريو جنهن جو انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي پنهنجو مضمون اڳ ۾ موجود هجي ♦♦♦---&gt;
&lt;!---♦♦♦ مهرباني ڪري فهرست کي آخري نالي موجب الفابيٽيڪل ترتيب ۾ رکو ♦♦♦---&gt;

==سياست==
رياستي حڪومت جي اڳواڻي جمهوري طور چونڊيل گورنر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو رياست جي اسيمبلي جي ايوان جي ميمبرن سان ويجهي طور ڪم ڪري ٿو. رياست جي گاديءَ جو شهر [[ابادان]] آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Oguntola |first=Tunde |date=2022-09-27 |title=2023: Next President, Govs Must Get Two-thirds Spread, Says INEC |url=https://leadership.ng/2023-next-president-govs-must-get-two-thirds-spread-says-inec/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113538/https://leadership.ng/2023-next-president-govs-must-get-two-thirds-spread-says-inec/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==چونڊ نظام==
هر رياست جو گورنر تبديل ٿيل ٻه دور واري نظام تحت چونڊيو ويندو آهي. پهرين دور ۾ چونڊجڻ لاءِ، اميدوار کي ووٽن جي اڪثريت ۽ رياست جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه ڀاڱي ٽيهه مقامي حڪومتي علائقن ۾ 25 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻا پوندا آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪو به اميدوار حد پار نه ڪري، ته ٻيو دور سڀ کان وڌيڪ ووٽ حاصل ڪندڙ اميدوار ۽ ان ايندڙ اميدوار جي وچ ۾ ٿيندو، جنهن مقامي حڪومتي علائقن جي سڀ کان وڏي تعداد ۾ ووٽن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪئي هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ayadi |first1=Manel |last2=Amor |first2=Nahla Ben |title=2015 IEEE 27th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) |chapter=Multi-round Vote Elicitation for Manipulation under Candidate Uncertainty |date=November 2015 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictai.2015.113 |pages=760–767 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/ictai.2015.113|isbn=978-1-5090-0163-7 |s2cid=9778141 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.oyostate.gov.ng/ اويو رياست حڪومت جو هوم پيج]
* [https://www.naijanews247.com/oyo-tescom-oral-interview-update/  اويو 7,000 TESCOM درخواست ڏيندڙن لاءِ زباني انٽرويو شروع ڪري ٿو - NaijaNews247] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226145106/https://www.naijanews247.com/oyo-tescom-oral-interview-update/ |date=2021-12-26 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = اويو رياست
|North  = [[ڪوارا رياست]]
|East   = [[اوسُن رياست]]
|South  = [[اوگون رياست]]
|West   = {{flag|Benin}}
}}

{{OyoStateGovernors}}
{{LGAs and communities of Oyo State}}
{{Nigeria states}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|نائيجيريا}}

[[زمرو:اويو رياست| ]]
[[زمرو:نائيجيريا جون رياستون]]
[[زمرو:يوروبا لينڊ جون رياستون]]
[[زمرو:1976ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:1976ع ۾ نائيجيريا ۾ قيام]]</text>
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[[زمرو:معاشيات جو خدمتن وارو شعبو]]</text>
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{{Cat main|منحصر علائقو||article=منحصر علائقو}}

See also:
*[[:Category:Integral overseas territories]]
*[[:Category:Territorial disputes]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:سياسي جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:علائقا بلحاظ سياسي جاگرافي]]
[[Category:Client state]]</text>
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      <text bytes="370" sha1="l2sd4mcqeu22ghzoa6tcdom7nwhd9x9" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons cat|منحصر علائقا}}
{{Cat main|منحصر علائقو||article=منحصر علائقو}}

پڻ ڏسو: 
*[[:زمرو:علائقائي تڪرارون]] 
*[[:زمرو:لازمي سمنڊ پار علائقا]] 

[[زمرو:منحصر رياستون]]
[[زمرو:سياسي جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:علائقا بلحاظ سياسي جاگرافي]]</text>
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[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</text>
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[[زمرو:مسجدون بلحاظ کنڊ]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ عمارتون]]</text>
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    <title>آچاريه جي. بي. ڪرپالاڻي</title>
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        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:سنڌي سياستدان]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="2717" sha1="0aryrknc4hqhy000c4k6chbn5lnvph5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer
| name               = آچاريه جي. بي. ڪرپالاني
| native_name        = جي. بي. ڪرپالاني
| birth_date         = 1888ع
| death_date         = 1982ع
| birth_place        = [[حيدرآباد، سنڌ]]
| death_place        = [[ڀارت]]
| occupation         = اديب، سياستدان، آزادي پسند اڳواڻ
| language           = انگريزي
| genre              = سياسي ادب، گانڌي فڪر
| subject            = عدم تشدد، خود انحصاري، قومي آزادي
| notableworks      = ''The Gandhian Way'' (1945ع)، ''Gandhi: The Statesman'' (1951ع)، ''Gandhian Thought'' (1964ع)
| nationality        = ڀارتي
}}

'''آچاريه جي. بي. ڪرپالاڻي''' (1888ع–1982ع) سنڌ سان لاڳاپيل نامور آزادي پسند اڳواڻ، ليکڪ ۽ مهاتما گانڌي جو ويجهو ساٿي هو. هو هندستان جي آزاديءَ واري تحريڪ جي اهم شخصيتن مان شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو. ڪرپالاڻي حيدرآباد (سنڌ) ۾ ڄائو. هن گانڌيءَ جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هلندڙ تحريڪن ۾ سرگرم شرڪت ڪئي، جن ۾ عدم تعاون تحريڪ، لوڻ ستيه گرهه ۽ “ڀارت ڇڏيو” تحريڪ شامل آهن. هو انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس جو جنرل سيڪريٽري (1934ع–1946ع) ۽ پوءِ صدر (1946ع–1947ع) رهيو. آزاديءَ لاءِ سندس جدوجهد دوران کيس ڪيترائي ڀيرا جيل به ڀوڳڻو پيو، جيڪو سندس سياسي وابستگي ۽ قربانيءَ جو ثبوت آهي&lt;ref&gt;A DICTIONARY  OF  SINDHI : Jt.  LITERATURE  MOTILAL JOTWANIFirst Edition : 13 January, 1996 New Delhi, page:5&lt;/ref&gt;.

==ادبي خدمتون ۽ اھميت==

آچاريه جي. بي. ڪرپالاڻي گانڌيائي فلسفي تي وسيع پيماني تي لکيو. سندس اهم ڪتابن ۾ The Gandhian Way (1945ع)، Gandhi: The Statesman (1951ع) ۽ Gandhian Thought (1964ع) شامل آهن. انهن تصنيفن ۾ هن عدم تشدد، خود ڀرپاسي (self-reliance) ۽ سياسي اخلاق تي تجزياتي روشني وڌي ۽ گانڌيءَ جي فڪر کي علمي انداز ۾ بيان ڪيو. ڪرپالاڻي جي سياسي جدوجهد ۽ فڪري لکڻين هندستان جي آزاديءَ واري تحريڪ ۽ گانڌيائي فڪر جي تشريح ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. هڪ سنڌي پسمنظر رکندڙ قومي اڳواڻ طور، هو آزاديءَ جي تاريخ ۽ جديد سياسي فڪر ۾ نمايان مقام رکي ٿو.

==حوالا==

[[زمرو:سنڌي سياستدان]]</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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| name               = آچاريه جي. بي. ڪرپالاني
| native_name        = جي. بي. ڪرپالاني
| birth_date         = 1888ع
| death_date         = 1982ع
| birth_place        = [[حيدرآباد، سنڌ]]
| death_place        = [[ڀارت]]
| occupation         = اديب، سياستدان، آزادي پسند اڳواڻ
| language           = انگريزي
| genre              = سياسي ادب، گانڌي فڪر
| subject            = عدم تشدد، خود انحصاري، قومي آزادي
| notableworks      = ''The Gandhian Way'' (1945ع)، ''Gandhi: The Statesman'' (1951ع)، ''Gandhian Thought'' (1964ع)
| nationality        = ڀارتي
}}

'''آچاريه جي. بي. ڪرپالاڻي''' (1888ع–1982ع) سنڌ سان لاڳاپيل نامور آزادي پسند اڳواڻ، ليکڪ ۽ مهاتما گانڌي جو ويجهو ساٿي هو. هو هندستان جي آزاديءَ واري تحريڪ جي اهم شخصيتن مان شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو. ڪرپالاڻي حيدرآباد (سنڌ) ۾ ڄائو. هن گانڌيءَ جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هلندڙ تحريڪن ۾ سرگرم شرڪت ڪئي، جن ۾ عدم تعاون تحريڪ، لوڻ ستيه گرهه ۽ “ڀارت ڇڏيو” تحريڪ شامل آهن. هو انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس جو جنرل سيڪريٽري (1934ع–1946ع) ۽ پوءِ صدر (1946ع–1947ع) رهيو. آزاديءَ لاءِ سندس جدوجهد دوران کيس ڪيترائي ڀيرا جيل به ڀوڳڻو پيو، جيڪو سندس سياسي وابستگي ۽ قربانيءَ جو ثبوت آهي&lt;ref&gt;A DICTIONARY  OF  SINDHI : Jt.  LITERATURE  MOTILAL JOTWANIFirst Edition : 13 January, 1996 New Delhi, page:5&lt;/ref&gt;.

==ادبي خدمتون ۽ اھميت==

آچاريه جي. بي. ڪرپالاڻي گانڌيائي فلسفي تي وسيع پيماني تي لکيو. سندس اهم ڪتابن ۾ The Gandhian Way (1945ع)، Gandhi: The Statesman (1951ع) ۽ Gandhian Thought (1964ع) شامل آهن. انهن تصنيفن ۾ هن عدم تشدد، خود ڀرپاسي (self-reliance) ۽ سياسي اخلاق تي تجزياتي روشني وڌي ۽ گانڌيءَ جي فڪر کي علمي انداز ۾ بيان ڪيو. ڪرپالاڻي جي سياسي جدوجهد ۽ فڪري لکڻين هندستان جي آزاديءَ واري تحريڪ ۽ گانڌيائي فڪر جي تشريح ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. هڪ سنڌي پسمنظر رکندڙ قومي اڳواڻ طور، هو آزاديءَ جي تاريخ ۽ جديد سياسي فڪر ۾ نمايان مقام رکي ٿو.

==حوالا==

[[زمرو:سنڌي سياستدان]]
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[[زمرو:سياحتي ڪشش]]
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[[زمرو:ڀارت جي سياسي پارٽيون]]
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      <comment>added [[Category:سياست بلحاظ علائقو]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="6093" sha1="apqk9tka85f8roi9jm5b7zc8ng632yk" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Amanhecer no Hercules --.jpg|thumb|چٽانن جي تشڪيل ۽ پس منظر ۾ &quot;ديڊو ڊي ڊيوس&quot; (خدا جي آڱر) جي چوٽي، سيرا ڊاس اورگاؤس نيشنل پارڪ، [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]]، [[برازيل]]]]
[[File:BeirutRaouche1.jpg|thumb|[[بيروت]]، [[لبنان]] ۾ راؤچي (Raouché) يا ڪبوترن جي چٽان]]
[[File:Druid Arch. Needles District. Canyonlands UT. (9862534466).jpg|thumb|&quot;ڊروئڊ آرچ&quot; (Druid Arch) ڪينين لينڊز نيشنل پارڪ، [[يوٽاہ]]، آمريڪا]]
[[File:Greece meteora monasteries.JPG|thumb|&quot;ميٽيورا&quot; جو نظارو، [[يونان]]]]
[[File:Valle de Ongamira - Oeste.jpg|thumb|اونگاميرا وادي، سيراس ڊي ڪورڊوبا، [[ارجنٽائن]] ۾ چٽانن جي شڪليون]]
[[File:Област Видин - Белоградчик - Белоградчишки скали - (6).jpg|thumb|بيلگراڊچڪ چٽان، [[بلقان جبل]]، [[بلغاريا]]]]
[[File:Jaws (5730281045).jpg|thumb|&quot;جاز&quot;، لٽل فنلينڊ، [[نيواڊا]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ هڪ ڪٽڻ وارو پن]]
[[File:Hajdučka Vrata.JPG|thumb|&quot;هاجدوچڪا ورتا&quot;سيورسنيڪا، [[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا]]]]
[[File:Paklenica4.jpg|thumb|&quot;پڪلينيڪا&quot;، [[ڪروشيا]]]]
[[File:Đavolja Varoš.jpg|thumb|&quot;شيطان جو شهر&quot; (Devil's Town)، [[سربيا]]]]
[[File:Blue Mountains National Park (AU), Three Sisters -- 2019 -- 1983.jpg|thumb|نيري جبل ۾ &quot;ٿري سسٽرز&quot;، [[آسٽريليا]]]]
'''چٽانن جو ٺهڻ''' (&lt;small&gt;Rock&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Formation&lt;/small&gt;) هڪ الڳ يا شاندار مٿاڇري واري [[پٿر|چٽان]] جو ٻاهر نڪرڻ آهي. چٽان جو ٺهڻ عام طور تي موجود چٽان کي موسمي ڪٽڻ جي نتيجي ۾ ٿيندو  آهي. چٽانن جي ٺهڻ جي اصطلاح اسٽراٽوگرافي (&lt;small&gt;Stratigraphy&lt;/small&gt;) ۽ پٽيرولاجي (&lt;small&gt;Petrology&lt;/small&gt;) جي مطالعي ۾ مخصوص تلچھٽ واري پرتن يا ٻئي پٿرن جي يونٽن جو حوالو پڻ ڏئي سگهي ٿي.

چٽان جي شڪل ڪنهن به چٽانن جي قسم يا ميلاپ ۾ ٺاهي سگهجي ٿي: 
* آگني چٽانون تڏهن پيدا ٿين ٿيون جڏهن پگھريل چٽان ڪرسٽلائيزيشن سان يا بغير ڪرسٽلائيزيشن جي ٿڌو ٿئي ۽ مضبوط ٿئي ٿو. اها يا ته پلوٽونڪ جسم ٿي سگهن ٿا يا آتش فشان خارج ڪندڙ. ٻيهر ڪٽائي ڪندڙ قوتون انهن جي موجوده شڪلن کي مجسم ڪن ٿيون. 
* ميٽامورفڪ چٽانون پٿرن ذريعي, عام طور تي گرمي، دٻاءُ ۽ ڪيميائي تبديلي جي ڪجهه ميلاپ سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن جيڪي ٻئي قسم جي چٽانن ۾ تبديل ٿي ويا آهن.
* سيڊيمينٽري چٽانون مختلف عملن ذريعي ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. پر عام طور تي جمع ڪرڻ، پرت ذريعي پرت، پاڻي ۾ يا زميني تلچھٽ جي صورت ۾ زمين تي, واء جي عمل ذريعي يا ڪڏهن ڪڏهن حرڪت ڪندڙ برف ذريعي    ٺاهي ويندا آهن. ڪٽڻ بعد ۾ انهن کي انهن جي موجوده شڪل ۾ ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيولوجسٽن منظرنامي ۾ مختلف پٿر جي بناوتن کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي اصطلاح ٺاهيا آهن جيڪي قدرتي عملن ذريعي ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا:
 بٽ. ڪلف. ڪٽ بينڪ. ايسڪارپمينٽ. گھاٽي. انسلبرگ. يا موناڊ ناڪ ميسا. چوٽي. پرومونٽري. دريائي ٽڪري. سمنڊ ٽڪري. اسٽيڪ. پٿر جو ڊوڙ. ٽور. هتي براعظم جي لحاظ کان پٿر جي بناوتن جي هڪ نامڪمل فهرست آهي.

A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:
* [[Igneous rocks]] are created when molten rock cools and solidifies, with or without crystallisation. They may be either [[plutonic]] bodies or [[volcanic]] extrusive. Again, erosive forces sculpt their current forms.
* [[Metamorphic rocks]] are created by rocks that have been transformed into another kind of rock, usually by some combination of heat, pressure, and chemical alteration.
* [[Sedimentary rock]]s are created by a variety of processes but usually involving deposition, grain by grain, layer by layer, in water or, in the case of terrestrial sediments, on land through the action of wind or sometimes moving ice. [[Erosion]] later exposes them in their current form.

Geologists have created a number of terms to describe different rock structures in the [[landscape]] that can be formed by natural processes:
{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* بٽ  [[Butte]] 
* ڪلف  [[Cliff]]
*  ڪٽ بينڪ [[Cut bank]]
* ايسڪارپمينٽ [[Escarpment]]
* گھاٽي [[Gorge]]
*   انسلبرگ [[Inselberg]] 
*  ميسا [[Mesa]]
* چوٽي  [[pyramidal peak|Peak]]
*  پرومونٽري [[Promontory]]
* دريائي ٽڪري  River cliff
* سمنڊ ٽڪري   [[Sea cliff]]
* اسٽيڪ  [[Stack (geology)|Stack]]
*  پٿر جو ڊوڙ   [[Stone run]]
*  ٽور  [[Tor (rock formation)|Tor]]
{{Div col end}}


هتي براعظم جي لحاظ کان پٿر جي بناوتن جي هڪ نامڪمل فهرست آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{commons category-inline|Rock formations}}
* https://ocre-geoscience.com/ocre-geomap/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203193804/https://ocre-geoscience.com/ocre-geomap/ |date=2023-12-03 }}
{{portal|Earth sciences|Geology|ڌرتي سائنس|ارضيات}}

[[زمرو:چٽان جون تشڪيلون]]
[[زمرو:ڌرتي سائنس]]
[[زمرو:ارضياتي تشڪيلن جو فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:ڪٽائو واري زميني شڪليون]]
[[زمرو:ارضيات سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]]</text>
      <sha1>apqk9tka85f8roi9jm5b7zc8ng632yk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:TaxonItalics</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>89404</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385566</id>
      <parentid>353029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385566</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="10009" sha1="tk857d4brbmgnwhescettkachysboi2" xml:space="preserve">--[[=========================================================================
Italicize a taxon name appropriately by invoking italicizeTaxonName.
The algorithm used is:
* If the name has italic markup at the start or the end, do nothing.
* Else
  * Remove (internal) italic markup.
  * If the name is made up of four words and the third word is a
    botanical connecting term, de-italicize the connecting term and add italic
    markup to the outside of the name.
  * Else if the name is made up of three words and the second word is a
    botanical connecting term or a variant of &quot;cf.&quot;, de-italicize the
    connecting term and add italic markup to the outside of the name.
  * Else just add italic markup to the outside of the name.
 The module also:
 * Ensures that the hybrid symbol, ×, and parentheses are not italicized, as
   well as any string inside parentheses if dab is true.
 * Has an option to abbreviate all parts of taxon names other than the last
   to the first letter (e.g. &quot;Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestris&quot; becomes
   &quot;P. s. var. sylvestris&quot;).
 * Has an option to wikilink the italicized name to the input name.
=============================================================================]]

local p = {}
local l = {} -- used to store purely local functions

--connecting terms in three part names (e.g. Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestris)
local cTerms3 = {
	--subsp.
    subspecies = &quot;subsp.&quot;,
    [&quot;subsp.&quot;] = &quot;subsp.&quot;,
    subsp = &quot;subsp.&quot;,
    [&quot;ssp.&quot;] = &quot;subsp.&quot;,
    ssp = &quot;subsp.&quot;,
    --var.
    varietas = &quot;var.&quot;,
    [&quot;var.&quot;] = &quot;var.&quot;,
    var = &quot;var.&quot;,
    --subvar.
    subvarietas = &quot;subvar.&quot;,
    [&quot;subvar.&quot;] = &quot;subvar.&quot;,
    subvar = &quot;subvar.&quot;,
    --f.
    forma = &quot;f.&quot;,
    [&quot;f.&quot;] = &quot;f.&quot;,
    f = &quot;f.&quot;,
    --subf.
    subforma = &quot;subf.&quot;,
    [&quot;subf.&quot;] = &quot;subf.&quot;,
    subf = &quot;subf.&quot;
    }
--connecting terms in two part names (e.g. Pinus sect. Pinus)
local cTerms2 = {
	--subg.
    subgenus = &quot;subg.&quot;,
    [&quot;subgen.&quot;] = &quot;subg.&quot;,
    [&quot;subg.&quot;] = &quot;subg.&quot;,
    subg = &quot;subg.&quot;,
    --supersect.
    supersection = &quot;supersect.&quot;,
    [&quot;supersect.&quot;] = &quot;supersect.&quot;,
    supersect = &quot;supersect.&quot;,
    --sect.
    section = &quot;sect.&quot;,
    [&quot;sect.&quot;] = &quot;sect.&quot;,
    sect = &quot;sect.&quot;,
    --subsect.
    subsection = &quot;subsect.&quot;,
    [&quot;subsect.&quot;] = &quot;subsect.&quot;,
    subsect = &quot;subsect.&quot;,
    --ser.
    series = &quot;ser.&quot;,
    [&quot;ser.&quot;] = &quot;ser.&quot;,
    ser = &quot;ser.&quot;,
    --subser.
    subseries = &quot;subser.&quot;,
    [&quot;subser.&quot;] = &quot;subser.&quot;,
    subser = &quot;subser.&quot;,
    --cf.
    cf = &quot;cf.&quot;,
    [&quot;cf.&quot;] = &quot;cf.&quot;,
    [&quot;c.f.&quot;] = &quot;cf.&quot;
    }

--[[=========================================================================
Main function to italicize a taxon name appropriately. For the purpose of the
parameters, see p.italicizeTaxonName().
=============================================================================]]
function p.main(frame)
    local name = frame.args[1] or ''
    local linked = frame.args['linked'] == 'yes'
    local abbreviated = frame.args['abbreviated'] == 'yes'
    local dab = frame.args['dab'] == 'yes'
    return p.italicizeTaxonName(name, linked, abbreviated, dab)
end

--[[=========================================================================
Utility local function to abbreviate an input string to its first character
followed by &quot;.&quot;.
Both &quot;×&quot; and an HTML entity at the start of the string are skipped over in
determining first character, as is an opening parenthesis and an opening &quot;,
which cause a matching closing character to be included.
=============================================================================]]
function l.abbreviate(str)
	local result = &quot;&quot;
	local hasParentheses = false
	local isQuoted = false
	if mw.ustring.len(str) &lt; 2 then
		--single character strings are left unchanged
		result = str
	else
		--skip over an opening parenthesis that could be present at the start of the string
		if mw.ustring.sub(str,1,1) == &quot;(&quot; then
			hasParentheses = true
			result = &quot;(&quot; 
			str = mw.ustring.sub(str,2,mw.ustring.len(str))
		elseif mw.ustring.sub(str,1,1) == '&quot;' then
			isQuoted = true
			result = '&quot;'
			str = mw.ustring.sub(str,2,mw.ustring.len(str))
		end
		--skip over a hybrid symbol that could be present at the start of the string
		if mw.ustring.sub(str,1,1) == &quot;×&quot; then
			result = &quot;×&quot; 
			str = mw.ustring.sub(str,2,mw.ustring.len(str))
		end
		--skip over an HTML entity that could be present at the start of the string
		if mw.ustring.sub(str,1,1) == &quot;&amp;&quot; then
			local i,dummy = mw.ustring.find(str,&quot;;&quot;,2,plain)
			result = result .. mw.ustring.sub(str,1,i)
			str = mw.ustring.sub(str,i+1,mw.ustring.len(str))
		end
		--if there's anything left, reduce it to its first character plus &quot;.&quot;,
		--adding the closing parenthesis or quote if required
		if str ~= &quot;&quot; then 
			result = result .. mw.ustring.sub(str,1,1) .. &quot;.&quot;
			if hasParentheses then result = result .. &quot;)&quot;
			elseif isQuoted then result = result .. '&quot;'
			end
		end
	end
	return result
end

--[[=========================================================================
The function which does the italicization. Parameters:
 name (string) – the taxon name to be processed
 linked (boolean) – should a wikilink be generated?
 abbreviated (boolean) – should the first parts of the taxon name be
   reduced to capital letters?
 dab (boolean) – should any parenthesized part be treated as a disambiguation
   term and left unitalicized?
=============================================================================]]
function p.italicizeTaxonName(name, linked, abbreviated, dab)
    name = mw.text.trim(name)
    -- if the name begins with '[', then assume formatting is present
    if  mw.ustring.sub(name,1,1) == '[' then return name end
    -- otherwise begin by replacing any use of the HTML italic tags
    -- by Wikimedia markup; replace any entity alternatives to the hybrid symbol
    -- by the symbol itself; prevent the hybrid symbol being treated as
    -- a 'word' by converting a following space to the HTML entity
    local italMarker = &quot;''&quot;
    name = string.gsub(mw.text.trim(name), &quot;&lt;/?i&gt;&quot;, italMarker)
    name = string.gsub(string.gsub(name, &quot;&amp;#215;&quot;, &quot;×&quot;), &quot;&amp;times;&quot;, &quot;×&quot;)
    name = string.gsub(name, &quot;&lt;/?span.-&gt;&quot;, &quot;&quot;) -- remove any span markup
    name = string.gsub(name, &quot;× &quot;, &quot;×&amp;#32;&quot;)
    -- now italicize and abbreviate if required
    local result = name
    if name ~= '' then
        if string.sub(name,1,2) == italMarker or string.sub(name,-2) == italMarker then
            -- do nothing if the name already has italic markers at the start or end
        else
            name = string.gsub(name, italMarker, &quot;&quot;) -- first remove any internal italics
            local words = mw.text.split(name, &quot; &quot;, true)
            if #words == 4 and cTerms3[words[3]] then
                -- the third word of a four word name is a connecting term
                -- ensure the connecting term isn't italicized
                words[3] = '&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;' .. cTerms3[words[3]] .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
                if abbreviated then
                	words[1] = l.abbreviate(words[1])
                    words[2] = l.abbreviate(words[2])
            	end
                result = words[1] .. &quot; &quot; .. words[2] .. &quot; &quot; .. words[3] .. &quot; &quot; .. words[4]
            elseif #words == 3 and cTerms2[words[2]] then
                -- the second word of a three word name is a connecting term
                -- ensure the connecting term isn't italicized
                words[2] = '&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;' .. cTerms2[words[2]] .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
                if abbreviated then
                	words[1] = l.abbreviate(words[1])
                end
                result = words[1] .. &quot; &quot; .. words[2] .. &quot; &quot; .. words[3]
            else
                -- not a name as above; only deal with abbreviation
                if abbreviated then
                	if #words &gt; 1 then
                		result = l.abbreviate(words[1])
                		for i = 2, #words-1, 1 do
                			result = result .. &quot; &quot; .. l.abbreviate(words[i])
                		end
                		result = result .. &quot; &quot; .. words[#words]
                	end
                else
                	result = name
                end
            end
            -- deal with any hybrid symbol as it should not be italicized
            result = string.gsub(result, &quot;×&quot;, '&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;')
             -- deal with any parentheses as they should not be italicized
            if dab then
            	result = string.gsub(string.gsub(result,&quot;%(&quot;,'&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;('),&quot;%)&quot;,')&lt;/span&gt;')
            else
            	result = string.gsub(string.gsub(result,&quot;%(&quot;,'&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;'),&quot;%)&quot;,'&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;')
            end
            -- any question marks surrounded by spans can have the spans joined
            result = string.gsub(result,'&lt;/span&gt;%?&lt;span style=&quot;font%-style:normal;&quot;&gt;','?')
        	-- add outside markup
            if linked then
                if result ~= name then
                    result = &quot;[[&quot; .. name .. &quot;|&quot; .. italMarker .. result .. italMarker .. &quot;]]&quot;
                else
                    result = italMarker .. &quot;[[&quot; .. name .. &quot;]]&quot; .. italMarker
                end
            else
                result = italMarker .. result .. italMarker
            end
        end
    end
    return result
end

--[[=========================================================================
Utility function used by other modules to check if a connecting term is
present in a name. The value of name is assumed to be plain text.
=============================================================================]]
function p.hasCT(frame)
    return p.hasConnectingTerm(frame.args[1] or '')
end
    
function p.hasConnectingTerm(name)
	local words = mw.text.split(name, &quot; &quot;, true)
	if #words == 4 and cTerms3[words[3]] then return true
	elseif #words == 3 and cTerms2[words[2]] then return true
	else return false
	end
end
	
return p</text>
      <sha1>tk857d4brbmgnwhescettkachysboi2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:TNTTools</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>91243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385609</id>
      <parentid>359032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T02:14:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uzume</username>
        <id>1323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q72253447|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]]</comment>
      <origin>385609</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="2505" sha1="3xzzezqpj9rjg5fdhn3qojkztc7v0yu" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')
local p = {}

local TNT = require('Module:TNT')

function p.TNTTabFull (TNTTab)
	if (string.sub(TNTTab, 1, 5)) ~= 'I18n/' then
		TNTTab = 'I18n/'..TNTTab
	end	
	if (string.sub(TNTTab, -4)) ~= '.tab' then
		TNTTab = TNTTab..'.tab'
	end	
	return TNTTab
end --TNTTabFull

function p.TNTTabCommons (TNTTab)
	return 'Commons:Data:'..p.TNTTabFull(TNTTab)
end	

function p.LnkTNTTab (TNTTab)
	return '[['..p.TNTTabCommons(TNTTab)..']]'
end

local function I18nStr (TNTTab, S, IsMsg, params)
	TNTTab = p.TNTTabFull (TNTTab)
	local SEnd = TNT.format(TNTTab, S, unpack(params)) or ''
	if SEnd == '' then
		SEnd = TNT.formatInLanguage('en',TNTTab, S, unpack(params))
		if IsMsg then
			local icon = '[[File:Arbcom ru editing.svg|12px|Not found &quot;'..S..'&quot; in current language. Click here for to edit it.|link='..p.TNTTabCommons(TNTTab)..']]'
			SEnd = SEnd..icon	
		end	
	end	
	return SEnd
end --I18nStr

function p.GetMsgP (TNTTab, S, ...)
	return I18nStr (TNTTab, S, true, {...})
end

function p.GetStrP (TNTTab, S, ...)
	return I18nStr (TNTTab, S, false, {...})
end

function p.TabTransCS (TNTTab, S, CaseSensitive)
	CaseSensitive = ((CaseSensitive ~= nil) and (CaseSensitive == true)) or true
	local Wds = TNT.format (p.TNTTabFull(TNTTab), S)
	if not CaseSensitive then
		Wds = string.lower (Wds)
	end	
    return mw.text.split (Wds, '|')
end --TabTransCS

function p.TabTransMT (TNTTab, S, MaxTrans)
	local FN = p.TNTTabFull(TNTTab)
	local tab = mw.text.split (TNT.format (FN, S), '|')
	if #tab &gt; MaxTrans then
		error (string.format('Found %s translations for &quot;%s&quot;. Search in [[:commons:data:%s]]',#tab,S,FN)) 
							-- Translation not required
	end
	return tab
end --TabTransMT

function p.SFoundInTNTArr (TNTTab, val, CaseSensitive, S)
	if (S == nil) or (S == '') then
		error('Not arguments trying to find &quot;'..val..'&quot;') --It doesn't require translation, only for degug
	end	
	local Arr = p.TabTransCS (TNTTab, S, CaseSensitive)
	if not CaseSensitive then
		val = string.lower (val)
	end	
	for I, W in ipairs(Arr) do
		if W == val then
			return true
		end	
	end	
	return false
end --SFoundInTNTArr

function p.IdxFromTabTrans (TNTTab, val, CaseSensitive, ...)
	local Arr = unpack(arg)
	if Arr == nil then
		error('Not arguments trying to find &quot;'..val..'&quot;') --It doesn't require translation, only for degug
	end	
	local Idx = 0
	for I, W in ipairs(Arr) do
		if p.SFoundInTNTArr (TNTTab, val, CaseSensitive, W) then
			Idx = I
			break
		end	
	end	
	return Idx
end	--IdxFromTabTrans

return p</text>
      <sha1>3xzzezqpj9rjg5fdhn3qojkztc7v0yu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>خدمتون</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>93602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385458</id>
      <parentid>367315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:13:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* خارجي لنڪس */</comment>
      <origin>385458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9222" sha1="q3ucx6xrlgxdzi9legra2gkfo6em7rv" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|اهڙي سرگرمي جنهن لاءِ ادائيگي ڪئي وڃي}}
[[فائل:Lima waiter PUCPeru 2010.jpg|thumb|ريسٽورنٽ جو ويٽر خدمت سان لاڳاپيل پيشي جو هڪ مثال آهي.]]
'''خدمت''' (Service) مان مراد ڪو اهڙو عمل يا استعمال آهي جنهن لاءِ ڪو [[صارف]] (consumer)، [[ڪمپني]]، يا [[حڪومت]] [[ادائيگي]] ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McConnell|first=Campbell R.|edition=18th|date=2009|title=Economics. Principles, Problems and Policies|url=http://www.califaxprinters.com/mba_books/EB%20McConnell%20Econ.18e.pdf|format=PDF contains full textbook|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-0-07-337569-4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014212/http://www.califaxprinters.com/mba_books/EB%20McConnell%20Econ.18e.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014212/http://www.califaxprinters.com/mba_books/EB%20McConnell%20Econ.18e.pdf |date=6 October 2016 }}, Glossary, p. G-25.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي مثالن ۾ حجم، ڊاڪٽر، وڪيل، اڪائونٽنٽ، ميڪينڪ، بئنڪون، مالياتي ادارا، ۽ انشورنس ڪمپنين پاران ڪيل ڪم شامل آهن. [[عوامي خدمتون]] (Public services) اهي آهن جن لاءِ سماج (رياست يا علائقو) گڏيل طور تي ادائيگي ڪري ٿو، جهڙوڪ اسپتالون، پرائمري اسڪول، يا لائبريريون. وسيلن، مهارت، ذهانت ۽ تجربي کي استعمال ڪندي، خدمت فراهم ڪندڙ صارفين کي فائدو پهچائيندا آهن. خدمتن کي [[غير محسوس مال]] (intangible goods) طور بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ذريعي فراهم ڪندڙ گراهڪ کي قيمت (value) فراهم ڪري ٿو.

== خاصيتون ==
خدمتن جون ٽي مکيه خاصيتون آهن:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== غير محسوس هجڻ (Intangibility) ===
خدمتون تعريف جي لحاظ کان غير محسوس هونديون آهن. اهي نه ته تيار ڪيون وينديون آهن، نه ئي منتقل يا ذخيرو ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. [[پائيدار سامان]] جي برعڪس، ڪو به شخص مستقبل جي استعمال لاءِ خدمتن کي ذخيرو نٿو ڪري سگهي. اهي هڪ ئي وقت پيدا ۽ استعمال ڪيون وينديون آهن.

=== فنا ٿيڻ جي صلاحيت (Perishability) ===
خدمتون ٻن طريقن سان فنا ٿيندڙ آهن:
* خدمت سان لاڳاپيل وسيلا ۽ نظام هڪ خاص وقت لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويندا آهن. جيڪڏهن صارف ان وقت دوران خدمت حاصل نٿو ڪري، ته اهي وسيلا ضايع ٿي سگهن ٿا. مثال طور: هڪ جهاز جي خالي سيٽ اڏام کانپوءِ ٻيهر نٿي ڀري سگهجي.
* جڏهن خدمت مڪمل طور تي صارف کي مهيا ڪئي ويندي آهي، ته اها مستقل طور تي ختم ٿي ويندي آهي. مثال طور: هڪ مسافر پنهنجي منزل تي پهچي ويو.
خدمت فراهم ڪندڙ کي کپي ته اها صارف جي گهرج واري وقت تي ئي مهيا ڪري. صارف به خدمت جي فراهمي دوران موجود هجڻ ضروري آهي، جهڙوڪ وار ڪٽائڻ وقت حجم جي ڪرسيءَ تي ويهڻ.

=== تبديلي (Variability) ===
هر خدمت منفرد هوندي آهي. اها ڪڏهن به ساڳئي نموني نٿي دهرايو وڃي سگهجي، ڇو ته وقت، جڳهه ۽ حالتون هر دفعي مختلف هونديون آهن. ڪيتريون ئي خدمتون گراهڪ جي ضرورت مطابق تبديل ڪيون وينديون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzy2BQAAQBAJ|title=The Routledge Companion to Financial Services Marketing|isbn=9781134095629|last1=Harrison|first1=Tina|last2=Estelami|first2=Hooman|date=5 December 2014|publisher=Routledge }}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور: هڪ ٽيڪسي سروس جيڪا مسافر کي گهر کان آفيس وٺي وڃي ٿي، اها آفيس کان گهر واپس اچڻ واري سروس کان مختلف ٿي سگهي ٿي (مختلف وقت، رستو يا ڊرائيور جي ڪري).

== خدمت جي معيار (Service quality) ==
خدمت فراهم ڪندڙ لاءِ پنهنجو ڪاروبار وڌائڻ واسطي وڏي پئماني تي خدمتن جي فراهمي ۾ مهارت حاصل ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. گهڻيون خدمتون انساني سرگرمين تي ٻڌل هونديون آهن، تنهنڪري معيار ۾ هڪجهڙائي برقرار رکڻ مشڪل هوندو آهي. خدمت جي فراهمي ۾ انساني عنصر ئي ڪاميابيءَ جو بنيادي سبب هوندو آهي.

== وضاحتون (Specification) ==
ڪنهن به خدمت کي معيار جي بنياد تي ڪجهه خاص پيماني ذريعي بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو:
* '''صارف جا فائدا:''' اهي فائدا جيڪي صارف جي درخواست تي کيس مهيا ڪيا وڃن.
* '''فراهمي جو هنڌ:''' اها جڳهه جتي خدمت مهيا ڪئي وڃي.
* '''فراهمي جو وقت:''' اهي لمحا جڏهن خدمت دستياب هجي.
* '''خدمت جي قيمت:''' اها رقم جيڪا گراهڪ خدمت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ادا ڪري ٿو.

== فراهمي (Delivery) ==
[[فائل:StarbucksVaughanMills.JPG|thumb|ڪافي هائوس — خدمت جي فراهمي جو هڪ قسم]]
خدمت جي فراهمي ۾ عام طور تي ڇهه عوامل شامل آهن:
* خدمت فراهم ڪندڙ (ورڪر ۽ مينيجر)
* استعمال ٿيندڙ سامان (جهڙوڪ گاڏيون، ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم)
* جسماني سهولتون (عمارتون، انتظار گاهه)
* خدمت حاصل ڪندڙ (صارف)
* فراهمي واري هنڌ تي موجود ٻيا گراهڪ
* گراهڪ سان رابطو

ڪاروباري ماهر خدمت جي فراهمي کي هڪ &quot;پرفارمنس&quot; يا &quot;ڊرامي&quot; جيان ڏسن ٿا، جتي جڳهه کي اسٽيج ۽ استعمال ٿيندڙ شين کي پروپس (props) چيو وڃي ٿو.

== خدمت ۽ جنس جي وچ ۾ فرق ==
سامان (goods) ۽ خدمت (service) جي وچ ۾ فرق تي قديم زماني کان بحث هلندڙ آهي. ارڙهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾، ماهرن جو خيال هو ته سامان اها شيءِ آهي جنهن تي مالڪي جا حق هجن ۽ ان کي ذخيرو ڪري سگهجي.

[[ايڊم سمٿ]] پنهنجي مشهور ڪتاب ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776ع) ۾ &quot;پيداواري&quot; ۽ &quot;غير پيداواري&quot; محنت جي وچ ۾ فرق ڪيو. هن چيو ته خدمتون پيداوار وقت ئي ختم ٿي وڃن ٿيون ۽ دولت ۾ اضافو نٿيون ڪن. پر جديد دور ۾، اڪثر پراڊڪٽس انهن ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ اچن ٿيون. مثال طور: هڪ [[ريسٽورنٽ]] جسماني سامان (کاڌو) به ڏئي ٿو ۽ خدمت (خدمت ۽ ماحول) به مهيا ڪري ٿو.

== خدمتن جا قسم ==
هتي مختلف خدمت جي شعبن جي فهرست ڏجي ٿي:
* '''ڪاروباري خدمتون:''' مشاورت (Consulting)، ڪسٽمر سروس، انساني وسيلا (HR).
* '''صفائي ۽ مرمت:''' مالي، صفائي ڪندڙ، ميڪينڪ.
* '''اڏاوت:''' واڍڪو ڪم، اليڪٽريشن، پلمبنگ.
* '''قانوني ۽ انتظامي:''' عدالتون، وڪيل، پوليس، فوج.
* '''تعليم:''' لائبريريون، ميوزيم، اسڪول.
* '''مالياتي خدمتون:''' بئنڪون، انشورنس، اسٽاڪ بروڪريج.
* '''صحت:''' ڊاڪٽر، نرسون ۽ صحت جا ٻيا شعبا.
* '''معلوماتي خدمتون:''' ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ، ترجمو (Translation).
* '''ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ لاجسٽڪس:''' سامان جي چرپر ۽ گودام.

== پڻ ڏسندا ==
* [[جيئن هڪ خدمت]] (As a service)
* [[غير محسوس مال]]
* [[مارڪيٽنگ]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|first1=Valarie A. |last1=Zeithaml|first2=A. |last2=Parasuraman|first3=Leonard L. |last3=Berry|title=Delivering Quality Service: Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations|year=1990|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-935701-9}}
*{{cite book|first1=Robert |last1=Johnston|first2=Graham |last2= Clark|title=Service Operations Management: Improving Service Delivery|year=2008|publisher=Financial Times/Prentice Hall|isbn=978-1-4058-4732-2}}
{{Refend}}

==خارجي لنڪس==
*{{Commonscat-inline|Services (economics)}}

{{Economics}}
{{Microeconomics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Service (Economics)}}
[[زمرو:مال]]
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[[زمرو:معيشت]]
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{{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:5px;font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;center style=&quot;word-spacing:1ex&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| bgcolor=&quot;#ADDFAD&quot; align=center style=&quot;width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;&quot;
|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left&quot;&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;tabber horizTabBox&quot; style=&quot;width: 100% !important;&quot;&gt;
[[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]]
&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;''

'''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.&lt;br&gt;
* وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع  ۾  عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.&lt;br /&gt;
* ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.'''
* صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''.

&lt;Font - size=4&gt; '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' &lt;/Font - size&gt;

&lt;Font - size=3&gt;  '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' &lt;/Font - size&gt;&lt;br&gt;
ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا.
* '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''':
** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''.
** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''.
** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''.

&lt;Font - size=3&gt; '''تعاون''' &lt;/Font - size&gt;

* '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''.
&lt;inputbox&gt;type=search&lt;/inputbox&gt;
* '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا  واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''.
&lt;inputbox&gt;type=create&lt;/inputbox&gt;
*  '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.&lt;/center&gt;
|} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 12:12, 2 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي)

== Welcome  ==

Assalamo Alekum!

Please translate atleast 15 articles in Sindhi Language in this month. If you need I may suggest some articles for your translate. Thank you, 

[[واپرائيندڙ:Memon2025|Memon2025]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Memon2025|ڳالھ]]) 10:31, 15 جُونِ 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي)

:وَعَلَيْكُمُ السَّلَامُ
:حاضر ادا [[واپرائيندڙ:سائين بخش|سائين بخش]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:سائين بخش|ڳالھ]]) 14:10, 15 جُونِ 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي)

== سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي وڌيڪ مضمون شامل ڪريو ==

سائين بخش! السلام عليڪم!

تجويز ڪيل مضمون: 

* [[27 رجب]]  
* [[14 شعبان]]  
* [[17 رمضان]] 
* [[1 محرم]] 
* [[وضو]]
* [[غسل]]
* [[اسلام ۾ وراثت]] 
* [[اسلام ۾ خيرات]]  
* [[جهاد ۽ قتال ۾ فرق]] 
* [[قرآن ۾ سورتن جي فهرست|قرآن پاڪ جي سورت]]
* [[آفريڪا ۾ اسلام|آمريڪا ۾ اسلام]]
* برطانيه  ۾ اسلام
* شام  ۾ اسلام
* ترڪي ۾ اسلام 
* چين ۾ اسلام
* يمن  ۾ اسلام
* ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ اسلام
* اتر آمريڪا ۾ اسلام
* اوشيانا  ۾ اسلام
* بلوچستان  ۾ اسلام
* ڪشمير  ۾ اسلام
* بنگال  ۾ اسلام
* نيپال  ۾ اسلام
* سري لنڪا   ۾ اسلام
* [[واپرائيندڙ:Memon2025|Memon2025]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Memon2025|ڳالھ]]) 11:22, 15 جُونِ 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي)</text>
      <sha1>ejfjqv9au3exgt1zunpsnuodqb40osd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سکر جي سياحتي ماڳن جي فھرست</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>94584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385437</id>
      <parentid>369844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:49:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:سکر جون تفريحي جڳھون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="3292" sha1="9lsi45zjbrdl27ooplawxa2hzw818iy" xml:space="preserve">ھي '''سکر جي سياحتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳن جي فھرست''' آھي. [[سکر]]، [[سنڌ]] جو هڪ قديم شھر آهي جيڪو پنھنجي تاريخي عمارتن، مذهبي آستانن ۽ سنڌو درياءَ جي خوبصورت منظرن سبب سياحن لاءِ خاص ڪشش رکي ٿو. مشھور سياحتي ماڳن جي فھرست هيٺ ڏجي ٿي:

=== تاريخي عمارتون ۽ يادگار ===
* '''[[معصوم شاھ جو منارو]]''': هي سکر جو سڀ کان مشھور تاريخي نشان آهي، جيڪو 17هين صديءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.
* '''[[گهنٽاگهر سکر]]''' (بجاج ٽاور سکر):
* '''[[بکر جو قلعو]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي وچ ۾ هڪ ٻيٽ تي واقع هي تاريخي قلعو پنهنجي دفاعي اهميت سبب مشهور آهي.
* '''[[لينسڊائون پل]]''': 1889ع ۾ تعمير ٿيل هيءَ پل انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ شاهڪار نمونو آهي، جيڪا سکر ۽ روهڙيءَ کي ڳنڍي ٿي.
* '''[[ايوب پل]]''': لينسڊائون پل جي ڀرسان اسٽيل جي هڪ وڏي ڪمان واري پل، جيڪا سياحن جي توجھ جو مرڪز رهي ٿي.
* '''[[سکر بئراج]]''': دنيا جو هڪ وڏو آبپاشي نظام، جنھن کي ڏسڻ لاءِ پري پري کان ماڻهو ايندا آهن.

=== مذهبي ۽ روحاني ماڳ ===
* '''[[ساڌ ٻيلو]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي وچ ۾ واقع هندن جو هڪ مقدس ۽ خوبصورت مندر.
* '''[[ستين جو آستان]]''': روهڙيءَ جي ويجهو درياءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع ستن بيبين جو هڪ پراسرار ۽ تاريخي قبرستان.
* '''[[ميان آدم شاھ ڪلهوڙو جي مزار]]''': هڪ اوچي ٽڪريءَ تي واقع هيءَ مزار پوري شھر جو هڪ خوبصورت نظارو پيش ڪري ٿي.
* '''[[وار مبارڪ روھڙي]]''': روهڙيءَ ۾ واقع هڪ مقدس جاءِ جتي حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جو وار مبارڪ رکيل آهي.

=== پارڪ ۽ تفريح گاهون ===
* '''[[لبِ مھراڻ]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ خوبصورت پارڪ، جيڪو پڪنڪ ۽ ٻيڙيءَ جي سير لاءِ مشھور آهي.
* '''[[محمد بن قاسم پارڪ]]''': شھر جي وچ ۾ واقع هڪ تفريحي پارڪ.
* '''[[گلوب چوڪ سکر]]''': سکر بئراج جي ويجهو مشھور چوڪ، جتي دنيا جو گولو ٺھيل آھي. ويجهو ئي واڪنگ ٽريڪ بہ آھي جنھن ۾ پاڪستان جو ھڪ تمام وڏو جهنڊو لڳل آھي.

=== مزارون ===
* '''جيئي شاھ جي مزار'''، پراڻي سکر ۾
* '''صدرالدين شاھ جي مزار'''، بکر جي قلعي جي ويجهو
* '''خواجہ خضر جو آستانو'''، صدرالدين شاھ جي مزار کان اوڀر ۾ وچ درياھ ۾ واقع

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==
* [[سکر]]
* [[سنڌ جا تاريخي ماڳ]]

[[زمرو:سکر جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:سکر جون تفريحي جڳھون]]</text>
      <sha1>9lsi45zjbrdl27ooplawxa2hzw818iy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385438</id>
      <parentid>385437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:50:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:سکر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3312" sha1="hcw4etn7ody06q4bbwbpy8kjliqt0s9" xml:space="preserve">ھي '''سکر جي سياحتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳن جي فھرست''' آھي. [[سکر]]، [[سنڌ]] جو هڪ قديم شھر آهي جيڪو پنھنجي تاريخي عمارتن، مذهبي آستانن ۽ سنڌو درياءَ جي خوبصورت منظرن سبب سياحن لاءِ خاص ڪشش رکي ٿو. مشھور سياحتي ماڳن جي فھرست هيٺ ڏجي ٿي:

=== تاريخي عمارتون ۽ يادگار ===
* '''[[معصوم شاھ جو منارو]]''': هي سکر جو سڀ کان مشھور تاريخي نشان آهي، جيڪو 17هين صديءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.
* '''[[گهنٽاگهر سکر]]''' (بجاج ٽاور سکر):
* '''[[بکر جو قلعو]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي وچ ۾ هڪ ٻيٽ تي واقع هي تاريخي قلعو پنهنجي دفاعي اهميت سبب مشهور آهي.
* '''[[لينسڊائون پل]]''': 1889ع ۾ تعمير ٿيل هيءَ پل انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ شاهڪار نمونو آهي، جيڪا سکر ۽ روهڙيءَ کي ڳنڍي ٿي.
* '''[[ايوب پل]]''': لينسڊائون پل جي ڀرسان اسٽيل جي هڪ وڏي ڪمان واري پل، جيڪا سياحن جي توجھ جو مرڪز رهي ٿي.
* '''[[سکر بئراج]]''': دنيا جو هڪ وڏو آبپاشي نظام، جنھن کي ڏسڻ لاءِ پري پري کان ماڻهو ايندا آهن.

=== مذهبي ۽ روحاني ماڳ ===
* '''[[ساڌ ٻيلو]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي وچ ۾ واقع هندن جو هڪ مقدس ۽ خوبصورت مندر.
* '''[[ستين جو آستان]]''': روهڙيءَ جي ويجهو درياءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع ستن بيبين جو هڪ پراسرار ۽ تاريخي قبرستان.
* '''[[ميان آدم شاھ ڪلهوڙو جي مزار]]''': هڪ اوچي ٽڪريءَ تي واقع هيءَ مزار پوري شھر جو هڪ خوبصورت نظارو پيش ڪري ٿي.
* '''[[وار مبارڪ روھڙي]]''': روهڙيءَ ۾ واقع هڪ مقدس جاءِ جتي حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جو وار مبارڪ رکيل آهي.

=== پارڪ ۽ تفريح گاهون ===
* '''[[لبِ مھراڻ]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ خوبصورت پارڪ، جيڪو پڪنڪ ۽ ٻيڙيءَ جي سير لاءِ مشھور آهي.
* '''[[محمد بن قاسم پارڪ]]''': شھر جي وچ ۾ واقع هڪ تفريحي پارڪ.
* '''[[گلوب چوڪ سکر]]''': سکر بئراج جي ويجهو مشھور چوڪ، جتي دنيا جو گولو ٺھيل آھي. ويجهو ئي واڪنگ ٽريڪ بہ آھي جنھن ۾ پاڪستان جو ھڪ تمام وڏو جهنڊو لڳل آھي.

=== مزارون ===
* '''جيئي شاھ جي مزار'''، پراڻي سکر ۾
* '''صدرالدين شاھ جي مزار'''، بکر جي قلعي جي ويجهو
* '''خواجہ خضر جو آستانو'''، صدرالدين شاھ جي مزار کان اوڀر ۾ وچ درياھ ۾ واقع

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==
* [[سکر]]
* [[سنڌ جا تاريخي ماڳ]]

[[زمرو:سکر جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:سکر جون تفريحي جڳھون]]
[[زمرو:سکر]]</text>
      <sha1>hcw4etn7ody06q4bbwbpy8kjliqt0s9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385441</id>
      <parentid>385438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:53:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>385441</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3341" sha1="o9xz4zvhwtve1vzrphewsjsv1j3lp5e" xml:space="preserve">ھي '''سکر جي سياحتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳن جي فھرست''' آھي. [[سکر]]، [[سنڌ]] جو هڪ قديم شھر آهي جيڪو پنھنجي تاريخي عمارتن، مذهبي آستانن ۽ سنڌو درياءَ جي خوبصورت منظرن سبب سياحن لاءِ خاص ڪشش رکي ٿو. مشھور سياحتي ماڳن جي فھرست هيٺ ڏجي ٿي:

=== تاريخي عمارتون ۽ يادگار ===
* '''[[معصوم شاھ جو منارو]]''': هي سکر جو سڀ کان مشھور تاريخي نشان آهي، جيڪو 17هين صديءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.
* '''[[گهنٽاگهر سکر]]''' (بجاج ٽاور سکر):
* '''[[بکر جو قلعو]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي وچ ۾ هڪ ٻيٽ تي واقع هي تاريخي قلعو پنهنجي دفاعي اهميت سبب مشهور آهي.
* '''[[لينسڊائون پل]]''': 1889ع ۾ تعمير ٿيل هيءَ پل انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ شاهڪار نمونو آهي، جيڪا سکر ۽ روهڙيءَ کي ڳنڍي ٿي.
* '''[[ايوب پل]]''': لينسڊائون پل جي ڀرسان اسٽيل جي هڪ وڏي ڪمان واري پل، جيڪا سياحن جي توجھ جو مرڪز رهي ٿي.
* '''[[سکر بئراج]]''': دنيا جو هڪ وڏو آبپاشي نظام، جنھن کي ڏسڻ لاءِ پري پري کان ماڻهو ايندا آهن.

=== مذهبي ۽ روحاني ماڳ ===
* '''[[ساڌ ٻيلو]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي وچ ۾ واقع هندن جو هڪ مقدس ۽ خوبصورت مندر.
* '''[[ستين جو آستان]]''': روهڙيءَ جي ويجهو درياءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع ستن بيبين جو هڪ پراسرار ۽ تاريخي قبرستان.
* '''[[ميان آدم شاھ ڪلهوڙو جي مزار]]''': هڪ اوچي ٽڪريءَ تي واقع هيءَ مزار پوري شھر جو هڪ خوبصورت نظارو پيش ڪري ٿي.
* '''[[وار مبارڪ روھڙي]]''': روهڙيءَ ۾ واقع هڪ مقدس جاءِ جتي حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جو وار مبارڪ رکيل آهي.

=== پارڪ ۽ تفريح گاهون ===
* '''[[لبِ مھراڻ]]''': سنڌو درياءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ خوبصورت پارڪ، جيڪو پڪنڪ ۽ ٻيڙيءَ جي سير لاءِ مشھور آهي.
* '''[[محمد بن قاسم پارڪ]]''': شھر جي وچ ۾ واقع هڪ تفريحي پارڪ.
* '''[[گلوب چوڪ سکر]]''': سکر بئراج جي ويجهو مشھور چوڪ، جتي دنيا جو گولو ٺھيل آھي. ويجهو ئي واڪنگ ٽريڪ بہ آھي جنھن ۾ پاڪستان جو ھڪ تمام وڏو جهنڊو لڳل آھي.

=== مزارون ===
* '''جيئي شاھ جي مزار'''، پراڻي سکر ۾
* '''صدرالدين شاھ جي مزار'''، بکر جي قلعي جي ويجهو
* '''خواجہ خضر جو آستانو'''، صدرالدين شاھ جي مزار کان اوڀر ۾ وچ درياھ ۾ واقع

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==
* [[سکر]]
* [[سنڌ جا تاريخي ماڳ]]
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:سکر]]
[[زمرو:سکر جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:سکر جون تفريحي جڳھون]]</text>
      <sha1>o9xz4zvhwtve1vzrphewsjsv1j3lp5e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ڪيوريسو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385432</id>
      <parentid>383968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:04:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>19611</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>→ File replacement: update to new version</comment>
      <origin>385432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150306" sha1="4s2r0x0mc05zsohymg71kgzlrrzsuoi" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪوراڪاوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪوراڪاوئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪوراڪاوئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً 65 ڪلوميٽر (40 ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان 80 ڪلوميٽر (50 ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪوراساؤ جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ ڪلين ڪوراساؤ جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (Little Curaçao) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt; جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان ABC ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ 1499ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن 1634ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. 1863ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪوراڪاؤ اڳ ۾ 1815 کان 1954 تائين ڪوراڪاؤ ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ 1954 کان 2010 تائين، ڪوراڪاؤ جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt;

1914 ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ 2010 ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪوراڪاؤ جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪوراڪاؤ کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪراساؤ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪوراڪاؤ کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪوراڪاؤ تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Royal Navy]] warships under [[Charles Brisbane]] capturing Curaçao on 1 January 1807]]

In 1634, during the [[Eighty Years' War]] of independence between the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the Netherlands]] and Spain, the [[Dutch West India Company]] under Admiral [[Johann van Walbeeck]] invaded the island; the Spanish surrendered in San Juan in August. Approximately 30 Spaniards and many indigenous people were then deported to Santa Ana de Coro in Venezuela. About 30 Taíno families were allowed to live on the island while Dutch colonists started settling there.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

The Dutch West India Company founded the capital of Willemstad in 1634 on the banks of an inlet called the Schottegat; the [[natural harbour]] proved an ideal place for trade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commerce and shipping—and [[piracy in the Caribbean|piracy]]—became Curaçao's most important economic activities. Later, [[salt mines|salt mining]] became a major industry, the mineral being a lucrative export at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1662, the Dutch West India Company made Curaçao a centre of the [[Atlantic slave trade]], often bringing slaves from West Africa to the island, before selling them elsewhere in the Caribbean and [[Spanish Main]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

[[Sephardic Jews]] fleeing persecution in [[Expulsion of the Jews from Spain|Spain]] and [[Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal|Portugal]] sought safe haven in [[Dutch Brazil]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]. Many settled in Curaçao, where they made significant contributions to its civil society, cultural development, and economic prosperity.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1674 the island became a [[free port]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the [[Franco-Dutch War]] of 1672–1678, French Admiral [[Jean II d'Estrées]] planned to attack Curaçao. His fleet—12 [[Man-of-war|men-of-war]], three [[fire ship]]s, two transports, a [[hospital ship]], and 12 [[privateer]]s—met with disaster, losing seven men-of-war and two other ships when they struck [[reef]]s off the [[Las Aves archipelago]]. The serious navigational error occurred on 11 May 1678, a week after the fleet set sail from [[Saint Kitts]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Since the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles====
The [[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
After being part of the [[Netherlands Antilles]], Curaçao became autonomous, along with [[Sint Maarten]] island, while the less populated islands of [[Bonaire]], [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]] remained [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] governed by the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
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{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="150351" sha1="t3tlu22kygo6ooorgfqqdv7z1b4kcjv" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪوراڪاوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪوراڪاوئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪوراڪاوئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً 65 ڪلوميٽر (40 ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان 80 ڪلوميٽر (50 ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪوراساؤ جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ ڪلين ڪوراساؤ جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (Little Curaçao) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt; جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان ABC ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ 1499ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن 1634ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. 1863ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪوراڪاؤ اڳ ۾ 1815 کان 1954 تائين ڪوراڪاؤ ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ 1954 کان 2010 تائين، ڪوراڪاؤ جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt;

1914 ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ 2010 ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪوراڪاؤ جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪوراڪاؤ کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪراساؤ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪوراڪاؤ کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪوراڪاؤ تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Royal Navy]] warships under [[Charles Brisbane]] capturing Curaçao on 1 January 1807]]

In 1634, during the [[Eighty Years' War]] of independence between the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the Netherlands]] and Spain, the [[Dutch West India Company]] under Admiral [[Johann van Walbeeck]] invaded the island; the Spanish surrendered in San Juan in August. Approximately 30 Spaniards and many indigenous people were then deported to Santa Ana de Coro in Venezuela. About 30 Taíno families were allowed to live on the island while Dutch colonists started settling there.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

The Dutch West India Company founded the capital of Willemstad in 1634 on the banks of an inlet called the Schottegat; the [[natural harbour]] proved an ideal place for trade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commerce and shipping—and [[piracy in the Caribbean|piracy]]—became Curaçao's most important economic activities. Later, [[salt mines|salt mining]] became a major industry, the mineral being a lucrative export at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1662, the Dutch West India Company made Curaçao a centre of the [[Atlantic slave trade]], often bringing slaves from West Africa to the island, before selling them elsewhere in the Caribbean and [[Spanish Main]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

[[Sephardic Jews]] fleeing persecution in [[Expulsion of the Jews from Spain|Spain]] and [[Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal|Portugal]] sought safe haven in [[Dutch Brazil]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]. Many settled in Curaçao, where they made significant contributions to its civil society, cultural development, and economic prosperity.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1674 the island became a [[free port]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the [[Franco-Dutch War]] of 1672–1678, French Admiral [[Jean II d'Estrées]] planned to attack Curaçao. His fleet—12 [[Man-of-war|men-of-war]], three [[fire ship]]s, two transports, a [[hospital ship]], and 12 [[privateer]]s—met with disaster, losing seven men-of-war and two other ships when they struck [[reef]]s off the [[Las Aves archipelago]]. The serious navigational error occurred on 11 May 1678, a week after the fleet set sail from [[Saint Kitts]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Since the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles====
The [[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
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{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="150994" sha1="otxmjooz8e8r1gp7kmc9yw9jwxfh4hd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪوراڪاوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪوراڪاوئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪوراڪاوئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً 65 ڪلوميٽر (40 ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان 80 ڪلوميٽر (50 ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪوراساؤ جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ ڪلين ڪوراساؤ جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (Little Curaçao) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt; جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان ABC ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ 1499ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن 1634ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. 1863ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪوراڪاؤ اڳ ۾ 1815 کان 1954 تائين ڪوراڪاؤ ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ 1954 کان 2010 تائين، ڪوراڪاؤ جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt;

1914 ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ 2010 ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪوراڪاؤ جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪوراڪاؤ کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪراساؤ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪوراڪاؤ کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪوراڪاؤ تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪوراساؤ جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪوراڪاو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪوراڪاو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪوراڪاو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي,بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Since the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles====
The [[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
{{Navboxes
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|list =
{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Countries of North America}}
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|title = International membership and history
|list =
{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
      <sha1>otxmjooz8e8r1gp7kmc9yw9jwxfh4hd</sha1>
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      <text bytes="154036" sha1="foytb99dilir31hnt0d6xw8w0y3c2qz" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪوراڪاوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪوراڪاوئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪوراڪاوئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً 65 ڪلوميٽر (40 ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان 80 ڪلوميٽر (50 ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪوراساؤ جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ ڪلين ڪوراساؤ جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (Little Curaçao) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt; جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان ABC ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ 1499ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن 1634ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. 1863ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪوراڪاؤ اڳ ۾ 1815 کان 1954 تائين ڪوراڪاؤ ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ 1954 کان 2010 تائين، ڪوراڪاؤ جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt;

1914 ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ 2010 ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪوراڪاؤ جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪوراڪاؤ کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪراساؤ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪوراڪاؤ کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪوراڪاؤ تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪوراساؤ جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪوراڪاو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪوراڪاو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪوراڪاو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي,بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
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{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="154297" sha1="nrl674qbl0am3a0jlp5e1mjsbp7w0j0" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪوراڪاوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪوراڪاوئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪوراڪاوئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪوراڪاؤ جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪوراڪاؤ کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪراساؤ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪوراڪاؤ کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪوراڪاؤ تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪوراساؤ جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪوراڪاو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪوراڪاو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪوراڪاو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي,بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
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{{Countries of North America}}
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|title = International membership and history
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{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="154293" sha1="b5p3dru6p8lzim795419g5uq9efy6rp" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪيوريسوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪيوريسئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪيوريسئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪوراڪاؤ جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪوراڪاؤ کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪراساؤ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪوراڪاؤ کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪوراڪاؤ تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪوراساؤ جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪوراڪاو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪوراڪاو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪوراڪاو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي,بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
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{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Countries of North America}}
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|title = International membership and history
|list =
{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="154293" sha1="lprtj1nopi7rcylfdnma9u1wp4lpmff" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪيوريسوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪيوريسئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪيوريسئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪيوريسو جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪوراڪاؤ کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪراساؤ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪوراڪاؤ کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪوراڪاؤ تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪوراڪاؤ کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪوراساؤ جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪوراڪاو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪوراڪاو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪوراڪاو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي,بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
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{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Countries of North America}}
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{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="154295" sha1="jmdmw19wxzuqdpk34mn2rbs7x1c2n8k" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪيوريسوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪيوريسئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪيوريسئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪيوريسو جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪيوريسو کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪيوريسو کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪيوريسو تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪوراساؤ جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪوراڪاو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪوراڪاو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪوراڪاو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي,بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
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{{Countries of North America}}
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{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="154295" sha1="cp66s7xnxmwft9dvu9bklcbqgzkl3p0" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪيوريسوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪيوريسئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪيوريسئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪيوريسو جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪيوريسو کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪيوريسو کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪيوريسو تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪيوريسو جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪيوريسو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪيوريسو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪيوريسو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat]]

The [[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
{{Navboxes
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|list =
{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Countries of North America}}
}}
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|title = International membership and history
|list =
{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
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{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="156844" sha1="509e6gc1dyn497iuwct2ray7jpqyhau" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪيوريسوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪيوريسئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪيوريسئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪيوريسو جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪيوريسو کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪيوريسو کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪيوريسو تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪيوريسو جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪيوريسو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪيوريسو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪيوريسو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پل ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|ڪون ولهيلمينا بروگ (پل) وائيگٽ مٿان]]

ڪوئين ايما پل, هڪ &lt;small&gt;168&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;551&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) ڊگهو پونٽون پل, پيادلن کي پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا ضلعن جي وچ ۾ هلڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. پل کليل آهي ته جيئن جهازن کي بندرگاهه ڏانهن ۽ اتان گذرڻ جي اجازت ملي سگهي. پل اصل ۾ 1888 ۾ کوليو ويو هو ۽ موجوده پل 1939 ۾ نصب ڪئي وئي هئي. اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي ۽ (گهڻو ڪري نه) مقامي ماڻهن طرفان &quot;اسان جي جھولندڙ پراڻي عورت&quot; (Our Swinging Old Lady) جي نالي سان حوالو ڏنو ويو آهي. 

ڪوئين جوليانا پل ساڳئي ٻن ضلعن جي وچ ۾ موٽر گاڏين جي ٽرئفڪ کي هلائي ٿو ۽ ان جي 1974 جي افتتاح ڪوئين ايما پل کي صرف پيادلن لاءِ پل بڻجڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سمنڊ کان 185 فوٽ (56 ميٽر) مٿي, ڪوئين جوليانا پل ڪيريبين ۾ بلند ترين پلن مان هڪ آهي.


[[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;


افاديت ۽ صفائي: Aqualectra (هڪ سرڪاري ملڪيت واري ڪمپني ۽ CARILEC جي مڪمل ميمبر) ٻيٽ تي پيئڻ جو پاڻي ۽ بجلي پهچائي ٿي. قيمتون حڪومت طرفان ڪنٽرول ڪيون وينديون آهن. پاڻي ريورس اوسموسس يا ڊي سيلينائيزيشن ذريعي پيدا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو 69,000 گهرن ۽ ڪمپنين جي خدمت ڪري ٿو. 1,30,000 پاڻي ۽ بجلي ميٽر استعمال ڪندي. بجلي پيدا ڪرڻ واري ڪمپني. Nu Kureso (NuCuraçao) 2012 ۾ Tera Kora ۽ Playa Kanoa ۾ ونڊ فارم کوليا. ۽ 2015 ۾ Tera Kora ۾ وڌايو ويو. ڪو به قدرتي گئس ورهائڻ وارو گرڊ ناهي. گئس گهرن کي پريشر ٿيل ڪنٽينرز ذريعي فراهم ڪئي ويندي آهي. * Curbside ڪچرو کڻڻ Selikor ڪمپني پاران مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڪو به ري سائيڪلنگ پڪ اپ ناهي. پر مالپيس لينڊ فل تي ڪجهه ري سائيڪل ٿيل مواد لاءِ ڊراپ آف سينٽر آهن. ۽ گرين فورس پاران هلائي ويندڙ مختلف جڳهيون. خانگي هولرز تعميراتي فضلي، ڪاغذ ۽ ڪارڊ بورڊ کي ري سائيڪل ڪن ٿا. Nu. ڪيوبا. پريسونا. Akuano. ليکترا. پيلا. ڪانو آصف. سليڪور. تيرا.

=== Utilities and sanitation ===
Aqualectra, a government-owned company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a full member of [[Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC)|CARILEC]], delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government.&lt;!--says nothing about sewage!--&gt; Water is produced by [[reverse osmosis]] or [[desalinization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot; /&gt; The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
{{Navboxes
|title = Geographic locale
|list =
{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Countries of North America}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = International membership and history
|list =
{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
{{Outlying territories of European countries}}
{{Dutch colonies|Kingdom2|state=collapsed}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="157581" sha1="en4nvw4h6hogwfvnl0h2xjytd0qgn5k" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪيوريسوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪيوريسئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪيوريسئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪيوريسو جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪيوريسو کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪيوريسو کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪيوريسو تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪيوريسو جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪيوريسو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪيوريسو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪيوريسو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پل ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|ڪون ولهيلمينا بروگ (پل) وائيگٽ مٿان]]

ڪوئين ايما پل, هڪ &lt;small&gt;168&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;551&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) ڊگهو پونٽون پل, پيادلن کي پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا ضلعن جي وچ ۾ هلڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. پل کليل آهي ته جيئن جهازن کي بندرگاهه ڏانهن ۽ اتان گذرڻ جي اجازت ملي سگهي. پل اصل ۾ 1888 ۾ کوليو ويو هو ۽ موجوده پل 1939 ۾ نصب ڪئي وئي هئي. اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي ۽ (گهڻو ڪري نه) مقامي ماڻهن طرفان &quot;اسان جي جھولندڙ پراڻي عورت&quot; (Our Swinging Old Lady) جي نالي سان حوالو ڏنو ويو آهي. 

ڪوئين جوليانا پل ساڳئي ٻن ضلعن جي وچ ۾ موٽر گاڏين جي ٽرئفڪ کي هلائي ٿو ۽ ان جي 1974 جي افتتاح ڪوئين ايما پل کي صرف پيادلن لاءِ پل بڻجڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سمنڊ کان 185 فوٽ (56 ميٽر) مٿي, ڪوئين جوليانا پل ڪيريبين ۾ بلند ترين پلن مان هڪ آهي.


[[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;


افاديت ۽ صفائي: Aqualectra (هڪ سرڪاري ملڪيت واري ڪمپني ۽ CARILEC جي مڪمل ميمبر) ٻيٽ تي پيئڻ جو پاڻي ۽ بجلي پهچائي ٿي. قيمتون حڪومت طرفان ڪنٽرول ڪيون وينديون آهن. پاڻي ريورس اوسموسس يا ڊي سيلينائيزيشن ذريعي پيدا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو 69,000 گهرن ۽ ڪمپنين جي خدمت ڪري ٿو. 1,30,000 پاڻي ۽ بجلي ميٽر استعمال ڪندي. بجلي پيدا ڪرڻ واري ڪمپني. Nu Kureso (NuCuraçao) 2012 ۾ Tera Kora ۽ Playa Kanoa ۾ ونڊ فارم کوليا. ۽ 2015 ۾ Tera Kora ۾ وڌايو ويو. ڪو به قدرتي گئس ورهائڻ وارو گرڊ ناهي. گئس گهرن کي پريشر ٿيل ڪنٽينرز ذريعي فراهم ڪئي ويندي آهي. * Curbside ڪچرو کڻڻ Selikor ڪمپني پاران مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڪو به ري سائيڪلنگ پڪ اپ ناهي. پر مالپيس لينڊ فل تي ڪجهه ري سائيڪل ٿيل مواد لاءِ ڊراپ آف سينٽر آهن. ۽ گرين فورس پاران هلائي ويندڙ مختلف جڳهيون. خانگي هولرز تعميراتي فضلي، ڪاغذ ۽ ڪارڊ بورڊ کي ري سائيڪل ڪن ٿا. Nu. ڪيوبا. پريسونا. Akuano. ليکترا. پيلا. ڪانو آصف. سليڪور. تيرا.

=== افاديت ۽ صفائي ===
ايڪواليڪٽرا (Aqualectra) هڪ سرڪاري ملڪيت واري ڪمپني ۽ CARILEC جي مڪمل ميمبر&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيٽ تي پيئڻ جو پاڻي ۽ بجلي پهچائي ٿي. قيمتون حڪومت طرفان ڪنٽرول ڪيون وينديون آهن. پاڻي ريورس اوسموسس يا ڊي سيلينائيزيشن ذريعي پيدا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو 69,000 گهرن ۽ ڪمپنين جي خدمت, 1,30,000 پاڻي ۽ بجلي ميٽر استعمال ڪندي, ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; بجلي پيدا ڪرڻ واري ڪمپني, &quot;نوڪيوريسو&quot; (NuCuraçao) سال 2012 ۾ تيرا ڪورا (Tera Kora) ۽ پلايا ڪانوآ (Playa Kanoa) ۾ ونڊ فارم کوليا ۽ 2015 ۾ تيرا ڪورا ۾ وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪو به قدرتي گئس ورهائڻ وارو گرڊ ناهي. گئس گهرن کي پريشر ٿيل ڪنٽينرز ذريعي فراهم ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪچرو کڻڻ &quot;سليڪور&quot; (Selikor) ڪمپني پاران مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڪو به ري سائيڪلنگ پڪ اپ ناهي. پر مالپيس لينڊ فل تي ڪجهه ري سائيڪل ٿيل مواد لاءِ ڊراپ آف سينٽر آهن &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گرين فورس پاران هلائي ويندڙ مختلف جڳهيون, خانگي هولرز تعميراتي فضلي، ڪاغذ ۽ ڪارڊ بورڊ کي ري سائيڪل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]], and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[History of the Jews in Curaçao]]
* {{Annotated link|Leeward Antilles}}
* [[Religion in Curaçao]]
* [[Telecommunications in Curaçao]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
{{Navboxes
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|list =
{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Countries of North America}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = International membership and history
|list =
{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
{{Outlying territories of European countries}}
{{Dutch colonies|Kingdom2|state=collapsed}}
}}
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{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="157569" sha1="aaei6bwh22vtluu3bxdav8mj46do804" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = ڪيوريسو&lt;br&gt;Curaçao
| native_name                 = Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)&lt;br&gt;ڪورسو
| official_name               = ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ&lt;br&gt;
Country of Curaçao
&lt;br&gt;
Land Curaçao  (ڊچ ٻولي)
&lt;br&gt;
Pais Kòrsou  (پاپيامينٽو)
| image_flag                  = Flag of Curaçao.svg
| flag_size                   = 125
| flag_link                   = Flag of Curaçao
| image_seal                  = Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg
| seal_size                   = 77
| seal_type                   = Coat of arms
| seal_link                   = Coat of arms of Curaçao
| anthem                      = Himno di Kòrsou (پاپيامينٽو)
&lt;br /&gt; &quot;ڪيوريسو جو ترانو&quot;
{{parabr}}[[File:Curacaoanthem.ogg|center]]
| song_type                   = '''شاهي ترانو'''
| song                        = Wilhelmus  (ڊچ ٻولي)&lt;br&gt;
(ولهيمس)
{{parabr}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|center]]
| image_map                   = Curacao in its region.svg
| map_alt                     = Location of Curaçao
| map_caption                 = ڪيوريسو جو مقام (ڳاڙهي ۾)
| mapsize                     = 290px
| established_date            = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2          = ملڪ جي حت
| established_date2           = 10 آڪٽوبر 2010
| official_languages          = [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] • [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] • پاپيامينٽو
| demonym                     = ڪيوريسوئن • ڊچ
| capital                     = وليمسٽڊ
| coordinates                 = {{Coord|12|6|18|N|68|56|6|W|type:city|name=Gouvernementsplein}}
| largest_city                = وليمسٽڊ
| ethnic_groups               = 75.4% ڪيوريسئن&lt;br&gt; 9% ڊچ&lt;br&gt;3.6% ڊومينيڪن&lt;br&gt; 3% ڪولمبين&lt;br&gt;1.2% هيٽين&lt;br&gt; 1.2% سورينام&lt;br&gt;1.1% وينزويلن&lt;br&gt;1.1% اروبان&lt;br&gt;0.9% غير واضح&lt;br&gt;6% ٻيا&lt;ref name=&quot;cia.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year          = 2018
| government_type             = آئيني بادشاهت اندر پارلياماني نمائندگي واري جمهوريت
| leader_title1               = بادشاهه
| leader_name1                = وليم-اليگزينڊر
| leader_title2               = گورنر
| leader_name2                = موريتز ڊي ڪورٽ
| leader_title3               = اسپيڪر
| leader_name3                = فرگينو براؤن بل
| leader_title4               = وزيراعظم
| leader_name4                = گلمار پيساس
| legislature                 = ڪيوريسئن جي پارليامينٽ
| area_km2                    = 444&lt;ref name=&quot;rijksoverheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=Rijksoverheid |date=19 May 2015 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082052/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                   = 181st &lt;!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| percent_water               = 
| elevation_max_m             = 372
| elevation_max_ft            = 
| population_census           = 155,826&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First results 2023 pop census Curaçao |date=April 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.cw/cbs-presents-the-first-results-of-the-2023-census }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year      = 2023
| population_estimate_rank    = 177th
| population_density_km2      = 349.13
| population_density_rank     = 
| GDP_PPP                     = $5.5&amp;nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Molen |first=Maarten |date=19 September 2013 |title=Country Report Curaçao |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=RaboResearch – Economic Research |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204303/https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 184th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,484
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 45th
| GDP_nominal                 = $3.5&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;World Bank data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074003/https://data.worldbank.org/country/CW |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year            = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank            = 149th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $22,581
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th
| Gini                        = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                   = 
| Gini_change                 = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                    = 
| Gini_rank                   = 
| HDI                         = 0.811 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                    = 2012&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                  = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI): Korte Notitie inzake de berekening van de voorlopige Human Development Index (HDI) voor Curaçao |date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20&amp;%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230223/http://www.cbs.cw/cbs/themes/Labour%20and%20Social%20Security/Data/Labour%20%26%20Social%20Security-20140511112021.pdf |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=nl |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                    = 
| currency                    = ڪيريبين گلڊر
| currency_code               = 
| timezone                    = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset                  = -4:00
| drives_on                   = right
| calling_code                = [[Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands|+599 9]]
| iso_code                    = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:CW|CW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-CW]]}}
| cctld                       = [[.cw]]
| religion                    = * 90% عيسائيت 
* 6% ڪو به مذهب نه آهي 
* 2% هندومت
* 0.5% اسلام
0.2% يهوديت
0.8% ٻيا
 0.6% بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي.|settlement_type=هالينڊ جي سلطنت ۾ آئيني ملڪ|subdivision_type1=خودمختيار رياست|subdivision_name1={{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}|established_title1=[[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|Before separation]]
}}
'''ڪيوريسو''' (&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;)، سرڪاري طور تي ڪيوريسو جو ملڪ، هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر، هڪ ٻيٽ  وارو جزوي ملڪ آهي. اهو ڏکڻ [[ڪيريبئن سمنڊ|ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] (خاص طور تي ڊچ [[ڪيريبيئن علائقو|ڪيريبين علائقو]]) ۾،   [[وينزويلا]] کان تقريباً &lt;small&gt;65&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; ميل) اتر ۾ ۽ [[آروبا]] کان &lt;small&gt;80&lt;/small&gt; ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;50&lt;/small&gt; ميل) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيوريسو   جو مکيه ٻيٽ ۽ &quot;ڪلين ڪيوريسو&quot; جو تمام ننڍو، غير آباد ٻيٽ &quot;ننڍو ڪيوريسو&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Klein&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;) شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڪيوريسو جي آبادي، &lt;small&gt;444&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;171&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) جي ايراضي سان، جنوري &lt;small&gt;2019&lt;/small&gt;ع  جو اندازو &lt;small&gt;158,675&lt;/small&gt; آهي. ان جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ وليمسٽڊ آهي. اروبا ۽ بونائر سان گڏ، ڪوراساؤ &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن جو حصو بڻجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Öörni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Öörni |first=Juha |date=6 October 2017 |title=Traveler's Paradise—ABC Islands: Travel Guide for ABC Islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao) |page=16 |edition= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYSZDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=curacao+largest+abc+islands&amp;pg=PT16 |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; مجموعي طور تي، ڪيوريسو، اروبا ۽ ٻين ڊچ ٻيٽن کي اڪثر ڊچ ڪيريبين سڏيو ويندو آهي. اهو ايراضي ۽ آبادي ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان &lt;small&gt;ABC&lt;/small&gt; ٻيٽن مان سڀ کان وڏو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Caribbean Cultural Heritage and the Nation : Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789400604278 |editor-last=van Stipriaan |editor-first=Alex |pages= |doi=10.24415/9789087283827 |doi-broken-date=5 July 2025 |editor-last2=Alofs |editor-first2=Luc |editor-last3=Guadelupe |editor-first3=Francio }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪيوريسو دنيا ۾ پنهنجي مقامي ڪڙوي نارنگي تي ٻڌل شراب، ڪوراساؤ لاءِ مشهور آهي. لاراها، اتي پوکيل هڪ ليمن جو ميوو  جي سڪل ڇلڪي سان ذائقو ڪيو ويندو آهي. 

ٻيٽ جو نالو &quot;ڪيوريسو&quot; شايد ان جي ماڻهن جي مقامي خودمختار نالي مان نڪتل هجي. هن خيال جي حمايت ابتدائي اسپيني بيانن مان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪي رهاڪن کي &quot;انڊيوس ڪوراساؤس&quot; جي نالي سان سڏين ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو جي تاريخ اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪين سان شروع ٿئي ٿي؛ &lt;small&gt;1499&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي مهم کان پوءِ هي ٻيٽ اسپيني ڪالوني بڻجي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ان جي خراب زرعي پيداوار ۽ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ جي ڪري &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; جو ليبل لڳايو ويو، پر بعد ۾ اهو هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ ڍورن جي پالڻ وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. جڏهن ڊچن &lt;small&gt;1634&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ٻيٽ تي نوآبادي ڪئي، ته انهن ٻيٽ جو ڌيان واپار ۽ شپنگ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ ان کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. يهودي برادري جا ميمبر، يورپ ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄي، هتي آباد ٿيا ۽ معيشت ۽ ثقافت تي خاص طور تي اثر انداز ٿيا. 

فرانسيسي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران برطانوي فوجن ٻه ڀيرا ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو پر اهو ڊچ حڪمراني ۾ واپس آندو ويو. &lt;small&gt;1863&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي معاشي تبديلين ۽ لڏپلاڻ جو سبب بڻيو. ڊچ سرڪاري ٻولي رهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ پاپيامينٽو، انگريزي ۽ اسپيني وڏي پيماني تي ڳالهائي وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ٻيٽ جي متنوع ثقافتي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. 

ڪيوريسو اڳ ۾ &lt;small&gt;1815&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين ڪيوريسو ۽ ڊيپينڊينس ڪالوني جو حصو هو ۽ بعد ۾ &lt;small&gt;1954&lt;/small&gt;ع کان &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع  تائين، ڪيوريسو جي ٻيٽ واري علائقي جي طور تي نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلس جو حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;({{langx|nl|Eilandgebied Curaçao|links=no}}, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]: ''Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;small&gt;1914&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ ماراڪائيبو بيسن ۾ تيل جي دريافت ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ريفائنري واري جڳهه ۾ تبديل ڪيو ۽ ان جي معاشي منظرنامي کي تبديل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=De komst van de olieraffinaderij op Curaçao |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718000157/https://www.nationaalarchief.cw/educatie/de-komst-van-de-olieraffinaderij-op-curacao |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=NationaalArchief.cw |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي. ٻيٽ &lt;small&gt;2010&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen (32.213 (R1903)) |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/32213_rijkswet_wijziging_statuut |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Eerstekamer.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==نالو==
ٻيٽ جي نالي جي هڪ وضاحت اها آهي ته ڪوراڪاو هڪ خود مختيار نالو هو جنهن سان ان جا مقامي ماڻهو پاڻ کي سڃاڻندا هئا. &lt;ref&gt;Joubert and Van Buurt, 1994&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي اسپيني اڪائونٽس هن نظريي جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. مقامي ماڻهن کي انڊيوس ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان حوالو ڏين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao Nature |url=http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165042/http://www.curacao-nature.com/curacao |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao Nature - your photo and knowledge database on flora and faunain Curacao}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;small&gt;1525&lt;/small&gt; کان ٻيٽ اسپيني نقشن تي ڪوراڪاو ۽ ڪوراساو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçote&lt;/small&gt;'', &lt;small&gt;''Curasaote'' and ''Curasaore''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان نمايان ڪيو ويو. &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;هين صدي تائين اهو گھڻن نقشن تي ڪوراساو يا ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Curaçao&lt;/small&gt;'' &lt;small&gt;or ''Curazao''&lt;/small&gt;'')'' جي نالي سان ظاهر ٿيو. &lt;small&gt;1562&lt;/small&gt; ۾ اينٽورپ ۾ هيرونيمس ڪاڪ پاران ٺاهيل نقشي تي ٻيٽ کي ڪوراڪاو (''&lt;small&gt;Qúracao&lt;/small&gt;)'' سڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cock's 1562 map, Library of Congress website |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd3/g3290/g3290/ct000342.jp2&amp;style=dsxpmap&amp;itemLink=r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3290+ct000342))+@field(COLLID+dsxpmap))&amp;title=Americae%20sive%20qvartae%20orbis%20partis%20nova%20et%20exactissima%20descriptio%20%2f%20avtore%20Diego%20Gvtiero%20Philippi%20Regis%20Hisp.%20etc.%20Cosmographo%20;%20Hiero.%20***%20excvde%201562%20;%20Hieronymus%20***%20excude%20cum%20gratia%20et%20priuilegio%201562. |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هڪ مسلسل پر غير دستاويزي ڪهاڻي هيٺ ڏنل دعويٰ ڪري ٿي 16هين ۽ 17هين صدي ۾ يورپي ڳولا جا شروعاتي سال جڏهن ڊگهي سفر تي ملاح وٽامن سي جي کوٽ سبب اسڪروي (سڪي  جي بيماري) جو  شڪار ٿي ويا. بيمار پرتگالي يا اسپيني ملاح ٻيٽ تي ڇڏي ويا جيڪا هاڻي ڪوراڪاو جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. جڏهن انهن جو جهاز واپس آيو شايد اتي وٽامن سي سان مالا مال ميوو کائڻ کان پوءِ ڪجهه صحتياب ٿي ويا هئا. ان وقت کان پرتگالي هن ٻيٽ کي &quot;شفا جو ٻيٽ&quot; (&lt;small&gt;Ilha da&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Curação&lt;/small&gt;) يا اسپيني جيئن (&lt;small&gt;Isla de la Curación&lt;/small&gt;) سڏيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

==تاريخ==

=== نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ ===
[[File:1562 Americae-Gutierrez map 10hrs-inn Sth-Florida-Cuba-Spagnola-Benezuela-to-Lesser-Antilles.jpg|thumb|left|Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as Qúracao]]
[[File:Curaçao1836.png|thumb|Map of Curaçao in 1836|left]]

ڪيوريسو جا اصل باشندا اراوڪ ۽ ڪيڪيٽيو آمريڪي هئا. انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي مکيه زمين کان ٻيٽ تي، شايد يورپين جي پهرين آمد کان سوين سال اڳ لڏي آيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraan |first=Claudia T. |date=1 October 2024 |title=Radiocarbon dates from Curaçao's oldest Archaic site extend earliest island settlement to ca. 5700 cal BP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=871–878 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |issn=1556-4894 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 June 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602053809/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2024.2321575 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسپيني نوآبادياتي ===
پهرين يورپين جيڪي ٻيٽ کي ڏٺو آهي اهي 1499 ۾ الونسو ڊي اوجيدا جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ اسپيني مهم جا ميمبر هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McColl |first=Richard |date=26 March 2013 |title=The forgotten conquistador {{!}} The City Paper Bogotá |url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821180449/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/features/the-forgotten-conquistador/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The City Paper Bogotá }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1704 {{!}} Birth of papiamentu |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1704-birth-of-papiamentu |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1499 {{!}} Amerigo Vespucci |url=https://www.curacaohistory.com/1499-amerigo-vespucci |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=CuracaoHistory.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; اسپيني ماڻهن پنهنجي هسپانيولا ڪالوني ۾ جبري مزدوري لاءِ اڪثر ڪيڪيٽيو (اراوڪ) کي غلام بڻايو، پر ٻيٽ تي ٿورو ڌيان ڏنو. 1515 ۾، اتي رهندڙ تقريبن سڀني 2,000 ڪيڪيٽيو کي به غلام طور هسپانيولا منتقل ڪيو ويو. 

1499 ۾ اتر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڳولا لاءِ اسپيني لانچ پيڊ جي طور تي قائم ڪيل، ڪيوريسو کي 1527 ۾ اسپين پاران سرڪاري طور تي آباد ڪيو ويو. اهو 1500 جي ڏهاڪي دوران وينزويلا جي ٻيٽ جي واڌ جي طور تي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. جيئن جيئن مکيه زمين تي نوآباديات اڳتي وڌندي وئي، اسپين آهستي آهستي ٻيٽ تان پوئتي هٽي ويو. وينزويلا جي شهر جي رجسٽري ۾ ڪراساؤ جو سڀ کان قديم لکيل ذڪر موجود آهي. 9 ڊسمبر 1595ع جي هڪ دستاويز ۾ چيو ويو آهي ته فرانسسڪو مونٽيسينوس، &quot;يسلاس ڊي ڪراساؤ، اروبا ۽ بونيئر&quot; جي پادري ۽ وائيڪر، ڪراساؤ جي رهواسي پيڊرو گوٽيريز ڊي لوگو کي پنهنجو پاور آف اٽارني ڏنو ته جيئن اسپين جي بادشاهه فلپ II جي شاهي خزاني مان سندس ڪليسيائي پگهار گڏ ڪري سگهجي. 

اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيوريسو ۾ ڪيتريون ئي وڻ، ٻوٽا ۽ جانورن جون جنسون متعارف ڪرايون، جن ۾ يورپ ۽ ٻين اسپيني نوآبادين مان گھوڙا، رڍون، ٻڪريون، سور ۽ ڍور شامل آهن. عام طور تي، درآمد ٿيل رڍون، ٻڪريون ۽ ڍور نسبتاً سٺو ڪم ڪندا هئا. ڍورن کي ڪيڪيٽيوس ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن پاران پاليو ويندو هو ۽ ڪنوڪو باغن ۽ سوانا ۾ آزاديءَ سان گهميندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=About Curaçao |url=https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821085127/https://tourhopping-curacao.com/about-curacao/ |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=TourHoppingCuracao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

سڀئي درآمد ٿيل جنسون هڪجهڙيون سٺيون نه هيون ۽ اسپيني ماڻهن ڪيڪيٽيو فصلن ۽ زرعي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سکيو، انهي سان گڏ ٻين ڪيريبين ٻيٽن مان به. جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي ذريعا ٻيٽ تي رهندڙ هزارين ماڻهن جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، پر زرعي پيداوار مايوس ڪندڙ هئي؛ هي ۽ لوڻ جي کاڻ ۾ قيمتي ڌاتو جي کوٽ اسپيني ماڻهن کي ڪيوريسو کي &quot;بيڪار ٻيٽ&quot; سڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 

وقت سان گڏ، ڪيوريسو تي رهندڙ اسپيني ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجي ويو جڏهن ته اصلي رهاڪن جو تعداد مستحڪم ٿيو. ممڪن طور تي قدرتي واڌ، واپسي ۽ نوآبادياتي نظام جي ذريعي، ڪيڪيٽيو جي آبادي پوءِ وڌڻ شروع ٿي. اسپيني قبضي جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾، ڪيوريسو کي هڪ وڏي ڍورن جي فارم طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. انهيءَ وقت، اسپيني ماڻهو سانتا باربرا، سانتا انا ۽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه واري حصي جي ڳوٺن جي چوڌاري رهندا هئا جڏهن ته ڪيڪاٽوس بابت خيال ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهي سڄي ٻيٽ تي پکڙيل هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao {{!}} Dutch Caribbean {{!}} Photos |url=https://ozoutback.com.au/the%20Dutch%20Caribbean/curacao/index.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=ozoutback.com.au }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊچ نوآبادياتي راڄ ===
[[File:Curacao, 1807 RCIN 735132 (cropped).jpg|thumb|چارلس برسبين جي اڳواڻي ۾ رائل نيوي جي جنگي جهازن 1 جنوري 1807 تي ڪيوريسو تي قبضو ڪيو. ]]

سال 1634 ۾ هالينڊ ۽ اسپين جي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ آزادي جي اسي سالن جي جنگ دوران ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ايڊمرل جوهان وان والبيڪ جي اڳواڻي ۾ ٻيٽ تي حملو ڪيو. اسپيني آگسٽ ۾ سان جوآن ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 اسپيني ۽ ڪيترائي مقامي ماڻهو پوءِ وينزويلا ۾ سانتا انا ڊي ڪور ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيا ويا. لڳ ڀڳ 30 ٽائنو خاندانن کي ٻيٽ تي رهڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. جڏهن ته ڊچ نوآبادين اتي آباد ٿيڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;

ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني 1634 ۾ وليمسٽڊ, هڪ انليٽ جي ڪناري تي جنهن کي شوٽيگيٽ سڏيو ويندو هو, جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قائم ڪيو. قدرتي بندرگاهه واپار لاءِ هڪ مثالي جڳهه ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beneath the Colors: Uncovering the Hidden History of Willemstad, Curaçao |url=https://www.majesticcuracao.com/news-offers/beneath-the-colors:-uncovering-the-hidden-history-of-willemstad,-cura%C3%A7ao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Majestic City Suites Hotel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; واپار ۽ شپنگ ۽ قزاقي ڪيوريسو جي سڀ کان اهم معاشي سرگرميون بڻجي ويون. بعد ۾ لوڻ جي کان کني هڪ وڏي صنعت بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1900 {{!}} The First Proftible Industry in Curaçao - Curaçao History |url=http://www.curacaohistory.com/1900-the-first-proftible-industry-in-curacao |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.curacaohistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; معدنيات ان وقت هڪ منافعي بخش برآمد هئي. 1662 کان ڊچ ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني ڪيوريسو کي ايٽلانٽڪ غلامن جي واپار جو مرڪز بڻايو. اڪثر ڪري اولهه آفريڪا کان غلامن کي کي ڪيريبين ۽ اسپيني مين ۾ ٻين هنڌن تي وڪڻڻ کان اڳ ٻيٽ تي آڻيندا هئا. 

اسپين ۽ پرتگال ۾ ظلم کان ڀڄڻ وارا سيفارڊڪ يهودي ڊچ برازيل ۽ ڊچ ريپبلڪ ۾ محفوظ پناهه ڳولي. ڪيترائي ڪيوريسو ۾ آباد ٿيا. جتي انهن ان جي سول سوسائٽي ۾ ثقافتي ترقي ۽ معاشي خوشحالي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |title=Curacao Virtual Jewish History Tour |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104015738/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  1674 ۾ ٻيٽ هڪ آزاد بندرگاهه بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://discovercuracao.today/history |title=The story of Curacao &amp;#124; History |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140039/https://discovercuracao.today/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1672-1678 جي فرانڪو-ڊچ جنگ ۾. فرانسيسي ايڊمرل جين II ڊي ايسٽريس ڪيوريسو تي حملو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو. سندس بحري ٻيڙو (12 جنگي جهاز، ٽي فائر جهاز، ٻه ٽرانسپورٽ، هڪ اسپتال جهاز ۽ 12 پرائيويٽ) تباهي سان منهن ڏنو, جڏهن اهي لاس ايويس ٻيٽ جي ريف تي ٽڪرائجي ويا, ست جنگي مرد ۽ ٻه ٻيا جهاز وڃائي ڇڏيا. سنگين نيويگيشنل غلطي 11 مئي 1678 تي بحري ٻيڙي جي سينٽ ڪٽس کان روانگي کان هڪ هفتي بعد ٿي.

[[File:Curaçao, Broad Street.jpg|thumb|[[Willemstad]], 1885]]

Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

In 1795, [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|a major slave revolt]] took place under the leaders [[Tula (Curaçao)|Tula Rigaud]], Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826055753/http://www.papiamentu.net/curacao/heroes.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2002 |title=Curaçao History |publisher=Papiamentu.net |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXsBJzA61lcC&amp;pg=PA525 |title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313332739 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The colorful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|thumb|The colourful buildings of the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao]]

Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighbourhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of [[Santa Ana de Coro|Coro]] in [[Falcón State]], which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] that included the present-day countries of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such as [[Manuel Piar]] and [[Luis Brión]] were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as [[Simón Bolívar]], regrouped in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Octagon Museum – Curaçao Art |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131217/https://curacao-art.com/galleries/octagon-museum/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao-Art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], [[British Empire|British]] forces twice occupied Curaçao; the [[Invasion of Curaçao (1800)|first occupation]] lasted from 1800 to 1803, and the second occupation from 1807 to 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao in the British Empire |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/curacao.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BritishEmpire.co.uk }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] stable Dutch rule returned in 1815. After the signing of the [[Convention of London (1814)|Treaty of London]], the island was incorporated into the colony of [[Curaçao and Dependencies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |title=The History of Curaçao |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627085218/https://www.curacao-travelguide.com/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Dutch [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom|abolished slavery]] in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;curacao-travelguide.com&quot; /&gt; Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as [[Cuba]], to work in [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]]. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the [[tenant farmer]] system,{{Efn|Called &quot;Paga Tera&quot;}} in which former slaves leased land from former masters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot;&gt;''Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd''. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers&lt;/ref&gt; Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] education in the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Van Putte 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th and 21st centuries===
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan [[Maracaibo Basin]] town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Exxon]] held drilling [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in [[Aruba]] and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.&lt;ref name=&quot;The History of Curaçao&quot; /&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}

In 1929, Curaçao was attacked by Venezuelan rebel commander [[Rafael Simón Urbina]], who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship, ''Maracaibo''. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in [[Maastricht]]. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.&lt;ref name=mindef&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |title=Overval op fort Amsterdam in Willemstad op Curaçao door de Venezolaanse revolutionair Urbina (8 juni 1929) |language=nl |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061718/http://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/tijdlijn-militaire-geschiedenis/inhoud/1914-1945-tussen-neutraliteit-en-bezetting/overval-op-fort-amsterdam-in-willemstad-op-curacao-door-de-venezolaanse-revolutionair-urbina-8-juni-1929 |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |title=WHKMLA: List of Wars of the Dutch Republic / Netherlands |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715210154/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/lowcountries/milxnederland.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of MS ''Colombia'', which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.

During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] and the fact they had historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built the military airport &quot;Hato&quot;. The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[submarine]]s and potentially long-distance German [[bomber]] aircraft. The United States was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.

In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] before receiving fire from a Dutch [[Coastal artillery|shore battery]] and slipping away. The [[United States Navy]] established the [[United States Fourth Fleet|Fourth Fleet]], which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The [[United States Army]] also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the [[Venezuelan Air Force]].

[[File:Dutch soldier, 1969 Curaçao uprising.png|thumb|A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots]]

In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the [[Netherlands Antilles]]. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing [[racial discrimination]], and a rise in unemployment owing to layoffs in the [[Isla refinery|Shell refinery]] led to a [[1969 Curaçao uprising|series of riots]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie &amp; Klinkers 2013, p. 98, &quot;Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao&quot;. ''Los Angeles Times''. 31 May 1969, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire to the [[Willemstad]] downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians such as [[Papa Godett]] and [[Stanley Browne (politician)|Stanley Browne]]. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe property and infrastructural damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson &amp; Dynes 1975 pp. 100–101&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharpe 2015, p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verton 1976, p. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nieuwe ministers legden eed af&quot; (in Dutch). ''Amigoe di Curaçao''. 12 December 1969, p. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global [[overproduction]], stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the [[devaluation]] of the [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolivar]], and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one [[Netherlands Antillean guilder|Antillean guilder]] to a local government [[consortium]]. In recent years, the ageing refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including [[sulfur dioxide|sulphur dioxide]] and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]], far exceed safety standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Curaçao Refinery Sputters On, Despite Emissions |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111181434/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2929170620080701 |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan [[PDVSA]] state oil company.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob299-summary_tcm28-70855.pdf |title=The Dutch migration monitor: Backgrounds and developments of different types of international migration |website=Wodc.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820091344/http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob299-summary_tcm44-402600.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;approved&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=The Daily Herald St. Maarten |title=Curaçao IC ratifies 2 November accord |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181904/http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html |archive-date=11 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cuales |first=Orlando |date=15 May 2009 |title=Curacao&lt;!--actual spelling used at the website--&gt; Referendum Approves Increasing Autonomy |work=Newser |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042327/https://www.newser.com/article/d98729g80/curacao-referendum-approves-increasing-autonomy.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي کان وٺي ====
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيلز جي خاتمي 10 آڪٽوبر 2010 تي عمل ۾ آئي. ڪيوريسو هالينڊ جي بادشاهت اندر هڪ ملڪ بڻجي ويو. بادشاهت دفاع ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ذميواري برقرار رکندي. بادشاهت کي ٻيٽ جي ماليات جي نگراني جو ڪم پڻ سونپيو ويو هو. ٻنهي جي وچ ۾ قرض جي رليف جي معاهدي جي تحت. ڪيوراڪو جو پهريون وزيراعظم گيرٽ شوٽ هو. 2012 ۾ اسٽينلي بيٽرين سندس جاءِ تي آيو. عارضي طور تي. 2012 جي چونڊن کان پوءِ. ڊينئل هوج 31 ڊسمبر 2012 تي ٽيون وزيراعظم بڻيو. هن 7 جون 2013 تائين هڪ ڊيميشنري ڪابينا جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن ايوار اسجيس جي اڳواڻي ۾ هڪ نئين ڪابينا حلف کنيو. * جيتوڻيڪ ڪيوراڪو خودمختيار آهي. هالينڊ پنهنجي معاملن ۾ مداخلت ڪئي آهي. پارلياماني چونڊون منعقد ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. ۽ صحيح بجيٽ کي حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ. جولاءِ 2017 ۾. ڪوراڪاوان جي وزيراعظم يوجين رُوگيناٿ چيو. هو چاهي ٿو ته ڪوراڪاو پنهنجي معاملن جي مڪمل ذميواري وٺي. پر هالينڊ کان وڌيڪ تعاون ۽ مدد جي درخواست ڪئي. ڪوراڪاو کي ڪامياب ٿيڻ ۽ ان جي زندگي جي معيار کي وڌائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد طريقن جي تجويزن سان. ڊچ حڪومت ڪوراڪاوان حڪومت کي ياد ڏياريو ته. ان &quot;ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي&quot; چينين سان تيل صاف ڪرڻ واري ڳالهين ۾ مدد فراهم ڪئي هئي. * 2020 جي COVID-19 جي وبا جي نتيجي ۾ ڪفايت شعاري جا قدم کنيا ويا. ڪراڪاو کي هالينڊ کان اضافي امداد لاءِ قابليت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي لاڳو ڪرڻي پئي. ڪفايت شعاري پيڪيج جي حصي طور. ڪراڪاو جي حڪومت سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ فائدن ۾ 12.5٪ ڪٽوتي جو اعلان ڪيو. 24 جون 2020 تي. سرڪاري ملازمن جو هڪ گروپ (سيليڪور کان ڪچرو گڏ ڪندڙ) فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو. ۽ رُوگيناٿ سان ڳالهائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. مظاهرو فساد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. ۽ پوليس فورٽ ايمسٽرڊيم جي سامهون واري چورس کي آنسو گيس سان صاف ڪيو. وليمسٽڊ شهر جي مرڪز کي بعد ۾ لُٽيو ويو. 48 ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو. پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا جي شهري ضلعن کي رات لاءِ لاڪ ڊائون ڪيو ويو. ۽ 20:30 کان 06:00 تائين عام ڪرفيو جو اعلان ڪيو ويو.


[[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] came into effect on 10 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |title=New constitutional order – Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom – Government.nl |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |website=Government.nl |access-date=23 August 2017 |date=13 December 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607111857/https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/new-constitutional-order |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004012255/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html |archive-date=4 October 2009 |title=NOS Nieuws&amp;nbsp;– Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010 |publisher=Nos.nl |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao became a country within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], with the kingdom retaining responsibility for [[Defense (military)|defence]] and [[foreign policy]]. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a [[Debt relief|debt-relief]] arrangement agreed upon between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Antilles no longer exists |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011042955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11511355 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao's first [[Prime Minister of Curaçao|prime minister]] was [[Gerrit Schotte]]. He was succeeded in 2012 by [[Stanley Betrian]], ''ad interim''. After the 2012 elections, [[Daniel Hodge]] became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao heeft een tussenkabinet, dat vooral moet bezuinigen |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221111033/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/12/31/curacao-heeft-een-nieuw-tussenkabinet-dat-vooral-moet-bezuinigen |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=nrc.nl |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; He led a [[demissionary cabinet]] until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of [[Ivar Asjes]] was sworn in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Regering Curaçao beëdigd |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213213547/https://nos.nl/artikel/515584-regering-curacao-beedigd |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime Minister [[Eugene Rhuggenaath]] said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase its [[standard of living]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |title=Curaçao Prime Minister wants to do business with the Netherlands |date=4 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202227/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/curacao-prime-minister-wants-to-do-business-with-the-netherlands/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |title=Premier Rhuggenaath participates High Level Political Forum in New York |date=17 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213202230/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/premier-rhuggenaath-participates-high-level-political-forum-in-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese &quot;on numerous occasions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |title=On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations |date=10 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729002545/http://curacaochronicle.com/main/on-numerous-occasions-the-netherlands-has-offered-assistance-with-oil-refinery-negotiations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in [[austerity measures]]. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |title=Protest Curaçao eindigt in rellen en plunderingen, avondklok ingesteld |website=[[Omroep NTR]] via Knispelkrant Curaçao |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065213/https://www.knipselkrant-curacao.com/ntr-protest-curacao-eindigt-in-rellen-en-plunderingen-avondklok-ingesteld/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for civil servants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Angry protestors heading towards Fort Amsterdam |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626001734/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/angry-protestors-heading-towards-fort-amsterdam/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with [[waste collector]]s from Selikor, marched to [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The demonstration turned into a riot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Drayer |first=Dick |url=https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |title=Plunderingen in Willemstad uitgaansverbod |website=Curacao.nu |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031623/https://curacao.nu/plunderingen-in-willemstad-uitgaansverbod/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[tear gas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |title=Curaçao protest gets out of hand |website=The Daily Herald.sx |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140050/https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/curacao-protest-gets-out-of-hand |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city centre of Willemstad was later [[Looting|looted]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot; /&gt; 48 people were arrested,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |title=48 personen gearresteerd |website=Dolfijn FM |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627184303/https://www.dolfijnfm.com/48-personen-gearresteerd/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the city districts of [[Punda]] and [[Otrobanda]] were placed under [[lockdown]] for the night, and a general [[curfew]] was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Punda and Otrobanda in lockdown until Friday; Curfew tonight from 8:30pm until 6am |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626022710/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/punda-and-otrobanda-in-lockdown-until-friday-curfew-tonight-from-830pm-until-6am/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي==
[[File:Curacao Dushi (34800928041).jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جي ساحل جو فضائي نظارو]]
[[File:Curaçao2021OSM.png|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو وڏو ۽ تفصيلي نقشو]]
[[File:Curacao Iguana iguana 2021 2.jpg|thumb|ڪيوراسو جو سائو ايگوانا (&lt;small&gt;Green&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Iguana&lt;/small&gt;)]]

ڪيوراڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي ۽ هڪ ٽڪري جي جاگرافي ڏيکاري ٿو جن جو بلند ترين نقطو ڪرسٽوفيل برگ آهي، &lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان &lt;small&gt;372&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;1,220&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) تائين پهچي ٿو. ڪيوراڪو ۾ ان جي ساحلي پٽي جي خليج، انليٽ، لگون، موسمي ڍنڍن، ان جي اتر ڪناري تي خراب سمنڊ، ۽ چشمي جي پاڻي کان وٺي ساحلن جي هڪ متنوع رينج آهي. ان کان علاوه، ڪيوراڪو ۾ اپ ويلنگ آهي، جيڪو هڪ سامونڊي رجحان آهي جنهن ۾ گہرے سمنڊ مان گهاٽي، ٿڌي ۽ غذائيت سان مالا مال پاڻي جي هوا جي حرڪت شامل آهي جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري ڏانهن وڌي رهي آهي. هي قدرتي معدنيات، حرارتي حالتن ۽ هائيڊروٿراپي ۽ ميسوٿراپي ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سامونڊي پاڻي جو هڪ ذريعو آهي، جيڪو ٻيٽ کي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي بالنيو ڪلائيميٽرڪ علائقن مان هڪ بڻائي ٿو. وڌيڪ، ڪوراڪاؤ جي مکيه ٻيٽ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ساحل تي ڪلين ڪوراڪاؤ جو ننڍڙو غير آباد ٻيٽ آهي، جنهن جو هڪ ڊگهو ساحل آهي.

=== نباتات ===
ڪراڪاؤ جي نباتات عام ٽراپيڪل ٻيٽ جي نباتات کان مختلف آهن. خشڪ گواجيرا-بارانڪيلا زيرڪ اسڪرب ايڪو ريجن خاص طور تي مختلف آهي، ڪيڪٽي، ڪنڊيدار ٻوٽا، سدا بهار ۽ واٽاپانا   (&lt;small&gt;watapana&lt;/small&gt;) وڻن جي مختلف شڪلن سان (ليبيڊيبيا ڪوريا؛ اروبا تي ڊيوي-ڊيوي سڏيو ويندو آهي)، جيڪي اي بي سي ٻيٽن جي خاصيت آهن ۽ اروبا جي قومي علامت آهن. براساولا (&lt;small&gt;Brassavola&lt;/small&gt;'')'' نوڊوسا براساوولا (''[[Brassavola nodosa]])'' جي خشڪي برداشت ڪندڙ نسل آهي، جيڪو اي بي سي ٻيٽن ۾ موجود ڪجھ آرڪڊز مان هڪ آهي.

[[File:Melocactus macracanthos subsp. macracanthos (6253748197).jpg|thumb|''[[Melocactus macracanthos]]'' in Curaçao]]

=== Fauna ===
{{Further|Rodents of the Caribbean#Curaçao}}
{{Further|List of birds of Curaçao}}

Curaçao is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with [[rainforest]]s. Dozens of species of [[hummingbird]]s, [[bananaquit]]s, [[Oriole blackbird|orioles]], and the larger [[tern]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, and even [[flamingo]]s make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The [[Venezuelan troupial|turpial]], a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. The [[mockingbird]], called ''chuchubi'' in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billed [[brown pelican]]s feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of [[gull]]s and large [[cormorant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prins |first1=T. G. |last2=Reuter |first2=J. H. |last3=Debrot |first3=A. O. |last4=Wattel |first4=J. |last5=Nijman |first5=V. |date=October 2009 |title=Checklist of the Birds of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, South Caribbean |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ardea/volume-97/issue-2/078.097.0201/Checklist-of-the-Birds-of-Aruba-Cura%c3%a7ao-and-Bonaire-South/10.5253/078.097.0201.full |journal=Ardea |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=137–268 |doi=10.5253/078.097.0201 |issn=0373-2266 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is the [[white-tailed deer]]. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in length and {{convert|3|ft|m|spell=in|sigfig=1}} in height and weighing as much as {{convert|300|lb}}. It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a [[protected species]] since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

There are several species of [[iguana]], light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding [[sea turtle]]s. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem of [[stygofauna]], including members from relictual crustacean groups such as ''[[Thermosbaenacea]]''. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Humphreys |first=W.F. |date=October 2022 |title=Community Extinction: The Groundwater (Stygo-)Fauna of Curaçao, Netherlands, Antilles |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=849 |issue=21 |pages=4605–4611 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05032-2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022HyBio.849.4605H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
Curaçao has a [[semi-arid climate|hot, semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with a [[dry season]] from January to September and a [[wet season]] from October to December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Summary |url=https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026044623/https://www.meteo.cw/climate.php |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall is scarce, only {{convert|450|mm|0}} per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The [[trade winds]] cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|26.6|°C|0|disp=or}}; the hottest is September with an average temperature of {{convert|29.1|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average maximum temperature is {{convert|31.4|°C|0|disp=or}}. The year's average temperature is {{convert|25.7|°C|0|disp=or}}. The seawater around Curaçao averages around {{cvt|27|°C}} and is coolest (avg. {{convert|25.9|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from February to March, and hottest (avg. {{convert|28.2|°C|disp=sqbr}}) from September to October.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Because Curaçao lies North of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,&lt;ref&gt;Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457–3466&lt;/ref&gt; being strongly linked to the [[El Niño Southern Oscillation]]. As little as {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is not unknown in powerful [[La Niña]] years.

Curaçao lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]]s, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with Hurricanes [[Hurricane Hazel|Hazel]] in 1954, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] in 1961, [[Hurricane Felix (2007)|Felix]] in 2007, and [[Hurricane Omar (2008)|Omar]] in 2008. No hurricane has made [[landfall]] in Curaçao since the US [[National Hurricane Center]] started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane [[Hurricane Tomas|Tomas]] in 2010, [[Hurricane Cesar-Douglas|Cesar]] in 1996, [[Hurricane Joan–Miriam|Joan]] in 1988, [[Hurricane Cora|Cora]] and [[Hurricane Greta–Olivia|Greta]] in 1978, [[Hurricane Edith (1971)|Edith]] and [[Hurricane Irene (1971)|Irene]] in 1971, and [[Hurricane Francelia|Francelia]] in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as {{cvt|265|mm|1}} of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Doden door noodweer op Curaçao |url=http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Netherlands National News Agency |language=nl |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104184423/http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/2369389/doden-noodweer-curaao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |title=Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas |access-date=2 November 2010 |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=Nieuws.nl |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618091320/http://www.myheadlines.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=MyHeadlines&amp;file=index5&amp;sid=1558&amp;cid=3586951&amp;source=Nieuws.nl |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50&amp;nbsp;million (US$28&amp;nbsp;million) in damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |title=50 miljoen schade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=versgeperst.com |author=Elisa Koek |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213319/http://www.curalive.com/news/versgeperst/06nov2010-50-miljoen-schade |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Redactie Aworaki |date=2 November 2010 |title=Twee doden op Curaçao door Tropische Storm Tomas |url=http://www.rnw.nl/caribiana/article/twee-doden-op-curacao-door-tropische-storm-tomas |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Aworaki.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per person]] on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and GHG emissions of all world countries: 2019 report. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=9789276111009 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its website and [[mobile app]]s for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather App |url=https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193003/https://www.meteo.cw/about_app.php?Lang=Eng&amp;St=TNCC&amp;Sws=R11 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Meteo.cw |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Curaçao – Hato International airport (TNCC) (Temperature and rainfall: 1991-2020) (1981–2010)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 33.3
|Feb record high C = 33.2
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 36.0
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 35.0
|Aug record high C = 37.4
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 35.6
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 31.4
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 32.2
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 32.3
|Nov high C = 31.2
|Dec high C = 30.3
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 27.2
|Apr mean C = 27.8
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.7
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 29.1
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.1
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.7
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.8
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 25.6
|Dec low C = 25.0
|year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 21.5
|Feb record low C = 20.6
|Mar record low C = 21.3
|Apr record low C = 22.0
|May record low C = 21.6
|Jun record low C = 22.4
|Jul record low C = 22.3
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 22.7
|Oct record low C = 21.9
|Nov record low C = 22.0
|Dec record low C = 21.6
|year record low C = 20.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 51.0
|Feb rain mm = 25.0
|Mar rain mm = 18.0
|Apr rain mm = 16.0
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 22.0
|Jul rain mm = 37.0
|Aug rain mm = 28.0
|Sep rain mm = 43.0
|Oct rain mm = 91.0
|Nov rain mm = 141.0
|Dec rain mm = 86.0
|year rain mm = 571.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 8.5
|Feb rain days = 5.5
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 2.4
|May rain days = 2.2
|Jun rain days = 3.3
|Jul rain days = 6.3
|Aug rain days = 4.6
|Sep rain days = 4.7
|Oct rain days = 8.1
|Nov rain days = 10.9
|Dec rain days = 11.4
|year rain days = 70.4
|Jan humidity = 78.5
|Feb humidity = 78.2
|Mar humidity = 77.3
|Apr humidity = 78.2
|May humidity = 77.9
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 78.1
|Aug humidity = 77.8
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 79.6
|Nov humidity = 80.6
|Dec humidity = 79.5
|year humidity = 78.4
|Jan sun = 264.7
|Feb sun = 249.6
|Mar sun = 271.8
|Apr sun = 249.4
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 266.7
|Jul sun = 290.4
|Aug sun = 302.5
|Sep sun = 261.7
|Oct sun = 247.8
|Nov sun = 234.7
|Dec sun = 247.1
|year sun = 3152.7
|Jan percentsun = 73.8
|Feb percentsun = 75.2
|Mar percentsun = 72.8
|Apr percentsun = 67.0
|May percentsun = 67.9
|Jun percentsun = 70.8
|Jul percentsun = 73.3
|Aug percentsun = 78.2
|Sep percentsun = 71.6
|Oct percentsun = 67.4
|Nov percentsun = 67.6
|Dec percentsun = 69.8
|year percentsun = 71.3
|source = Meteorological Department Curacao&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Department Curacao |title=Summary Climatological Data 1981–2010 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114070019/https://www.meteo.cw/Data_www/Climate/documents/CLIM_SUM_Cur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=August 2010
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==== Climate change ====
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vordev |title=Climate Change Becomes an Existential Crisis on the Islands |url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115202305/https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/main/climate-change-becomes-an-existential-crisis-on-the-islands/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |website=CuracaoChronicle.com |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-metre sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Curaçao}}

The northern [[seabed]] drops steeply within {{cvt|60|m}} of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the &quot;blue edge&quot;. On Curaçao, four major [[geological formation]]s can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geology |url=http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111021/http://www.researchstationcarmabi.org/ecosystems/geology/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |website=ResearchStationCarmabi.org |language=nl-NL |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao lies within the [[Caribbean large igneous province]] (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of {{convert|5|km}} of [[pillow lava]]s with some [[basalt]] [[intrusion]]s. The ages of these rocks include 89 [[mega-annum|Ma]] for the lavas and 75 Ma for the [[poikilitic]] [[sill (geology)|sills]], though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in the [[Cretaceous]] period. Their composition includes [[picrite]] pillows at the base, followed by [[tholeiitic]] lavas, then [[hyaloclastite]]s, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually [[geologic uplift|uplifted]] until [[Eocene]]-[[Miocene]] limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level. [[Christoffelberg]] and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip [[formation (geology)|Formation]]. This formation includes deepwater deposits of [[calcareous]] [[sand]]s and fine [[clay]]s, capped by [[siliceous]] [[chert]] containing [[radiolarian]]s. Middle Curaçao contains [[alluvial]] soils from eroded CLF and limestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loewen |first1=M.W. |last2=Duncan |first2=R.A. |last3=Krawl |first3=K. |last4=Kent |first4=A.J. |last5=Sinton |first5=C.W. |last6=Lackey |first6=J. |title=Prolonged Volcanic History for the Curaçao Lava Formation Inferred from New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and Trace Phase Geochemistry |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542 |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=V51D–2542 |bibcode=2011AGUFM.V51D2542L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Buurt |first1=Gerard |title=A Short Natural History of Curaçao. In: Crossing Shifting Boundaries, Language and Changing Political status in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |journal=Proceedings of the ECICC-conference, Dominica 2009 |date=2010 |volume=I |pages=229–256 |url=https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204621/https://www.dcbd.nl/sites/www.dcbd.nl/files/documents/Short%20Natural%20History%20of%20Cura%C3%A7ao%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=3 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beaches ===
[[File:Grote Knip Kenepa Grandi Curacao (36561697451).jpg|thumb|[[Grote Knip]] beach]]

Curaçao has 37 beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruepert |first=Maaike |date=25 November 2014 |title=De 37 stranden van Curaçao in kaart |url=https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115104733/https://www.ad.nl/wonen/de-37-stranden-van-curacao-in-kaart~a05dee2c/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Baya Beach]]
* [[Blue Bay, Curaçao|Blue Bay]]
* [[Boca Sami]]
* [[Daaibooi]]
* [[Grote Knip]] (Kenepa Grandi)
* [[Kleine Knip]] (Kenepa Chiki)
* Kokomo Beach
* Mambo Beach
* Piscaderabaai
* [[Playa Forti]]
* [[Playa Jeremi]]
* Playa Kas Abao
* [[Playa Kalki]]
* [[Playa Kanoa]]
* [[Playa Lagun]]
* [[Playa Porto Marie]]
* [[Playa Santa Cruz]]
* [[Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao|Playa Santa Barbara]]
* [[Seaquarium Beach]]
* Sint Michielsbaai
* Vaersenbaai
* [[Westpunt]]
{{div col end}}

== فن تعمير ==
ٻيٽ ۾ مختلف قسم جا فن تعمير جا انداز آهن جيڪي علائقي تي مختلف تاريخي حڪمرانن جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، جن ۾ اسپين، هالينڊ شامل آهن، مغربي اثر هيٺ وڌيڪ جديد عنصر شامل آهن جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي آمريڪا ۽ ٻيا يورپي ملڪ شامل آهن. هي کنڊرن ۽ نوآبادياتي عمارتن کان وٺي جديد انفراسٽرڪچر تائين آهي. 

=== قلعا ===
[[File:Curacao Fort Beekenburg Luftbild (34873603326).jpg|thumb|[[Fort Beekenburg]], Caracas Bay, Curaçao]]

When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
* [[Fort Amsterdam (Curaçao)|Fort Amsterdam]] (1635)
* [[Fort Beekenburg]] (1703)
* [[Fort Nassau (Curaçao)|Fort Nassau]] (1797)
* [[Waterfort]] (1826)
* [[Otrobanda#Rif Fort|Rif Fort]] (1828)
* [[Fort Piscadera]] (built between 1701 and 1704)

In 1957, the hotel [[Van der Valk Plaza Curaçao]] was built on top of the Waterfort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thijs |last=Kateman |title=Curacao, Aruba en Bonaire / druk 1: Binaire en Aruba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8tD8_FRoW8C&amp;pg=PA70 |date=2012 |publisher=ANWB Media – Boeken &amp; Gidsen |isbn=978-90-18-02464-2 |page=70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the [[Otrobanda]] harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.&lt;ref&gt;(2011) GEA Curaçao. Ref. AR 48811 – [http://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure Aqua Spa B.V. vs Renaissance Curaçao Resort &amp; Casino (Riffort Village N.V.) – Riffort Village Exploitatie Maatschappij N.V. – Aruba Bank N.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021120832/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/110429-verzoekschrift-bodemprocedure |date=21 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beslag renaissance curacao resort &amp; casino bank amigoe |url=https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113018/https://www.slideshare.net/jronger/beslag-renaissance-curacao-resort-casino-bank-amigoe |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=SlideShare.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حڪومت ۽ سياست==
===سياست===
نيدرلينڊ اينٽيليس جو حصو بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ڪيوريسو, سينٽ مارٽن ٻيٽ سان گڏ خودمختيار بڻجي ويو, جڏهن ته بونيئر, سنت يوسٽيئس ۽ صبا جا گهٽ آبادي وارا ٻيٽ هالينڊ جي نگراني هيٺ خاص ميونسپلٽيون رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Curacao profile |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507150411/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20413910 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===حڪومت===
[[File:Edificio del Parlamento de Curaçao, ubicado en el distrito de Punda, Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Curaçao Parliament Building (''Parlamento di Kòrsou'') located in the Punda district, Willemstad]]

Curaçao is a [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries|constituent country]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Its governance takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[King of the Netherlands]] is the [[head of state]], represented locally by a [[Governor of Curaçao|governor]], with the [[Prime Minister of Curaçao]] serving as [[head of government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and [[Estates of Curaçao|parliament]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature. Convicted [[Felony|felons]] are held at the [[Sentro di Detenshon i Korekshon Kòrsou|Curaçao Centre for Detention and Correction]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Curaçao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] under the title &quot;[[Kingdom of the Netherlands#Kingdom affairs|Kingdom affairs]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministry of General Affairs |date=22 December 2014 |title=Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands – Legislation – Royal House of the Netherlands |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Royal-House.nl |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212134630/https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/legislation/charter-for-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military ===
[[File:Luchtfoto van de marinebasis Parera op Curaçao.jpg|thumb|Parera Naval Base]]

Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; The [[Netherlands Armed Forces]] deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Schut |first1=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=H.J. |date=October 2010 |title=Militaire (on-)zichtbaarheid op Curaçao; cultuur in conflict |url=https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |magazine=Marineblad |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=12–16 |language=Dutch |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721001738/https://marineblad.nl/images/Marineblad/2010-2019/2010/Marineblad%206%20september%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These forces include:

* a company of the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] on Curaçao on a rotational basis
* a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats)
* a guardship, normally a {{sclass|Holland|offshore patrol vessel|1}}, from the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] on station in the Caribbean on a rotational basis
* the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel {{HNLMS|Pelikaan|A804|6}}
* Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cherique |last=Kranendonk |date=16 November 2015 |title=Professionalisering Curaçaose Militie zet door |url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/allehens/2015/10/07_curmil |website=Alle Hens |publisher=Defensie.nl |language=Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elements of a [[Royal Marechaussee]] brigade of the Armed Forces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=Ministerie van Defensie |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=english.defensie.nl }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Dutch naval bases, Parera and [[Marinekazerne Suffisant|Suffisant]], are located on the island of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Commandement der Zeemacht Caribisch Gebied |url=https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000231/https://www.defensie.nl/organisatie/marine/eenheden/commandement-der-zeemacht-caribisch-gebied |archive-date=27 August 2017 |website=Defensie.nl |language=nl-nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Officers of the [[Military of Aruba|Arubaanse Militie]] complete additional training on Curaçao.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Curaçao Volunteer Corps]] is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Defensie |first=Ministerie van |title=Units and locations |url=https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095212/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=English.Defensie.nl |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the west side of [[Curaçao International Airport]] are [[hangar]]s for the two [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two [[AgustaWestland AW139]] helicopters of the [[Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard]]. Until 2007, the site was a Royal Netherlands Navy [[air base]] which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including [[Fairey Firefly|Fireflies]], [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avengers]], [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Trackers]], [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|Neptunes]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27s]], [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orions]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F-60s]] and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base was not needed any more.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The west end of the airport is a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[Forward Operating Site|Forward Operating Location]] (FOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curacao/Aruba Forward Operating Locations |url=http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121021714/http://www.12af.acc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5922/Article/319233/curacaoaruba-forward-operating-locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=12th Air Force (Air Forces Southern) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The base hosts [[airborne early warning and control]] systems (AWACS), [[cargo aircraft]], [[Aerial refueling|aerial refuelling]] planes, and [[reconnaissance aircraft]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighter aircraft from the FOL.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The [[Pacific Architects and Engineers|PAE]] corporation runs base operations at the FOL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contracts for October 30, 2020 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011623/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2400904// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Conscription ====
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for [[conscription]] in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of [[civil conscription]] has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143919/https://www.defensie.nl/english/organisation/navy/contents/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean |title=Commander Netherlands Forces in the Caribbean |first=Ministerie van |last=Defensie |website=defensie.nl |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==معيشت==
[[File:Bohrinsel Curacao (34800864151).jpg|thumb|Offshore oil platform in Curaçao]]
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139159.jpg|thumb|Historic area of Willemstad, declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO in 1997]]

Curaçao has an [[open economy]]; its most important sectors are tourism, [[international trade]], [[Freight transport|shipping services]], [[Oil refinery|oil refining]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dutch Caribbean Refineries On Uncertain Path – Carib Flame |url=http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712141403/http://www.caribflame.com/2017/07/dutch-caribbean-refineries-on-uncertain-path/ |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oil terminal|oil storage]] and [[bunkering]], and international [[financial services]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Venezuelan state oil company [[PDVSA]]'s lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from Venezuela for export to the United States and Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |title=Curacao Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook |website=Theodora.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130303/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/curacao/curacao_economy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Schlumberger]], the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Schlumberger_NV.5f3499e2666948c7.html |title=Schlumberger N.V. – Company Information |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710163818/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.schlumberger_nv.5f3499e2666948c7.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{interlanguage link|Isla oil refinery|fr|Raffinerie de Isla|nl|Isla (raffinaderij)}} is said to be responsible for Curaçao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |title=COP21 alert: Caribbean part of Dutch Kingdom belongs to top 5 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions per capita {{!}} Stichting SMOC |website=Stichtingsmoc.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072616/http://www.stichtingsmoc.nl/2015/11/cop21-alert-caribbean-part-of-dutch-kingdom-belongs-to-top-5-co2-emissions-per-capita/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Along with [[Sint Maarten]], Curaçao uses the [[Caribbean guilder]]. On 1 July 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |url=https://cdn.centralbank.cw/media/press_releases_2025/20250330_pb2025_008_caribbean_guilder_legal_tender_en.pdf |title=Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender in Curaçao and Sint Maarten |date=31 March 2025 |location=Willemstad |publisher=[[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]] |access-date=1 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it formally discontinued the previous currency, the [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]. Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 27th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]. Curaçao possesses a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] as defined by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The World Bank |title=Excel file of historical classifications by income. |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418183414/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/site-content/OGHIST.xls |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How are the income group thresholds determined? – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378833-how-are-the-income-group-thresholds-determined |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=18 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the [[Free Trade Zone]], make significant contributions to the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; To achieve greater [[Economic diversity|economic diversification]], the Curaçaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; This policy, called the &quot;Open Arms&quot; policy, features a heavy focus on attracting information technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |title=An investor's guide to the welcoming island of Curaçao |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031343/https://www.curacao-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Investors%20Guide%20Curacao%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mindmagnet.com |url=http://www.ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |title=Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate |publisher=Ecommerceatcuracao.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171331/http://ecommerceatcuracao.com/corporate.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |title=Economic Data Overview |publisher=Investcuracao.com |access-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228080942/http://www.investcuracao.com/01e01.html |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|unrest]] and [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|political uncertainty]] in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in [[economic stagnation]]. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the construction, [[Financial intermediary|financial intermediation]], and [[Public utility|utilities]] sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |title=Economic Developments in 2016 and outlook for 2017 / Economische ontwikkelingen in 2016 en vooruitzichten voor 2017 – Curacao / Sint Maarten – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=14 February 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091737/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/economic-developments-2016-outlook-2017-economische-ontwikkelingen-2016-en-vooruitzichten-voor-2017-curacao-sint-maarten/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Curacao Jan Thiel (34526956140).jpg|thumb|Jan Thiel Beach]]
[[File:Elkhorn Coral with a Yellowtail Damselfish in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao.jpg|thumb|[[Elkhorn coral]] with a yellowtail damselfish (''[[Microspathodon chrysurus]]'') in the Caribbean Sea in Curaçao]]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Curaçao was a Caribbean leader in [[cruise ship]] tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CaribbeanInTourismGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |title=Curaçao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth |publisher=Caribjournal.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120635/https://www.caribjournal.com/2014/02/14/curacao-leading-caribbean-in-cruise-tourism-growth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hato International Airport]] received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totalling US$48&amp;nbsp;million aimed at transforming the airport into a [[Airline hub|regional hub]] by 2018.

The Curaçaoan [[Continental shelf|insular shelf's]] sharp drop-off known as the &quot;Blue Edge&quot; is often visited by [[scuba diving]] tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |title=An Underwater Photographer's Guide to Curaçao |website=DivePhotoGuide |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050153/http://www.divephotoguide.com/underwater-photography-travel/article/underwater-photographers-guide-curacao/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coral reefs for [[Snorkelling|snorkelling]] and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is [[Watamula]] and the [[Cliff Villa Peninsula]] which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |title=Curacao vakantie – Curacao vakantie |website=Curacao vakantie |language=nl-NL |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104143858/https://www.curacao-vakantie.nl/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by ''[[Cruise Critic]]'', a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as &quot;amazing&quot; and the food and shopping as &quot;excellent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean/ |title=Curaçao has been named the Top Cruise destination in the Southern Caribbean |date=27 July 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904024017/http://curacaochronicle.com/tourism/curacao-has-been-named-the-top-cruise-destination-in-the-southern-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The historic centre of Willemstad is a [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Site]]. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. The [[Blue Bay Sculpture Garden]] with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://curacao-art.com/galleries/blue-bay-beeldentuin/ |title=Blue Bay Beeldentuin |website=Curacao Art |access-date=21 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landhuis Bloemhof]] is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;beautiful&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |title=Landhuis Bloemhof |website=Beautiful Curaçao |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112420/https://www.beautiful-curacao.nl/bezienswaardigheden/landhuis-bloemhof.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. [[Playa Porto Marie|Porto Marie Beach]] is experimenting with artificial coral reefs to improve the reef's condition.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |title=Vernietigt toeristenpoep ons Nederlandse koraal? |first=Omroep |last=NTR |website=NPO Focus |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010220/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7733/vernietigt-toeristenpoep-ons-nederlandse-koraal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2022 |title=Why Curacao is a great destination for ecotourists |url=https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=10Best |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201202352/https://10best.usatoday.com/interests/explore/curacao-eco-attractions-caribbean-islands/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One site in particular – Mambo Beach, also known as &quot;Seaquarium Beach&quot; – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Reef Renewal Curacao |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091034/https://www.reefrenewalcuracao.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Curacao-Sea-Aquarium-2013.JPG|thumb|The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, with [[Seaquarium Beach]] nearby.]]

=== Labour ===
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |title=Statistics: &quot;Unemployment rate rose to 13.3 percent&quot; |date=1 February 2017 |website=Curacaochronicle.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803101048/http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/statistics-unemployment-rate-rose-to-13-3-percent/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |title=Supply Side of the Labour Market Curaçao: Labour Force Survey 2016 – BearingPoint Caribbean |date=3 March 2017 |website=Bearingpointcaribbean.com |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130421/http://www.bearingpointcaribbean.com/supply-side-labour-market-curacao-labour-force-survey-2016/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financial services ===
Curaçao's history in [[financial services]] dates back to the [[First World War]]. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private [[commercial bank]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514073223/http://books.caribseek.com/Curacao/Commercial_History_of_Curacao/twentieth-century-private-banking.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2003 |title=Twentieth Century Private Banking&amp;nbsp;– Roots of Our Future |publisher=caribseek.com |date=11 December 2002 |access-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.

The [[Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange]] is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the [[Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten]]; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest [[central bank]] in the Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045018/http://www.centralbank.an/index.php?eid=1948 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=In 175 years the Bank has evolved from a near dormant institution in the nineteenth century to a vibrant organization able to adapt to the ever changing financial world in the twenty-first century |publisher=centralbank.an |date=1 February 2003 |access-date=6 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a [[corporate haven]]. Though Curaçao is considered a [[tax haven]], it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the [[United States Internal Revenue Service]]. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the [[OECD]] and Caribbean [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]].

==== Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ====
[[File:Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao-139160.jpg|thumb|left|Banco di Caribe in Willemstad]]

On 30 June 2014, Curaçao&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx FACTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx |date=13 January 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the &quot;Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act&quot; of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Treasury [https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf Agreement with Curaçao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403143238/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Curacao-12-16-2014.pdf |date=3 April 2017 }} (pdf).&lt;/ref&gt; between the US and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.

=== Trade ===
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624215811/http://www.curacao-chamber.an/c-info-htm/content/EUTradeProgram.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |title=EU Trade Program |date=24 June 2007 |work=archive.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US [[Caribbean Basin Initiative]] allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |title=USTR&amp;nbsp;– Caribbean Basin Initiative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233136/http://www.ustr.gov/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/CBI/Section_Index.html |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prostitution ===
{{See also|Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean#Curaçao}}

Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called &quot;Le Mirage&quot; or &quot;[[Campo Alegre (brothel)|Campo Alegre]]&quot;. Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;chron&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sex Tourism And Trafficking In The Dutch Caribbean |url=http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |website=Curacao Chronicle |access-date=23 December 2017 |date=26 November 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513163537/http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/sex-tourism-and-trafficking-in-the-dutch-caribbean/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Curaçao Opens Campo Alegre Brothel |url=http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |website=NSWP |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102137/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/curacao-opens-campo-alegre-brothel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html |title=Curaçao's X-Rated Resort |date=2009 |publisher=Global Writes |archive-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217080557/http://global-writes.com/2009/08/curacaos-x-rated-resort.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developments of Campo Alegre (2020–2024) ====
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the centre of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntilliaansDagblad {{!}} Werkgroep adviseert regering over heropening bordeel {{!}} Knipselkrant Curacao |url=https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193918/https://knipselkrant-curacao.com/nieuws/economie/horeca/antilliaansdagblad-werkgroep-adviseert-regering-over-heropening-bordeel/ |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=knipselkrant-curacao.com |publisher=Antilliaans Dagblad |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Drayer |first=Dick |date=16 June 2022 |title=Campo Alegre, 's werelds grootste bordeel op het westelijk halfrond gaat dinsdag onder de hamer - Curacao.nu |url=https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527184832/https://curacao.nu/campo-alegre-s-werelds-grootste-bordeel-op-het-westelijk-halfrond-gaat-dinsdag-onder-de-hamer/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Curacao.nu |language=nl-NL }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Groot openluchtbordeel Curaçao sluit na 71 jaar, maar voor hoelang? |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629193916/https://nos.nl/artikel/2336831-groot-openluchtbordeel-curacao-sluit-na-71-jaar-maar-voor-hoelang |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |language=nl }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution centre.

{{As of|2024|post=,}} the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, &quot;Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=U.S. State Dept. |page=192 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026222521/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent of [[human trafficking]] problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trafficking p192&quot; /&gt;

==آباديات==
[[File:Santa Famia church Willemstad.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Famia church, Willemstad]]
[[File:Curaçao synagogue1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue]] in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.]]

Owing to the island's colonial past, the majority of Curaçao's population is of full or partial [[Afro-Curaçaoan|African]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba |url=https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=U.S. Consulate General in Curacao and U.S. Mission to the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824111106/https://cw.usconsulate.gov/history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also minorities of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Latin American]], [[South Asia]]n, [[East Asia]]n and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent. Portuguese labourers, namely from [[Madeira]], migrated to Curaçao to work in the island's oil and agricultural industries in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Do Rego |first1=Charles P. |date=2014 |title=Portuguese Labor Migration to TO CURAÇAO |journal=Caribbean Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |doi=10.1353/crb.2014.0032 |jstor=24706367 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries with More Women Than Men 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031921/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-more-women-than-men |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=worldpopulationreview.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Curaçao&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt;
|label1 = Roman Catholic
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 69.8
|label2 = Protestant
|color2 = SkyBlue
|value2 = 16.7
|label3 = None
|color3 = Black
|value3 = 10
|label4 = Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.)
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 3.8
|label5 = Unspecified
|color5 = LightGrey
|value5 = 0.6
}}

The religious breakdown of the population of Curaçao, according to a 2011 estimate:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |title=Central America and Caribbean: Curaçao |date=19 October 2021 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504114256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/curacao/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Roman Catholic]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 69.8%
* [[Adventism|Adventist]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 9%
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 8.9%
* [[Pentecostal]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 7.6%
* Other [[Protestant]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.2%
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 2%
* Other:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 3.8%
* None:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 10%
* Unspecified:&lt;ref name=&quot;CIACuraçao&quot; /&gt; 0.6%

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad]] encompasses all the territory of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in the [[Caribbean]] which includes [[Aruba]], Curaçao, [[Sint Maarten]], and the islands of [[Bonaire]], [[St. Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]]. The diocese is also a member of the [[Antilles Episcopal Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Annual Plenary Meeting 2023 – Diocese of Willemstad |url=https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829163758/https://aecbishops.org/annual-plenary-meeting-2023-diocese-of-willemstad/ |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Antilles Episcopal Conference }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There has been a shift towards the [[Charismatic movement]] in recent decades. Other [[Denominations of Christianity|denominations]] include the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] and the [[Methodist Church]]. Alongside these [[Christian denomination]]s, some inhabitants practise [[Montamentu]] and other diaspora [[Traditional African religions|African religions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bernadina |first1=Frieda |title=Montamentoe: een beschrijvende en analyserende studie van een Afro-Amerikaanse godsdienst op Curaçao |date=1981 |publisher=Bernadina |location=Curaçao }}&lt;/ref&gt; As elsewhere in Latin America, [[Pentecostalism]] is on the rise.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are also practising [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Persaud |first1=Prea |title=Hindu Diasporas |chapter=Hinduism in the Caribbean |date=2023 |pages=92–115 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198867692.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819160109/https://academic.oup.com/book/47098/chapter-abstract/416164028?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Situation in the Caribbean |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411102259/https://www.islamawareness.net/Caribbean/carribean.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=IslamAwareness.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While small, Curaçao's Jewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The [[Curaçao synagogue]] is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |title=Dwindling Community of Curacao Maintains Oldest Synagogue in West |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106225008/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=106837 |archive-date=6 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are both [[Sephardic]] and [[Ashkenazi Jew]]ish communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2000}} there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao |title=The Jewish Community of Curacao |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085916/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/curacao }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Languages ===
{{Bar box
|title=First languages of Curaçaoans (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2025/47/population-of-the-dutch-caribbean-has-grown-over-fifteen-years|title=Population of the Dutch Caribbean has grown over fifteen years|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=18 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Languages
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Papiamentu]]|Yellow|78.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]]|Red|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|Orange|7.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Caribbean English|English]]|Blue|3.8}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.0}}
}}
{{clear}}

According to the [[2023 Curaçaoan census|2023 census]], 78% reported that [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]] was the language they most spoke at home; 8.4% reported [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 7.9% [[Dutch language|Dutch]], 3.8% [[English language|English]] and 2% other languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kòrsou |first=Senso |date=19 August 2024 |title=Talen gesproken in Curaçao, Resultaten Census 2023 |url=https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Senso Kòrsou |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820175556/https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328175019/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ResearchGate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official languages are [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Papiamentu]] and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;official-spanish portugues,languages&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Landsverordening van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen) |url=https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |language=nl |via=Overheid.nl |mode=cs1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064722/https://lokaleregelgeving.overheid.nl/CVDR144328 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |title=About Us |website=DutchCaribbeanLegalPortal.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620052254/http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/about-us/the-dutch-caribbean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]] with [[Niger–Congo languages|African]], Dutch and Spanish influences, which is spoken in all levels of society.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook- Curaçao&quot; /&gt; Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao Education – UNESCO digital library |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232148#:~:text=The%20most%20widely%20spoken%20language,bring%20warming%20during%20the%20night. |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddicoat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anthony Liddicoat |title=Language planning and policy: issues in language planning and literacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=9 August 2011 |date=15 June 2007 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-977-4 |page=149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During slavery, enslaved Afro-Curaçaoans used the now extinct [[Guene language]] to hide their conversations from their enslavers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Rose Mary |title=The Oral History of Slavery, Afro-Curaçaoan Memory, and Self-Definition: A Caribbean Perspective on the 300th Anniversary of the Treaty of Utrecht |journal=Sargasso |date=2013 |issue=I &amp; II |pages=135-153 |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/c/t4a2lo/EPDB%3Agcd%3A16%3A14965776/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aocu%3Arecord&amp;id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A137729007&amp;bquery=AU%20Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;page=1&amp;searchDescription=Allen%2C%20Mary&amp;crl=f&amp;x-cgp-token=t4a2lo&amp;link_origin=none |access-date=26 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language now survives only in songs and popular sayings, where it is a symbol of Afro-Curaçaoan identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ansano 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ansano |first1=Richenel |editor1-last=Faraclas |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor2-last=Severing |editor2-first=Ronals |editor3-last=Weijer |editor3-first=Christa |editor4-last=Echteld |editor4-first=Elisabeth |editor5-last=Rutgers |editor5-first=Wim |title=Creole connections: transgressing neocolonial boundaries in the languages, literatures and cultures of the abc islands and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean. |date=2014 |publisher=Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma |pages=25-37 |chapter=Malungo, Praise Names and Places: How dead can a language really be?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt; Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba and [[Bonaire]]. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putte&quot; /&gt;

=== Localities ===
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of [[Bandabou]] and [[Bandariba]] and the city district of Willemstad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 October 1930 |title=NIEUWE INDEELING VAN CURAÇAO. Voorstellen van den Gouverneur. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010528109:mpeg21:a0045 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=De Tĳd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanized area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:

* [[Punda]], the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
* [[Otrobanda]], on the other side of St. Anna Bay
* [[Pietermaai]], east of Punda
* [[Scharloo]], north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
* [[Julianadorp, Curaçao|Julianadorp]], a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
* [[Emmastad]], built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
* [[Saliña, Curaçao|Saliña]] is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
* [[Brievengat]], a suburb in the north of the city.

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|%
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 69 285
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 83 084
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 152 369
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–4
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 876
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 637
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.93
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5–9
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 750
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 479
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 229
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.06
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 487
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 401
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 888
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.83
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–19
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 503
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 393
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 895
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.84
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20–24
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 891
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 665
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 556
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.96
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25–29
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 862
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 280
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 142
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.34
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30–34
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 966
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 774
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 740
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.74
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35–39
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 081
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 091
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.02
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 40–44
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 833
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 099
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.86
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45–49
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 563
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 790
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10 353
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.79
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 50–54
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 049
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 372
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.46
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55–59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 481
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 013
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 493
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.20
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 937
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6 576
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11 513
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.56
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65–69
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 098
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9 621
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.31
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70–74
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 427
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 506
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7 932
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.21
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75–79
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 163
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 342
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5 504
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.61
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80–84
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 346
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2 146
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 492
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.29
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85–89
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 661
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 283
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1 944
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.28
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90–94
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 248
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 543
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.52
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 95–99
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 59
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 192
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 250
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.16
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 100+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 43
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.03
|-
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Age group
! width=&quot;80pt&quot;|Male
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Female
! width=&quot;80&quot;|Total
! width=&quot;50&quot;|Percent
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0–14
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 113
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 517
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 25 630
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16.82
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15–64
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 44 162
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 52 997
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 159
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.77
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 65+
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12 010
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 17 570
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 29 580
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19.41
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Statistics===
[[File:Curaçao single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=|left|Curaçao [[population pyramid]] in 2020]]

=== Education ===
[[File:Hoofdingang van de University of Curacao-Mei 2018.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of Curaçao]]]]

Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=R.H. |last=Walton |title=Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayHr0mFX6LYC&amp;pg=PA87 |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0394-9 |page=87 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The main institute of higher learning is the [[University of Curaçao]] (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot; /&gt; The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore medical schools]], [[List of universities in the Dutch Caribbean|universities]], language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rosalind Latiner |first=Raby |date=2009 |title=Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzyx5mwzGGcC&amp;pg=PA260 |access-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9477-4 |page=260 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ثقافت==
[[File:bulawaya-1.jpg|thumb|A Bulawaya dance]]
=== Visual art ===
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curaçao: The Caribbean Getaway That Sets You Free |url=https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220128/https://www.curacao.com/en/category/art-and-culture |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Curacao.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighbourhood of Willemstad. The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.

=== Literature ===
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamentu]]. The oral traditions of the [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] [[indigenous peoples]] are lost. Enslaved West Africans carried the tales of [[Anansi]], thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled ''Atardi'', published in the ''La Cruz'' newspaper in 1905.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as [[magic realism]] tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed to [[Caribbean Literature|Caribbean]] and [[Dutch literature]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Cuisine ===
Local food is called ''Krioyo'' (pronounced the same as ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'', the Spanish word for &quot;Creole&quot;) and is similar in flavours and techniques to [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[Latin American cuisine]]. Dishes common in Curaçao are found in [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]] as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients, such as [[papaya]], beef or goat), guiambo (soup made from [[okra]] and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to [[fufu]], [[ugali]] and [[polenta]]) and fish and other seafood.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The ubiquitous breakfast dish is [[pastechi]]: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, chicken, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the [[hallaca]] and pekelé, made out of [[salt cod]]. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The [[Curaçao liqueur]] was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local [[citrus]] fruit known as [[laraha]]. [[Suriname]]se, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==راند==
Football (soccer) and baseball are the island's most popular sports. The [[Curaçao national football team]] won the [[2017 Caribbean Cup]] by defeating [[Jamaica national football team|Jamaica]] in the final, qualifying for the [[2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=CONCACAF Gold Cup |title=Curaçao edges Jamaica for first-ever Caribbean Cup title |url=https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207071154/https://www.goldcup.org/en/article/curacao-edges-jamaica-for-first-ever-caribbean-cup-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Thailand]] and participated in the [[2019 King's Cup]] for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |title=Elson Hooi slept King's Cup in de wacht met Curaçao |trans-title=Elson Hooi wins King's Cup with Curaçao |language=nl |publisher=[[ADO Den Haag]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010244/https://adodenhaag.nl/nl/nieuws/laatste-nieuws/1e-elftal/7842-elson-hooi-sleept-king-s-cup-in-de-wacht-met-curacao |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025, Curaçao qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], becoming the smallest nation in history to qualify for a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Curacao become smallest-ever nation at World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46997321/curacao-become-smallest-ever-nation-qualify-world-cup |website=ESPN.com |access-date=19 November 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jurickson Profar (47569154041).jpg|thumb|[[Jurickson Profar]]]]

In 2004, the [[Little League Baseball]] team from Willemstad, Curaçao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from [[Thousand Oaks, California]]. The Willemstad line-up included [[Jurickson Profar]], the standout shortstop prospect who is currently on the [[Atlanta Braves]] roster of [[Major League Baseball]], and [[Jonathan Schoop]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |title=Curacao an island unto itself when it comes to producing big-league ballplayers |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120643/https://www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la-sp-baseball-curacao-20180326-story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçaoan players [[Andruw Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atlanta Braves: It's time to retire Andruw Jones' number 25 |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |website=calltothepen.com |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125031/https://calltothepen.com/2022/02/05/atlanta-braves-retire-andruw-jones-number-25/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] in 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Andruw Jones |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/jones-andruw |website=National Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;,  [[Ozzie Albies]], and [[Kenley Jansen]] have made multiple [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jansen's 3-K ninth highlights LA's ASG |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |website=MLB |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207125021/https://www.mlb.com/news/kenley-jansen-strikes-out-3-in-all-star-game-c241763192 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2010 documentary film ''Boys of Summer''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |title=Boys of Summer |publisher=Boysofsummerfilm.com |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517043114/http://boysofsummerfilm.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008 [[Little League World Series]], then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania|Williamsport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |title=Boys of Summer: Documentary Spotlights Youth Baseball in Cuaraçao |website=Large Up |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418122147/https://www.largeup.com/2014/03/10/boys-of-summer-documentary-features-cuaracaos-championship-little-league-team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The prevailing [[trade wind]]s and warm water make Curaçao a location for [[windsurfing]].&lt;ref&gt;Motion Magazine, June 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

There is warm, clear water around the island. [[Scuba dive]]rs and snorkelers may have visibility up to {{convert|30|m|abbr=off}} at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along {{convert|20|km|abbr=off}} of Curaçao's southern coastline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Frommers Guide to Curaçao water sports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |date=20 November 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223094251/http://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/caribbean-and-bermuda/curacao/frm_curacao_0178020606.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Curaçao participated in the [[2013 CARIFTA Games]]. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of {{convert|7.36|m|2|abbr=off}}. Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female {{convert|1500|m|abbr=off}} with a time of 4:47.97.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_male_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023010/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239214 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |publisher=CFPI Timing &amp; Data |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114013134/http://www.cfpitiming.com/2013_Outdoor_Season/Carifta_Games_2013/Carifta_Games_female_results_2013.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=42nd Carifta Bahamas in 2013 – 3/30/2013 to 4/1/2013 – T. A. ROBINSON NATIONAL TRACK &amp; FIELD STADIUM&amp;nbsp;– Nassau, Bahamas&amp;nbsp;– Results |url=http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |publisher=MileSplit |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710085546/http://bah.milesplit.com/meets/130723/results/239213 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ==
=== Airport ===
[[Curaçao International Airport]] (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico and [[Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport]] in Guadeloupe. Curaçao international airport served as a main base for [[Insel Air]], and for [[Air ALM]], the former national airlines of Curaçao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=InselAir Airline Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=centreforaviation.com |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207114057/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/inselair-7i |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air ALM History from Americas, Netherlands Antilles |url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814133457/https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-alm/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Airline History }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Railways ===
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about {{cvt|2|km}} in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |title=The Tramways of Willemstad |url=http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |website=Tramz.com |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032606/http://www.tramz.com/cw/cw.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public transportation===
ABC (''Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao'', &quot;Curaçao Bus Company&quot;) provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50 [[Caribbean guilder|guilders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |quote=Lines 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5C 6A 6B 7B 8A 8B 9A 10A 10B and 11 |title=Orarionan di Salida |trans-title=Timetable of Departures |url=https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |website=Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=Papiamento |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425143508/https://autobusbedrijf.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ABC_Artwork_Departure-Schedule-Poster-A4-Color_01AUG2024_2-sided.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پل ===
[[File:Curacao-Bridges-2013.JPG|thumb|The [[Queen Emma Bridge|Queen Emma]] (semi-open), and the [[Queen Juliana Bridge|Queen Juliana]]]]
[[File:Smith brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|Smith brug over the Waaigat]]
[[File:Kon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat.jpg|thumb|ڪون ولهيلمينا بروگ (پل) وائيگٽ مٿان]]

ڪوئين ايما پل, هڪ &lt;small&gt;168&lt;/small&gt; ميٽر (&lt;small&gt;551&lt;/small&gt; فوٽ) ڊگهو پونٽون پل, پيادلن کي پوندا ۽ اوٽروبندا ضلعن جي وچ ۾ هلڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. پل کليل آهي ته جيئن جهازن کي بندرگاهه ڏانهن ۽ اتان گذرڻ جي اجازت ملي سگهي. پل اصل ۾ 1888 ۾ کوليو ويو هو ۽ موجوده پل 1939 ۾ نصب ڪئي وئي هئي. اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي ۽ (گهڻو ڪري نه) مقامي ماڻهن طرفان &quot;اسان جي جھولندڙ پراڻي عورت&quot; (Our Swinging Old Lady) جي نالي سان حوالو ڏنو ويو آهي. 

ڪوئين جوليانا پل ساڳئي ٻن ضلعن جي وچ ۾ موٽر گاڏين جي ٽرئفڪ کي هلائي ٿو ۽ ان جي 1974 جي افتتاح ڪوئين ايما پل کي صرف پيادلن لاءِ پل بڻجڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سمنڊ کان 185 فوٽ (56 ميٽر) مٿي, ڪوئين جوليانا پل ڪيريبين ۾ بلند ترين پلن مان هڪ آهي.


[[Queen Emma Bridge]], a {{convert|168|m|adj=on}}-long [[pontoon bridge]], allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Curacao |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |title=Curaçao's Landmark! – Review of Queen Emma Pontoon Bridge, Willemstad, Curacao |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044631/http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g147278-d148574-r32109942-Queen_Emma_Pontoon_Bridge-Willemstad_Curacao.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723234128/http://www.curacao.com/The-Curacao-Difference/Vibrant-Architecture/Bridges |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=Pontoon Bridge- Curacao Bridges- Queen Emma Willemstad, Dutch Queens, Landmarks |publisher=Curacao.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |title=Curacao's floating bridge worth a gander |date=18 September 2011 |website=TheTravelTrolley.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113163345/http://thetraveltrolley.com/2011/09/curacaos-floating-bridge-worth-a-gander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as &quot;Our Swinging Old Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |title=745. Our Swinging Old Lady: Queen Emma |date=14 March 2013 |website=1000 Awesome Things About Curaçao |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922193717/https://1000awesomethingsaboutcuracao.com/2013/03/14/745-our-swinging-old-lady-queen-emma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Queen Juliana Bridge]] carries [[motor vehicle]] traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At {{convert|185|ft}} above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;queen&quot; /&gt;


افاديت ۽ صفائي: Aqualectra (هڪ سرڪاري ملڪيت واري ڪمپني ۽ CARILEC جي مڪمل ميمبر) ٻيٽ تي پيئڻ جو پاڻي ۽ بجلي پهچائي ٿي. قيمتون حڪومت طرفان ڪنٽرول ڪيون وينديون آهن. پاڻي ريورس اوسموسس يا ڊي سيلينائيزيشن ذريعي پيدا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو 69,000 گهرن ۽ ڪمپنين جي خدمت ڪري ٿو. 1,30,000 پاڻي ۽ بجلي ميٽر استعمال ڪندي. بجلي پيدا ڪرڻ واري ڪمپني. Nu Kureso (NuCuraçao) 2012 ۾ Tera Kora ۽ Playa Kanoa ۾ ونڊ فارم کوليا. ۽ 2015 ۾ Tera Kora ۾ وڌايو ويو. ڪو به قدرتي گئس ورهائڻ وارو گرڊ ناهي. گئس گهرن کي پريشر ٿيل ڪنٽينرز ذريعي فراهم ڪئي ويندي آهي. * Curbside ڪچرو کڻڻ Selikor ڪمپني پاران مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڪو به ري سائيڪلنگ پڪ اپ ناهي. پر مالپيس لينڊ فل تي ڪجهه ري سائيڪل ٿيل مواد لاءِ ڊراپ آف سينٽر آهن. ۽ گرين فورس پاران هلائي ويندڙ مختلف جڳهيون. خانگي هولرز تعميراتي فضلي، ڪاغذ ۽ ڪارڊ بورڊ کي ري سائيڪل ڪن ٿا. Nu. ڪيوبا. پريسونا. Akuano. ليکترا. پيلا. ڪانو آصف. سليڪور. تيرا.

=== افاديت ۽ صفائي ===
ايڪواليڪٽرا (Aqualectra) هڪ سرڪاري ملڪيت واري ڪمپني ۽ CARILEC جي مڪمل ميمبر&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Aqualectra |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330071935/https://www.aqualectra.com/company-profile/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيٽ تي پيئڻ جو پاڻي ۽ بجلي پهچائي ٿي. قيمتون حڪومت طرفان ڪنٽرول ڪيون وينديون آهن. پاڻي ريورس اوسموسس يا ڊي سيلينائيزيشن ذريعي پيدا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو 69,000 گهرن ۽ ڪمپنين جي خدمت, 1,30,000 پاڻي ۽ بجلي ميٽر استعمال ڪندي, ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqualectra.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518220555/http://www.aqualectra.com/en/about-aqualectra/company-profile |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Distribution Information |publisher=Aqualectra.com |access-date=26 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; بجلي پيدا ڪرڻ واري ڪمپني, &quot;نوڪيوريسو&quot; (NuCuraçao) سال 2012 ۾ تيرا ڪورا (Tera Kora) ۽ پلايا ڪانوآ (Playa Kanoa) ۾ ونڊ فارم کوليا ۽ 2015 ۾ تيرا ڪورا ۾ وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |title=Aqualectra Annual Report 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011903/https://www.aqualectra.com/files/PDF/Annual_Reports/Aqualectra_Annual_Report_2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪو به قدرتي گئس ورهائڻ وارو گرڊ ناهي. گئس گهرن کي پريشر ٿيل ڪنٽينرز ذريعي فراهم ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |title=Renting Property in Curacao |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015514/https://century21numberone.com/en/about-curacao/renting-property-in-curacao/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪچرو کڻڻ &quot;سليڪور&quot; (Selikor) ڪمپني پاران مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڪو به ري سائيڪلنگ پڪ اپ ناهي. پر مالپيس لينڊ فل تي ڪجهه ري سائيڪل ٿيل مواد لاءِ ڊراپ آف سينٽر آهن &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |title=Drop-Off Centers |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013229/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/296-drop-off-centers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گرين فورس پاران هلائي ويندڙ مختلف جڳهيون, خانگي هولرز تعميراتي فضلي، ڪاغذ ۽ ڪارڊ بورڊ کي ري سائيڪل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling |title=Caribbean Recycling |website=CaribbeanHomeAndHouse.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011714/http://www.caribbeanhomeandhouse.com/chh/recycling }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kerbside collection|Curbside trash pick-up]] is provided by the Selikor company. There is no recycling pick-up, but there are drop-off centres for certain recycled materials at the Malpais [[landfill]], and various locations operated by Green Force;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |title=Where can I recycle on Curacao through Green Force? |website=GreenForceCuracao.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030115945/http://www.greenforcecuracao.com/Recycling/Where-can-I-recycle-on-Curacao/where-can-i-recycle-on-curacao-through-green-force-.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project |title=Curaçao – a recycling project in the Caribbean – TUI policyBLOG |website=PolitikLounge.com |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.politiklounge.com/en/policy-blog/2016/december/recycling-project }}&lt;/ref&gt; private haulers recycle [[construction waste]], paper, and cardboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |title=Caribbean Recycling Company |website=Selikor.com |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013233/https://www.selikor.com/general-services-links/298-26-caribbean-recycling-company |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==گيلري==
==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[آروبا]]
* [[برمودا]]
* [[تاج انحصاري]]
* [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
* [[منحصر علائقو]]

==نوٽ==
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

=== Sources ===
* Habitantenan di Kòrsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499–1999. [[Nolda Römer-Kenepa|Römer-Kenepa, NC]], Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curaçao: Fundashon Curaçao 500.
* Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curaçao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
* Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curaçao.
* Het Patroon van de Oude Curaçaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
* Dede pikiña ku su bisiña: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers

==وڌيڪ ريڊنگ==
* Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Librería, 1897.
* Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A. ''History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles''. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
* Rupert, Linda M. &quot;Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curaçao and Tierra Firme.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 30 (2006): 35–54.

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==
{{Commons category|Curaçao}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/nl/ Government of Curaçao] {{in lang|nl}}
* [http://www.gobiernu.cw/pap/ Government of Curaçao] (in Papiamentu)
* [http://www.curacao.com/ Curaçao Tourism Board]
* [https://www.instagram.com/curacao/ Curaçao] – Official [[Instagram]] account
{{Navboxes
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|list =
{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Countries of North America}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = International membership and history
|list =
{{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}}
{{Outlying territories of European countries}}
{{Dutch colonies|Kingdom2|state=collapsed}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|12|12|N|69|00|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curacao}}
[[زمرو:ڪوراسائو| ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيوريسو| ]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ ٻيٽ]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي ڊچ هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] 
[[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي انگريزي هڪ سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]]   
[[زمرو:1954 هالينڊ اينٽيليس ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 هالينڊ ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ۾ قائم ڪيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:2010 جو ڪيريبين ملڪ هالينڊ جي بادشاهت جا ڪيريبين ملڪ]] 
[[زمرو:1954 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:2010 ۾ قائم ڪيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:انگريزي ٻولي]] 
[[زمرو:1954ع]] 
[[زمرو:2010ع]]
[[زمرو:هالينڊ جي بادشاهت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5302" sha1="jbgfn9xcr8w9djd4uh1qr12d2prrkwy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                = ويرزوئولو
| official_name       = ڪميون ڊي ويرزوئولو
| native_name         = 
| image_skyline       = Verzuolo-Stemma.svg
| imagesize           = 
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| image_caption       = 
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| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| coordinates         = {{coord|44|36|N|7|29|E|type:city(6,379)_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region              = [[Piedmont]]
| province            = [[ڪونيو صوبو]] (CN)
| frazioni            = فاليچيٽو، ويلانويٽا، پاپو، ڪيامينا، سان برنارڊو، پوميرولو
| mayor_party         = 
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| area_footnotes      = 
| area_total_km2      = 26.2
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| population_total    = 6379
| population_as_of    = ڊسمبر 2004ع
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| population_demonym  = ويرزوئوليسي
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m         = 420
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| postal_code         = 12039
| area_code           = 0175
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'''ويرزوئولو''' [[اٽلي]] جي [[پيئمونتي]] علائقي جي [[ڪونيو صوبو|ڪونيو صوبي]] ۾ واقع هڪ ''[[ڪوموني]]'' (ميونسپلٽي) آهي، جيڪا [[تورينو]] کان لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|66|km|mi}} ڏکڻ-اولهه ۽ [[ڪونيو]] کان لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|25|km|mi}} اتر طرف واقع آهي. 31 ڊسمبر 2004ع تائين ان جي آبادي 6,379 هئي ۽ ان جي ايراضي {{convert|26.2|km2|mi2}} هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;istat&quot;&gt;سڀ آبادياتي ۽ ٻيا انگ اکر: اطالوي شمارياتي اداري [[اٽلي جو قومي شماريات ادارو|استات (Istat)]] تان.&lt;/ref&gt;

ويرزوئولو جي ميونسپلٽي ۾ هي ''[[فرازيوني|فرازيونِي]]'' (ذيلي انتظامي حصا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري ڳوٺن ۽ وسندين تي مشتمل هوندا آهن) شامل آهن: فاليچيٽو، ويلانويٽا، پاپو، ڪيامينا، سان برنارڊو ۽ پوميرولو.

ويرزوئولو جي سرحد هيٺين ميونسپلٽين سان ملي ٿي: [[ڪوسٽيليولي سالوتسو]]، [[لاناسڪو]]، [[مانتا (ڪونيو)|مانتا]]، [[پانيو]]، [[پياسڪو]]، [[ساويليانو]] ۽ [[ويلافاليٽو]].

== مشهور شخصيتون ==
ويرزوئولو ۾ ڄاول يا ان سان ويجهي لاڳاپي رکندڙ شخصيتن ۾ شامل آهن:

* [[جوسيپي سڪّاردي]] (ويرزوئولو، 3 آڪٽوبر 1802ع – تورينو، 29 آڪٽوبر 1857ع) هڪ اطالوي قانوندان ۽ سياستدان هو.
* [[اليساندرا بواريلّي]] (تورينو، 1838ع – ويرزوئولو، 1908ع) هڪ اطالوي جبل چاڙهيندڙ هئي، جيڪا 1864ع ۾ [[مونويزو]] جي چوٽي تي پهچندڙ پهرين عورت بڻي.
* [[:it:Cesare Billia|چيزاري بليا]] (ويرزوئولو، 1863ع – [[لبيا]]، 14 جون 1915ع) هڪ اطالوي فوجي، 63هين انفنٽري ريجيمينٽ جو آفيسر ۽ فوجي بهادري لاءِ سون ۽ چاندي جي تمغن جو حقدار هو.
* [[:it:Giovanni Vincenzo Cima|جيوواني وينچينزو چيما]] (ويرزوئولو، 22 جولاءِ 1893ع – تورينو، 5 جولاءِ 1968ع) هڪ اطالوي صحافي، عالمي شهرت يافته شارٽ هينڊ ماهر ۽ پنهنجي شارٽ هينڊ نظام جو خالق هو.
* [[چيزاري سيگري]] (ڄائو 4 اپريل 1928ع، ويرزوئولو، ڪونيو صوبو) هڪ اطالوي فلولوجسٽ، سيميوٽيشين ۽ يهودي نسل جو ادبي نقاد آهي، جيڪو هن وقت پاويا جي اعليٰ مطالعي واري اداري (IUSS) جي متن ۽ متني روايتن جي تحقيقي مرڪز جو ڊائريڪٽر آهي.
* [[فلاويو برياتوري]] (ڄائو 12 اپريل 1950ع، ويرزوئولو) هڪ مالياتي ماهر، [[بينيٽن گروپ]] جو اڳوڻو ايگزيڪيوٽو، [[بينيٽن فارمولا]] ۽ [[رينالٽ فارمولا ون]] ٽيمن جو ٽيم پرنسپل، ۽ [[ڪوئينز پارڪ رينجرز فٽبال ڪلب]] جو چيئرمين آهي.

== آباديءَ جي ارتقا ==
{{historical populations
|align=none|cols=3
|graph-pos=bottom
|1861|4804
|1871|5102
|1881|5217
|1901|5172
|1911|5250
|1921|5408
|1931|5668
|1936|5805
|1951|5904
|1961|6010
|1971|6265
|1981|6029
|1991|6020
|2001|6196
| source=ISTAT جا انگ اکر
}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[ويرزوئولو جو قلعو]]

== حوالا ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.verzuolo.com www.verzuolo.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622143249/https://www.verzuolo.com/ |date=2021-06-22 }}

{{Province of Cuneo}}

{{Authority control}}
[[زمرو:ويرزوئولو]]

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      <text bytes="113076" sha1="o2ken41jzh0ju0h5xkypbpqtukvm61p" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|آئرلينڊ جي شهر ڊبلن ۾ هلندڙ ٽرام نظام}}

{{about|ڊبلن جي جديد هلڪي ريل نظام بابت|شهر جي تاريخي ٽرام نظام بابت|ڊبلن ٽرام ويز}}

{{Infobox public transit
| name = لواس
| image = Luas.svg
| imagesize = 200px
| image2 = The LUAS - Dublin City Centre (180mm) (1507653387).jpg
| imagesize2 = 300px
| caption2 = [[ڳاڙهي لائين (لواس)|ڳاڙهي لائين]] جي لواس ٽرام ڊبلن جي شهر مرڪز ۾
| locale = [[ڊبلن]]، [[آئرلينڊ جمهوريه|آئرلينڊ]]
| transit_type = [[ٽرام]] (يا [[هلڪي ريل]])
| lines = 2 ([[ڳاڙهي لائين (لواس)|ڳاڙهي]] ۽ [[سائي لائين (لواس)|سائي]])
| stations = 67
| annual_ridership = 55.2 ملين مسافر (2025ع)&lt;ref name=&quot;Luas-faqs&quot;/&gt;
| began_operation = {{start date and age|2004|6|30|df=yes}}
| operator = [[ٽرانسڊيو]]
| vehicles = 40 [[السٽوم سٽاڊِس|سٽاڊِس]] 401 (4000 ڪلاس)&lt;br /&gt;41 سٽاڊِس 502 (5000 ڪلاس)
| system_length = {{convert|42.1|km|mi}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Luas-faqs&quot;/&gt;
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| el = {{750 V DC}} [[هوائي بجليءَ جي تار]]
| map = [[File:Luas system map.png|240px]]
| map_name = لواس رستن جو نقشو
| ridership = {{circa|165,000}} مسافر&lt;ref name=&quot;Luas-faqs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title={{sic|FAQs|hide=y}} |url=https://luas.ie/faqs/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260308223711/https://www.luas.ie/faqs/ |archive-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Luas.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website = {{URL|Luas.ie}}&lt;br /&gt;{{URL|www.LuasFinglas.ie/}} (واڌارو)
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = {{convert|25|m|ft}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=لواس جي پٽڙي ۽ بجليءَ جي فراهمي بابت ڄاڻ |url=https://www.tii.ie/en/public-transport/luas/track-power/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612135002/https://www.tii.ie/en/public-transport/luas/track-power/ |archive-date=2024-06-12 |website=[[TII.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''لواس''' ({{IPAc-en|'|l|uː|ə|s}}, آئرش: {{IPA|ga|ˈl̪ˠuəsˠ|}}؛ معنيٰ: ''رفتار'') [[ڊبلن]]، [[آئرلينڊ جمهوريه|آئرلينڊ]] ۾ هلندڙ هڪ [[ٽرام]] نظام آهي. ان جون ٻه بنيادي لائينون آهن: [[سائي لائين (لواس)|سائي لائين]]، جيڪا 30 جون 2004ع تي شروع ٿي، ۽ [[ڳاڙهي لائين (لواس)|ڳاڙهي لائين]]، جيڪا 26 سيپٽمبر 2004ع تي کولي وئي.

ان کان پوءِ ڳاڙهي لائين کي شهر کان ٻاهر مختلف شاخن تائين وڌايو ويو، جڏهن ته سائي لائين کي اتر ۽ ڏکڻ طرف هڪ ئي لائين طور وڌايو ويو. 2017ع ۾ سائي لائين جي اترين واڌ کان پوءِ ٻئي لائينون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ هڪ ٻئي سان ملن ٿيون.

هاڻي هن نظام ۾ 67 اسٽيشنون ۽ {{convert|42.5|km|miyd}} فعال پٽڙي موجود آهن جنهن 2024ع دوران 54 ملين مسافرن کي سفر فراهم ڪيو، جيڪو 2023ع جي مقابلي ۾ 12٪ واڌ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2025 |title=ٻئي سال به PSO خدمتن تي رڪارڊ ٽوڙ مسافر انگ |url= https://www.nationaltransport.ie/news/record-breaking-passenger-numbers-on-pso-services-for-second-year/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20251005062444/https://www.nationaltransport.ie/web/20251005062444/https://www.nationaltransport.ie/news/record-breaking-passenger-numbers-on-pso-services-for-second-year/ |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2025ع ۾ ٻنهي لائينن گڏجي 55 ملين مسافرن کي کڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;pr2026&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url = https://www.nationaltransport.ie/news/passenger-journeys-up-6-across-the-tfi-network-in-2025/ | website = nationaltransport.ie | title = 2025ع ۾ TFI نيٽ ورڪ تي مسافر سفرن ۾ 6٪ واڌ | accessdate = 19 February 2026 | date = 19 February 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

لواس جو انتظام [[ٽرانسڊيو]] هلائي ٿي، جيڪو [[ٽرانسپورٽ انفراسٽرڪچر آئرلينڊ]] (TII) جي ٺيڪي تحت ڪم ڪري ٿو. (ان کان اڳ، جڏهن RPA بعد ۾ نيشنل روڊز اٿارٽي سان ضم ٿي TII بڻيو، تڏهن هي ٺيڪو هاڻي ختم ٿيل ريلوي پروڪيورمينٽ ايجنسي جي دائري هيٺ هو.)

لواس، [[نيشنل ٽرانسپورٽ اٿارٽي (آئرلينڊ)|نيشنل ٽرانسپورٽ اٿارٽي]] جي 2000ع کان 2016ع واري حڪمت عملي جو اهم حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DTOStrategy2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2001 |title=A Platform for Change (Final Report) An integrated transportation strategy for the Greater Dublin Area 2000 to 2016 |url=http://www.dto.ie/platform1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119033350/http://www.dto.ie/platform1.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2007 |access-date=10 December 2006 |publisher=Dublin Transportation Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شروعاتي لائينن ۾ چار واڌارا مڪمل ڪيا ويا آهن. سائي لائين جي {{convert|6|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=off|spell=in|adj=on}} ڊگهي واڌ، جيڪا اتر شهر مرڪز مان گذري [[بروم برج ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تائين پهچي ٿي ۽ ٻنهي لائينن کي ڳنڍي ٿي، جون 2013ع ۾ شروع ٿي ۽ ڊسمبر 2017ع ۾ مسافرن لاءِ کولِي وئي. هي اهو منصوبو هو جيڪو اڳ سرڪاري طور BXD جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2016 |title=Luas Cross City Project End of Year Review 2016 |url=http://www.luascrosscity.ie/news/luas-cross-city-project-end-of-year-review-2016/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165933/http://www.luascrosscity.ie/news/luas-cross-city-project-end-of-year-review-2016/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017 |website=[[لواس ڪراس سٽي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==

ڊبلن شهر لاءِ نئين ٽرام يا هلڪي ريل نظام جو خيال پهريون ڀيرو 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڊبلن ٽرانسپورٽيشن انيشيئيٽو (DTI) جي رپورٽ ۾ پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;RPA_Luas_Background&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=لواس جو پسمنظر |url=http://www.rpa.ie/luas/about_luas/background |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228163348/http://www.rpa.ie/luas/about_luas/background |archive-date=28 February 2008 |access-date=5 April 2008 |publisher=Railway Procurement Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن رپورٽ ۾ پراڻي [[ڊبلن ٽرام ويز]] جو حوالو ڏنو ويو، جيڪو هڪ وقت ۾ {{convert|60|km|mi}} کان وڌيڪ ڊگهو هو ۽ شهر جي اڪثر حصن تائين پهچندو هو.

هن رپورٽ کان پوءِ [[ڪوراس ايمپائر ايئرن]] (CIÉ)، جيڪو آئرلينڊ جو سرڪاري عوامي ٽرانسپورٽ آپريٽر هو، کي مختلف اختيارن جو جائزو وٺڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. انهن ٽرام نظام جي تعمير لاءِ ٻن مرحلن جي سفارش ڪئي:

* مرحلو 1: ٽالاگٽ کان شهر مرڪز رستي ڊنڊرم/بالالي تائين
* مرحلو 2: بالي من کان شهر مرڪز، ۽ ڊنڊرم/بالالي کان سينڊي فورڊ تائين

1996ع جي ٽرانسپورٽ ايڪٽ CIÉ کي ٽرام نظام ٺاهڻ جو قانوني اختيار ڏنو، ۽ مئي 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني پهرين مرحلي ۽ مرحلو 2 جي ڊنڊرم/بالالي کان سينڊي فورڊ واري حصي جي تعمير لاءِ لائيٽ ريلوي آرڊر جي درخواست ڏني.

جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هڪ جاچ شروع ٿي، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ زمين هيٺ حصن جي امڪان جو جائزو وٺڻ لاءِ ان کي روڪيو ويو. مئي 1998ع ۾ حڪومت منصوبي ۾ ترميم ڪندي ٻه لائينون ٺاهڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهرين لائين [[ٽالاگٽ]] کان [[ڪونولي اسٽيشن]] تائين هلڻي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻي لائين [[سينڊي فورڊ انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] کان شهر جي مرڪز ۽ [[بالي من]] وسيلي [[ڊبلن ايئرپورٽ]] تائين هلڻي هئي. ٻي لائين جو هڪ حصو شهر جي مرڪز مان زمين هيٺ گذرڻو هو.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ واري تشهيري مواد ۾ ٽالاگٽ کان شهر مرڪز تائين سفر جو وقت 30 منٽ ٻڌايو ويو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1996Tallaght&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqYegMOpPdU&amp;t=13s |title=Tallaght - A Living Town. South Dublin County Council: Tallaght Living Heritage Project |date=1996-01-01 |type=Video |publisher=Tallaght Artsquad ([[ڏکڻ ڊبلن ڪائونٽي ڪائونسل]]) |place=ڊبلن |people=Larkin, Daragh}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|26:35}}

لواس جي ترقيءَ جي ذميواري CIÉ کان [[ريلوي پروڪيورمينٽ ايجنسي]] (RPA) ڏانهن منتقل ڪئي وئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 2001ع ۾ قائم ڪيل هڪ الڳ سرڪاري ايجنسي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;RPA_Luas_Background&quot; /&gt;

مارچ 2001ع ۾ ٽالاگٽ کان ڪونولي لائين، ۽ ٻي لائين جي سينڊي فورڊ کان [[سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين]] حصي تي تعميراتي ڪم شروع ٿيو. نظام ٺاهڻ جو ٺيڪو اٽلي جي [[جيو. انسالدو اينڊ سي.]] ۽ آسٽريليا جي MVM کي ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2007 |title=O'Rourke awards £196m Luas contract |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2001/0308/13155-luas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209122210/https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2001/0308/13155-luas/ |archive-date=9 February 2018 |access-date=8 February 2018 |website=Rte news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين کان ڊبلن ايئرپورٽ تائين وارو حصو تعمير شروع ٿيڻ کان اڳ ختم ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو فيصلو ڪيو ويو ته هن علائقي کي [[ڊبلن ميٽرو|ميٽرو]] ذريعي سهولت ڏني ويندي. نظام جي سار سنڀال ۽ آپريشن جو ٺيڪو [[ويئوليا ٽرانسپورٽ|ڪونيڪس]] کي ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=May 2002 |title=Connex wins Dublin deal |work=[[دي ريلوي ميگزين]] |page=80 |issue=1213}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Connex beats First to run Dublin's trams from 2003 ''[[ريل (رسالو)|Rail]]'' issue 435 15 May 2002 page 11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RPA_Luas_Homepage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas home page |url=http://www.rpa.ie/luas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312173217/http://www.rpa.ie/luas |archive-date=12 March 2008 |access-date=4 April 2008 |publisher=Railway Procurement Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لواس جي ڳاڙهي لائين جي ترقيءَ ۾ [[يورپي يونين]] طرفان [[يورپي علائقائي ترقياتي فنڊ]] تحت 82.5 ملين يورو جي مالي مدد شامل هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;RPA_Luas_Homepage&quot; /&gt; ڪجهه لائين واڌارن جي خرچ جو هڪ حصو، مثال طور چيري ووڊ تائين لائين B1 جو 50٪ کان وڌيڪ، تجويز ڪيل رستي جي ويجهن علائقن ۾ ترقياتي منصوبن تي لاڳو ٿيل ليويز مان حاصل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRJ_Nov2006&quot; /&gt;

=== افتتاح ===

لواس جي اصل افتتاحي تاريخ 2003ع هئي، پر تعمير ۾ دير سبب اها تاريخ هڪ سال پوئتي ٿي وئي. تعميراتي ڪم دوران عوام کي نظام جي ترقي بابت ڄاڻ ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ اشتهاري مهم هلائي وئي. تعمير فيبروري 2004ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي ۽ پوءِ آزمائشي هلائڻ ۽ ڊرائيورن جي تربيت جو دور شروع ٿيو.

30 جون 2004ع کي سائي لائين جي سرڪاري افتتاحي تاريخ مقرر ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;After 55 years, trams return to Dublin streets ''Rail'' issue 492 7 July 2004 page 14&lt;/ref&gt; پهرين ٽرام عام عوام لاءِ 3 وڳي منجهند سروس ۾ آئي. نظام جي افتتاح لاءِ ڪيترن ڏينهن تائين مفت سفر ۽ هڪ خانداني تفريحي هفتو منعقد ڪيو ويو.

ڳاڙهي لائين 26 سيپٽمبر 2004ع تي کولي وئي، جنهن سان عام عوام لاءِ ڇهن ڏينهن تائين مفت سفر جي سهولت ڏني وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;RPA_Luas_Background&quot; /&gt;

=== 2004ع کان اڄ تائين ===

نومبر 2006ع تائين هن نظام تي 50 ملين کان وڌيڪ سفر ٿي چڪا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 November 2006 |title=50 million journeys made on Luas |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1108/luas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912070702/http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1108/luas.html |archive-date=12 September 2007 |access-date=10 December 2006 |work=RTÉ News}}&lt;/ref&gt; روزانو لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 لواس سفر ٿين ٿا.

2007ع ۾ 28.4 ملين سفر ٿيا؛ 2008ع ۾ 27.4 ملين سفر ٿيا&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 September 2009 |title=Almost 1m fewer Luas journeys in 2008 |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1230/luas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102520/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1230/luas.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=27 May 2010 |work=RTÉ News}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ 2009ع ۾ 25.4 ملين سفر ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 May 2010 |title=Luas numbers fell 8% last year |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0524/rpa-business.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026114559/http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0524/rpa-business.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=RTÉ News}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄ تائين لواس جو سڀ کان مصروف ڏينهن جمعو، 21 ڊسمبر 2007ع هو، جڏهن 145,000 مسافر سفر رڪارڊ ڪيا ويا.

لواس رياستي [[سبسڊي]] کان سواءِ هلندو آهي. هن خدمت 985,000 يورو جو اضافي بچت وارو نتيجو حاصل ڪيو، جڏهن ته 2004ع ۾ اهو 680,000 يورو هو؛ اها ڪاميابي 2.5 ملين يورو جي متوقع خساري کان گهڻو بهتر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2005 Annual Report |url=http://www.rpa.ie/rpa/about_us/annual_reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017134837/http://www.rpa.ie/rpa/about_us/annual_reports |archive-date=17 October 2006 |access-date=10 December 2006 |publisher=Railway Procurement Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڱارو، 8 ڊسمبر 2009ع تي ڳاڙهي لائين جي C1 ڪونولي کان ڊاڪ لينڊز واڌ کولي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2009 |title=Luas extended to Docklands |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1208/luas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214132131/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1208/luas.html |archive-date=14 December 2009 |access-date=8 February 2018 |website=Rte}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن واڌ ۾ چار اسٽاپ آهن: جارجز ڊاڪ، ميئر اسڪوائر-[[نيشنل ڪاليج آف آئرلينڊ|NCI]]، [[اسپينسر ڊاڪ]]، جيڪو نئين [[ڊاڪ لينڊز ريلوي اسٽيشن]] کي سهولت ڏئي ٿو، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|350|m|ftin}} پري آهي، ۽ آخر ۾ [[پوائنٽ وليج]]، جيڪو [[3 ايرينا (ڊبلن)|3 ايرينا]] جي سامهون آهي. بهرحال، هي واڌ ڪونولي کي باءِ پاس ڪري ٿي.

تعمير جون 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ شروع ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Luas |url=http://www.rpa.ie/en/luas_lines/Pages/HistoryofLuas.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231075637/http://www.rpa.ie/en/luas_lines/Pages/HistoryofLuas.aspx |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher=Railway Procurement Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; سيپٽمبر 2009ع ۾ افتتاح کان اڳ هن لائين تي آزمائشي هلڻ شروع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Breda Heffernan |last2=Stephen O'Farrell |date=13 September 2009 |title=New Luas section is right on track as it passes its first test |url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/new-luas-section-is-right-on-track-as-it-passes-its-first-test-1885641.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915182152/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/new-luas-section-is-right-on-track-as-it-passes-its-first-test-1885641.html |archive-date=15 September 2009 |access-date=18 September 2009 |work=[[آئرش انڊيپينڊنٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

16 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي سينڊي فورڊ کان چيري ووڊ تائين B1 واڌ کولي وئي.

فيبروري 2026ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته [[ٽرانسڊيو]] ان ئي سال بعد لواس هلائڻ واري ڪنسشن کان محروم ٿي ويندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=&lt;!-- not stated ---&gt; |date=2026-02-26 |title=Transdev loses €1.75bn Luas contract after running tram service for 22 years - reports |url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/transdev-loses-e1-75bn-luas-contract-after-running-tram-service-for-22-years-reports-1869007.html |publisher=BreakingNews.ie |access-date=2026-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== لواس ڪراس سٽي ====
{{Luas Line BXD|collapse=yes}}

جون 2010ع ۾ ٻنهي لواس پٽن کي ڳنڍڻ جا منصوبا حتمي ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-06-22 |title=Plans to link Luas lines finalised |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/0622/breaking21.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021081214/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/0622/breaking21.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=20 February 2020 |newspaper=[[دي آئرش ٽائيمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

20 مئي 2011ع تي ڊبلن سٽي ڪائونسل [[آن بورڊ پلينالا]] جي Line BXD بابت زباني ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ پنهنجون گذارشون پيش ڪيون، جن ۾ ڪائونسل چيو ته تاريخي شهر مرڪز ۾ overhead conductor system بابت منصوبابندي اٿارٽي کي سنجيده ڳڻتي آهي ۽ اتي تار-کان-آزاد علائقو گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2012 |title=Transport for Dublin – News – Luas Line BXD Oral Hearing – May 2011 |url=http://www.transportfordublin.ie/news/luas-line-bxd-oral-hearing-may-2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203215617/http://www.transportfordublin.ie/news/luas-line-bxd-oral-hearing-may-2011/ |archive-date=3 February 2012 |publisher=[[TransportForIreland.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2011 |title=Luas Broombridge – Oral Hearing (transcript) |url=http://www.transportfordublin.ie/documents/planning_evidence_dick.docx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119220354/http://www.transportfordublin.ie/documents/planning_evidence_dick.docx |archive-date=19 January 2012 |publisher=Transport for Dublin |format=docx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Luas施工.jpg|thumb|لواس ڪراس سٽي لائين تي ڊومينڪ اسٽاپ جو تعميراتي هنڌ، ڊومينڪ اسٽريٽ لوئر ۾ ورتل تصوير]]

لواس ڪراس سٽي سائي لائين جو واڌارو آهي، جيڪو ڳاڙهي لائين سان ڳنڍجي ٿو ۽ اتر طرف اتر ڊبلن جي بروم برج ريلوي اسٽيشن تائين جاري رهي ٿو، جتي [[آئرنش روڊ ايرن]] اسٽيشن سان مٽاسٽا آهي. هي واڌ موجوده [[سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين اسٽيشن|سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين]] سائي لائين اسٽاپ کان شروع ٿي. تعمير جون 2013ع ۾ شروع ٿي ۽ خدمتون ڊسمبر 2017ع ۾ شروع ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 August 2012 |title=Green light given to Luas link-up, first passengers 2017 |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0803/green-light-given-to-luas-link-up.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805170408/http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0803/green-light-given-to-luas-link-up.html |archive-date=5 August 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |work=RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''لائين BX (بروم برج تائين لائين D سميت)''' – ڳاڙهي ۽ سائي لائينن لاءِ شهر مرڪز وارو ڳانڍاپو. RPA ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ هن رستي بابت عوامي صلاح مشورو شروع ڪيو. مارچ 2007ع ۾ ترجيحي رستو اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – Transport Infrastructure Ireland - |url=http://www.rpa.ie/en/projects/luas_city_centre/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615142150/http://www.rpa.ie/en/projects/luas_city_centre/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; رستو سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين کان ڪاليج گرين تائين وڃي ٿو، جتي لائين ٻٽي پٽڙيءَ مان هڪ پٽڙيءَ ۾ تبديل ٿئي ٿي. هتان کان اها ويسٽ مورلينڊ اسٽريٽ مان اتر طرف، [[اوڪونل پل]] مٿان، ۽ اوڪونل اسٽريٽ جي اولهه پاسي سان [[ڪاثل بروگا اسٽريٽ]] تائين وڃي ٿي. پوءِ اها اوڀر طرف ڪاثل بروگا اسٽريٽ ۾ مڙي ٿي ۽ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي مارلبورو اسٽريٽ سان هلندي آهي، [[روزي هيڪٽ پل]] وسيلي درياهه لفي پار ڪري ٿي، هاڪنز اسٽريٽ ۽ ڪاليج اسٽريٽ سان اڳتي وڌي ٿي، ۽ ڪاليج گرين وٽ لائين جي ٻٽي پٽڙي واري حصي سان ملي ٿي. Transport 21 منصوبن ۾ 2012ع کي اصل مڪمل ٿيڻ جي تاريخ طور ڏنو ويو هو، پر تعمير صرف 2013ع ۾ شروع ٿي. مڪمل ٿيڻ جي تاريخ، مسافر خدمتن جي شروعات سميت، ڊسمبر 2017ع هئي. RPA، An Bord Pleanála وٽ گڏيل Line D / Line BX Luas Line لاءِ Railway Order جي درخواست ڏني، جيڪا سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين کان شهر مرڪز ۽ براڊ اسٽون / گرينجگورمن وسيلي بروم برج تائين وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 November 2008 |title=Status &amp; present timeline for Metro North &amp; West &amp; Luas lines F &amp; BX &amp; interconnector (ref no:Status &amp; present timeline for Metro North &amp; West &amp; Luas lines F &amp; BX &amp; interconnector) |url=http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=11140&amp;lang=ENG&amp;loc=2262 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615094651/http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=11140&amp;lang=ENG&amp;loc=2262 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=7 March 2009 |website=Press Centre: Parliamentary Questions 2008 |publisher=Department of Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''لائين D''' – شهر مرڪز کان [[لفي جنڪشن]] تائين. هي [[گرينجگورمن]] کي سهولت ڏئي ٿي، جتي نئين [[ٽيڪنالاجيڪل يونيورسٽي ڊبلن|TU ڊبلن]] ڪيمپس جو ماڳ آهي. هي لائين [[مينوٿ]] لائين سان ڳنڍيل آهي.

10 نومبر 2011ع تي حڪومت پنهنجي 2012ع–2016ع جي انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ سرمائيداري سيڙپڪاري واري منصوبي ۾ اعلان ڪيو ته ڳاڙهي ۽ سائي لائينن کي ڳنڍڻ وارو منصوبو، جنهن کي '''BXD''' چيو ويندو هو، اڳتي وڌايو ويندو. ڪنهن ٻي نئين لائين يا واڌاري لاءِ فنڊ نه ڏنا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 November 2011 |title=Metro North, DART underground plans shelved |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/1110/budget_capital.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121130555/http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/1110/budget_capital.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=19 November 2011 |work=[[آر ٽي اي نيوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Infrastructure and Capital Investment 2012–16 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/72243343/Infrastructure-and-Capital-Investment-2012-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222337/https://www.scribd.com/doc/72243343/Infrastructure-and-Capital-Investment-2012-16 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=5 December 2011 |publisher=Department of Public Expenditure and Reform}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[درياهه لفي]] مٿان نئين [[روزي هيڪٽ پل]]، جيڪا مارلبورو اسٽريٽ ۽ هاڪنز اسٽريٽ کي ڳنڍي ٿي، جي تعمير اپريل 2012ع ۾ شروع ٿي. هن پل تي ڏکڻ طرف ويندڙ لواس BXD پٽڙي وڇائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 April 2012 |title=Do we need €15m Liffey bridge? |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/do-we-need-15m-liffey-bridge/28006744.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704082407/http://www.herald.ie/news/do-we-need-15m-liffey-bridge-3094902.html |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |work=[[ايويننگ هيرالڊ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

3 آگسٽ 2012ع تي An Bord Pleanála طرفان لواس BXD لائين لاءِ Railway Order جاري ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ هن منصوبي کي '''لواس ڪراس سٽي''' جي نالي سان مشهور ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Varadkar to sign contracts for Luas Cross-City line |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/varadkar-to-sign-contracts-for-luas-cross-city-line-594581.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123648/http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/varadkar-to-sign-contracts-for-luas-cross-city-line-594581.html |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |work=[[آئرش ايگزامنر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪراس سٽي 9 ڊسمبر 2017ع تي مسافرن لاءِ کولي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=New Luas Cross City Line opens to passengers on December 9 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/new-luas-cross-city-line-opens-to-passengers-on-december-9-813384.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112010155/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/new-luas-cross-city-line-opens-to-passengers-on-december-9-813384.html |archive-date=12 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=www.breakingnews.ie |publisher=BreakingNews}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;opened&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2017 |title=Taoiseach launches new Luas Cross City service in Dublin |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2017/1209/926142-luas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209115201/https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2017/1209/926142-luas/ |archive-date=9 December 2017 |access-date=9 December 2017 |publisher=RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== بنيادي ڍانچو ==
{{لواس-رہڊ لائين|collapse=yes}}
{{لواس-گرين لائين|collapse=yes}}
[[File:Bridge, Nine Arches.jpg|thumb|مل ٽائون وٽ سائي لائين تي [[نائن آرچز پل]]]]

=== اسٽاپ ۽ لائينون ===

هن وقت نيٽ ورڪ ٻن لائينن تي مشتمل آهي:

# '''[[ريڊ لائين (لواس)|ريڊ لائين]]''' – [[دي پوائنٽ لواس اسٽاپ|دي پوائنٽ]] يا [[ڊبلن ڪونولي ريلوي اسٽيشن|ڪونولي]] کان [[ساگارت لواس اسٽاپ|ساگارت]] يا [[ٽالاگٽ لواس اسٽاپ|ٽالاگٽ]] تائين. هر رستو لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|20.7|km|mi}} ڊگهو آهي، پر ڪل پٽڙيءَ جي ڊيگهه وڌيڪ آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ [[بيلگارڊ لواس اسٽاپ|بيلگارڊ]]–ٽالاگٽ ۽ بيلگارڊ–ساگارت حصا ريڊ لائين جا جدا حصا آهن.
# '''[[گرين لائين (لواس)|گرين لائين]]''' – [[بروم برج ريلوي اسٽيشن|بروم برج]] کان [[سينڊي فورڊ لواس اسٽاپ|سينڊي فورڊ]] وسيلي [[برائيڊز گلين لواس اسٽاپ|برائيڊز گلين]] تائين، {{convert|24.5|km|mi}}.

ريڊ لائين ڊبلن جي [[نارٿ سائيڊ (ڊبلن)|اتر پاسي]] مان اوڀر–اولهه رخ ۾ گذري ٿي، پوءِ [[درياهه لفي]] پار ڪري ڏکڻ اولهه طرف گنجان آباد مضافاتي علائقي ٽالاگٽ ڏانهن وڃي ٿي. ان جي ٻي شاخ [[سٽي ويسٽ]] ڪيمپس مان گذري ساگارت تي ختم ٿئي ٿي. اها ٻن الڳ مرحلن ۾ منصوبابندي، ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي وئي:

* لائين A، ٽالاگٽ کان ايبي اسٽريٽ تائين&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ISB|title=Transport (Dublin Light Rail) Act, 1996 (Line A — Tallaght to Abbey Street Light Railway) Order, 1999|year=1999|number=59}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* لائين C، ايبي اسٽريٽ کان ڪونولي اسٽيشن تائين&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ISB|title=Dublin Light Rail - (Line C - Abbey Street To Store Street) Order, 2000|year=2000|number=370}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ISB|title=Dublin Light Rail (Line C(S) - Store Street To Connolly Station) Order, 2000|year=2000|number=371}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان پوءِ ٻه واڌارا ڪيا ويا:

* لائين C1، ڪونولي کان دي پوائنٽ تائين،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ISB|title=Railway (Dublin Light Rail Line C1 - Connolly to The Point) Order 2006|year=2006|number=648}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڊسمبر 2009ع ۾ کولي وئي.
* لائين A1، بيلگارڊ کان ساگارت تائين،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dublin Light Rail Line A1 - Belgard to Saggart Environmental Impact Statement Non Technical Summary |url=https://www.tii.ie/media/ce4lv3ot/luas-line-a1-non-technical-summary.pdf |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=Transport Infrastructure Ireland |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا جولاءِ 2011ع ۾ کولي وئي.

ڊبلن شهر جي [[سائوٿ سائيڊ (ڊبلن)|ڏکڻ پاسي]] ۾ سائي لائين گهڻو ڪري پراڻي [[هارڪورٽ اسٽريٽ ريلوي لائين]] جي رستي تي هلندي آهي، جيڪو 1958ع ۾ بند ٿيڻ وقت مستقبل ۾ ٻيهر استعمال لاءِ محفوظ رکيو ويو هو، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه هنڌن تي رستي ۾ تبديليون ڪيون ويون آهن. منصوبابندي ۽ تعمير دوران اها اندروني طور لائين B جي نالي سان سڃاتي ويندي هئي، ۽ ان ۾ به ڪيترائي واڌارا ٿيا آهن:

* لائين B، سينڊي فورڊ کان سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين تائين&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ISB|title=Transport (Dublin Light Rail) Act, 1996 (Line B -St. Stephen's Green To Sandyford Industrial Estate Light Railway) Order, 1999|year=1999|number=280}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* لائين B1، سينڊي فورڊ کان برائيڊز گلين تائين،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ISB|title=Railway (Dublin Light Rail Line B1 - Sandyford Industrial Estate to Cherrywood) Order 2006|year=2006|number=441}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا جولاءِ 2010ع ۾ کولي وئي.
* لائين BX، سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين کان ڳاڙهي لائين سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Line BXD Outline Business Case |url=https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Luas-Line-BXD-CityBroombridge-Outline-Business-Case.pdf |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=National Transport Authority |page=6 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڊسمبر 2017ع ۾ کولي وئي.
* لائين D، لائين BX کي بروم برج تائين وڌائي ٿي،&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; ۽ ڊسمبر 2017ع ۾ لائين BX سان گڏ کولي وئي.
* لائين B2، برائيڊز گلين کان [[بري]] تائين تجويز ڪيل واڌ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-06-13 |title=Preferred route for Luas is announced |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wicklow/bray-news/preferred-route-for-luas-is-announced/26970192.html |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=Irish Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصل ڳاڙهي ۽ سائي لائينن جي تعمير تي 728 ملين يورو خرچ ٿيو. اصل منصوبن ۾ تصور ڪيو ويو هو ته سائي لائين اوڪونل اسٽريٽ تي ڳاڙهي لائين سان ملندي. بهرحال، ٻه الڳ ۽ غير ڳنڍيل لائينون ٺاهيون ويون، جن جي وچ ۾ [[اوڪونل اسٽريٽ]]، [[ويسٽ مورلينڊ اسٽريٽ]]، [[ڪاليج گرين، ڊبلن|ڪاليج گرين]] ۽ [[گرافٽن اسٽريٽ]] مان گذرندڙ {{Cvt|1.1|km}}، يعني 10–15 منٽن جي پنڌ، جو فاصلو رهجي ويو.

لائينن کي ڳنڍڻ جا منصوبا Transport 21 تحت تجويز ڪيل BX لائين سان اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ اها 9 ڊسمبر 2017ع تي مسافرن لاءِ کولي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڳاڙهي لائين تي 32 اسٽاپ آهن ۽ سائي لائين تي 35 اسٽاپ آهن، جڏهن ته ڪيريڪ مائينز ڀرسان ٻه اضافي اڃا نه کليل اسٽاپ پڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-05-11 |title=About Luas |url=https://www.transportforireland.ie/getting-around/by-tram/about-luas/ |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=Transport for Ireland |language=en-IE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لوڪان ڏانهن هڪ ٽين لائين، جيڪا لائين F يا لواس لوڪان جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، منصوبابندي هيٺ هئي. ان کي شهر مرڪز مان شروع ٿي اولهه طرف لوڪان تائين وڃڻو هو. هن لائين لاءِ ترجيحي رستي جي ترقي 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transport Infrastructure Ireland |url=https://websitecms.tii.ie/en/public-transport/projects-and-improvements/luas-lucan/ |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=websitecms.tii.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public Transport Projects Active List |url=https://www.tii.ie/media/rzqk3tf2/tii_public-transport-active-list-2024-003.pdf |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=Transport Infrastructure Ireland |page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پٽڙي ۽ ريل گاڏيون ===

[[File:都柏林轻轨桑迪福德车场.jpg|thumb|سينڊي فورڊ وٽ لواس پارڪ ۽ هڪ [[ريلوي جنڪشن|جنڪشن]]]]

هي نظام {{750 V DC}} هوائي بجلي فراهمي تي هلندو آهي. آئرلينڊ جي {{track gauge|1600mm|lk=on}} پٽڙيءَ بدران بين الاقوامي [[معياري گيج ريلوي|معياري]] [[ريلوي پٽڙيءَ جو گيج|پٽڙي گيج]] {{track gauge|sg}} استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spec&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dublin Luas Light Rail Network – Specifications |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/dublin/specs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607130919/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/dublin/specs.html |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=5 April 2008 |website=Railway-Technology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرانس جي [[لا روشيل]] ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ چاندي رنگ جون [[السٽوم سٽاڊِس]] ٽرامون، روڊ کان ڌار حصن تي {{Cvt|70|km/h}} تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار حاصل ڪن ٿيون، پر رستن تي اهي گهٽ رفتار سان هلن ٿيون، جتي ٻين گاڏين ۽ پيادلن سان ٽڪراءَ جا امڪان ٿي سگهن ٿا.

ڳاڙهي لائين جي شروعاتي 26 ''3000 ڪلاس'' ٽرامون {{convert|30|m|ftin|adj=mid}} ڊگهيون سٽاڊِس 301 جوڙجڪ واريون هيون، جن ۾ 256 مسافرن جي گنجائش هئي. سائي لائين جي شروعاتي 14 ''4000 ڪلاس'' ٽرامون، هر هڪ {{convert|40|m|ftin|adj=mid}} ڊگهي سٽاڊِس 401 جوڙجڪ واريون، 358 مسافرن جي گنجائش رکنديون هيون، جن ۾ ٻه ويل چيئر جايون به شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spec&quot; /&gt;

2007ع کان ڳاڙهي لائين جون سڀ ٽرامون ٻن وڌيڪ گڏيل حصن جي اضافي سان {{convert|40|m|ftin}} تائين ڊگهيون ڪيون ويون، ۽ آخري ٽرام جون 2008ع تائين تبديل ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transport21_2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Transport |author-link=Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport |date=5 March 2008 |title=Transport 21 Annual Report 2007 |url=http://www.transport21.ie/PROGRESS_REPORTS/upload/File/NS114%20dept.%20of%20Transport_%20transport21_%20report_08_v5.pdf |access-date=4 April 2008 |pages=16–17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻنهي قسمن جون ٽرامون ڳاڙهي ۽ سائي ٻنهي لائينن سان مڪمل طور موافق آهن.

2009ع جي شروعات ۾ پهچائڻ لاءِ 26 نيون 43 ميٽر ڊگهيون سٽاڊِس 402 ٽرامون، جيڪي ''5000 ڪلاس'' طور نمبر ڪيون ويون، آرڊر ڪيون ويون. اهي 100٪ گهٽ-فرش جوڙجڪ واريون آهن ۽ صرف سائي لائين تي هلن ٿيون، جڏهن ته سموري 5000 ڪلاس جي متعارف ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 4000 ڪلاس ٽرامون ڳاڙهي لائين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trams and Depots&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trams and Depots |url=https://www.tii.ie/public-transport/luas/trams-and-depots/ |publisher=Transport Infrastructure Ireland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سينٽ اسٽيفنز گرين–بروم برج لائين لاءِ {{convert|55|m|ftin|adj=mid}} ڊگهيون 7 سٽاڊِس 502 قسم جون ٽرامون خريد ڪيون ويون. اهي جنوري کان جون 2018ع جي وچ ۾ خدمت ۾ آيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2014 |title=Urban Rail News In Brief |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/urban-rail-news-in-brief-april-2014.html?sword_list%5B%5D=luas&amp;no_cache=1 |url-status=live |journal=[[ريلوي گزيٽ انٽرنيشنل]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024000134/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/urban-rail-news-in-brief-april-2014.html?sword_list%5B%5D=luas&amp;no_cache=1 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024000134/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/urban-rail-news-in-brief-april-2014.html?sword_list%5B%5D=luas&amp;no_cache=1 |date=24 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي 5000 ڪلاس جي ميمبرن طور نمبر ڪيون ويون آهن.

2019ع کان 2021ع جي وچ ۾،&lt;ref name=&quot;Trams and Depots&quot; /&gt; موجوده 5000 ڪلاس جون سڀ سٽاڊِس 402 معيار واريون ٽرامون معمولي فرقن سان سٽاڊِس 502 معيار تائين ڊگهيون ڪيون ويون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luas Operations and Maintenance Contract&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Transport Authority |title=Luas Operations and Maintenance Contract |url=https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Schedules-to-2019-Luas-OM-Contract-Website.docx.pdf |pages=124–125}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2020ع دوران پهچائڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ 8 نيون 502 يونٽس آرڊر ڪيون ويون، جن مان پهرين جولاءِ 2020ع ۾ خدمت ۾ آئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas Green Line trams are getting bigger! |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/bdd681-luas-green-line-trams-are-getting-bigger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721105255/https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/bdd681-luas-green-line-trams-are-getting-bigger/ |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=www.gov.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٻين رخن کان ٻئي لائينون هڪجهڙيون آهن، سواءِ ان جي ته سائي لائين تي پٽن جي وچ واري محوري ويڪر ڳاڙهي لائين جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٿوري وڌيڪ آهي. سائي لائين جي تعميراتي منصوبي ۾ پٽڙين جي مرڪزن جو فاصلو {{convert|3400|mm|ftin|frac=8}} رکيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ميٽرو ٽرينن جي حرڪتي دائري لاءِ اضافي {{convert|400|mm|in|frac=8}} شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;luasproject&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tim Paul |title=Luas Dublin Light Rail System |url=http://igi.ie/assets/files/Breaking%20Ground/Tim_Paul.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913165532/http://igi.ie/assets/files/Breaking%20Ground/Tim_Paul.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اهو {{RailGauge|1435mm}} واري پٽڙي گيج سان لاڳاپيل ناهي، جيڪو ٻنهي لائينن تي ساڳيو آهي. ان سان مستقبل ۾، جيڪڏهن مڪمل ميٽرو خدمت ۾ اپگريڊ جو منصوبو لاڳو ٿئي، ته وڌيڪ ويڪريون [[تيز رفتار شهري ريل|ميٽرو]] ٽرينون ساڳين پٽن تي هلائي سگهبيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas Line B1 – Sandyford to Cherrywood |url=http://www.transport21.ie/Projects/Metro_-_Luas/Luas_Line_B1_-_Sandyford_to_Cherrywood.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017063420/http://www.transport21.ie/Projects/Metro_-_Luas/Luas_Line_B1_-_Sandyford_to_Cherrywood.html |archive-date=17 October 2008 |access-date=5 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اهو ممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هي رستو پراڻي ريلوي لائين استعمال ڪري ٿو ۽ تنهنڪري گاڏين يا پيادل ٽريفڪ سان گهٽ لاڳاپا رکي ٿو. ريلوي پروڪيورمينٽ ايجنسي نومبر 2006ع ۾ چيو هو: &quot;اسان اڃا به ڊگهي مدي ۾ تقريباً سڀني لواس لائينن کي لائيٽ ميٽرو معيار ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جو تصور رکون ٿا&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRJ_Nov2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=November 2006 |title=Dublin Plans For LRT Expansion |url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sb/irj1106/index.php?startid=6 |url-status=live |journal=[[انٽرنيشنل ريلوي جرنل]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803232624/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sb/irj1106/index.php?startid=6 |archive-date=3 August 2009 |access-date=5 April 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803232624/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sb/irj1106/index.php?startid=6 |date=3 August 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پليٽفارم جي ڊيگهه به لائينن ۾ فرق رکي ٿي، جتي اصل {{convert|40|m|ftin|adj=mid}} پليٽفارم سائي لائين تي {{convert|55|m|ftin}} تائين ڊگها ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LUAS Green Line Platform Extensions |url=https://www.siac.ie/luas-green-line-platform-extensions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101449/https://www.siac.ie/luas-green-line-platform-extensions.html |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=2020-07-21 |website=SIAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سائي لائين تي هن وقت اهم انجنيئرنگ اڏاوتن ۾ مل ٽائون وائيڊڪٽ، جيڪو ''نائن آرچز'' جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، 1854ع جو هڪ وڏو پٿريلو وائيڊڪٽ، ۽ [[وليم ڊارگن پل]] شامل آهن، جيڪا [[ڊنڊرم، ڊبلن|ڊنڊرم]] شهر مرڪز ڀرسان ٽاني ڪراس وٽ هڪ وڏي [[ڪيبل-اسٽيڊ پل]] آهي.

== لواس تي سفر ==

=== ٽڪيٽنگ ===

[[File:Stillorgan LUAS Stop.JPG|thumb|[[اسٽل آرگن لواس اسٽاپ]]، ٽڪيٽ مشين ۽ CCTV وارننگ سان]]

لواس جون ٽڪيٽون واڱڻائي رنگ جون ۽ ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ جي سائيز جون هونديون آهن. انهن جي پٺيان [[مقناطيسي پٽي]] هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها لواس تي استعمال نه ٿيندي آهي. ڊبلن جي عوامي ٽرانسپورٽ ۾ منفرد طور، ٽرام ۾ سوار ٿيڻ وقت ٽڪيٽون چيڪ نه ٿينديون آهن؛ ان جي بدران [[ادائيگيءَ جو ثبوت]] وارو نظام استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هر لواس اسٽاپ تي ٽڪيٽ مشينون ڪم ڪن ٿيون ۽ اهي هڪ طرفي ۽ واپسي ٽڪيٽن جو واحد ذريعو آهن. اهي بالغن، ٻارن ۽ شاگردن لاءِ 1 ڏينهن، 7 ڏينهن ۽ 30 ڏينهن جون ٽڪيٽون به وڪڻن ٿيون، جيڪي ڪجهه يا سڀني ڀاڙي زونن ۾ صحيح هونديون آهن.

ڊبلن بس ۽ لواس تي صحيح Combi tickets هاڻي عام وڪري ۾ ناهن، پر &quot;Taxsaver&quot; اسڪيم ذريعي commuter tickets طور خريد ڪري سگهجن ٿيون،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monthly Dublin City Bus &amp; Luas - www.taxsaver.ie |url=https://www.taxsaver.ie/Ticket-Types/Ticket-Validity/Monthly-Bus--Luas1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820084740/https://www.taxsaver.ie/Ticket-Types/Ticket-Validity/Monthly-Bus--Luas1/ |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=www.taxsaver.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيئن بس، لواس ۽ [[آئرنش روڊ ايرن]] commuter train service جون ٻيون گڏيل صورتون پڻ خريد ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Tickets - www.taxsaver.ie |url=https://www.taxsaver.ie/Ticket-Types/Annual-Tickets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822032217/https://www.taxsaver.ie/Ticket-Types/Annual-Tickets/ |archive-date=22 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=www.taxsaver.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه ٽڪيٽ گڏيل صورتون ممڪن ناهن، مثال طور هڪ ڏينهن واري شاگرد ٽڪيٽ، ۽ ٽڪيٽون صرف انهيءَ اسٽاپ کان صحيح ٿينديون آهن جتان اهي خريد ڪيون وڃن، ۽ انهن جي صحيح هجڻ 90 منٽن اندر شروع ٿيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ڪارڊ تي ڏيکاريل مخصوص وقت تائين صحيح رهنديون آهن.

ڪجهه ٽڪيٽن لاءِ استعمال ڪندڙ وٽ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ هجڻ ۽ ان جو نمبر ٽڪيٽ تي لکڻ ضروري آهي، ته جيئن ٽڪيٽ ٻئي شخص کي منتقل نه ڪري سگهجي.

ٽڪيٽ مشينون ڪارڊ ادائگيون قبول ڪن ٿيون، جن ۾ [[آمريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ماسٽر ڪارڊ]] يا [[ويزا ڪارڊ|ويزا]] شامل آهن، ۽ هفتي لاءِ 150 يورو جي حد رکن ٿيون. اها مٿئين حد جنوري 2012ع ۾ سڀني POS ٽرمينلز کي PIN keypad سان اپگريڊ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ في ٽرانزيڪشن 50 يورو مان بدلائي هفتي ۾ 150 يورو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;Information displayed on any ticketing machine. Information on [http://www.luas.ie/faqs.html#faq14 FAQ on TVM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103175103/http://www.luas.ie/faqs.html |date=3 January 2012 }} is outdated. Checked: 1 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳ ۾ ڪارڊ ذريعي ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 5 يورو جي حد هئي، پر پوءِ اها حد ختم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No minimum spend for transactions on Debit/Credit Cards at Luas Ticket Machines. We removed the limit! |url=https://twitter.com/Luas/status/844458567772127232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422063351/https://twitter.com/Luas/status/844458567772127232 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=10 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شاگرد ٽڪيٽون Student Leap card تي لوڊ ڪري سگهجن ٿيون، جيڪو شاگردي حيثيت جي تصديق کان پوءِ جاري ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas &amp;#124; Student Tickets |url=https://luas.ie/student-tickets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813090721/https://luas.ie/student-tickets.html |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Luas.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; لواس تي شاگردي سڃاڻپ جي ڪا ٻي صورت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas &amp;#124; 1, 7 &amp; 30 Day Tickets |url=https://luas.ie/1-7-30-day-tickets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813111921/https://luas.ie/1-7-30-day-tickets.html |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Luas.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٽرامن اندر ٽڪيٽون خريد نٿيون ڪري سگهجن. جيڪڏهن ٽڪيٽ انسپيڪٽر ڪنهن مسافر کي صحيح ٽڪيٽ يا تصديق ٿيل Leap card کان سواءِ ڳولي، ته ان کي 100 يورو ڏنڊ، جنهن کي standard fare چيو ويندو آهي، جاري ڪيو ويندو؛ جلدي ادائيگي تي اهو 45 يورو تائين گهٽايو ويندو. 28 ڏينهن اندر ادائيگي نه ڪرڻ جي صورت ۾ قانوني ڪارروائي ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas &amp;#124; Standard Fare Appeal Information |url=https://luas.ie/sfn-appealinfo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813065953/https://luas.ie/sfn-appealinfo.html |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Luas.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لائينون 10 زونن ۾ ورهايل آهن: سائي لائين لاءِ پنج، ڳاڙهي لائين لاءِ چار، ۽ هڪ گڏيل مرڪزي زون. گهڻا مسافر [[ليپ ڪارڊ]] استعمال ڪن ٿا، جنهن لاءِ هڪ ئي زون اندر سفر کي &quot;مختصر سفر&quot; طور چارج ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ان کان ڊگها سفر 90 منٽن جي مقرر ڀاڙي تي چارج ٿيندا آهن، جنهن ۾ ڊبلن زون اندر بس ۽ ريل خدمتن ڏانهن مٽاسٽا به شامل آهي. ڪاغذي هڪ طرفي ۽ واپسي ٽڪيٽون پار ڪيل زونن جي تعداد موجب مختلف ڀاڙا وصول ڪن ٿيون. جڏهن نيٽ ورڪ کوليو ويو هو، تڏهن ٻنهي لائينن جي وچ ۾ ڳانڍاپي لاءِ ڪجهه فاصلو پنڌ ڪرڻو پوندو هو يا ٽرانسپورٽ جو ٻيو ذريعو وٺڻو پوندو هو، پر هاڻي سائي لائين تي اوڪونل - جي پي او يا مارلبورو اسٽريٽ ۽ ڳاڙهي لائين تي ايبي اسٽريٽ جي وچ ۾ ننڍو پنڌ وارو ڳانڍاپو موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas &amp;#124; Map |url=https://luas.ie/map/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812125150/https://luas.ie/map/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Luas.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سمارٽ ڪارڊ ===
[[File:Luas Red Line trams in Dublin Northside.jpg|thumbnail|[[نارٿ سائيڊ، ڊبلن|نارٿ سائيڊ]] تي لواس]]

مارچ 2005ع ۾ لواس لاءِ هڪ [[سمارٽ ڪارڊ]] شروع ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ گڏيل [[ليپ ڪارڊ]] جي شروعات کان پوءِ سمارٽ ڪارڊ تدريجي طور ختم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جا وڌيڪ تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن. لواس سمارٽ ڪارڊ جي آخري ڪم ڪندڙ تاريخ 30 سيپٽمبر 2014ع هئي. لواس سمارٽ ڪارڊ مسافرن کي لواس نيٽ ورڪ تي سفر جي ادائيگي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو هو. ٽڪيٽ مشينن تي نقد رقم، ڊيبٽ ڪارڊ يا ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ ذريعي سمارٽ ڪارڊ ۾ اڳواٽ ڪريڊٽ وڌو ويندو هو، جنهن لاءِ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٽاپ-اپ 5 يورو ۽ ڪارڊ تي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪريڊٽ 100 يورو هو. مسافر کي ٽرام ۾ چڙهڻ کان اڳ پليٽفارم تي موجود ريڊرن تي ڪارڊ جي تصديق ڪرڻي پوندي هئي، ۽ ٽرام مان لهڻ کان پوءِ ٻيهر تصديق ڪرڻي پوندي هئي. موجوده ليپ ڪارڊ نظام ۾ هن عمل کي اڃا به 'tag-on' ۽ 'tag-off' چيو ويندو آهي.

سمارٽ ڪارڊ لواس ٽڪيٽ ايجنٽ يا آن لائن خريد ڪري سگهجي پيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas Smart Card |url=http://luassmartcard.luas.ie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407211600/http://luassmartcard.luas.ie/ |archive-date=7 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪارڊ جي قيمت 10 يورو هئي، جنهن ۾ ڪارڊ لاءِ 3 يورو ناقابل واپسي چارج، 3 يورو ڪريڊٽ، ۽ 4 يورو مڪمل طور واپسي لائق &quot;رزرو فنڊ&quot; شامل هو، جيڪو ان صورت ۾ به سفر جي اجازت ڏيندو هو جڏهن سفر لاءِ ڪارڊ ۾ ڪافي ڪريڊٽ نه هجي. ٻيهر سفر ڪرڻ کان اڳ ڪارڊ ۾ ٻيهر رقم وجهڻ لازمي هو.

سمارٽ ڪارڊ ڀاڙا ٽڪيٽ مشينن مان ملندڙ معياري هڪ طرفي ۽ واپسي ڀاڙن کان ٿورا سستا هئا. مثال طور، هڪ زون اندر سفر ڪارڊ سان 1.25 يورو هو، جڏهن ته ڪاغذي ٽڪيٽ سان هڪ طرفي ڀاڙو 1.50 يورو، ۽ رش واري وقت ۾ 1.60 يورو، يا واپسي ڀاڙو 2.80 يورو هو. روزاني، 7 ڏينهن ۽ 30 ڏينهن واريون ٽڪيٽون عام طور وڌيڪ سستيون پونديون هيون، سواءِ ان صورت جي جڏهن اهي تمام گهٽ استعمال ڪيون وڃن. لواس سمارٽ ڪارڊ ڪيترن سفرن واريون ٽڪيٽون محفوظ نٿا ڪري سگهن؛ اهي ٽڪيٽون مئي 2014ع تائين صرف ڪاغذ تي جاري ٿينديون هيون، جنهن کان پوءِ سڀ ٽڪيٽون نون ليپ ڪارڊن تي لوڊ ٿيڻ لڳيون.

جنوري 2012ع تائين ڊبلن ۾ ٽي مختلف سمارٽ ڪارڊ نظام هئا: لواس سمارٽ ڪارڊ، [[ڊبلن بس]] جو ڏينهن ڪارڊ يا وڌيڪ عرصي لاءِ اڳواٽ ادائگي وارو سمارٽ ڪارڊ نظام،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prepaid Smartcard |url=http://www.dublinbus.ie/en/Fares--Tickets/Prepaid-Smartcard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611165605/http://www.dublinbus.ie/en/Fares--Tickets/Prepaid-Smartcard/ |archive-date=11 June 2009 |access-date=5 June 2009 |publisher=Dublin Bus}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ commuter ريلن ۽ [[ڊبلن ايريا ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ|DART]] لاءِ سمارٽ ڪارڊ، جيڪو لواس ڪارڊ وانگر هر سفر لاءِ tag on/off ڪارڊ هو، پر لواس ڪارڊن سان مطابقت نه رکندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Q9: I already have a smart card – What is going to happen? |url=http://www.rpa.ie/en/its/Pages/ITSFAqs.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615145314/http://www.rpa.ie/en/its/Pages/ITSFAqs.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=5 June 2009 |publisher=Rail Procurement Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ليپ ڪارڊ&quot; سمارٽ ڪارڊ ۾ اها سهولت آهي ته اهو روزاني ۽ هفتيوار خرچ کي حد ۾ رکي ٿو، ته جيئن ليپ ڪارڊ رکندڙن کان ڏينهن، هفتي يا مهيني واري ٽڪيٽ خريد ڪرڻ کان وڌيڪ رقم وصول نه ٿئي. اها سهولت لواس ۽ DART خدمتن تي فعال ڪئي وئي هئي. 2017ع تائين، نيشنل ٽرانسپورٽ اٿارٽي موجب ليپ ڪارڊ استعمال ڪندڙن جو تعداد 2.5 ملين هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Big leap in travel cards but users still overpaying |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/big-leap-in-travel-cards-but-users-still-overpaying-29868522.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228014545/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/big-leap-in-travel-cards-but-users-still-overpaying-29868522.html |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013 |work=[[آئرش انڊيپينڊنٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== مفت سفر ===

هيٺيان سماجي ڀلائي ادائگيون حاصل ڪندڙ آئرش رهواسين کي پبلڪ سروسز ڪارڊ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي مٿئين ساڄي ڪنڊ ۾ پيلو &quot;FT&quot; لکيل هوندو آهي. اهو ليپ ڪارڊ وانگر سمارٽ ڪارڊ طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، پر مفت سفر جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو:

* پينشن، يعني 66 سالن کان وڏي عمر وارا بزرگ شهري
* معذوري الائونس، يعني اهي ماڻهو جن کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ رهندڙ معذور ڪندڙ طبي حالت هجي، جيڪا [[عام معالج]]، کاتي جي طبي آفيسر يا کاتي جي welfare officer طرفان منظور ڪيل هجي
* سنڀاليندڙ الائونس

ڪجهه دعويدارن کي زال يا مڙس، يا ڪنهن بالغ ساٿي لاءِ به مفت سفر ملي سگهي ٿو.

آئرلينڊ ۾ ايندڙ سياح مفت سفر واري اسڪيم ۾ شامل نه آهن.

مفت سفر جو نظام 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ ان وقت جي صحت واري وزير چارلس جي. هاگي طرفان وزارتي حڪم ذريعي ٺاهيو ويو هو، [[اوئراختس]] جي ايڪٽ ذريعي نه، جيئن اهڙين گهڻين اسڪيمن ۾ ٿيندو آهي. سياسي طور ان کي &quot;[[ٽين ريل (سياست)|ٽين ريل]]&quot; سمجهيو ويندو آهي.

=== ڪم جا وقت ۽ وقفو ===
[[File:Luas tram sign.jpg|thumb|لواس اسٽاپ تي برقي نشان، جيڪو ايندڙ ٽرام تائين باقي منٽ ڏيکاري ٿو.]]

ٽرامون سومر کان جمعي تائين 05:30 کان 00:30 تائين هلن ٿيون. ڇنڇر تي خدمتون 06:30 کان 00:30 تائين هلن ٿيون، جڏهن ته آچر تي صرف 07:00 کان 23:30 تائين هلن ٿيون. سرڪاري موڪلون آچر وانگر هونديون آهن، سواءِ ان جي ته ٽرامون 00:30 تائين هلنديون آهن. خدمتون باقاعده وقفن سان هلن ٿيون، رش واري وقت ۾ هر 4–5 منٽن کان وٺي رات دير سان هر 15 منٽن تائين.

ڪرسمس جي موسم دوران، جيڪا ڊسمبر جي شروعات کان ڪرسمس کان اڳئين آخري هفتي تائين هوندي آهي، جمعي ۽ ڇنڇر جي راتين تي، ۽ نئين سال جي شام تي به، لواس تي رات واري خدمت هلندي آهي، جنهن ۾ آخري ٽرامون شهر مرڪز مان 03:30 تي روانيون ٿينديون آهن. بهرحال، ڀاڙا وڌايل قيمت تي هوندا آهن: هڪ طرفي ٽڪيٽ 5 يورو، ۽ ليپ ڪارڊ تي 4 يورو.

==== رات واري لواس ====

2016ع ۾ جڏهن ڊبلن بس پنهنجي [[رات واري خدمت (عوامي ٽرانسپورٽ)|24 ڪلاڪ بس خدمت]] شروع ڪرڻ جي منصوبن تي غور ڪري رهي هئي، تڏهن ٽرانسڊيو جي ترجمان ظاهر ڪيو ته ڪمپني ڪرسمس واري &quot;رات لواس&quot; کي سال جي هر هفتي آخر تائين وڌائڻ تي غور ڪيو هو، پر &quot;حقيقت پسندانه طور، خدمتن جي گهرج موجود ناهي [۽] اها خدمت مالي طور قابل عمل نه هوندي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Neylon |first=Laoise |date=2016-12-21 |title=Is It Time Dublin Had 24-Hour Public Transport? |url=https://dublininquirer.com/2016/12/21/is-it-time-dublin-had-24-hour-public-transport |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Dublin Inquirer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 2022ع ۾، ٽرانسپورٽ وزير ايمن رائن نيشنل ٽرانسپورٽ اٿارٽي کي چيو ته لواس خدمتن کي 24 ڪلاڪ بنياد تي هلائڻ جي امڪان کي ٻيهر جانچيو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NeilF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fetherstonhaugh |first=Neil |date=2022-08-04 |title=OFF THE RAILS: NTA rules out late-night Luas as pressure mounts for 24-hour service |url=https://www.sundayworld.com/news/irish-news/nta-rules-out-late-night-luas-as-pressure-mounts-for-24-hour-service/336368944.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=[[دي سنڊي ورلڊ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NTA جواب ڏنو ته ٽرام نظام جي اهم واڌ &quot;هن وقت اڳتي وڌائڻ جهڙي شيءِ ناهي&quot;، ۽ نشاندهي ڪئي ته ٽرام نظام تي ضروري سار سنڀال، جهڙوڪ هوائي ڪيبل نظام، هوائي لائين سامان ۽ ريل ورڪ، صرف تڏهن ٿي سگهي ٿي جڏهن سڀ ٽرامون خدمت کان ٻاهر هجن.&lt;ref name=NeilF/&gt; اٿارٽي پنهنجي وڌندڙ رات واري بس خدمتن ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو، جيڪي تازن سالن ۾ شروع ٿي رهيون آهن، ۽ دليل ڏنو ته بس نيٽ ورڪ تي 24 ڪلاڪ خدمتن جي فراهمي &quot;وڌيڪ قابل عمل&quot; آهي.&lt;ref name=NeilF/&gt;

[[فائن گيل]] جي TD [[نيل رچمنڊ]] نشاندهي ڪئي ته وڌيڪ [[ڊبلن بس#24 ڪلاڪ خدمتون|24 ڪلاڪ ڊبلن بس خدمتن]] سان گڏ، رات دير واريون لواس خدمتون به &quot;سخت ضرورت&quot; آهن، خاص طور ڊبلن شهر مرڪز ۾ ٽيڪسين تائين رسائي بابت جاري مسئلن سبب. هن وڌيڪ چيو: &quot;هي عوامي حفاظت جو مسئلو بڻجي رهيو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي رات دير سان، اڪثر اڪيلي، گهر پنڌ وڃڻو پوي ٿو، ڇو ته عوامي ٽرانسپورٽ نه هلندي آهي ۽ ٽيڪسيون مشڪل سان ملن ٿيون.&quot;&lt;ref name=NeilF/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=Christina |date=2022-08-04 |title=Late-night Luas service ruled out, as hours needed for maintenance |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/no-late-night-luas-5831850-Aug2022/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=[[دي جرنل.آئي اي]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hennessy |first=Michelle |date=2022-06-01 |title='I was afraid, walking 25 minutes alone': Dubliners say shortage of taxis posing safety risks |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/taxis-dublin-5778873-Jun2022/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=[[دي جرنل.آئي اي]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== رسائي ===
[[File:Citadis dublin.jpg|thumb|لفي پار ڪندي لواس ٽرام؛ ڏسڻ ۾ آسانيءَ لاءِ بعد ۾ ٽرامن جي چوڌاري پيلو پٽو شامل ڪيو ويو]]

سٽاڊِس ٽرامن جا گهٽ فرش ۽ کليل ويڪرا حصا ويل چيئر استعمال ڪندڙن کي آسانيءَ سان چڙهڻ جي اجازت ڏين ٿا. سڀني اسٽاپن کي به ramp سان ٺهيل آهي، ته جيئن آسان رسائي ممڪن ٿئي. ڪيترن وٽ لفٽون آهن، جهڙوڪ سائي لائين تي ڪلميڪڊ ۽ [[ڊنڊرم، ڊبلن|ڊنڊرم]]، جڏهن ته ڪونولي اسٽيشن تي ايسڪليٽر آهن جيڪي لواس اسٽاپ کي مکيه اسٽيشن عمارت سان ڳنڍين ٿا. لواس جي ويب سائيٽ تي رسائي بابت نيوز ليٽر پڻ موجود آهي.

=== حفاظت ===
[[File:Luassign.jpg|left|thumb|upright|اڳيان لواس پٽڙي بابت خبردار ڪندڙ نشان]]

لواس جي شروعات کان اڳ ڊبلن شهر مرڪز ۾ Safety Awareness Day منعقد ڪيو ويو. هزارين عڪاسي ڪندڙ بازوبند پيادلن ۽ سائيڪل سوارن ۾ ورهايا ويا، ته جيئن ٽرام ڊرائيورن کي انهن جي موجودگي صاف نظر اچي. لڳي ٿو ته اها پاليسي ڪامياب رهي، ڇو ته لواس کي &quot;دنيا جي سڀ کان محفوظ ٽرانسپورٽ نظامن مان هڪ&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 June 2007 |title=Luas 'one world's safest transport systems' |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mhkfmhojeycw/rss2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200927/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mhkfmhojeycw/rss2/ |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2 December 2007 |work=[[BreakingNews.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٻنهي ٽرامن ۽ اسٽاپن جي نگراني ريڊ ڪائو ڊپو ۾ واقع مرڪزي ڪنٽرول روم مان 24 ڪلاڪ CCTV وسيلي ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luas_FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas – Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.luas.ie/faqs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103175103/http://www.luas.ie/faqs.html |archive-date=3 January 2012 |access-date=30 December 2013 |publisher=Luas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لواس جي شروعات کان اڳ خدشو هو ته ٽرام نظام وڏي تعداد ۾ موتمار حادثن جو سبب بڻجندو. بهرحال، 2022ع تائين لڳ ڀڳ 10 فوتگيون ٿيون. ٽرامن سان ڪارن جي ٽڪرائجڻ جا ڪيترائي واقعا ٿيا آهن، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري موٽرسوارن طرفان ڳاڙهي بتي ٽوڙڻ سبب ٿيا. 16 سيپٽمبر 2009ع تي اوڪونل اسٽريٽ-ايبي اسٽريٽ جنڪشن تي هڪ لواس ٽرام جو ڊبلن بس سان ٽڪر ٿيو. هن ٽڪر ۾ 22 ماڻهو زخمي ٿيا، جن مان ٽي سخت زخمي هئا، ٽرام ڊرائيور سميت. ابتدائي جاچن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته بس کي اڳتي وڌڻ لاءِ سائي بتي ملي هئي، ۽ لواس ۾ شايد فني مسئلا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Paul Melia |date=30 May 2006 |title=Luas safety record 'among best in EU' |url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/luas-safety-record-among-best-in-eu-100517.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520035615/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/luas-safety-record-among-best-in-eu-100517.html |archive-date=20 May 2011 |access-date=19 May 2008 |work=[[آئرش انڊيپينڊنٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

بعد ۾ لواس ڊرائيور تي خطرناڪ ڊرائيونگ، نقصان پهچائڻ، ۽ ٽرام کي اهڙي نموني هلائڻ جا الزام لڳا جنهن سان ٻين لاءِ خطرو پيدا ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڊبلن سرڪٽ ڪرمنل ڪورٽ کيس خطرناڪ عمل جي الزام کان بري ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 April 2012 |title=Luas driver acquitted over 2009 crash with bus |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0426/318626-luas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231070237/http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0426/318626-luas/ |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=30 December 2014 |work=[[آر ٽي اي نيوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سيڪيورٽي ===

لواس ٽرامن، پليٽفارمن ۽ سهولتن تي سيڪيورٽي سڌي طرح ٽرانسڊيو مهيا ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=Luas security reject pay deal, but no strikes on the horizon just yet |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/luas-security-workers-strikes-2783726-May2016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225819/https://www.thejournal.ie/luas-security-workers-strikes-2783726-May2016/ |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=[[دي جرنل.آئي اي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2015 |title=€1.5m cost of keeping Luas passengers safe |url=https://www.herald.ie/news/1-5m-cost-of-keeping-luas-passengers-safe-31279122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225922/https://www.herald.ie/news/1-5m-cost-of-keeping-luas-passengers-safe-31279122.html |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=[[Herald.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لواس سيڪيورٽي آفيسر غير سماجي يا ٻين واقعن کي روڪڻ لاءِ نظام ۾ گشت ڪن ٿا،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=Number of public order incidents on Luas trams drop |url=https://www.newstalk.com/Number-of-public-order-incidents-on-Luas-trams-drop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028231344/https://www.newstalk.com/Number-of-public-order-incidents-on-Luas-trams-drop |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=NewsTalk}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[گاردا شيئوخانا|گاردا]] جي اچڻ کان اڳ واقعن ۾ مداخلت ڪن ٿا.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} لواس سيڪيورٽي آفيسر tactical uniforms ۽ ڇرين کان بچائيندڙ body vests پائيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 May 2016 |title=Stab vests for Luas security workers 'don't stop needles' as threat of strikes looms |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/stab-vests-for-luas-security-workers-dont-stop-needles-as-threat-of-strikes-looms-34742300.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028230036/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/stab-vests-for-luas-security-workers-dont-stop-needles-as-threat-of-strikes-looms-34742300.html |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=Independent.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Luas tram stop at Abbey Street in 2012.jpg|thumb|ايبي اسٽريٽ تي لواس ٽرام اسٽاپ]]

== واقعا ۽ تنقيد ==

لواس سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترائي واقعا پيش آيا آهن، جن سبب اڪثر عارضي بندش ٿي آهي. سيپٽمبر 2022ع تائين، انهن ۾ ڏهه موتمار واقعا شامل هئا، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 540 ملين مسافر کڻي چڪا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Passengers |work=transdevireland.ie |url=http://www.transdevireland.ie/passengers.html |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231200116/http://www.transdevireland.ie/passengers.html |archive-date=31 December 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

17 مارچ 2012ع تي بينبرب اسٽريٽ جي عمارتن ۾ باهه لڳڻ سبب ڳاڙهي لائين جون خدمتون شهر مرڪز ۾ 24 مارچ 2012ع تائين معطل رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ryan |first=Susan |title=Luas Red Line disruption due Dublin city centre fire |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/luas-red-line-disruption-due-to-fire-387739-Mar2012/ |access-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Luas red line down after fire |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/news/luas-red-line-down-after-fire-28003713.html |access-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Full Luas red line services resume |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/full-luas-red-line-services-resume-1.705755 |access-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڳاڙهي لائين ڀرسان عمارتن ۾ ٻين باهين سبب پڻ وقت بوقت ننڍي عرصي لاءِ بندشون ٿيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reilly |first=Gavan |title=Luas Red Line services reopened following city centre fire |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/luas-red-line-services-suspended-following-city-centre-fire-145910-May2011/ |access-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Luas Red line services disrupted by fire |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/luas-red-line-services-disrupted-by-fire-29582412.html |access-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jordan |first=Ailbhe |title=Luas services resume after early morning fire near Smithfield along the Red line |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/luas-services-resume-after-early-6401960 |access-date=10 July 2022 |work=[[آئرش مرر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1080209198510686208 |user=Luas |title=No #luas services between Blackhorse and Smithfield due to fire beside the LUAS tracks |access-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Duffy |first=Muireann |title=Fire on Dublin's Parkgate Street causes delays to traffic and Luas services |url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/fire-on-dublins-parkgate-street-disrupting-traffic-and-luas-services-1326929.html |access-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 نومبر 2013ع تي هڪ ٽرام تي [[اوچتو باهه]] لڳي، جڏهن اها بساراس اسٽاپ ڏانهن ويجهي اچي رهي هئي. ڪو به زخمي نه ٿيو ۽ ٽرام کي معمولي نقصان پهتو. 2008ع ۾ به اهڙي ئي باهه لڳي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Investigation Report - Tram fire on approach to Busáras Luas Stop - 7th November 2013 |url=https://www.raiu.ie/assets/files/pdf/tram_fire_on_approach_to_busras_luas_stop_7th_november_2013.pdf |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=raiu.ie/ |publisher=[[ريلوي حادثا جاچ يونٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پارڪ اينڊ رائيڊ چارجز پڻ تنقيد جو سبب بڻيا آهن. 2022ع تائين، سڄي ڏينهن لاءِ پارڪنگ جي قيمت 2 يورو کان 5 يورو جي وچ ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas &amp;#124; Car Parking |url=https://luas.ie/car-parking/ |website=[[Luas.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳوڻي حڪومتي [[تياختا دالا]] ۽ ڊائل جي ٽرانسپورٽ ڪميٽي جي سربراهه [[اوئن رائن جونيئر|اوئن رائن]] ان کي &quot;ناقابل قبول&quot; قرار ڏنو ته لواس مسافرن کان ٽڪيٽ ڀاڙن کان علاوه پارڪ اينڊ رائيڊ سهولتن تي پارڪنگ جا پئسا به وٺي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2004 |title=Row over Luas plan for parking charges |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/archives/2004/0609/ireland/kfojkfeysncw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614132510/http://www.breakingnews.ie/archives/2004/0609/ireland/kfojkfeysncw/ |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=5 June 2009 |website=[[BreakingNews.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

8 فيبروري 2018ع تي ڏکڻ ڊبلن ۾ ٽريفڪ دير جو شڪار ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 55 ميٽر ڊگهي ٽرام اوڪونل پل لاءِ تمام ڊگهي هئي، جڏهن هڪ ٽيڪسي جنڪشن کي روڪي بيٺي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kilraine |first=John |date=8 February 2018 |title=Luas delays traffic |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2018/0208/939243-luas-dublin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208145302/https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2018/0208/939243-luas-dublin/ |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=8 February 2018 |website=[[آر ٽي اي نيوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
آگسٽ 2021ع ۾، صحافي ڪارل ڪِنسيلا جي هڪ [[ٽوئيٽ (سوشل ميڊيا)|ٽوئيٽ]]، «منهنجو هڪ ڊگهي مدي وارو مقصد اهو رهيو آهي ته اهڙي گمراهه ڪندڙ مهم هلائجي جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ته لوئس مفت آهي، ايستائين جو ايترا ماڻهو ان تي يقين ڪرڻ لڳن جو اختيارين وٽ ان کي واقعي مفت ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه رهي»،&lt;ref name=&quot;DistrictMag-202108&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Dylan |date=8 August 2021 |title=The spiciest memes celebrating Ireland's best free service - The Luas |url=https://districtmagazine.ie/news/the-spiciest-memes-celebrating-irelands-best-free-service-the-luas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820084809/https://districtmagazine.ie/news/the-spiciest-memes-celebrating-irelands-best-free-service-the-luas/ |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=District Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ اهڙي لهر کي جنم ڏنو جنهن ۾ ٽوئيٽن، [[ميم]]ن ۽ پوسٽرن ذريعي غلط طور دعويٰ ڪئي وئي ته لوئس بنا ڀاڙي جي سفر فراهم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joe=202108&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Clara |last2=Kinsella |first2=Carl |date=August 2021 |title=The man behind the wildly viral 'Free Luas' campaign says he just &quot;thought it was funny&quot; |url=https://www.joe.ie/news/luas-free-campaign-728235 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810225049/https://www.joe.ie/news/luas-free-campaign-728235 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=JOE.ie |quote=A long-term goal of mine has been to lead a disinformation campaign which claims that the Luas is free until enough people believe it that they have no choice but to give in and make the Luas is free. So if anyone ever asks you, remember: the Luas is free.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iexam-202108&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brennan |first=Martha |date=9 August 2021 |title=Free Luas: Irish Twitter's top moments |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/people/arid-40355732.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820084720/https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/people/arid-40355732.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[آئرش ايگزامينر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; آئرش [[ٽوئيٽر]] تي هلندڙ هن مهم جا اثر لوئس جي عملي کي منهن ڏيڻا پيا،&lt;ref name=&quot;Iexam-202108&quot; /&gt; جڏهن ته ٽرانسڊيو هڪ بيان جاري ڪري واضح ڪيو ته لوئس مفت ناهي ۽ بغير ٽڪيٽ سفر ڪندڙن تي 100 يورو ڏنڊ لاڳو ٿيندو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iexam-202108&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DubLive-202108&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donohoe |first=Amy |date=7 August 2021 |title=Dublin Twitter users react as people are questioning if the Luas is free |url=https://www.dublinlive.ie/news/dublin-news/luas-free-twitter-dublin-travel-21255125 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210822075731/https://www.dublinlive.ie/news/dublin-news/luas-free-twitter-dublin-travel-21255125 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[ڊبلن لائيو]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[2023ع ڊبلن فساد]] دوران، گرين لائين جي هڪ ٽرام کي اوڪونيل اسٽريٽ تي باهه ڏني وئي، جنهن سبب مٿان لڳل بجليءَ جي تارن کي شديد نقصان پهتو، جنهن ۾ ويسٽمورلينڊ اسٽريٽ جا حصا پڻ شامل هئا. ايندڙ ڏينهن ريڊ لائين جون خدمتون سمٿفيلڊ کان اوڀر طرف هلائي نه سگهبيون هيون، جڏهن ته گرين لائين جون خدمتون سينٽ اسٽيڦنز گرين کان اتر طرف معطل رهيون. ٽرام کي ساڳئي ڏينهن منجهند ڌاري برومبرج ڊپو ڏانهن واپس ڇڪي آندو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LUAS operator says damage is significant and impacting services |url=https://www.live95fm.ie/news/live95-news/luas-operator-says-damage-is-significant-and-impacting-services/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Limerick's Live 95 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1728053318696493203 |user=Luas |title=The damaged tram is now being towed back to our depot. Thanks to everyone including the Gardai for their assistance. |author-link=Luas |date=24 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2025ع ۾ هڪ شخص کي ڊبلن فسادن دوران لوئس کي باهه ڏيڻ ۽ فساد ۾ ملوث هجڻ جي ڏوهه ۾ سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref name=rte-man-who-set-fire-to-luas-during-dublin-riots-jailed&gt;{{Cite news |title=Man who set fire to Luas during Dublin riots jailed for three years |last=Reynolds |first=Paul |date=2025-10-13 |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2025/1013/1538273-evan-moore-court/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |publisher=[[آر ٽي اي نيوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; کيس ٽن سالن جي قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref name=rte-man-who-set-fire-to-luas-during-dublin-riots-jailed/&gt;

=== حادثا ۽ فوتگيون ===
فيبروري 2008ع ۾، 59 ورهين جو هڪ شخص ٽالاگٽ ۾ ڪُڪس ٽائون وي تي هڪ ٽرام جي زد ۾ اچي ويو. هن کي مٿي ۾ سخت زخم رسيا ۽ هو ايندڙ ڏينهن اسپتال ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Investigations begin after Luas death |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0225/luas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012084433/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0225/luas.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=18 May 2008 |work=RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 February 2008 |title=Probe begins into death of man struck by Luas |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/probe-begins-into-death-of-man-struck-by-luas-26426116.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701133614/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/probe-begins-into-death-of-man-struck-by-luas-26426116.html |archive-date=1 July 2017 |access-date=31 March 2016 |work=[[آئرش انڊيپينڊنٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 2009ع ۾، سٽي ويسٽ وٽ لوئس جي اي-1 توسيع جي تعمير دوران هڪ مزدور حادثي ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;irishtimes3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Worker killed in accident at Luas site |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0516/1224246701320.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218213818/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0516/1224246701320.html |archive-date=18 February 2011 |access-date=15 December 2019 |website=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيپٽمبر 2009ع ۾، ريڊ لائين جي هڪ لوئس ٽرام ۽ [[ڊبلن بس]] جي ٻه ماڙ بس نمبر 16 جو ڊبلن جي مرڪز ۾ ايبي اسٽريٽ ۽ اوڪونيل اسٽريٽ جي چوراهي تي ٽڪر ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;RTE_2009-09-16&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 September 2009 |title=RTÉ News : 21 hurt as Luas collides with bus in Dublin |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0916/luas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922185625/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0916/luas.html |archive-date=22 September 2009 |access-date=17 September 2009 |work=[[رائڊيو ٽيلي فيس ايرين]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; حادثي ۾ ٽرام جو اڳيون حصو پٽڙيءَ تان لهي ويو ۽ ڊرائيور جي ڪيبن بس جي کاٻي پاسي سان دٻجي چُور ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT_print_2009-09-17_witnesses&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Olivia |last2=Hauser |first2=Jenny |date=17 September 2009 |title=Luas Crash – Eyewitness Reports |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0917/1224254724116.html?via=rel |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017170950/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0917/1224254724116.html?via=rel |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=20 February 2020 |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 21 ماڻهو زخمي ٿيا، جن مان ٽي سخت زخمي هئا، جن ۾ ٽرام جو ڊرائيور پڻ شامل هو، جنهن کي ملبو ڪٽي ٻاهر ڪڍڻو پيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT_print_2009-09-17_injured&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Duncan |first=Pamela |date=17 September 2009 |title=21 injured as Luas and bus crash in city centre |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0917/1224254721036.html?via=rel |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017171010/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0917/1224254721036.html?via=rel |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=20 February 2020 |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;acquittal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2012 |title=Luas driver acquitted over 2009 crash with bus |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0426/318626-luas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231070237/http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0426/318626-luas/ |archive-date=31 December 2014 |website=[[RTE.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 2011ع ۾، 35 ورهين جو هڪ پولش شهري [[اسٽيونس لين، ڊبلن|اسٽيونس لين]] تي [[ڊبلن هيوسٽن ريلوي اسٽيشن|هيوسٽن اسٽيشن]] ويجهو ريڊ لائين جي ٽرام هيٺ اچي فوت ٿي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;TJ.ie_web_2011-10-11_collision&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gavan Reilly |date=11 October 2011 |title=Man, 35, killed after being struck by Luas tram |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/man-35-killed-after-being-struck-by-luas-tram-251412-Oct2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205181353/http://www.thejournal.ie/man-35-killed-after-being-struck-by-luas-tram-251412-Oct2011/ |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=11 October 2011 |work=[[دي جرنل]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 2012ع ۾، 32 ورهين جي هڪ عورت بليڪ هارس پليٽفارم تي پٽڙيءَ تي ڪري پئي ۽ ايندڙ ٽرام جي هيٺ اچي وئي. هوءَ پليٽفارم ۽ ٽرام جي وچ ۾ ڦاسي پئي ۽ سندس مٿي ۽ جسم تي سخت زخم رسيا. هنگامي خدمتن کيس ٽرام جي هيٺان ڪڍيو، پر هوءَ 6 جولاءِ 2012ع تي اسپتال ۾ زخمن سبب فوت ٿي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woman in Luas fall loses fight for life |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/woman-in-luas-fall-loses-fight-for-life/28012214.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630195544/http://www.herald.ie/news/woman-in-luas-fall-loses-fight-for-life-28012214.html |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=15 April 2013 |website=[[هيرالڊ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2019ع تائين، هوءَ واحد لوئس مسافر هئي جيڪا ٽرام سان لاڳاپيل حادثي ۾ فوت ٿي.

7 اپريل 2014ع تي، جروِس اسٽريٽ ۽ [[ايبي اسٽريٽ]] جي سنگم تي هڪ ڪار لوئس ٽرام سان ٽڪرائجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 35 ورهين جي هڪ عورت پيادل مسافر کي موتمار ڌڪ لڳو ۽ هوءَ واقعي واري هنڌ تي فوت ٿي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 April 2014 |title=Woman dies after collision between Luas and car in Dublin |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0407/607198-woman-dies-after-collision-between-luas-and-car/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220411/http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0407/607198-woman-dies-after-collision-between-luas-and-car/ |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=7 April 2014 |work=RTÉ News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

8 جولاءِ 2017ع تي، هڪ عورت ريئالٽو ۾ فاطمه اسٽاپ کان اڳتي سينٽ جيمس واڪ وٽ شهر ڏانهن ويندڙ لوئس ٽرام جي زد ۾ اچي فوت ٿي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 July 2017 |title=Woman killed after being struck by Luas tram in early hours |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/woman-killed-after-being-struck-by-luas-tram-in-early-hours-35907838.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105411/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/woman-killed-after-being-struck-by-luas-tram-in-early-hours-35907838.html |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |work=[[آئرش انڊيپينڊنٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

14 فيبروري 2019ع تي، ٽالاگٽ ويندڙ ٽرام سان ڪُڪس ٽائون ۽ ٽالاگٽ اسپتال اسٽيشنن جي وچ ۾ هڪ عورت ٽڪرائجي فوت ٿي وئي. کيس واقعي واري هنڌ تي مئل قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;rte&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=Woman dies after being struck by Luas tram |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2019/0214/1029560-luas-collision-tallaght/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327221826/https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2019/0214/1029560-luas-collision-tallaght/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=rte.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

11 مارچ 2019ع تي، ڪنگزوڊ اسٽاپ ويجهو هڪ مرد پيادل مسافر ٽرام جي زد ۾ اچي فوت ٿي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;irishtimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Man killed after being hit by Luas tram near Kingswood |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/man-killed-after-being-hit-by-luas-tram-near-kingswood-1.3822824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905044636/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/man-killed-after-being-hit-by-luas-tram-near-kingswood-1.3822824 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Feehan, Conor |date=12 March 2016 |title=Man killed after being hit by Luas |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/man-killed-after-being-hit-by-luas-37904115.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195346/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/man-killed-after-being-hit-by-luas-37904115.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=7 March 2021 |work=[[آئرش انڊيپينڊنٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ڊسمبر 2019ع ۾، پيٽرز پليس وٽ ٽرام سان ٽڪر ۾ هڪ مرد سائيڪل سوار فوت ٿي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;irishtimes2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Pope |first1=Conor |last2=Bowers |first2=Shauna |date=15 December 2019 |title=Cyclist who died in Luas collision named as Cormac Ó Braonáin |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/cyclist-who-died-in-luas-collision-named-as-cormac-%C3%B3-braon%C3%A1in-1.4115871 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216052641/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/cyclist-who-died-in-luas-collision-named-as-cormac-%C3%B3-braon%C3%A1in-1.4115871 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rte2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2019 |title=Tributes paid to 19-year-old killed in Luas collision |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2019/1215/1099215-dublin-luas-death/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215083254/https://www.rte.ie/news/2019/1215/1099215-dublin-luas-death/ |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019 |website=rte.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيپٽمبر 2022ع ۾، پنجاهه ورهين جي لڳ ڀڳ عمر وارو هڪ مرد پيادل مسافر ڪيبرا ۽ برومبرج اسٽاپن جي وچ ۾ ٽرام جي زد ۾ اچي فوت ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=Investigation into death of man struck by Luas tram underway |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40963961.html |website=Irish Examiner}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Man dies after being struck by Luas tram |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/dublin/2022/09/18/man-dies-after-being-struck-by-luas-tram/ |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=Man dies after being struck by Luas tram |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2022/0918/1324024-luas-dublin-death/ |website=[[آر ٽي اي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== رينسمويئر سائبر حملو ===
جنوري 2019ع ۾ ويب سائيٽ تي قبضو ڪيو ويو ۽ اتي هڪ پيغام لڳايو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڌمڪي ڏني وئي ته جيڪڏهن پنجن ڏينهن اندر 1 [[بٽ ڪوائن]] ادا نه ڪيو ويو ته «سمورو ڊيٽا شايع ڪيو ويندو ۽ توهان جي استعمال ڪندڙن کي اي ميلون موڪليون وينديون».&lt;ref name=&quot;rte-professional-cyber-attack&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 January 2019 |title='Professional cyber-attack' may affect 3,226 Luas user record |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/technology/2019/0103/1020070-luas-website/ |access-date=5 January 2019 |publisher=[[آر ٽي اي نيوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irish-examiner-over-three-thousand-luas-users-may-have-had-records-compromised&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 January 2019 |title=Over 3,000 Luas users may have had records compromised in cyber attack |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/over-3000-luas-users-may-have-had-records-compromised-in-cyber-attack-895306.html |access-date=5 January 2019 |publisher=[[آئرش ايگزامينر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;it-over-three-thousand-luas-user-records-may-have-been-compromised&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=Sarah |date=3 January 2019 |title=Over 3,000 Luas user records 'may have been compromised' in cyber attack |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/over-3-000-luas-user-records-may-have-been-compromised-in-cyber-attack-1.3746674 |access-date=5 January 2019 |publisher=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٽرانسڊيو]] خميس 3 جنوري 2019ع تي سائيٽ بند ڪري ڇڏي.&lt;ref name=irish-examiner-over-three-thousand-luas-users-may-have-had-records-compromised/&gt;&lt;ref name=it-over-three-thousand-luas-user-records-may-have-been-compromised/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;the-journal-user-records-compromised-in-luas-cyber-attack&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 January 2019 |title=At least 3,226 user records compromised in Luas cyber attack |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/luas-ransomware-attack-4421137-Jan2019/ |access-date=5 January 2019 |publisher=[[دي جرنل]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; حملي وقت هڪ بٽ ڪوائن جي قيمت 3,385 يورو هئي.&lt;ref name=rte-professional-cyber-attack/&gt; انهيءَ ڏينهن منجهند جو هنن چيو ته متاثر ٿيل رڪارڊ انهن ماڻهن جا هئا، جن لوئس نيوز ليٽر لاءِ نالا داخل ڪرايا هئا، ۽ انهن ماڻهن سان ايندڙ 24 ڪلاڪن اندر رابطو ڪري کين ڀڃڪڙي بابت آگاهه ڪيو ويندو.&lt;ref name=rte-professional-cyber-attack/&gt;&lt;ref name=irish-examiner-over-three-thousand-luas-users-may-have-had-records-compromised/&gt; ڪوبه مالي رڪارڊ متاثر نه ٿيو هو.&lt;ref name=it-over-three-thousand-luas-user-records-may-have-been-compromised/&gt;&lt;ref name=rte-professional-cyber-attack/&gt; [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڪمشنر]] ۽ [[گارڊا نيشنل اڪانامڪ ڪرائيم بيورو]] ٻنهي کي حملي بابت اطلاع ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=rte-professional-cyber-attack/&gt;&lt;ref name=it-over-three-thousand-luas-user-records-may-have-been-compromised/&gt;

== مستقبل ==
جنوري 2023ع ۾ [[گريٽر ڊبلن ايريا]] لاءِ 2022ع کان 2042ع تائين جي ٽرانسپورٽ حڪمتِ عملي شايع ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=O'Broin |first=Cian |date=26 January 2023 |title=NTA publishes plans for Luas, DART and Metrolink extensions |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/nta-publishes-plans-dublins-transport-29060541 |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=[[آئرش مرر]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ موجوده لوئس نظام ۾ چار واڌارن جو تفصيل ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي ان عرصي دوران مڪمل ڪيا ويندا:
* گرين لائين کي اتر طرف فنگلس تائين وڌائڻ، جيڪو وچئين مدي ۾، يعني 2031ع کان 2036ع تائين، مڪمل ڪيو ويندو.
* لوڪن ڏانهن نئين لائين، 2031ع کان 2036ع تائين.
* گرين لائين کي ڏکڻ طرف بري تائين وڌائڻ، 2031ع کان 2036ع تائين.
* ريڊ لائين کي [[پولبيگ]] تائين وڌائڻ، جيڪو 2042ع کان اڳ مڪمل ڪيو ويندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Olivia |date=23 January 2023 |title=Metrolink and new Luas lines in €25bn Dublin transport plan |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/dublin/2023/01/24/nta-publishes-new-25-billion-dublin-transport-plan/ |access-date=11 January 2024 |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان ۾ 8 تائين نيون لائينون ۽ واڌارا پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن، جن مان ڪجھ اڳ پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا هئا، ۽ جيڪي 2042ع کان پوءِ مڪمل ٿيڻا آهن. اين ٽي اي کي ان 20 سالن واري عرصي ۾ انهن بابت «تفصيلي جائزو، رٿابندي ۽ ڊزائن جو ڪم» ڪرڻو آهي. اهي لائينون هي آهن:
# شهر جي مرڪز کان [[ڪلانگرفن]]
# شهر جي مرڪز کان [[بيومونٽ، ڊبلن|بيومونٽ]] ۽ [[بالگرفن]]
# [[گرين لائين (لوئس)|گرين لائين]] جي ٽائرلسٽائون تائين واڌ
# شهر جي مرڪز کان [[بلانچرڊزٽائون]]
# [[ريڊ لائين (لوئس)|ريڊ لائين]] جي نئين ترتيب، جنهن سان هيٺيون لائينون مهيا ٿينديون:
## [[ڪلانڊالڪن]] کان شهر جي مرڪز تائين؛
## [[ٽالاگٽ]] کان [[ڪميج]] وسيلي شهر جي مرڪز تائين.
# [[ٽالاگٽ]] کان [[ناڪليون]] وسيلي شهر جي مرڪز تائين؛
# گرين لائين جي نئين ترتيب، جنهن سان هيٺيون لائينون مهيا ٿينديون:
## شهر جي مرڪز کان [[بري، ڪائونٽي وڪلو|بري]] تائين [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج ڊبلن|يو سي ڊي]] ۽ [[سينڊي فورڊ]] وسيلي
## [[سينڊي فورڊ]] کان شهر جي مرڪز تائين
## [[سينڊي فورڊ]] کان [[چيري ووڊ]] تائين [[فاڪس راڪ]] وسيلي؛ هي تجويز ڪيل آهي پر تصديق ٿيل نه آهي.

منصوبي ۾ هڪ مداري لوئس جي امڪان جو پڻ جائزو ورتو ويو آهي، ۽ چيو ويو آهي ته منصوبي جي آخري اڌ ۾ ان جي رستن کي مخصوص ۽ محفوظ ڪيو وڃي. نظام ۾ ٻيون واڌايون، جهڙوڪ نوان اسٽاپ، وڌايل ڊپو ۽ بهتر سيڪيورٽي پڻ ذڪر ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Draft Transport Strategy for the Greater Dublin Area 2022-2042 |url=https://www.nationaltransport.ie/gda/draft-transport-strategy-for-the-greater-dublin-area-2022-2042/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=National Transport |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيون تجويز ڪيل لائينون ۽ واڌارا ===
{{Luas Line F|collapse=yes}}
*'''لائين ايف-1/2''' – شهر جي مرڪز کان [[لوڪن، ڊبلن|لوڪن]] تائين. 27 سيپٽمبر 2007ع تي، نوئل ڊيمپسي، جيڪو ٽرانسپورٽ جو وزير هو، لوڪن تائين رٿيل لوئس لائين لاءِ عوامي مشاورت جو عمل شروع ڪيو. ٻه مکيه رستا اختيار طور سڃاڻپ ڪيا ويا، ۽ انهن سان گڏ ڪيترا ئي ذيلي اختيار پڻ سڃاڻپ ڪيا ويا. اميد هئي ته اها تجويز ڪيل ميٽرو ويسٽ سان ڳنڍبي. ترجيحي رستو نومبر 2008ع ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ۽ آر پي اي درست رستي، اسٽيشنن ۽ ڊپو جي هنڌن جي رٿابندي ڪري رهي هئي. ٻنهي لائينن جي رٿابندي الڳ الڳ ڪئي وئي. لائين ايف-1 لوڪن کان اتي تائين هئي جتي اها بليڪ هارس وٽ موجوده ريڊ لائين سان ڳنڍبي، ۽ لائين ايف-2 اها هئي جتي لائين موجوده ريڊ لائين کي جيمس وٽ ڇڏي ڪاليج گرين ڏانهن اڳتي وڌندي.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

{{Luas Finglas Line|collapse=yes}}
*'''لوئس فنگلس''' – [[برومبرج ريلوي اسٽيشن|برومبرج]] کان [[فنگلس]] وسيلي [[چارلسٽائون شاپنگ سينٽر]] تائين {{Cvt|4|km}} واڌ جو اعلان 2020ع ۾ ڪيو ويو، جنهن لاءِ ممڪن عملي شروعات 2028ع ڄاڻائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Luas Finglas |url=https://www.luasfinglas.ie/#/home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090118/https://www.luasfinglas.ie/#/home |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=LuasFinglas.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=Finglas Luas extension would see 'grass track' through three parks |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2020/0728/1155945-luas-extension-plans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710154001/https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2020/0728/1155945-luas-extension-plans/ |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=rte.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; جولاءِ 2020ع ۾ عوامي مشاورت شروع ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT Finglas Route2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Olivia |title=Plans to extend Luas to Finglas 'to bring 30,000 within 1km' of Green line |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/plans-to-extend-luas-to-finglas-to-bring-30-000-within-1km-of-green-line-1.4315578 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807222516/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/plans-to-extend-luas-to-finglas-to-bring-30-000-within-1km-of-green-line-1.4315578 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Luas is Growing: Luas Finglas Public Consultation launched and new 55m tram now in service |url=https://www.nationaltransport.ie/news/luas-is-growing-luas-finglas-public-consultation-launched-and-new-55m-tram-now-in-service/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811102841/https://www.nationaltransport.ie/news/luas-is-growing-luas-finglas-public-consultation-launched-and-new-55m-tram-now-in-service/ |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=13 February 2021 |publisher=National Transport Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt; نومبر 2021ع ۾، [[آر ٽي اي نيوز]] رپورٽ ڪيو ته اها لائين {{update after|2032|1|1|text=2031ع کان پوءِ تائين مڪمل نه ٿيندي}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kilraine |first=John |date=9 November 2021 |title=MetroLink postponed for ten years - NTA draft strategy |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/dublin/2021/1109/1258759-metrolink/ |work=[[آر ٽي اي نيوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2024ع ۾، ''[[آئرش ٽائمز]]'' رپورٽ ڪيو ته [[ٽرانسپورٽ جو وزير (آئرلينڊ)|ٽرانسپورٽ وزير]] [[ايمون ريان]] 2031ع کان اڳ لائين جي تڪميل لاءِ ڪابينا جي منظوري طلب ڪندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Olivia |title=Finglas Luas: New tram line could service population of 60,000 by 2031 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/dublin/2024/10/21/plans-for-dublins-next-luas-to-go-for-cabinet-approval-tuesday/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Luas Line B2|collapse=yes}}
*'''لائين بي-2''' – چيري ووڊ کان [[بري، ڪائونٽي وڪلو|بري]] جي ڀرپاسي تائين واڌ، جيڪا گرين لائين جي واڌ آهي. هي {{convert|6.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} جي تجويز ڪيل واڌ آهي. 6 جون 2007ع تي، هن لوئس واڌ جو رستو اعلان ڪيو ويو. تجويز آهي ته اها برائيڊز گلين کان فاسارو ۽ بري تائين، [[بري ڊيلي ريلوي اسٽيشن|ڊارٽ اسٽيشن]] جي ڀرسان، هلندي، ۽ [[اين 11 روڊ (آئرلينڊ)|ايم 11 موٽر وي]] جي بلڪل ويجهو هلندي، آخرڪار ولفورڊ انٽرچينج ويجهو ان کي پار ڪندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County County Agenda Item |url=http://ecouncil.dlrcoco.ie:9071/mgAi.aspx?ID=33210 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924144342/http://ecouncil.dlrcoco.ie:9071/mgAi.aspx?ID=33210 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=ecouncil.dlrcoco.ie | date=4 September 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 2009ع ۾ [[2008ع کان پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي معاشي مندي]] سبب هي واڌ ملتوي ڪئي وئي، ۽ جيتوڻيڪ ايندڙ ڏهاڪي ۾ اها ٻيهر تجويز ڪئي وئي، آڪٽوبر 2020ع تائين وزير ريان تصديق ڪئي ته واڌ ويجهي مدي ۾ شروع نه ٿيندي، پر فنگلس تائين واڌ کان پوءِ مستقبل ۾ تجويز ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finnerty |first=Mike |date=11 April 2024 |title=Finglas Luas line back on track |url=https://dublinpeople.com/news/travel/articles/2024/04/11/finglas-luas-line-back-on-track/ |website=DublinPeople.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fogarty |first=Mary |date=17 October 2020 |title=Plans for Bray Luas some time away |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/braypeople/news/plans-for-bray-luas-some-time-away-39620003.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116071357/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/braypeople/news/plans-for-bray-luas-some-time-away-39620003.html |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=[[انڊيپينڊنٽ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== رد ڪيل منصوبا ===
*'''لائين اي''' – مئي 2008ع ۾، ممڪن لوئس لائين اي لاءِ فزيبلٽي اسٽڊي مڪمل ڪئي وئي، جيڪا ڊنڊرم کان شهر جي مرڪز تائين [[راٿفارنهام]]، [[ٽيرينيور]] ۽ [[هيرولڊز ڪراس]] وسيلي هلڻي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Feasibility Study – Transport Infrastructure Ireland |url=http://www.rpa.ie/upload/documents/Feasibility%20Study%20Possible%20Luas%20Line%20Rathfarnham%20to%20City%20Centre%20(Line%20E).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804112740/https://www.boards.ie/vbulletin//attachment.php?attachmentid=492556&amp;d=1570495195 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |publisher=[[ريلوي پروڪيورمينٽ ايجنسي]] |via=[[بورڊز ڊاٽ آئي اي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; لائين کي فني طور قابلِ عمل قرار ڏنو ويو ۽ اها ٽرانسپورٽ وزير کي پيش ڪئي وئي، پر هلائڻ جي لحاظ کان غير معاشي قرار ملڻ سبب رد ڪئي وئي.

=== ٻيا منصوبا ===
ڊبلن ۾ لوئس جي شروعات کان پوءِ، آئرلينڊ جي ٻين شهرن ۾ ٽرامون يا لائيٽ ريل آڻڻ جي حمايت موجود آهي. 2007ع جي چونڊ مهم دوران، [[فيانا فائل]] ۽ [[گرين پارٽي (آئرلينڊ)|گرين پارٽي]] ٻنهي [[ڪارڪ (شهر)|ڪارڪ]]، [[لمرڪ]]، [[گالوي]]، [[واٽرفورڊ]] ۽ [[بري، ڪائونٽي وڪلو|بري]] ۾ ٽرام يا لائيٽ ريل نظامن جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا. 2007ع ۾ انهن ٻن پارٽين ۽ [[پروگريسيو ڊيموڪريٽس]] جي وچ ۾ حڪومت لاءِ طئي ٿيل پروگرام ۾ حڪومت جي پهرين ٻن سالن اندر انهن منصوبن بابت فزيبلٽي اسٽڊيز شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;AgreedProgramme2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2007 |title=An Agreed Programme for Government |url=http://www.dfa.ie/uploads/documents/EU%20Division/newprogrammeforgovermentjune2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317205901/http://www.dfa.ie/uploads/documents/EU%20Division/newprogrammeforgovermentjune2007.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2009 |access-date=7 March 2009 |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪارڪ ۽ لمرڪ جون اسٽڊيز «2009ع جي وچ» تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2008 |title=Proposals for light rail system for Limerick &amp; Cork (ref no:3407/08) |url=http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=10524&amp;lang=ENG&amp;loc=2262 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615094600/http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=10524&amp;lang=ENG&amp;loc=2262 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=7 March 2009 |website=Press Centre: Parliamentary Questions 2008 |publisher=Department of Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ شروع ٿيل مالي بحران جي نتيجي ۾، مستقبل جي سرمائي منصوبن تي پابندي لاڳو ڪئي وئي؛ تنهنڪري 2017ع تائين ڪابه فزيبلٽي اسٽڊي مڪمل نه ٿي هئي.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

2018ع ۾ [[گالوي]] لاءِ لوئس، يا «[[گالوي شهر لاءِ تجويز ڪيل لائيٽ ريل ترقيون|گلوئس]]»، جي بحال ٿيل مهم شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن کي [[آزاد سياستدان (آئرلينڊ)|آزاد]] [[ٽيچتا ڊالا|ٽي ڊي]] ۽ مستقبل جي [[آئرلينڊ جو صدر|صدر]] [[ڪيٿرين ڪونولي]] جي حمايت حاصل ٿي. مهم جو چوڻ آهي ته 21&amp;nbsp;ڪلوميٽر جي [[تمام هلڪي ريل]] لائين، جنهن ۾ هر پنج منٽن بعد ٽرينون هلن، رڳو 200 ملين يورو جي لڳ ڀڳ لاڳت سان لڳائي سگهجي ٿي، ۽ اها گالوي جي ٽريفڪ گهٽائڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GLUAS - Very Light Rail for Galway |url=https://www.gluasforgalway.com/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=GLUAS - Very Light Rail for Galway |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Siggins |first=Lorna |date=8 January 2018 |title=A Gluas for Galway? Light rail project campaign revived |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/a-gluas-for-galway-light-rail-project-campaign-revived-1.3347639 |access-date=2022-10-27 |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2022ع ۾ گالوي جي ٻئي رنگ روڊ لاءِ رٿابندي اجازت رد ٿيڻ سبب علائقي جي ٽريفڪ مسئلن جو حل ڳولڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وڌڻ جو امڪان آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Tim |last2=Beesley |first2=Arthur |date=14 October 2022 |title=Galway ring road plan quashed as board admits it was not aware of climate plan |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/transport/2022/10/14/permission-for-galway-ring-road-quashed-as-planning-board-concedes-legal-action/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 2019ع ۾، [[ڪارڪ لائيٽ ريل|ڪارڪ ۾ لوئس جهڙي نظام]] جا منصوبا ظاهر ڪيا ويا. نظام ۾ [[بالنڪاليگ]] کان [[ماهون پوائنٽ شاپنگ سينٽر]] تائين {{convert|17|km|mi}} ڊگهي لائين، 25 اسٽاپن سان، شامل هوندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=Plans for a LUAS system in Cork are revealed |url=http://www.echolive.ie/corknews/Plans-for-a-LUAS-system-in-Cork-are-revealed-55252abf-f18a-4239-92b6-e1f66bc8b158-ds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515181843/https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/Plans-for-a-LUAS-system-in-Cork-are-revealed-55252abf-f18a-4239-92b6-e1f66bc8b158-ds |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=[[ايڪو لائيو]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; منصوبي جو اپريل 2025ع ۾ ٻيهر اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Luas Cork mapped: Preferred route for €2bn project unveiled | newspaper=[[آئرش ٽائمز]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2025/04/14/luas-cork-preferred-route-for-2bn-project-unveiled/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== هي پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[آئرلينڊ ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ]]
*[[آئرش ڪمپنين جي فهرست]]
*[[ڊبلن ۾ عوامي ٽرانسپورٽ هلائيندڙ ادارا]]
*[[ڊبلن يونائيٽيڊ ٽرانسپورٽ ڪمپني]]، 1950ع کان اڳ ڊبلن جي اصلي ٽرام نظام جو آپريٽر
*[[يورپ ۾ ٽرامون]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.luas.ie لوئس ويب سائيٽ]
* [https://www.gleisplanweb.eu/Map-e.php?Map=Dublin لوئس ٽرام نظام جو ٽريڪ پلان]
* [http://www.luascrosscity.ie لوئس ڪراس سٽي منصوبو]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061126064708/http://www.meathontrack.com/luas.html لوئس گرين لائين، هارڪورٽ اسٽريٽ، جون تصويرون]
* [http://www.railusers.ie ريل يوزرز آئرلينڊ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904133220/http://www.railusers.ie/ |date=2009-09-04 }}، آئرلينڊ جو قومي ريل استعمال ڪندڙن جو گروپ
* [http://www.hidden-dublin.com/images/thumbs/luasTN01.html هڊن ڊبلن]، لوئس جي تعمير جون تصويرون
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040703060946/http://www.rpa.ie/ ريلوي پروڪيورمينٽ ايجنسي]
* {{Cite web |title=Transport For Ireland – Further Growth in Passenger Journey Numbers on 'Transport For Ireland' Subsidised Services - |url=https://www.transportforireland.ie/further-growth-in-passenger-journey-numbers-on-transport-for-ireland-subsidised-services/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055508/https://www.luas.ie/faqs.html |archive-date=11 April 2017 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[ٽرانسپورٽ فار آئرلينڊ]]}}

{{Commons category|لوئس ٽرام نظام}}
{{ڊبلن ٽرانسپورٽ}}
{{ٽرانسڊيو}}

[[زمرو:لوئس| ]]
[[زمرو:2004ع ۾ آئرلينڊ ۾ قيام]]
[[زمرو:750 وولٽ ڊي سي ريلوي برقڪاري]]
[[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ هلڪي ريل]]
[[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ ريل ٽرانسپورٽ]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريه آئرلينڊ ۾ ٽرام ٽرانسپورٽ]]
[[زمرو:ٽرانسڊيو]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جون ٽرانسپورٽ ڪمپنيون]]
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{{Short description|آمريڪي سماجيات جو پروفيسر (1937–2003)}}

'''جيفري ڪي. هيڊن''' (Jeffrey K. Hadden) (1937–2003) هڪ آمريڪي [[سماجيات]] جو پروفيسر هو. هن پنهنجي تدريسي ڪيريئر جي شروعات ويسٽرن ريزرو يونيورسٽي ۾ ڪئي ۽ پوءِ 1972ع کان [[ورجينيا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. هيڊن 1963ع ۾ [[وِسڪانسن يونيورسٽي–ميڊيسن]] مان [[پي ايڇ ڊي]] حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن کي [[آباديات]] ۽ [[انساني ماحوليات]] جي ماهر طور تربيت ڏني وئي.

ويسٽرن ريزرو يونيورسٽي ۾ شهري سماجيات پڙهائيندي هن لوئس ايڇ. ماسوٽي ۽ ڪيلون جي. لارسن سان گڏ ''ميٽروپولس ان ڪراس: سوشل اينڊ پوليٽيڪل پرسپيڪٽو '' نالي ڪتاب جو گڏيل مصنف ٿيو. ماسوٽي سان گڏ هن ''دي اربنائيزيشن آف دي سبربس'' (سيج پبليڪيشنز، 1973ع) جي ايڊيٽنگ پڻ ڪئي. هيڊن مذهب بابت ڪيترائي علمي ڪتاب، مقالا ۽ مضمون لکيا، جن ۾ هن [[مذهب]] جي مطالعي کي [[سماجي تحريڪن]] جي نظريي جي روشنيءَ ۾ پرکيو. سندس بنيادي دلچسپي مذهب ۽ سياست جي تقابلي مطالعي ۾ هئي.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}

1960ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران هيڊن [[شهرين جي حقن واري تحريڪ]] ۾ لبرل [[پروٽيسٽنٽ]] پادرين جي شموليت بابت تحقيق ڪئي ۽ لکيو. هو شايد 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ آمريڪا ۾ مذهبي نشريات ڪندڙن ۽ [[ڪرسچن رائيٽ]] جي اڀار بابت پنهنجي مطالعي جي ڪري وڌيڪ مشهور ٿيو. هن ويجهي [[لنچبرگ، ورجينيا|لنچبرگ]] ۾ [[جيري فالويل]] ۽ [[ورجينيا بيچ]] ۾ [[پيٽ رابرٽسن]] جي مذهبي خدمتن جو مطالعو ڪيو.

ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ شهري حقن جي تحريڪ جي عروج دوران، [[ايوانجيليڪل]] پادرين مسلسل لبرل پادرين جي سياسي سرگرمين تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ چوندا رهيا ته مذهب ۽ سياست کي گڏ نه ٿيڻ گهرجي. هيڊن جي مذهبي نشريات ۾ دلچسپي ان وقت وڌي، جڏهن هن محسوس ڪيو ته اهي ئي مذهبي نشريات ڪندڙ سياسي عمل ۾ اثرانداز ٿيڻ ۽ حصو وٺڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهيا هئا.

هن جو ان موضوع تي پهريون مضمون &quot;Soul-Saving Via Video&quot; 1980ع ۾ ''[[ڪرسچن سينچري]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيو.

1998ع ۾ هيڊن [[ورجينيا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ مذهبي آزادي بابت ٽن ويب سائيٽن جي رٿابندي ۽ نگراني ڪئي: ''دہ رليجس فريڊم پيج''، ''رليجيس براڊڪاسٽنگ'' ۽ ''دي رليجيس موومينٽس ھوم پيج پراجيڪٽ''. آخري منصوبي ۾ سوين انڊرگريجوئيٽ شاگردن حصو ورتو، جيڪي ان عرصي دوران هيڊن جو &quot;نئين مذهبي تحريڪن&quot; وارو سماجيات جو ڪورس پڙهندا هئا.

1993ع ۾ هن [[ڊيوڊ جي. بروملي]] (ورجينيا ڪامن ويلٿ يونيورسٽي ۾ سماجيات جي پروفيسر) سان گڏ ٻن جلدن تي مشتمل ڪتاب ''ھينڊبڪ آف ڪلٽس اينڊ سيڪٽس ان آمريڪا'' جي ايڊيٽنگ ڪئي.

هيڊن پنهنجي ڪيريئر دوران 25 ڪتاب ۽ ڪيترائي تحقيقي مقالا شايع ڪيا. هو 26 جنوري 2003ع تي [[پينڪرياز جي سرطان]] سبب [[شارلوٽس وِل، ورجينيا]] ۾ 66 ورهين جي عمر ۾ وفات ڪري ويو.

== جزوي ڪتابيات ==

هيڊن جي ڪتابن مان ڪجهه هي آهن:

* ''Metropolis in Crisis: Social and Political Perspectives'' (''بحران ۾ ميٽروپولس: سماجي ۽ سياسي تناظرات'')، (1967) F.E. Peacock، {{ASIN|B0006D80Y4}}
* ''The Gathering Storm in the Churches'' (''گرجائن ۾ اڀرندڙ طوفان'')، (1969) Doubleday. {{ISBN|0385033265}}
* ''Religion in Radical Transition'' (''بنيادي تبديليءَ جي مرحلي ۾ مذهب'')، (1973) 166 صفحا، Transaction Publishers، {{ISBN|0878550704}}
* ''Gideon's Gang: A Case Study of the Church in Social Action'' (''گڊين جو گروهه: سماجي عمل ۾ گرجا گهر جو هڪ مطالعاتي جائزو'')، (1974) 245 صفحا، United Church Press، {{ISBN|0829802754}}
* ''Prime Time Preachers: The Rising Power of Televangelism'' (''اعليٰ وقت جا مبلغ: ٽيليويزن تبليغ جي وڌندڙ طاقت'')، چارلس اي. سوان سان گڏ، (1981)، Addison-Wesley Publishing.
* ''Prophetic Religions and Politics: Religion and the Political Order'' (''نبوتي مذهب ۽ سياست: مذهب ۽ سياسي نظام'')، (1986)، 144 صفحا، Paragon House Publishers، {{ISBN|0913757535}}
* ''America's Uneasy Relationship with Non-Christian and Oriental Religions'' (''غير عيسائي ۽ مشرقي مذهبن سان آمريڪا جا پيچيده لاڳاپا'')، (1986)، Thomas Jefferson Institute.
* ''Televangelism: Power and Politics on God's Frontier'' (''ٽيليويزن تبليغ: خدا جي سرحد تي طاقت ۽ سياست'')، [[اينسن شوپ]] سان گڏ، (1988)، Henry Holt.
* ''Secularization and Fundamentalism Reconsidered'' (''سيڪيولرائزيشن ۽ بنيادپرستيءَ جو نئون جائزو'')، اينسن شوپ سان گڏ، (1989)، Paragon House. {{ISBN|0913757969}}
* ''Religion and the Social Order: The Handbook on Cults and Sects in America'' (''مذهب ۽ سماجي نظام: آمريڪا ۾ فرقن ۽ مذهبي جماعتن بابت دستياب'')، بروملي سان گڏ، (1993)، JAI Press. {{ISBN|1559384778}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==

* [http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu مذهبي آزاديءَ جو صفحو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050726001735/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/ |date=2005-07-26 }}
* [http://religiousbroadcasting.lib.virginia.edu/ مذهبي نشريات] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015205249/https://religiousbroadcasting.lib.virginia.edu/ |date=2023-10-15 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620151131/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/ مذهبي تحريڪن جو هوم پيج منصوبو]
* [http://www.wrs.vcu.edu/index.html عالمي مذهب ۽ روحانيت]
* [http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Hadden.htm ''مذهب ۽ سماج جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' ۾ هيڊن بابت داخلا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624030011/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Hadden.htm |date=2010-06-24 }}

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadden, Jeffrey K.}}

[[زمرو:1937ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:2003ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:ورجينيا ۾ پينڪرياز جي سرطان سبب وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪي سماجيات دان]]
[[زمرو:مذهب جا سماجيات دان]]
[[زمرو:نئين مذهبي تحريڪن ۽ فرقن جا محقق]]
[[زمرو:وسڪانسن يونيورسٽي–ميڊيسن ڪاليج آف ليٽرس اينڊ سائنس جا سابق شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:ورجينيا يونيورسٽي جا استاد]]
[[زمرو:انساني ماحوليات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:سوسائٽي فار دي سائنٽفڪ اسٽڊي آف رليجن جا صدر]]

==حوالا==</text>
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      <text bytes="45237" sha1="c9bl0hnrabwan504ctjycdzrsgt873j" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٿڻائتن جانورن جي خاندان وِويرڊي ۾ نسلون}}
[[File:Viverrids_mosaic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|وِويرڊ جون چار نسلون (مٿان کاٻي پاسي کان گهڙيال وار): [[ايشيائي پام سِوِٽ]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'')، [[عام جينيٽ]] (''Genetta genetta'')، [[بِنٽورونگ]] (''Arctictis binturong'')، ۽ [[ماسڪڊ پام سِوِٽ]] (''Paguma larvata'')]]
[[وِويرڊي]] [[ٿڻائتو جانور|ٿڻائتن جانورن]] جو هڪ [[خاندان (حياتياتي درجابندي)|خاندان]] آهي، جيڪو [[ڪارني وورا]] [[رتبو (حياتيات)|رتبي]] ۾ اچي ٿو، ۽ گهڻو ڪري [[سِوِٽ]]ن ۽ [[جينيٽ (جانور)|جينيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل آهي. هن خاندان جي ڪنهن به ميمبر کي وِويرڊ چيو ويندو آهي. اهي خاص طور آفريڪا، ڀارت ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پکڙيل آهن، ۽ گهڻو ڪري ٻيلن، جهڙين زمينن ۽ گاهه وارن ميدانن ۾ ملن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه نسلون ساوانا يا آبي ڀٽن ۾ به ملن ٿيون. گهڻا وِويرڊ 40 کان 65&amp;nbsp;cm (16 کان 26&amp;nbsp;in) ڊگها هوندا آهن، ان سان گڏ 35 کان 60&amp;nbsp;cm (14 کان 24&amp;nbsp;in) دم هوندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ [[اولهه آفريڪي اويان]] 30&amp;nbsp;cm (12&amp;nbsp;in) جيترو ننڍو ٿي سگهي ٿو، ان سان گڏ 35&amp;nbsp;cm (14&amp;nbsp;in) دم هوندو آهي، ۽ ڪجهه [[بِنٽورونگ]] 96&amp;nbsp;cm (38&amp;nbsp;in) تائين ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا، ان سان گڏ 89&amp;nbsp;cm (35&amp;nbsp;in) دم هوندو آهي. گهڻين نسلن جي آبادي جا ڪاٿا موجود نه آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ٽي وِويرڊ [[خطري ۾ پيل نسل|خطري ۾ پيل]] قرار ڏنل آهن، ۽ هڪ، [[مالابار وڏن داغن وارو سِوِٽ]]، لڳ ڀڳ 200 جي آبادي سان [[انتهائي خطري ۾ پيل]] قرار ڏنل آهي. وِويرڊ جي ڪا به نسل پاليل نه بڻائي وئي آهي.

وِويرڊي جون ٽيٽيهه [[موجود ٽيڪسون|موجود]] نسلون چئن [[ذيلي خاندان|ذيلي خاندانن]] اندر چوڏهن [[جنس (حياتيات)|جنسن]] ۾ ورهايل آهن: سِوِٽ جا ٽي ذيلي خاندان [[وِويريني]]، [[هيميگاليني]]، ۽ [[پيراڊوڪسوريني]]، ۽ جينيٽ جو ذيلي خاندان [[جينيٽيني]]. پنجون ذيلي خاندان، [[پريونڊونٽيني]]، اڳ ۾ وِويرڊي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو، جڏهن ته جينيٽيني جون نسلون وِويريني جو حصو سمجهيون وينديون هيون، پر وڌيڪ تازن جيني ثبوتن جي نتيجي ۾ اتفاق راءِ ٿيو ته پريونڊونٽيني کي پنهنجي الڳ خاندان ۾ رکيو وڃي ۽ جينيٽيني کي پنهنجي الڳ ذيلي خاندان طور جدا ڪيو وڃي. ناپيد نسلون پڻ وِويريني ۾ رکيون ويون آهن، گڏوگڏ ناپيد ذيلي خاندان لوفوسيونيني ۾ به، جيتوڻيڪ گهڻيون ناپيد نسلون ڪنهن ذيلي خاندان ۾ درجابند نه ڪيون ويون آهن. وِويرڊي جون لڳ ڀڳ ويهه ناپيد نسلون دريافت ڪيون ويون آهن، پر جاري تحقيق ۽ دريافتن سبب صحيح تعداد ۽ درجابندي مقرر نه آهي.

==روايتون==
{{IUCN statuses|ex=0|ew=0|cr=1|en=3|vu=6|nt=3|lc=18|dd=2|ne=0}}

نسل يا جنس لاءِ [[مصنف حوالو (حيوانيات)|مصنف حوالو]] سائنسي نالي کان پوءِ ڏنو ويو آهي؛ مصنف حوالي جي چوڌاري قوسين جو مطلب آهي ته اهو اصل حياتياتي درجابندي وارو هنڌ نه هو. تحفظ واري حيثيت جا درج ڪيل ڪوڊ [[فطرت جي تحفظ لاءِ بين الاقوامي اتحاد]] (IUCN) جي [[IUCN ڳاڙهي فهرست|خطري هيٺ نسلن جي ڳاڙهي فهرست]] موجب آهن. جتي ممڪن هجي اتي پکيڙ جا نقشا ڏنا ويا آهن؛ جيڪڏهن پکيڙ جو نقشو موجود نه هجي، ته وِويرڊ جي پکيڙ جو بيان ڏنو ويو آهي. جيستائين ٻي صورت ۾ نه ڄاڻايو ويو هجي، پکيڙون ان نسل لاءِ IUCN ڳاڙهي فهرست تي ٻڌل آهن.

==درجابندي==
[[File:Viverridae_Distribution.png|وِويرڊي جي پکيڙ|thumb|right|alt=آفريڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]]
وِويرڊي خاندان 33 [[موجود ٽيڪسون|موجود]] نسلن تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪي 4 ذيلي خاندانن ۾ 14 جنسن سان تعلق رکن ٿيون ۽ ڪيترن ئي موجود ذيلي نسلن ۾ ورهايل آهن.&lt;!-- هڪ واحد نموني واري نسل کي 1 ذيلي نسل ڳڻيو وڃي ٿو --&gt; هن ۾ [[هائبرڊ (حياتيات)|هائبرڊ نسلون]] يا ناپيد قبل از تاريخ نسلون شامل نه آهن.

* ذيلي خاندان [[جينيٽيني]]
** جنس ''[[جينيٽا]]'': چوڏهن نسلون
** جنس ''[[پوئيانا (جنس)|پوئيانا]]'': ٻه نسلون
* ذيلي خاندان [[هيميگاليني]]
** جنس ''[[ڪروٽوگالي]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[سائنوگالي]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[ڊپلوگالي]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[هيميگالس]]'': هڪ نسل
* ذيلي خاندان [[پيراڊوڪسوريني]]
** جنس ''[[آرڪٽڪٽس]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[آرڪٽوگاليڊيا]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[ميڪروگاليڊيا]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[پاگوما]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[پيراڊوڪسورس]]'': ٽي نسلون
* ذيلي خاندان [[وِويريني]]
** جنس ''[[سِويٽڪٽس]]'': هڪ نسل
** جنس ''[[وِويرا]]'': چار نسلون
** جنس ''[[وِويريڪولا]]'': هڪ نسل

{{cladogram|align=left|clades={{Clade|style=width:28em;
|label1='''[[وِويرڊي]]'''
|1={{clade
 |1={{clade
  |label1='''[[پيراڊوڪسوريني]]'''
  |1={{clade
   |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[پيراڊوڪسورس]]''
      |2=''[[ميڪروگاليڊيا]]''
      }}
     |2=''[[پاگوما]]''
     }}
    |2=''[[آرڪٽڪٽس]]''
    }}
   |2=''[[آرڪٽوگاليڊيا]]''
   }}
  |label2='''[[هيميگاليني]]'''
  |2={{clade
   |1=''[[سائنوگالي]]''
   |2={{clade
    |1=''[[ڪروٽوگالي]]''
    |2={{clade
     |1=''[[ڊپلوگالي]]''
     |2=''[[هيميگالس]]''
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
 |2={{clade
  |label1='''[[وِويريني]]'''
  |1={{clade
   |1={{clade
    |1=''[[وِويرا]]''
    |2=''[[سِويٽڪٽس]]''
    }}
   |2=''[[وِويريڪولا]]''
   }}
  |label2='''[[جينيٽيني]]'''
  |2={{clade
   |1=''[[پوئيانا (جنس)|پوئيانا]]''
   |2=''[[جينيٽا]]''
   }}
  }}
 }}
}}}}
{{clear}}

==وِويرڊ==
هيٺين درجابندي ''[[دنيا جون ٿڻائتيون نسلون]]'' (2005ع) ۾ بيان ڪيل ٽيڪسونومي تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ پوءِ [[ماليڪيولي فائيلوجينيٽڪس|ماليڪيولي فائيلوجينيٽڪ تجزيي]] وسيلي عام طور قبول ڪيل تجويزن سان واڌارو ڪيو ويو آهي. هن ۾ [[پريونڊونٽيني]] ذيلي خاندان کي پنهنجي الڳ خاندان ۾ وڌائڻ، ۽ ''[[پوئيانا (جنس)|پوئيانا]]'' ۽ ''[[جينيٽا]]'' جنسن کي [[وِويريني]] ذيلي خاندان مان ڪڍي انهن جي پنهنجي [[جينيٽيني]] ذيلي خاندان ۾ رکڻ شامل آهي. ڪيتريون اضافي تجويزون به آهن جيڪي تڪراري آهن، جهڙوڪ [[گولڊن پام سِوِٽ]] کي ٽن نسلن ۾ ورهائڻ يا ''جينيٽا'' ۾ ٽي وڌيڪ نسلون شامل ڪرڻ، جيڪي هتي شامل نه ڪيون ويون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoldenPalmSplit&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GenettaExpand&quot;/&gt;

===ذيلي خاندان جينيٽيني===
{{Main article|جينيٽيني}}
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[جينيٽا]] |authority-name=[[جارج ڪيوويئر|ڪيوويئر]] |authority-year=1816 |species-count=چوڏهن}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ابيسينيائي جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. abyssinica
|image=File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (1835) Genetta abyssinica.png |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ جي ڊرائنگ
|authority-name=[[ايڊوارڊ رپل|رپل]] |authority-year=1836 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=اتر اوڀر آفريڪا |range-image=File:Abyssinian Genet area.png |range-image-size=160px
|size={{convert|40|-|43|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|38|-|41|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، جهڙي زمين، ۽ گاهه وارو ميدان&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAbyssiniangenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ڪوئا، پکي ۽ ٻج کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ جيت ۽ ميوا به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAbyssiniangenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=DD |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAbyssiniangenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[انگولائي جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. angolensis
|image=File:Genetta angolensis.jpg |image-size=127px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ وڻ تي چڙهندي
|authority-name=[[جوزي وِسينٽي باربوسا دو بوڪاج|بوڪاج]] |authority-year=1882
|range=ڏکڻ-وچ آفريڪا ۾ ٽڙيل پکڙيل |range-image=File:Angolan Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|44|-|48|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|38|-|43|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ساوانا&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAngolangenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته بنيادي طور جيت کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ ميوا به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAngolangenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAngolangenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[آبي جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. piscivora
|image=File:Genetta piscivora.jpg |image-size=135px |image-alt=ٻن ناسي وِويرڊن جي ڊرائنگ
|authority-name=[[جوئل اساف ايلن|ايلن]] |authority-year=1919 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=وچ آفريڪا |range-image=File:Aquatic Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|44|-|50|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|34|-|42|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو ۽ اندريون آبي ڀٽون&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAquaticgenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور مڇي کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAquaticgenet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=NT |population=10,000
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAquaticgenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[بورلون جو جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. bourloni
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[فلپ گوبرٽ|گوبرٽ]] |authority-year=2003
|range=اولهه آفريڪا |range-image=File:Bourlon's Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|49|-|50|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|40|-|42|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBourlonsgenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=نامعلوم&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBourlonsgenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=VU |population=9,800
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBourlonsgenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ڪيپ جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. tigrina
|image=File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[يوهان ڪرسچن ڊينئل فان شريبر|شريبر]] |authority-year=1776 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=ٻه ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''G. t. methi''
| ''G. t. tigrina''
}}
|range=ڏکڻ آفريڪا |range-image= |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|42|-|58|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|38|-|46|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، جهڙي زمين، ۽ گاهه وارو ميدان&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCapegenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=همه خور؛ بنيادي طور جيت ۽ ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCapegenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{steady|آبادي مستحڪم آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCapegenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[عام جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. genetta
|image=File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG |image-size=135px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[ڪارل لينيئس|لينيئس]] |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=پنج ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''G. g. afra''
| ''G. g. dongolana''
| ''G. g. felina''
| ''G. g. genetta''
| ''G. g. senegalensis''
}}
|range=اتر، وچ ۽ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جون پٽيون ۽ عرب اپٻيٽ جا حصا (سائو)، ڏکڻ اولهه يورپ ۾ متعارف ڪرايل (ڳاڙهو)، اڳ نيل درياهه واري علائقي ۾ متعارف ڪرايل (ڪارو) |range-image=File:Common Genet area.png |range-image-size=155px
|size={{convert|46|-|52|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|42|-|52|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، ساوانا، جهڙي زمين، ۽ پٿريلا علائقا&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCommongenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ پکي، ٻيا ننڍا ڪرنگهي وارا جانور، جيت، ۽ ميوا به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCommongenet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{steady|آبادي مستحڪم آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCommongenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ڪريِسٽڊ سروالين جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. cristata
|image=File:Genetta-cristata-rose.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ جي ڊرائنگ
|authority-name=[[رابرٽ وليم هيمان|هيمان]] |authority-year=1940
|range=اتر اولهه آفريڪا |range-image=File:Crested Servaline Genet area.png |range-image-size=160px
|size={{convert|49|-|63|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|43|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCrestedservalinegenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور جيت کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور، رينگڻا، ۽ ڀاڄيون به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCrestedservalinegenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=VU |population=7,000
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCrestedservalinegenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[وڏو ٻيلي جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. victoriae
|image=File:GenettaVictoriaeSmit.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ جي ڊرائنگ
|authority-name=[[اولڊفيلڊ ٿامس|ٿامس]] |authority-year=1902
|range=وچ آفريڪا |range-image=File:Giant Forest Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|55|-|60|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|41|-|49|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNGiantforestgenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ميوا کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ ڪوئا، پکي، ۽ جيت به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNGiantforestgenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNGiantforestgenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[هوسا جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. thierryi
|image=File:Genetta thierryi Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[پال ماتشي|ماتشي]] |authority-year=1902
|range=اولهه آفريڪا |range-image=File:Haussa Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|44|-|45|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|40|-|43|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، ساوانا، ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNHaussagenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=نامعلوم&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNHaussagenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNHaussagenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[جانسٽن جو جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. johnstoni
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[ريجنلڊ اِنس پوڪاڪ|پوڪاڪ]] |authority-year=1908
|range=اتر اولهه آفريڪا |range-image=File:Johnston's Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|47|-|52|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|46|-|50|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، ساوانا، ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNJohnstonsgenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته بنيادي طور جيت کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNJohnstonsgenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=NT |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNJohnstonsgenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ڪنگ جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. poensis
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[جارج رابرٽ واٽر هائوس|واٽر هائوس]] |authority-year=1838
|range=اولهه آفريڪا جا ٽڙيل پکڙيل حصا |range-image=File:King Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|42|-|68|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|35|-|47|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNKinggenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=نامعلوم؛ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته ٿڻائتا جانور ۽ ميوا کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNKinggenet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=DD |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNKinggenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[پارڊين جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. pardina
|image=File:Pardine Genet at WWP.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڀوري ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[ازيدور جيوفروائي سينٽ-هيلير|جيوفروائي]] |authority-year=1832
|range=اتر اولهه آفريڪا |range-image=File:Pardine Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|41|-|56|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|39|-|45|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، ساوانا، ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNPardinegenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ڪوئا کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ جيت، ميوا، پکي، ۽ ٻيا ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNPardinegenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNPardinegenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[زنگي داغن وارو جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. maculata
|image=File:Panther Genet (Genetta maculata) (30556229264).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي داغدار وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[جان ايڊورڊ گري|گري]] |authority-year=1830 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=وچ ۽ ڏکڻ آفريڪا |range-image=File:Rusty-spotted Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|41|-|53|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|39|-|54|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، ساوانا، ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNRusty-spottedgenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور اڻ-ڪرنگهي وارا جانور، مڇي، ٻه-زندگي جانور، رينگڻا، ننڍا پکي، آنا، ۽ ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ ميوا، ٻج، ۽ ٻير به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNRusty-spottedgenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNRusty-spottedgenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[سروالين جينيٽ]] |binomial=G. servalina
|image=File:Servaline Genet.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[جاڪ پوشيران|پوشيران]] |authority-year=1855
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=پنج ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''G. s. archeri'' ([[زانزيبار سروالين جينيٽ]])
| ''G. s. bettoni''
| ''G. s. lowei''
| ''G. s. schwarzi''
| ''G. s. servalina''
}}
|range=وچ آفريڪا |range-image=File:Servaline Genet area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|44|-|51|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|36|-|49|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNServalinegenet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور ۽ جيت کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ نانگ، پکي، ۽ ميوا به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNServalinegenet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNServalinegenet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[پوئيانا (جنس)|پوئيانا]] |authority-name=[[جان ايڊورڊ گري|گري]] |authority-year=1865 |species-count=ٻه}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[وچ آفريڪي اويان]] |binomial=P. richardsonii
|image=File:Em - Poiana richardsonii 2.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڀُريل ناسي ۽ ڪاري وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[ٽي. آر. ايڇ. ٿامسن|ٿامسن]] |authority-year=1842 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=ٻه ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''P. r. ochracea''
| ''P. r. richardsonii''
}}
|range=وچ آفريڪا |range-image=File:African Linsang area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|33|-|38|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|35|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;ADWCentralAfricanoyan&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCentralAfricanoyan&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته ننڍا ڪرنگهي وارا ۽ اڻ-ڪرنگهي وارا جانور کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCentralAfricanoyan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCentralAfricanoyan&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[اولهه آفريڪي اويان]] |binomial=P. leightoni
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[ريجنلڊ اِنس پوڪاڪ|پوڪاڪ]] |authority-year=1908
|range=اولهه آفريڪا |range-image=File:Leighton's Linsang area.png |range-image-size=165px
|size={{convert|30|-|38|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|35|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNWestAfricanoyan&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته ننڍا ڪرنگهي وارا ۽ اڻ-ڪرنگهي وارا جانور کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNWestAfricanoyan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=VU |population=6,700-10,000
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNWestAfricanoyan&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

===ذيلي خاندان هيميگاليني===
{{Main article|هيميگاليني}}
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[ڪروٽوگالي]] |authority-name=[[اولڊفيلڊ ٿامس|ٿامس]] |authority-year=1912 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[آوسٽن جو پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=C. owstoni
|image=File:Chrotogale owstoni PWP.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڀورو ۽ ڪارو وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[اولڊفيلڊ ٿامس|ٿامس]] |authority-year=1912
|range=ويتنام جي ڀرسان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا |range-image=File:Owston's Palm Civet area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|51|-|63|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|38|-|48|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalSEAsia&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNOwstonspalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته بنيادي طور زميني ڪيڙا ۽ ٻيا اڻ-ڪرنگهي وارا جانور کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNOwstonspalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=EN |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNOwstonspalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[سائنوگالي]] |authority-name=[[جان ايڊورڊ گري|گري]] |authority-year=1837 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[اوٽر سِوِٽ]] |binomial=C. bennettii
|image=File:Cynogale bennettii - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02714.JPG |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڀريل ناسي ۽ ڀورو وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[جان ايڊورڊ گري|گري]] |authority-year=1837 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=ٻه ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''C. b. bennettii''
| ''C. b. lowei''
}}
|range=ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا |range-image=File:Otter Civet area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|57|-|68|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|12|-|21|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalSEAsia&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو ۽ اندريون آبي ڀٽون&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNOttercivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور مڇي، ڪيڪڙا، مولسڪ، ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور، ۽ پکي کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNOttercivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=EN |population=2,500
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNOttercivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[ڊپلوگالي]] |authority-name=[[اولڊفيلڊ ٿامس|ٿامس]] |authority-year=1912 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[هوز جو پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=D. hosei
|image=File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg |image-size=135px |image-alt=ناسي وِويرڊ جي ڊرائنگ
|authority-name=[[اولڊفيلڊ ٿامس|ٿامس]] |authority-year=1892
|range=ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ بورنيو |range-image=File:Hose's Palm Civet area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|47|-|54|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|29|-|34|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;Hosespalmcivetlength&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNHosespalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته بنيادي طور ننڍيون مڇيون، جهينگا، ڪيڪڙا، ۽ ڏيڏر، گڏوگڏ جيت کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNHosespalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=VU |population=9,500
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNHosespalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[هيميگالس]] |authority-name=[[ڪلاڊ جورڊان|جورڊان]] |authority-year=1837 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[پٽيدار پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=H. derbyanus
|image=File:Banded palm civet 10.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڀورو ۽ ڪارو پٽيدار وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[جان ايڊورڊ گري|گري]] |authority-year=1837 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=چار ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''H. d. boiei''
| ''H. d. derbyanus''
| ''H. d. minor''
| ''H. d. sipora''
}}
|range=ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا |range-image=File:Banded Palm Civet area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|45|-|56|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|25|-|36|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalSEAsia&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBandedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور جيت کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBandedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=NT |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBandedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

===ذيلي خاندان پيراڊوڪسوريني===
{{Main article|پيراڊوڪسوريني}}
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[آرڪٽڪٽس]] |authority-name=[[ڪونراڊ جيڪب ٽيمينڪ|ٽيمينڪ]] |authority-year=1824 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[بِنٽورونگ]] |binomial=A. binturong
|image=File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڳاڙهو ڀورو وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[اسٽيمفورڊ رافلز|رافلز]] |authority-year=1821 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=ڇهه ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''A. b. albifrons''
| ''A. b. binturong''
| ''A. b. kerkhoveni''
| ''A. b. menglaensis''
| ''A. b. penicillatus''
| ''A. b. whitei'' ([[پالاوان بِنٽورونگ]])
}}
|range=ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا |range-image=File:Binturong area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|61|-|96|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|56|-|89|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;ADWBinturong&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBinturong&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ميوا کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBinturong&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=VU |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBinturong&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[آرڪٽوگاليڊيا]] |authority-name=[[ڪلنٽن هارٽ ميريم|ميريم]] |authority-year=1897 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ننڍن ڏندن وارو پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=A. trivirgata
|image=File:Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmatica) (8076736823) (cut).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڳاڙهو ڀورو وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[جان ايڊورڊ گري|گري]] |authority-year=1832 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand= |title=چوڏهن ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''A. t. bancana''
| ''A. t. fusca''
| ''A. t. inornata''
| ''A. t. leucotis''
| ''A. t. macra''
| ''A. t. major''
| ''A. t. millsi''
| ''A. t. minor''
| ''A. t. simplex''
| ''A. t. stigmaticus''
| ''A. t. sumatrana''
| ''A. t. tingia''
| ''A. t. trilineata''
| ''A. t. trivirgata''
}}
|range=ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا |range-image=File:Small-toothed Palm Cive area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|44|-|60|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|48|-|66|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;ADWSmall-toothedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNSmall-toothedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=همه خور؛ بنيادي طور ميوا کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNSmall-toothedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNSmall-toothedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[ميڪروگاليڊيا]] |authority-name=[[ارنسٽ شوارز (حيوانيات دان)|شوارز]] |authority-year=1910 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[سولاويسي پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=M. musschenbroekii
|image=File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي وِويرڊن جي ڊرائنگ
|authority-name=[[هرمن شليگل|شليگل]] |authority-year=1877 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سولاويسي ٻيٽ |range-image=File:Sulawesi Palm Civet area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|65|-|72|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|44|-|54|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، جهڙي زمين، ۽ گاهه وارو ميدان&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNSulawesipalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ڪوئا ۽ [[اريڪيسي|پام جا ميوا]] کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ ٻيا ننڍا ٿڻائتا جانور، پکي، ميوا، ۽ گاهه به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNSulawesipalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=VU |population=9,000
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNSulawesipalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[پاگوما]] |authority-name=[[جان ايڊورڊ گري|گري]] |authority-year=1831 |species-count=هڪ}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ماسڪڊ پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=P. larvata
|image=File:Palm civet on tree (detail).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڀورو وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[چارلس هئملٽن سمٿ|ايڇ. سمٿ]] |authority-year=1827 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand= |title=سورهن ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''P. l. chichingensis''
| ''P. l. grayi''
| ''P. l. hainana''
| ''P. l. intrudens''
| ''P. l. janetta''
| ''P. l. jourdanii''
| ''P. l. lanigera''
| ''P. l. larvata''
| ''P. l. leucomystax''
| ''P. l. neglecta''
| ''P. l. nigriceps''
| ''P. l. ogilbyi''
| ''P. l. robusta''
| ''P. l. taivana''
| ''P. l. tytlerii''
| ''P. l. wroughtoni''
}}
|range=اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا |range-image=File:Masked Palm Civet area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|50|-|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|50|-|64|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;ADWMaskedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNMaskedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=همه خور؛ بنيادي طور ميوا کائي ٿو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNMaskedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNMaskedpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[پيراڊوڪسورس]] |authority-name=[[فريڊرڪ ڪيوويئر|ايف. ڪيوويئر]] |authority-year=1821 |species-count=ٽي}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ايشيائي پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=P. hermaphroditus
|image=File:Asian Palm Civet Over A Tree.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ڀورو وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[پيٽر سائمن پالاس|پالاس]] |authority-year=1777 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand= |title=30 ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''P. h. balicus''
| ''P. h. bondar''
| ''P. h. canescens''
| ''P. h. canus''
| ''P. h. cochinensis''
| ''P. h. dongfangensis''
| ''P. h. enganus''
| ''P. h. exitus''
| ''P. h. hermaphroditus''
| ''P. h. javanica''
| ''P. h. kangeanus''
| ''P. h. laotum''
| ''P. h. lignicolor''
| ''P. h. milleri''
| ''P. h. minor''
| ''P. h. musanga''
| ''P. h. nictitans''
| ''P. h. pallasii''
| ''P. h. pallens''
| ''P. h. parvus''
| ''P. h. philippinensis''
| ''P. h. pugnax''
| ''P. h. pulcher''
| ''P. h. sacer''
| ''P. h. scindiae''
| ''P. h. senex''
| ''P. h. setosus''
| ''P. h. simplex''
| ''P. h. sumbanus''
| ''P. h. vellerosus''
}}
|range=ڏکڻ ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا (سائو)، متعارف ڪرايل (ڳاڙهو) |range-image=File:Asian Palm Civet area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|47|-|57|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|47|-|56|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;MamChina409413&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو، جهڙي زمين، ۽ گاهه وارو ميدان&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAsianpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور چوها ۽ ميوا کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ جيت ۽ مولسڪ به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAsianpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{decrease|آبادي گهٽجي رهي آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAsianpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[ناسي پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=P. jerdoni
|image=File:ParadoxurusJerdoniSmit.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي وِويرڊ جي ڊرائنگ
|authority-name=[[وليم ٿامس بلانفورڊ|بلانفورڊ]] |authority-year=1885
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=ٻه ذيلي نسلون |bullets=on
| ''P. j. caniscus''
| ''P. j. jerdoni''
}}
|range=ڏکڻ اولهه ڀارت |range-image=File:Jerdon's Palm Civet range.png |range-image-size=161px
|size={{convert|43|-|62|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|38|-|53|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;ADWBrownpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBrownpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ميوا کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ پکي، ڪوئا، ۽ جيت به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBrownpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{steady|آبادي مستحڪم آهي}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBrownpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[سونهري پام سِوِٽ]] |binomial=P. zeylonensis
|image=File:Paradoxurus zeylonensis.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=ناسي وِويرڊ
|authority-name=[[يوهان ڪرسچن ڊينئل فان شريبر|شريبر]] |authority-year=1778 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=سري لنڪا |range-image=File:Golden Palm Civet range.png |range-image-size=161px
|size={{convert|50|-|58|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهو، ان سان گڏ {{convert|43|-|53|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} دم&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;/&gt;
|habitat=ٻيلو ۽ جهڙي زمين&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNGoldenpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|hunting=بنيادي طور ٻير، ميوا، ۽ اڻ-ڪرنگهي وارا جانور کائي ٿو، گڏوگڏ ننڍا ڪرنگهي وارا جانور به&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNGoldenpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
|iucn-status=LC |population=نامعلوم
|direction={{population change unknown}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNGoldenpalmcivet&quot;/&gt;
}}
{{Species table/end}}

== حوالا ==
&lt;references&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GoldenPalmSplit&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Groves |first=C. P. |author2=Rajapaksha, C. |author3=Manemandra-Arachchi, K. |title=سري لنڪا جي مقامي سونهري پام سيوٽ جي درجابندي |journal=[[زولاجيڪل جرنل آف دي لِنين سوسائٽي]] |volume=155 |pages=238–251 |year=2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00451.x |url=http://www.lakdasun.org/forum/doc_base/endemic_golden_palm_civet_of_sri_lanka.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103010218/http://www.lakdasun.org/forum/doc_base/endemic_golden_palm_civet_of_sri_lanka.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 3, 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809144130/http://www.lakdasun.org/forum/doc_base/endemic_golden_palm_civet_of_sri_lanka.pdf |date=August 9, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GenettaExpand&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Taylor |first2=P. J. |last3=Veron |first3=G. |year=2005 |chapter=جينيٽن (Carnivora, Viverridae, ''Genetta'') جي گڏيل درجابندي ۽ ارتقائي نظاميات: آفريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ نسلن واري گوشت خور جنس جي نئين درجابندي |pages=371–383 |title=آفريقي حياتياتي تنوع: ماليڪيول، جاندار، ماحولياتي نظام. ميوزيم ڪونگ، بون ۾ ٽراپيڪل حياتيات بابت پنجين بين الاقوامي سمپوزيم جا مقالا |editor-last1=Huber |editor-first1=B. A. |editor-last2=Sinclair |editor-first2=B. J. |editor-last3=Lampe |editor-first3=K. H. |publisher=[[اسپرنگر سائنس اينڊ بزنس ميڊيا]] |chapter-url=http://media.withtank.com/3954452aa8/integrative_taxonomy_and_phylo-genetic_systematics_of_the_genets.pdf |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2021-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727135128/http://media.withtank.com/3954452aa8/integrative_taxonomy_and_phylo-genetic_systematics_of_the_genets.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;FieldGuideCarnivores&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=دنيا جي گوشت خور جانورن لاءِ ميداني رهنما |edition=2nd |last1=Hunter |first1=Luke |last2=Barrett  |first2=Priscilla |publisher=[[بلومزبري پبلشنگ]] |date=2020 |pages=82, 90–96 |isbn=978-1-4729-8267-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MammalsAfrica&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Van Rompaey |first1=H. |last2=Colyn |first2=M. |date=2014 |editor-last1=Kingdon |editor-first1=J. |editor-last2=Hoffmann |editor-first2=M. |title=آفريڪا جا ٿڻائتا جانور |volume=((جلد 5: گوشت خور، پينگولين، ايڪوئڊ ۽ گينڊا)) |pages=218–248 |publisher=[[بلومزبري پبلشنگ]] |isbn=978-1-4081-8994-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAbyssiniangenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Duckworth |first2=J. W. |last3=Do Linh San |first3=E. |title=''Genetta abyssinica'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T8994A45198149 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8994A45198149.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAngolangenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Fischer |first2=C. |last3=Hausser |first3=Y. |last4=Do Linh San |first4=E. |title=''Genetta angolensis'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T41696A45218468 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41696A45218468.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNBourlonsgenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Greengrass |first2=E. J. |last3=Do Linh San |first3=E. |title=''Genetta bourloni'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T136223A45220931 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136223A45220931.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCrestedservalinegenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Angelici |first2=F. M. |last3=Do Linh San |first3=E. |title=''Genetta cristata'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T8998A45198406 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8998A45198406.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCommongenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Carvalho |first2=F. |last3=Camps |first3=D. |last4=Do Linh San |first4=E. |title=''Genetta genetta'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T41698A45218636 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41698A45218636.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNJohnstonsgenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Genetta johnstoni'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T8997A45198265 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8997A45198265.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNRusty-spottedgenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Angelici |first1=F. M. |last2=Gaubert |first2=P. |last3=Do Linh San |first3=E. |title=''Genetta maculata'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T41699A45218948 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41699A45218948.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNPardinegenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Genetta pardina'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T136437A45221360 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136437A45221360.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNAquaticgenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Genetta piscivora'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T15628A45201673 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15628A45201673.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNKinggenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Genetta poensis'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T136435A45221269 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136435A45221269.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNServalinegenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=De Luca |first2=D. W. |last3=Rovero |first3=F. |last4=Do Linh San |first4=E. |title=''Genetta servalina'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T41700A97163789 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41700A97163789.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNHaussagenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Genetta thierryi'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T41701A45219325 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41701A45219325.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCapegenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Genetta tigrina'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T41702A45219459 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41702A45219459.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNGiantforestgenet&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Dinets |first2=V. |last3=Do Linh San |first3=E. |title=''Genetta victoriae'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T41703A45219531 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41703A45219531.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNWestAfricanoyan&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Poiana leightoni'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T44165A45220840 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T44165A45220840.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCNCentralAfricanoyan&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Do Linh San |first2=E. |title=''Poiana richardsonii'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T41704A45219609 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41704A45219609.en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- باقي سڀئي cite iucn، doi، article-number، url، archive-url، isbn وغيره جيئن آهن تيئن رهندا. صرف عنوانن، ڪتابن، جرنلن ۽ پبلشرن جا انگريزي عام لفظ سنڌي ۾ ترجمو ڪيا وڃن. --&gt;

&lt;/references&gt;

{{Mammal lists}}

{{featured list}}
[[زمرو:Viverridae|*]]
[[زمرو:جانورن جي نسلن جون فهرستون|viverridae]]
[[زمرو:گوشت خور جانورن جون فهرستون|viverridae]]</text>
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    <title>ڪاڪني</title>
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      <text bytes="81628" sha1="lk0q0yvltixf788fnirqjux7mkgr3o1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|لنڊن ۾ ڳالهائي ويندڙ انگريزيءَ جو لهجو}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}

{{Infobox language
| name             = ڪاڪني
| fam7             = [[برطانوي انگريزي]]
| image            = 
| map              = 
| ethnicity        = 
| notice           = IPA
| glotto           = none
| isoexception     = dialect
| ancestor3        = [[ابتدائي جديد انگريزي]]
| ancestor2        = [[وچولي انگريزي]]
| ancestor         = [[پراڻي انگريزي]]
| fam6             = [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]
| native name      = 
| fam5             = [[اينگلڪ ٻوليون|اينگلڪ]]
| fam4             = [[اِنگوئئونڪ]]
| fam3             = [[اولهه جرماني]]
| fam2             = [[جرماني ٻوليون|جرماني]]
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| script           = [[لاطيني رسم الخط|لاطيني]] ([[انگريزي الفابيٽ]])
| speakers         = 
| region           = [[گريٽر لنڊن]]
| states           = [[انگلينڊ]]
| altname          = ڪاڪني لهجو
}}

{{Listen|filename=Danny Baker BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 31 Jul 2007 b012wcl4.flac|title={{center|ڪاڪني لهجي جو مثال}}|type=speech|description={{center|[[ڊيني بيڪر]] جو آواز، جيڪو [[برمنڊزي]]، لنڊن ۾ وڏو ٿيو، [[بي بي سي ريڊيو 4]] جي پروگرام ''[[ڊيزرٽ آئلينڊ ڊسڪس]]'' مان [[:File:Danny Baker BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 31 Jul 2007 b012wcl4.flac|جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ رڪارڊ ٿيل]]}}}}
{{Listen|filename=Michael Caine BBC Radio4 Front Row 29 Sept 2010 b00tyv8c.flac|title={{center|ڪاڪني لهجي جو مثال}}|type=speech|description={{center|[[مائيڪل ڪين]] جو آواز، جيڪو [[سائوٿ وارڪ]]، لنڊن ۾ وڏو ٿيو، بي بي سي ريڊيو 4 جي پروگرام ''[[فرنٽ رو (ريڊيو پروگرام)|فرنٽ رو]]'' مان [[:File:Michael Caine BBC Radio4 Front Row 29 Sept 2010 b00tyv8c.flac|سيپٽمبر 2010ع ۾ رڪارڊ ٿيل]]}}}}

'''ڪاڪني''' [[انگريزي ٻولي]] جو هڪ [[لهجو]] آهي، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[لنڊن]] ۾، خاص طور تي [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] ۽ [[هيٺيون وچولو طبقو|هيٺئين وچولي طبقي]] جي لنڊن وارن خاندانن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اصطلاح ''ڪاڪني'' [[ايسٽ اينڊ]] جي ماڻهوءَ لاءِ [[ديمونم]] طور پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;Green, Jonathon [http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ &quot;Cockney&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706212116/http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ |date=6 July 2014 }}. ''[[آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري]]''. Retrieved 10 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Marjorie (8 July 2001). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/07/08/say-what-londons-cockney-culture-looks-a-bit-different/ &quot;Say what? London's cockney culture looks a bit different&quot;]. ''[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Oakley |first=Malcolm |date=30 September 2013 |url=https://www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/history-east-end-cockney/ |title=History of The East London Cockney |website=East London History |url-status=live |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429150036/https://www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/history-east-end-cockney/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; يا روايتي طور تي ان شخص لاءِ، جيڪو [[بو بيلز]] جي آواز جي حد اندر ڄائو هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;phrase&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cockney|volume=6|page=627}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cockney {{!}} Accent, Rhyming Slang, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cockney|access-date=2022-01-31|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013909/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cockney|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ايسچوئري انگريزي]] ڪاڪني ۽ [[رسيورڊ پرنانسيئيشن]] جي وچ وارو لهجو آهي، جيڪو لنڊن ۽ ان جي چوڌاري، ۽ وسيع [[ڏکڻ اوڀر انگلينڊ]] ۾ پڻ عام طور ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm |title=Estuary English Q and A – JCW |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2010-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111062912/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Roach|first1=Peter|title=English Phonetics and Phonology|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-71740-3|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
| last=Trudgill
| first=Peter
| year=1999
| title=The Dialects of England
| page=80
| publisher=Wiley
| edition=2nd
| isbn=0-631-21815-7
}}&lt;/ref&gt; لنڊن جي [[گهڻ ثقافتي]] علائقن ۾ ڪاڪني لهجو ڪنهن حد تائين [[گهڻ ثقافتي لنڊني انگريزي]] سان مٽجي رهيو آهي، جيڪا ڳالهائڻ جي هڪ نئين صورت آهي ۽ ان تي ڪاڪني جو نمايان اثر آهي.

== نالوڪاري ==

=== ''ڪاڪني'' جي لغوي بڻ بنياد ===

هن اصطلاح جو سڀ کان پراڻو رڪارڊ ٿيل استعمال 1362ع ۾ [[وليم لينگلئنڊ]] جي ''[[پيئرز پلومين]]'' جي پاسس VI ۾ ملي ٿو، جتي اهو &quot;ننڍي، بگڙيل شڪل واري [[آنو خوراڪ طور|آني]]&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيو آهي، جيڪو [[وچولي انگريزي]] ''coken'' + ''ey'' (&quot;[[مرغو|مرغي]] جو آنو&quot;) مان نڪتل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxoed&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]] |year=1989 |edition=Second |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50042885?query_type=word&amp;queryword=cockney&amp;first=1&amp;max_to_show=10&amp;sort_type=alpha&amp;result_place=1&amp;search_id=GFml-T85glP-13801&amp;hilite=50042885 |access-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622035837/http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50042885?query_type=word&amp;queryword=cockney&amp;first=1&amp;max_to_show=10&amp;sort_type=alpha&amp;result_place=1&amp;search_id=GFml-T85glP-13801&amp;hilite=50042885 |archive-date=22 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت آسائش جي [[ديومالائي هنڌن جي فهرست|ديومالائي سرزمين]] [[ڪاڪين]] ([[تصديق ٿيل ٻولي|1305ع کان تصديق ٿيل]]) مختلف هِجيئن ۾ ظاهر ٿي، جن ۾ ''Cockayne''، ''Cocknay'' ۽ ''Cockney'' شامل هئا، ۽ اها مزاحيه طور [[انگلينڊ جي بادشاهت|انگريزي]] گاديءَ واري شهر [[لنڊن]] سان لاڳاپيل ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;hott&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hotten|first=John Camden|title=A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words|page=22|chapter=Cockney|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zhk9h-w1negC&amp;q=Dictionary+of+Modern+Slang,+Cant+and+Vulgar+Words|year=1859|title-link=A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814210734/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zhk9h-w1negC&amp;q=Dictionary+of+Modern+Slang,+Cant+and+Vulgar+Words|url-status=live}} '''Cockney''': a native of London. An ancient nickname implying effeminacy, used by the oldest English writers, and derived from the imaginary fool's paradise, or lubber-land, ''Cockaygne''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Refn|بهرحال، نوٽ ڪيو وڃي ته هن خاص استعمال جي سڀ کان پراڻي شاهدي، جيڪا ''آڪسفورڊ انگلش ڊڪشنري'' ۾ ڏنل آهي، 1824ع جي آهي ۽ اها &quot;Cockneydom&quot; بابت اڳ ۾ موجود تصور ڏانهن طنزيه اشارو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;oedcockaigne&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|publisher=[[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|title=Oxford English Dictionary|year=2009 |edition=Second}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

''ڪاڪني'' جي معنيٰ ڳوٺاڻن انگريزن جي استعمال مان آئي آهي (1520ع ۾ تصديق ٿيل)، جتي اهو نرم، زنانو نموني وارن شهري ماڻهن لاءِ توهين آميز اصطلاح طور استعمال ٿيندو هو،{{Refn|&quot;This cokneys and tytyllynges&amp;nbsp;... [delicati pueri] may abide no sorrow when they come to age&amp;nbsp;... In these great cytees as London, York, Perusy, and such&amp;nbsp;... the children be so nicely and wantonly brought up&amp;nbsp;... that commonly they can little good.&lt;ref&gt;Whittington, Robert. ''Vulgaria''. 1520.&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;oxoed&quot; /&gt; جيڪو اڳ واري عام معنيٰ مان نڪتل هو، جتي [[جيفري چاسر]] جي ''[[دي ڪينٽربري ٽيلز]]'' جي &quot;[[دي ريوز ٽيل]]&quot; ({{Circa|lk=no|1386}}) ۾ &quot;cokenay&quot; جو مطلب &quot;ناز نخرن سان پاليل ٻار&quot; هو، ۽ وڌايل معنيٰ ۾ &quot;زناني مزاج وارو ماڻهو&quot; يا &quot;کير پياڪ ڪمزور ماڻهو&quot; هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;cumberledge&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cumberledge|first=Geoffrey|title=The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer|editor=F. N. Robinson|publisher=[[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|page=70 &amp; 1063}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو ممڪن آهي ته انهن ئي ذريعن مان يا الڳ طور ترقي ڪري ويو هجي، ۽ اهڙن اصطلاحن سان گڏوگڏ وڌيو هجي جهڙوڪ &quot;{{Linktext|cock}}&quot; ۽ &quot;{{Linktext|cocker}}&quot;، جن ٻنهي ۾ &quot;لاڏلو بڻائڻ&quot;، &quot;ناز ڪرڻ يا پالڻ&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي.{{Refn|&quot;...&amp;nbsp;I shall explain myself more particularly; only laying down this as a general and certain observation for the women to consider, ''viz''. that most children's constitutions are spoiled, or at least harmed, by ''cockering'' and ''tenderness''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Locke|first=John|title=Some thoughts concerning education | year=1695|edition=Third|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. &quot;cocker, ''v''.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&quot; &amp; &quot;cock, ''v''.&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891&lt;/ref&gt; 1600ع تائين ''ڪاڪني'' جي هيءَ معنيٰ خاص طور [[بو بيلز]] واري علائقي سان لاڳاپيل ٿي رهي هئي.&lt;ref name=phrase&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/72100.html |title=Born within the sound of Bow Bells |publisher=Phrases.org.uk |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165838/http://phrases.org.uk/meanings/72100.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[رولينڊز، سيموئل]]. ''The Letting of Humours Blood in the Head-Vaine''. 1600.&lt;/ref&gt; 1617ع ۾ سفرناما نگار [[فائينز موريسن]] پنهنجي ''Itinerary'' ۾ لکيو ته &quot;لنڊن وارا، ۽ بو بيلز جي آواز جي حد اندر سڀ ماڻهو، ملامت طور ڪاڪني سڏجن ٿا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://london.lovesguide.com/articles/bow_bells.htm |title=Bow Bells |publisher=London.lovesguide.com |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712144308/http://london.lovesguide.com/articles/bow_bells.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي سال [[جان منشو]] پنهنجي لغت ''Ductor in Linguas'' ۾ هن اصطلاح کي هن نئين محدود معنيٰ ۾ شامل ڪيو.{{Refn|&quot;A Cockney or a Cocksie, applied only to one born within the sound of Bow bell, that is in the City of London&quot;. نوٽ، بہرحال، ته سندس پيش ڪيل [[لغوي بڻ بنياد]] — يا ته &quot;cock&quot; ۽ &quot;neigh&quot; مان، يا [[لاطيني]] ''{{Linktext|incoctus}}'' مان — ٻئي غلط هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.london-walks.co.uk/29/cockney-bow-bells-st-mary.shtml |title=Cockney. Bow Bells. St Mary-le-Bow. St Thomas Becket. London Walks. (London Walks) |access-date=2007-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816081218/https://www.london-walks.co.uk/29/cockney-bow-bells-st-mary.shtml |archive-date=16 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;cock&quot; ۽ &quot;neigh&quot; مان نڪتل مزاحيه [[عوامي لغوي بڻ بنياد]] [[فرانسس گروز]] جي 1785ع واري ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5402 A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue]'' ۾ محفوظ آهي: &quot;A citizen of London, being in the country, and hearing a horse neigh, exclaimed, Lord! How that horse laughs! A by-stander telling him that noise was called Neighing; the next morning, when the cock crowed, the citizen to {{Linktext|shew}} he had not forgotten what was told him, cried out, Do you hear how the Cock Neighs?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/c/cockney.html |title=Cockney (Grose 1811 Dictionary) |publisher=Fromoldbooks.org |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184430/http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/c/cockney.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;grose&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/dcvgr10.txt|title=A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue|last=Grose|first=Francis|work=Project Gutenberg e-text|publisher=gutenberg.org|access-date=24 March 2009|archive-date=26 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926195117/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/dcvgr10.txt|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== ٻيا اصطلاح ===

* '''ڪاڪني اسپيرو''': خوش مزاج، گهڻو ڳالهائيندڙ ڪاڪني جي مثالي شڪل لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.
* '''ڪاڪني ڊائيسپورا''': اصطلاح ڪاڪني ڊائيسپورا، ڪاڪني ڳالهائيندڙن جي لنڊن کان ٻاهر ٻين هنڌن ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، خاص طور [[برطانيا جا نوان شهر|نوان شهر]].&lt;ref&gt;Academic paper on speech changes in the Cockney diaspora https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/98762773/The_PRICE_MOUTH_crossover_in_the_Cockney_Diaspora_Cole_Strycharczuk.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610105615/https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/98762773/The_PRICE_MOUTH_crossover_in_the_Cockney_Diaspora_Cole_Strycharczuk.pdf |date=10 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن ماڻهن جي اولاد لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، انهن علائقن ۾ جتي لڏپلاڻ ايتري گهڻي هئي جو لنڊن سان سڃاڻپ ايندڙ نسلن ۾ به برقرار رهي.
* '''[[ماڪني]]''': ڪوڙي ڪاڪني لهجي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هي اصطلاح ڪاڪني ڊائيسپورا جي ٻئي، ٽئين ۽ پوءِ جي نسلن طرفان پاڻ تي طنزيه نالي طور پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

== علائقو ==

شروعات ۾، جڏهن لنڊن [[لنڊن وال|ديوارن واري]] [[سٽي آف لنڊن|سٽي]] کان ٿورو ئي وڌيڪ هو، اهو اصطلاح سڀني لنڊن وارن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو، ۽ هي استعمال اوڻويهين صديءَ تائين جاري رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;hott&quot; /&gt; جيئن شهر وڌيو، وصفون لهجي يا وڌيڪ مخصوص علائقن تي ٻڌل متبادل معنيٰ ڏانهن منتقل ٿي ويون: ايسٽ اينڊ ۽ بو بيلز جي آواز جي حد اندر وارو علائقو.

لنڊن جو ايسٽ اينڊ ۽ بو بيلز جي ڀرپاسي وارو علائقو اڪثر هڪ ٻئي جي بدران استعمال ٿيندا آهن، ۽ ايسٽ اينڊ جي سڃاڻپ جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا. گهنٽن جي ٻڌڻ جي حد اندر وارو علائقو هوا جي رخ موجب بدلجي ٿو، پر عام غالب هوا جي حالتن هيٺ ٻنهي جاگرافيائي وصفن ۾ لاڳاپو موجود آهي. هي اصطلاح انهن اوڀر لنڊن وارن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو، جيڪي اهو لهجو ڳالهائين ٿا، ۽ انهن لاءِ به جيڪي نٿا ڳالهائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Barney |date=2023-03-18 |title=East Londoners want Cockney recognised as official language |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/east-londoners-want-cockney-recognised-as-official-language-b1067950.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== لنڊن جو ايسٽ اينڊ ===

[[ايسٽ اينڊ]] جا روايتي مرڪزي ضلعا [[مڊل سيڪس]] جي شهرن [[بيٿنل گرين]]، [[وائيٽ چيپل]]، [[اسپٽل فيلڊز]]، [[اسٽيپني]]، [[واپنگ]]، [[لائم هائوس]]، [[پوپلر، لنڊن|پوپلر]]، [[هيگرسٽن]]، [[شيڊويل]]، [[شورڊچ]]، [[هيڪني، لنڊن|هيڪني]]، [[هاڪسٽن]]، [[بو، لنڊن|بو]] ۽ [[مائل اينڊ]] تي مشتمل آهن. اهي لڳ ڀڳ سڀئي علائقا اصل ۾ [[اسٽيپني]] جي منور ۽ پيرش جو حصو هئا. 1600ع ۽ 1700ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾ [[ڪاڪنيز فيسٽ]]، جنهن کي پوءِ اسٽيپني فيسٽ پڻ چيو ويو، هر مئي ۾ اسٽيپني ۾ منعقد ٿيندو هو. هن تقريب جو مقصد پئسا گڏ ڪرڻ هو ته جيئن اسٽيپني جا ڇوڪرا سامونڊي واپار ۾ شاگردي ڪري سگهن.

ايسٽ اينڊ جي غير رسمي وصف آهستي آهستي انهن علائقن تائين وڌي وئي، جن ۾ [[پوپلر، لنڊن|پوپلر]]، [[اسٽريٽفورڊ، لنڊن|اسٽريٽفورڊ]]، [[ويسٽ هيم]] ۽ [[ڪيننگ ٽائون]] شامل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي لنڊن جي وڌندڙ [[شهري ڳانڍاپو|شهري ڳانڍاپي]] جو حصو بڻجي ويا.

وڪٽورين دور جي آخر ۾ هڪ شوخ ۽ وڏي آواز وارو &quot;ڪاڪني سويل&quot;، جنهن کي 'ايري' چيو ويندو هو، [[ايسٽ اينڊ آف لنڊن|ايسٽ اينڊ]] لنڊن وارن جو مشهور ڪارٽون نما تصور بڻجي ويو، جنهن کي [[پنچ (رسالو)|پنچ رسالي]] مشهور ڪيو. بي قابو خوشين ۽ &quot;جوشيلي ڪاڪني شرارت&quot; سان لاڳاپيل 'ايري' برطانيا ڀر جي سيرن ۾ ڏسي سگهبا هئا، پر اهي خاص طور [[لنڊن]] کان آسانيءَ سان پهچ ۾ ايندڙ ڪجهه هنڌن، جهڙوڪ [[سائوٿ اينڊ-آن-سي]]، سان لاڳاپيل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wenham |first=Simon |date=30 August 2021 |title=The Cockneys Are Coming! ’Arry and the Arrival of Londoners on the Thames in the Late Victorian Period |url=https://www.victorianweb.org/history/arry.html |url-status=live |website=The Victorian Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بو بيلز جي ٻڌڻ واري حد ===

[[File:StMaryLeBowChurch.jpg|thumb|upright|[[سينٽ ميري-لي-بو]] جو گرجا گھر]]

[[سينٽ ميري-لي-بو]] جو گرجا گھر سٽي آف لنڊن جي سڀ کان پراڻن، وڏن ۽ تاريخي طور اهم گرجا گهرن مان هڪ آهي. گهنٽن جي آواز جي حد اندر پيدا ٿيڻ تي ٻڌل وصف،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.stmarylebow.co.uk/#/bow-bells/4535373284|title=St Mary-le-Bow|website=www.stmarylebow.co.uk|access-date=5 January 2012|archive-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520115520/http://www.stmarylebow.co.uk/#/bow-bells/4535373284|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪي [[وائيٽ چيپل بيل فائونڊري]] ۾ ٺهيا هئا، هن اصطلاح جي شروعاتي وصف کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي، جيڪا سڄي لنڊن سان لاڳاپيل هئي.

گهنٽن جي ٻڌڻ واري حد جاگرافي ۽ هوا جي حالتن تي دارومدار رکي ٿي. اوڀر وارو علائقو گهڻو ڪري هيٺاهون آهي، ۽ هي عنصر غالب هوا جي قوت ۽ باقاعدگي سان گڏجي، جيڪا سال جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽن چوٿين حصي دوران اولهه-ڏکڻ-اولهه کان لڳندي آهي،&lt;ref&gt;Prevailing wind al LHR https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/documents/company/local-community/noise/reports-and-statistics/reports/community-noise-reports/CIR_Ascot_0914_0215.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004011049/https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/documents/company/local-community/noise/reports-and-statistics/reports/community-noise-reports/CIR_Ascot_0914_0215.pdf |date=4 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; آواز کي وڌيڪ اوڀر طرف ۽ وڌيڪ ڀيرا کڻي وڃي ٿي. 2012ع جي هڪ مطالعي&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sabin |first=Lamiat |date=2012-06-26 |title=Bow Bells to be given audio boost to 'curb decline of Cockneys' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/bow-bells-to-be-given-audio-boost-to-curb-decline-of-cockneys-7880794.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڏيکاريو ته اوڻويهين صديءَ ۾، عام حالتن هيٺ، گهنٽن جو آواز اوڀر ۾ [[ڪلپٽن، لنڊن|ڪلپٽن]]، [[بو، لنڊن|بو]] ۽ [[اسٽريٽفورڊ، لنڊن|اسٽريٽفورڊ]] تائين پهچندو هو، پر [[ڏکڻ لنڊن|ڏکڻ]] ۾ رڳو [[سائوٿ وارڪ]] تائين ۽ [[اولهه لنڊن|اولهه]] ۾ [[هولبورن]] تائين پهچندو هو. هڪ اڳوڻي مطالعي&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Cockney {{!}} Oxford English Dictionary |url=http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303014212/http://public.oed.com:80/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ |archive-date=2018-03-03 |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; موجب آواز اڃا به وڌيڪ پري تائين پهچندو هو. 2012ع واري مطالعي ڏيکاريو ته جديد دور ۾، شور آلودگي سبب، گهنٽا رڳو [[شورڊچ]] تائين ٻڌي سگهجن ٿا. روايت موجب، [[ڊڪ وِهٽنگٽن]] اهي گهنٽا 4.5 ميل پري [[هاءِ گيٽ]] هِل تي ٻڌا هئا، جيڪو هاڻي [[اتر لنڊن]] ۾ آهي. مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿئي ٿو ته اهو ممڪن آهي ته وِهٽنگٽن انهن ناياب ڏينهن مان ڪنهن هڪ ڏينهن تي اهي ٻڌا هجن، جڏهن هوا ڏکڻ کان لڳندي هجي.

سينٽ ميري-لي-بو جو گرجا گھر 1666ع ۾ [[لنڊن جي وڏي باهه]] ۾ تباهه ٿيو ۽ [[سر ڪرسٽوفر رين]] ان کي ٻيهر تعمير ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ 1941ع ۾ [[دي بلٽز]] دوران گهنٽا ٻيهر تباهه ٿي ويا، پر اهي 13 جون 1940ع تي [[ٻي عالمي جنگ جون برطانوي حملي مخالف تياريون|ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي حملي مخالف تيارين]] جي حصي طور خاموش ڪيا ويا هئا. 1961ع ۾ انهن جي بدلي کان اڳ هڪ اهڙو دور هو، جڏهن &quot;آواز جي حد اندر&quot; واري وصف موجب، ڪو به &quot;بو بيل&quot; ڪاڪني پيدا ٿي نٿي سگهيو.&lt;ref&gt;J. Swinnerton, ''The London Companion'' (Robson, 2004), p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙي لفظي وصف جو استعمال ٻيا مسئلا پڻ پيدا ڪري ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ گرجا گهر جي چوڌاري علائقو هاڻي رهائشي نه رهيو آهي، ۽ ان علائقي ۾ شور آلودگي سان گڏ زچگي وارڊن جي غير موجودگيءَ سبب تمام ٿورا ماڻهو آواز جي حد اندر ڄمندا آهن.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|p=11}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smallman |first=Etan |date=2012-06-25 |title=Muted Bow Bells drive Cockneys &quot;to extinction&quot; |url=https://metro.co.uk/2012/06/25/muted-bow-bells-drive-cockneys-to-extinction-479876/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Metro |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڌنڌليون وصفون ===
علائقائي وصفون ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڌنڌليون ٿي وينديون آهن. 2024–25ع جي موسم کان اڳ، [[ويسٽ هيم يونائيٽيڊ]] هڪ اوي شرٽ جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي هن &quot;ڪاڪني ڪٽ&quot; سڏيو. تشهيري مواد [[اوڀر لنڊن]] لاءِ لهجي بدران علائقي تي ٻڌل ڪاڪني سڃاڻپ کي ملهايو.

هن ڪٽ جي پٺئين پاسي بو بيلز کي علائقي جي علامت طور ڏيکاريو ويو، ۽ تشهيري وڊيو ۾ [[سينٽ ميري-لي-بو]] جو گرجا گھر ۽ اوڀر لنڊن جا اهي حصا شامل هئا، جيڪي گهنٽن جي آواز جي حد اندر آهن&amp;nbsp;– جهڙوڪ [[برڪ لين]]، اپر ڪلپٽن ۽ [[اسٽريٽفورڊ، لنڊن|اسٽريٽفورڊ]]&amp;nbsp;– ان سان گڏ مضافاتي اوڀر لنڊن جي [[رومفورڊ]] ۾ هڪ منظر پڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Cockney Kit. Introducing the new 2024/25 West Ham United Away Kit {{!}} West Ham United F.C. |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/cockney-kit-introducing-new-202425-west-ham-united-away-kit |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.whufc.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لهجو {{Anchor|Cockney speech}} ==
{{IPA notice}}
ڪاڪني ڳالهائيندڙن جا مخصوص اچار ۽ لهجا آهن ۽ اهي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[هم قافيه ٻولي]] پڻ استعمال ڪندا آهن. [[انگريزي لهجن جي سروي]] 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ هيڪني جي هڪ پراڻي رهواسي جي رڪارڊنگ ڪئي، ۽ [[بي بي سي]] 1999ع ۾ ٻي رڪارڊنگ ڪئي، جنهن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته لهجو ڪيئن بدلجي چڪو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=British Library |url=http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0908X0021XX-0100V1.xml |title=Survey of English Dialects, Hackney, London |publisher=Sounds.bl.uk |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815213434/http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0908X0021XX-0100V1.xml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=British Library |url=http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0900X05075X-0200V1.xml |title=British Library Archival Sound Recordings |publisher=Sounds.bl.uk |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812064425/http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0900X05075X-0200V1.xml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاڪني جي هڪ خاص اچار واري خصوصيت [[ٿ-فرنٽنگ|''th''-فرنٽنگ]] آهي.

ڪاڪني لغت جي شروعاتي ترقي اڻ چٽي آهي، پر لڳي ٿو ته ان تي [[ايسڪس لهجو|ايسڪس]] ۽ لاڳاپيل اوڀر وارن لهجن جو وڏو اثر هو،{{Sfn|Ellis|1890|pp=35, 57, 58}} جڏهن ته [[يدش]] مان ورتل لفظ، جهڙوڪ ''kosher'' (اصل ۾ عبراني، يدش وسيلي، معنيٰ ''قانوني'' يا ''جائز'') ۽ ''shtum'' ({{IPA|/ʃtʊm/}} اصل ۾ جرمن، يدش وسيلي، معنيٰ ''خاموش''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.allwords.com/word-shtumm.html |title=Definition of shtumm |publisher=Allwords.com |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043016/http://www.allwords.com/word-shtumm.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[روماني ٻولي|روماني]] مان ورتل لفظ، مثال طور ''wonga'' (معنيٰ ''پئسا''، روماني &quot;wanga&quot; مان، جنهن جي معنيٰ ڪوئلو آهي),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessballs.com/moneyslanghistory.htm |title=money slang history, words, expressions and money slang meanings, london cockney money slang words meanings expressions |publisher=Businessballs.com |access-date=18 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ''cushty'' (Kushty) (روماني ''kushtipen'' مان، معنيٰ سٺو) هن ڳالهه کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته انهن گروهن جو هن ڳالهائڻ جي انداز جي ترقيءَ تي اثر هو.

[[File:MyOldDutch.ogg|thumb|300x300px|[[البرٽ شيوليئر]] پاران &quot;[[ماءِ اولڊ ڊچ (گيت)|ماءِ اولڊ ڊچ]]&quot; جي 1899ع واري رڪارڊنگ؛ هو ميوزڪ هال جو فنڪار هو، جنهن پنهنجو مواد وڪٽورين لنڊن ۾ ڪاڪني [[ڪاسٽرمانگر]] جي زندگيءَ تي ٻڌل رکيو.]]
جان ڪيمڊن هاٽن پنهنجي 1859ع واري ''Slang Dictionary'' ۾ لنڊن جي ايسٽ اينڊ جي [[ڪاسٽرمانگر]]ن کي بيان ڪندي &quot;انهن جي هڪ خاص عاميانه ٻوليءَ جي استعمال&quot; جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.

=== لڏپلاڻ ۽ ارتقا ===
1964ع ۾ [[ليٽن اسٽون]] بابت هڪ لهجياتي مطالعي مان معلوم ٿيو ته هن علائقي جو لهجو [[ايوا سيورٽسن]] طرفان بيٿنل گرين ۾ رڪارڊ ڪيل لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ملندڙ هو، پر تڏهن به ڪجهه خاصيتون اهڙيون هيون جيڪي ليٽن اسٽون جي ڳالهائڻ کي ڪاڪني کان الڳ ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Werth |first=P.N. |date=1965 |title=The Dialect of Leytonstone, East London |type=Bachelor |page=16 |publisher=University of Leeds |url=https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/410290/the_dialect_of_leytonstone_east_london |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041359/https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/410290/the_dialect_of_leytonstone_east_london |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ڪيل لساني تحقيق مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته اڄ ڪلهه گهڻ ثقافتي علائقن ۾ ڪاڪني لهجي جا ڪجهه پهلو استعمال ۾ گهٽجي رهيا آهن، جتي ڪاڪني جون ڪجهه روايتي خاصيتون [[گهڻ ثقافتي لنڊني انگريزي]] سان مٽجي ويون آهن، جيڪا هڪ [[گهڻ نسلي لهجو]] آهي ۽ مختلف پس منظر رکندڙ نوجوانن ۾ خاص طور عام آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10473059 |title=Cockney to disappear from London 'within 30 years' |publisher=BBC |access-date=1 October 2010 |date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319182516/https://www.bbc.com/news/10473059 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، [[گلوٽل اسٽاپ]]، ٻٽي نفي، ۽ [[ايل-ووڪلائيزيشن|ڳاڙهي ايل جي صوتي تبديلي]]، ۽ ڪاڪني ڳالهائڻ جون ٻيون خاصيتون گهڻ ثقافتي لنڊني انگريزيءَ تي ڪاڪني اثرن ۾ شامل آهن، ۽ [[هم قافيه ٻولي]] جا ڪجهه اصطلاح اڃا عام استعمال ۾ آهن.

جولاءِ 2010ع ۾ [[لينڪاسٽر يونيورسٽي]] جي سماجي لسانيات جي پروفيسر [[پال ڪرسول]] جي هڪ اثرائتي رپورٽ، ''Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition, and diffusion of a new variety''، اڳڪٿي ڪئي ته ڪاڪني لهجو 30 سالن اندر لنڊن جي گهٽين مان غائب ٿي ويندو.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; [[اقتصادي ۽ سماجي تحقيقاتي ڪائونسل]] جي مالي مدد سان ٿيل هن مطالعي ۾ چيو ويو ته اهو لهجو، جيڪو 500 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي کان موجود آهي، لنڊن ۾ هڪ نئين مخلوط ٻوليءَ سان مٽجي رهيو آهي. ڪرسول چيو: &quot;ايسٽ اينڊ ۾ ڪاڪني هاڻي پاڻ کي گهڻ ثقافتي لنڊني انگريزيءَ ۾ بدلائي رهيو آهي، جيڪا هتي رهندڙ انهن سڀني ماڻهن جو هڪ نئون ملائي ٿيل ميلٽنگ-پاٽ آهي، جن [[انگريزي ٻي ٻولي طور]] سکي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;

[[برطانيا جا نوان شهر|نوان]] ۽ وڌايل شهرن جي هڪ سلسلي اڪثر مقامي ڳالهائڻ تي مضبوط اثر وڌو آهي. گاديءَ واري شهر کان ٻاهر ڪيترائي علائقا گهٽ يا وڌ حد تائين ڪاڪني ڳالهائيندڙ بڻجي ويا آهن، جن ۾ [[هيمل هيمپسٽيڊ]]، [[بيزلڊن]] ۽ [[هارلو]] جا نوان شهر، ۽ [[گريز، ايسڪس|گريز]]، [[چيلمسفورڊ]] ۽ [[سائوٿ اينڊ]] جهڙا وڌايل شهر شامل آهن. بهرحال، جتي تمام گهٽ ملاوٽ نه هجي، اتي عام خصوصيتن سبب ان کي سڃاڻڻ ڏکيو آهي: لساني تاريخدان ۽ شروعاتي لهجن جي محقق [[اليگزينڊر جان ايلس]] 1890ع ۾ چيو ته ڪاڪني لنڊن جي ڳالهائڻ تي ايسڪس لهجي جي اثر سبب ترقي ڪئي.{{Sfn|Ellis|1890|pp=35, 57, 58}}

1981ع ۾ لکندي، لهجيات دان پيٽر رائيٽ [[ڊيگنهام]] ۾ [[بيڪنٽري]] اسٽيٽ جي تعمير کي ڪاڪني لهجي جي پکڙجڻ ۾ اثرائتو قرار ڏنو. هي وسيع اسٽيٽ [[ڪارپوريشن آف لنڊن]] طرفان ايسٽ اينڊ جي غريب ماڻهن کي ايسڪس جي اڳوڻي ٻهراڙي علائقي ۾ رهائش ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺاهي وئي. رهواسين عام طور ايسڪس لهجو اختيار ڪرڻ بدران پنهنجو ڪاڪني لهجو برقرار رکيو.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|p=146}} رائيٽ اهو پڻ لکي ٿو ته ڪاڪني لهجو 1923ع کان ئي مکيه ريلوي رستن سان گڏ ڀرپاسي وارن ڪائونٽين جي شهرن تائين پکڙجي ويو، ۽ ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ وڌيڪ پکڙيو، جڏهن بمباري سبب ڪيترائي پناهگير لنڊن ڇڏي ويا ۽ پنهنجن نون گهرن ۾ به ڪاڪني ڳالهائيندا رهيا.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|p=147}}

هڪ وڌيڪ پري مثال، جتي اهو لهجو نمايان آهي، [[نارفڪ]] جو [[ٿيٽفورڊ]] آهي، جنهن جو قد 1957ع کان ٽيڻو ٿي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ [[لنڊن ڪائونٽي ڪائونسل]] جي مالي مدد سان سماجي رهائش فراهم ڪري لنڊن وارن کي اتي آڻڻ جي شعوري ڪوشش ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2019/12/21/the-cockneys-of-thetford The Cockneys of Thetford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618232719/https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2019/12/21/the-cockneys-of-thetford |date=18 June 2020 }}, ''The Economist'', 21 December 2019&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عام خاصيتون ===
[[File:Cockney short monophthong chart.svg|thumb|250px|ڪاڪني جي مختصر اڪيلي سرن جون حدون سرن جي چارٽ تي، {{Harvcoltxt|Beaken|1971|pp=189, 193}} مان. شوا {{IPA|/ə/}} لفظ جي اندر واري قسم آهي؛ لفظ جي آخر واري قسم اڪثر {{IPA|/a/}} يا حتيٰ {{IPA|/æ/}} سان ملي وڃي ٿي، جيڪي لفظ جي آخر ۾ نٿا اچن. {{IPA|/e/}}، {{IPAblink|ɛ}} واري علائقي ۾ {{IPA|/æ/}} سان ملي سگهي ٿو.|class=skin-invert-image]]
[[File:Cockney long monophthong chart.svg|thumb|250px|ڪاڪني جا ڊگها اڪيلا سر سرن جي چارٽ تي، {{Sfn|Beaken|1971|p=197}} مان. {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} ۾ مرڪز ڏانهن سرڪندڙ آواز اچي سگهي ٿو: {{IPA|[ɪə, eə, ɔə, æə]}}. {{IPA|/æː/}} جو متبادل اچار {{IPA|[æw]}} آهي، جيڪو چارٽ تي ڏيکاريل آهي. {{sc2|CURE}} وارو سر {{IPA|/ʊː/}} نه ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.|class=skin-invert-image]]
[[File:Cockney diphthong chart.svg|thumb|250px|ڪاڪني جا ٻٽا سر سرن جي چارٽ تي، {{Sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=197, 200}} مان. {{IPA|/ɪj/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ʉw/}} چارٽ تي اڻ گول وچولي مرڪزي شروعاتي نقطي سان ڏيکاريل آهن: {{IPA|[əj, əw]}}. {{IPA|/əw/}} پڻ وڌيڪ کليل نموني شروع ٿئي ٿو: {{IPA|[ɐw]}}، {{sc2|STRUT}} واري علائقي ۾.|class=skin-invert-image]]

برطانيا جي ڪيترن ئي لهجن وانگر ڪاڪني [[نان-روٽڪ]] آهي. آخري ''-er'' کي وسيع ڪاڪني ۾ {{IPAblink|ə}} يا هيٺ آيل {{IPAblink|ɐ}} طور اچاريو ويندو آهي. سڀني يا لڳ ڀڳ سڀني نان-روٽڪ لهجن وانگر، جوڙيل لغوي سيٽ &lt;small&gt;COMM&lt;u&gt;A&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/small&gt; ۽ &lt;small&gt;LETT&lt;u&gt;ER&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/small&gt;، &lt;small&gt;PALM/BATH&lt;/small&gt; ۽ &lt;small&gt;START&lt;/small&gt;، &lt;small&gt;THOUGHT&lt;/small&gt; ۽ &lt;small&gt;NORTH/FORCE&lt;/small&gt; گڏجي وڃن ٿا. تنهنڪري ''cheetah'' جهڙن لفظن جو آخري پد وسيع ڪاڪني ۾ {{IPAblink|ɐ}} طور پڻ اچاري سگهجي ٿو.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|pp=133–135}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ic.arizona.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/CockneyEnglish.html |title=Cockney English |publisher=Ic.arizona.edu |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316103515/http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/CockneyEnglish.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}}

لفظن جهڙوڪ ''bath''، ''grass'' ۽ ''demand'' ۾ هڪ وسيع {{IPA|/ɑː/}} [[ٽريپ–باٿ ورهاست|استعمال ٿيندو آهي]]. اهو 16هين–17هين صديءَ ۾ لنڊن ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ [[رسيورڊ پرنانسيئيشن]] (RP) جو پڻ حصو آهي.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|pp=136–137}}

هن لهجي ۾ [[ٽي-گلوٽلائيزيشن]] موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ {{IPA|/t/}} جي [[ايلوفون]] طور مختلف هنڌن تي گلوٽل اسٽاپ استعمال ٿئي ٿو،{{Sfn|Sivertsen|1960|p=111}}{{Sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|pp=34}} جنهن ۾ زور واري پد کان پوءِ وارو هنڌ پڻ شامل آهي. گلوٽل اسٽاپ {{IPA|/k/}} ۽ {{IPA|/p/}} لاءِ به ٿيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ گهٽ، ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن لفظ جي وچ وارن حرفن لاءِ پڻ. مثال طور [[رچرڊ وائٽنگ]] &quot;Hyde Park&quot; کي ''Hy' Par''' لکيو. ''Like'' ۽ ''light'' هم آواز ٿي سگهن ٿا. &quot;Clapham&quot; کي ''Cla'am'' يعني {{IPA|[ˈkl̥æʔm̩]}} چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|pp=136–137}} انهيءَ خاصيت سبب ڪاڪني جو ذڪر اڪثر [[سامي ٻوليون|سامي ٻولين]] بابت درسي ڪتابن ۾ [[گلوٽل اسٽاپ]] جي اچار جي وضاحت دوران ڪيو ويندو آهي. {{IPA|/t/}} وچ-سري حالت ۾ [[فليپنگ|فليپ]] پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو، مثال طور ''utter'' {{IPA|[ˈaɾə]}}. لنڊني {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} اڪثر وچ-سري ۽ آخري ماحول ۾ هوا سان اچاريا ويندا آهن، مثال طور ''upper'' {{IPA|[ˈapʰə]}}, ''utter'' {{IPA|[ˈatʰə]}}, ''rocker'' {{IPA|[ˈɹɔkʰə]}}, ''up'' {{IPA|[ˈaʔpʰ]}}, ''out'' {{IPA|[ˈæːʔtʰ]}}, ''rock'' {{IPA|[ˈɹɔʔkʰ]}}, جڏهن ته [[رسيورڊ پرنانسيئيشن|RP]] کي روايتي طور اڻ-هوا وارن روپن سان بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وڌيڪ اهو ته گهٽ ۾ گهٽ وسيع ڪاڪني ۾ هوا سان اچارڻ جو درجو عام طور RP کان وڌيڪ هوندو آهي، ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ڪجهه حد تائين افريڪيشن {{IPA|[pᶲʰ, tˢʰ, kˣʰ]}} پڻ شامل ٿي سگهي ٿي. افريڪيٽ آواز شروعاتي، وچ-سري ۽ آخري هنڌ تي ملي سگهن ٿا.{{Sfn|Sivertsen|1960|p=109}}{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=323}}

ڪاڪني ۾ هي به خاصيتون آهن:
* [[ٿ-فرنٽنگ|''Th''-فرنٽنگ]]:{{Sfn|Sivertsen|1960|p=124}}
** {{IPA|/θ/}} ڪنهن به ماحول ۾ {{IPAblink|f}} ٿي سگهي ٿو. {{IPA|[fɪn]}} &quot;thin&quot;، {{IPA|[mæfs]}} &quot;maths&quot;.
** {{IPA|/ð/}} ڪنهن به ماحول ۾، سواءِ لفظ جي شروعات جي، {{IPAblink|v}} ٿي سگهي ٿو؛ لفظ جي شروعات ۾ اهو {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ð}}, {{IPAplink|ð̞}}, {{IPAplink|d}}, {{IPAplink|l}}, {{IPAplink|ʔ}}, ∅]}} ٿي سگهي ٿو. {{IPA|[dæj]}} &quot;they&quot;، {{IPA|[ˈbɔvə]}} &quot;bother&quot;.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|p=137}}{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=329}}
* ''Yod''-coalescence، لفظن جهڙوڪ ''tune'' {{IPA|[tʃʰʉwn]}} يا ''reduce'' {{IPA|[ɹɪˈdʒʉws]}} ۾ (روايتي RP {{IPA|[ˈtjuːn, ɹɪˈdjuːs]}} سان ڀيٽيو).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.rogalinski.com.pl/jezyki-obce/english/what-is-standard-english-and-what-will-it-be-prognosis/
| title=Cockney accent – main features |date=31 July 2011 |publisher=rogalinski.com.pl – Journalist blog |access-date=21 September 2011
| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309091158/http://www.rogalinski.com.pl/jezyki-obce/english/what-is-standard-english-and-what-will-it-be-prognosis/ |archive-date=9 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[الوِيولر اسٽاپ]] {{IPA|/t/}}، {{IPA|/d/}} غير رسمي ڪاڪني ۾ غير-اڳ-سري ماحولن ۾ اڪثر ڇڏيا ويندا آهن، انهن مان ڪجهه هنڌن تي به جتي رسيورڊ پرنانسيئيشن ۾ اهي نٿا ڇڏجي سگهن. مثالن ۾ {{IPA|[ˈdæzɡənə]}} ''Dad's gonna'' ۽ {{IPA|[ˈtəːn ˈlef]}} ''turn left'' شامل آهن.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=327}}
* [[ايڇ-ڊراپنگ|''H''-ڊراپنگ]]. سيورٽسن سمجهي ٿو ته {{IPAblink|h}} ڪاڪني ۾ ڪنهن حد تائين زور ڏيڻ جو اسلوبي نشان آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;bucknell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Robert Beard|url=http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/10lect21.html|title=Linguistics 110 Linguistic Analysis: Sentences &amp; Dialects, Lecture Number Twenty-One: Regional English Dialects of the World|publisher=Departments.bucknell.edu|access-date=1 October 2010|archive-date=14 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614111418/http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/10lect21.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=322}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|+ ڪاڪني جا سر{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=189–190}}
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[اڳيون سر|اڳيون]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[مرڪزي سر|مرڪزي]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[پٺيون سر|پٺيون]]
|- class=&quot;small&quot;
! [[مختصر سر|مختصر]]
! [[ڊگهو سر|ڊگهو]]
! مختصر
! ڊگهو
! مختصر
! ڊگهو
|-
! [[بند سر|بند]]
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|ɪː}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| ({{IPA|ʊː}})
|-
! [[وچولو سر|وچولو]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|eː}}
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|əː}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
| ({{IPA|ɔː}})
|-
! [[ويجهو-کليل]]
| {{IPA|æ}}
| {{IPA|æː}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[کليل سر|کليل]]
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɑː}}
|-
! [[ٻٽو سر|ٻٽا سر]]
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | {{IPA|ɪj &amp;nbsp; æj &amp;nbsp; ɑj &amp;nbsp; oj &amp;nbsp; ʉw &amp;nbsp; əw &amp;nbsp; ɔw &amp;nbsp; (ɒw)}}
|}

==== صوتياتي مطابقت ====
* {{IPA|/ɪ, ʊ, e, ə, əː, ɔː, æ, ɑː, əw/}} RP جي آوازن سان مطابقت رکن ٿا (جيتوڻيڪ {{IPA|/əː/}} ۽ {{IPA|/əw/}} عام طور ترتيبوار {{angbr IPA|ɜː}} ۽ {{angbr IPA|əʊ}} سان لکيا ويندا آهن). {{IPA|/ɔː/}} کي {{IPA|/ɔw/}} جو ايلوفون سمجهي سگهجي ٿو (ٻئي RP {{IPA|/ɔː/}} سان مطابقت رکن ٿا). {{IPA|/ɒw/}} کي پڻ ايلوفون، يعني {{IPA|/əw/}} جو پوزيشنل روپ، سمجهي سگهجي ٿو (ٻئي RP {{IPA|/əʊ/}} سان مطابقت رکن ٿا)&amp;nbsp;– هيٺ ڏسو.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=189–90}}{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=304}}
* {{IPA|/ɔ/}}، RP {{IPA|/ɒ/}} سان مطابقت رکي ٿو.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|p=189}}
* {{IPA|/a/}}، RP {{IPA|/ʌ/}} سان مطابقت رکي ٿو.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|p=189}}
* {{IPA|/ɪː, ʊː, eː/}} روايتي RP جي مرڪز ڏانهن سرڪندڙ ٻٽن سرن {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə, eə/}} سان مطابقت رکن ٿا. {{IPA|/ʊː/}} اڪثر ڪاڪني مان غير موجود هوندو آهي ۽ ان جي جاءِ {{IPA|/ɔː ~ ɔw/}} يا ٻه پدي {{IPA|/ʉwə/}} وٺي ٿو.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=304}}{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=151, 190}}
* {{IPA|/æː/}}، RP {{IPA|/aʊ/}} سان مطابقت رکي ٿو.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=151–2, 190}}
* {{IPA|/ɪj/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ʉw/}} روايتي RP جي نسبتاً گهٽ ٻٽن سرن {{IPA|/iː/}} ۽ {{IPA|/uː/}} سان مطابقت رکن ٿا.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=152, 190}}
* {{IPA|/æj, ɑj, oj/}}، RP جي {{IPA|/eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ/}} سان مطابقت رکن ٿا.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=304}}{{sfn|Beaken|1971|p=190}}

==== صوتياتي صورت ====
ٻٽن سرن جا آخري حصا رڳو {{IPA|/ɪj/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ʉw/}} ۾ مڪمل طور بند هوندا آهن: {{IPA|[əi̯, əʉ̯]}}. ٻين سڀني حالتن ۾ اهي {{IPA|[ɪ̯, ʊ̯]}} يا {{IPA|[e̯, o̯]}} سان وڌيڪ ملندڙ هوندا آهن. بيڪن موجب، {{IPA|/æj/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ɑj/}} عام طور {{IPAblink|e}} ڏانهن سرڪندا آهن: {{IPA|[æe̯, ɑe̯]}}، {{IPA|/oj/}}، {{IPAblink|ɪ}} ڏانهن: {{IPA|[oɪ̯]}}، {{IPA|/əw/}} ۽ {{IPA|/æː/}} جو وسيع ايلوفون {{IPAblink|ʊ}} ڏانهن: {{IPA|[ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯]}}، جڏهن ته {{IPA|/ɔw/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ɒw/}} ٻئي {{IPAblink|o}} ڏانهن: {{IPA|[ɔo̯, ɒo̯]}}.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=197, 200}} موٽ موجب، {{IPA|[e̯, o̯]}} سرڪندڙ آوازن طور بلڪل نٿا اچن: {{IPA|[æɪ̯, ɑɪ̯, oɪ̯, ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯, ɒʊ̯]}} (هو پنهنجي چارٽن ۾ {{IPA|/ɪj, ʉw, ɔw/}} نٿو ڏيکاري).{{sfn|Mott|2012|p=77}} وڌيڪ اهو ته ويلز {{IPA|/əw/}} جي اڻ-گول آخري حصي جي ڍرائيءَ تي تبصرو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو مرڪزي ٿيل {{IPAblink|ɤ}} جو هڪ قسم آهي: {{IPA|[ɐɤ̯]}}.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=308}}

مقالي جي باقي حصي ۾ هن کي هڪ سادي ايلوفونڪ قاعدي طور ورتو ويو آهي ۽ ٻٽن سرن جي آخري حصن لاءِ رڳو {{angbr IPA|j}} ۽ {{angbr IPA|w}} استعمال ڪيا ويا آهن. تنگ صوتياتي نقل ۾، انهن جا گول ۽ اڻ-گول هم منصب {{angbr IPA|ɥ}} ۽ {{angbr IPA|ɰ}} سان لکيا ويندا آهن (مڪمل تنگ نقل ۾ صوتياتي طور {{IPA|[ʏ̯ ~ ø̯]}} ۽ {{IPA|[ɯ̜̽ ~ ɤ̯]}}). رڳو مرڪزي آخري سرڪندڙ آواز {{IPA|[ə̯]}} ۽ {{IPA|[ʉ̯]}} مناسب سرڪندڙ نشانين جي کوٽ سبب غير-هجائي سرن طور نقل ڪيا ويا آهن.

ڪاڪني ۾ ٻٽن سرن جون تبديليون هي آهن:{{Sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|pp=39–41}}
* {{IPA|/ɪj/}}، {{IPA|[əj~ɐj]}} طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو:{{Sfn|Matthews|1938|p=78}}{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=306}} {{IPA|[bəjʔ]}} &quot;beet&quot;
* {{IPA|/æj/}}، {{IPA|[æj~aj]}} طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو:{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=307–308}} {{IPA|[bæjʔ]}} &quot;bait&quot;
* {{IPA|/ɑj/}}، &quot;زورائتي، لهجياتي&quot; ڪاڪني ۾ {{IPA|[ɑj]}} يا حتيٰ {{IPA|[ɒj]}} طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو. ٻيو عنصر گهٽجي يا غائب ٿي سگهي ٿو (پهرئين عنصر جي تلافي واري ڊگهاڻ سان)، تنهنڪري {{IPA|[ɑ̟ə̯~{{IPAplink|ɑ|ɑ̟ː}}]}} جهڙا روپ پيدا ٿين ٿا. ان جو مطلب آهي ته ''laugh''-''life''، ''Barton''-''biting'' جهڙا جوڙا هم آواز ٿي سگهن ٿا: {{IPA|[lɑːf]}}, {{IPA|[ˈbɑːʔn̩]}}. پر هي غير جانبداري اختياري ۽ واپس سڃاڻڻ جوڳي آهي:{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=308, 310}} {{IPA|[bɑjʔ]}} &quot;bite&quot;
* {{IPA|/oj/}}، {{IPA|[ɔ̝j~oj]}} طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو:{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=308, 310}} {{IPA|[ˈtʃʰojs]}} &quot;choice&quot;
* {{IPA|/ʉw/}}، {{IPA|[əʉ̯]}} يا اڪيلي سر {{IPA|[ʉː]}} طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، شايد ٿوري چپن جي گولائي سان، {{IPA|[ɨː]}} يا {{IPA|[ʊː]}}:{{Sfn|Matthews|1938|p=78}}{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=306–307}} {{IPA|[bʉːʔ]}} &quot;boot&quot;
* {{IPA|/əw/}} عام طور {{IPA|/a/}} واري علائقي، {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|æ|æ̈}}~{{IPAplink|ɐ}}]}} کان شروع ٿئي ٿو. آخري نقطو {{IPAblink|w}} ڏانهن سرڪي ٿو، پر وڌيڪ عام طور اهو مڪمل طور اڻ-گول، يعني {{IPAblink|ɰ}} هوندو آهي. تنهنڪري سڀ کان عام روپ {{IPA|[æ̈ɰ]}} ۽ {{IPA|[ɐɰ]}} آهن، جڏهن ته {{IPA|[æ̈w]}} ۽ {{IPA|[ɐw]}} پڻ ممڪن آهن. سڀ کان وسيع ڪاڪني روپ {{IPA|[aw]}} جي ويجهو اچي ٿو. هڪ اهڙو روپ پڻ آهي جيڪو رڳو عورتون استعمال ڪن ٿيون، يعني {{IPA|[ɐɥ ~ œ̈ɥ]}}. ان کان سواءِ ٻه اڪيلي سر وارا اچار به آهن، {{IPAblink|ʌ|ʌ̈ː}} جيئن 'no, nah' ۾، ۽ {{IPAblink|œ|œ̈}}، جيڪو گهٽ نمايان روپن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=308–310}} {{IPA|[kʰɐɰʔ]}} &quot;coat&quot;
* {{IPA|/ɪː, ʊː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} سڀني ۾ مرڪز ڏانهن سرڪندڙ آواز {{IPA|[ɪə̯, ʊə̯, eə̯, ɔə̯, æə̯]}} اچي سگهن ٿا. متبادل طور، {{IPA|/æː/}} بند ٿيندڙ ٻٽي سر {{IPA|[æw]}} طور ظاهر ٿي سگهي ٿو. ويلز چوي ٿو ته &quot;اڪيلي سر ۽ ٻٽي سر وارن روپن جي ورهاست لاءِ ڪو سخت قاعدو نٿو ڏئي سگهجي، جيتوڻيڪ رجحان اهو لڳي ٿو ته اڪيلي سر وارا روپ جملي جي اندر سڀ کان عام آهن، پر ٻٽي سر وارا روپ جملي جي آخر ۾، يا جتي لاڳاپيل پد ٻي صورت ۾ نمايان هجي، اتي اچن ٿا.&quot;{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=305–306}} وڌيڪ اهو ته {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ɪ, e, ɔ, æ/}} جي وچ ۾ مکيه فرق ڊيگهه آهي، معيار ثانوي آهي. فرق رڳو لفظ جي اندر واري حيثيت ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، عين اتي جتي {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} جا اڪيلي سر وارا روپ سڀ کان عام آهن. تنهنڪري لفظي جوڙا جهڙوڪ ''his'' {{IPA|/ɪz/}} – ''here's'' {{IPA|/ɪːz/}}، ''merry'' {{IPA|/ˈmerɪj/}} – ''Mary'' {{IPA|/ˈmeːrɪj/}}، ''at'' {{IPA|/æt/}} – ''out'' {{IPA|/æːt/}} ۽ ''Polly'' {{IPA|/ˈpɔlɪj/}} – ''poorly'' {{IPA|/ˈpɔːlɪj/}} بنيادي طور ڊيگهه سان فرق رکن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ {{IPA|/ɔː/}}، {{IPA|/ɔ/}} کان ٿورو وڌيڪ اوچو ٿي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=194–5}}
* {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} جا ٻه پدي روپ {{IPA|[ɪjə, ɛjə, ɔwə, æjə]}} پڻ ممڪن آهن، ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ {{IPA|[ɛjə, ɔwə, æjə]}} کي تمام مضبوط ڪاڪني سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=306, 310}} انهن مان {{IPA|/ɔː/}} جو ٽه-سر وارو روپ سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام آهي.{{Sfn|Mott|2012|p=78}} انهن جي ورهاست بابت مڪمل اتفاق ناهي؛ {{Sfn|Wells|1982}} موجب اهي &quot;جملي جي آخري حيثيت ۾ اچن ٿا&quot;،{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=306}} جڏهن ته {{Sfn|Mott|2012}} موجب اهي &quot;آخري حيثيت ۾ سڀ کان عام آهن&quot;.
* جڏهن ٻٽي سر وارا هجن، {{IPA|/ɪː/}} ۽ {{IPA|/eː/}} جا شروعاتي نقطا RP کان وڌيڪ اوچا هوندا آهن: {{IPA|[iə̯, e̞ə̯]}}.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfn|Mott|2012|p=77}} بهرحال، بيڪن پهرئين کي روايتي RP جي ڀيٽ ۾ اڻ-بدليل سمجهي ٿو: {{IPA|[ɪə̯]}}.{{sfn|Beaken|1971|p=190}}

ٻين سري فرقن ۾ شامل آهن:
* {{IPA|/æ/}}، {{IPAblink|ɛ}} يا {{IPA|[ɛj]}} ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن مان ٻيو روپ آوازدار حروف کان اڳ، خاص طور {{IPA|/d/}} کان اڳ اچي ٿو:{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} {{IPA|[bɛk]}} &quot;back&quot;، {{IPA|[bɛːjd]}} &quot;bad&quot;
* {{IPA|/e/}} ڪجهه آوازدار حروف کان اڳ، خاص طور {{IPA|/d/}} کان اڳ، {{IPA|[eə̯]}}، {{IPA|[ej]}}، يا {{IPA|[ɛj]}} ٿي سگهي ٿو:{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfn|Sivertsen|1960|p=54}}{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=129}}{{Sfn|Cruttenden|2001|p=110}} {{IPA|[bejd]}} &quot;bed&quot;
* ويلز موجب، {{IPA|/ɔ/}}، RP جي {{IPA|/ɒ/}} کان ڪجهه گهٽ کليل ٿي سگهي ٿو، يعني {{IPAblink|ɔ}}.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}} ٻئي طرف، بيڪن {{IPAblink|ɔ}} کان وڌيڪ کليل نه ٿيندڙ روپن کي معمول سمجهي ٿو:{{sfn|Beaken|1971|pp=189, 253}} {{IPA|[kʰɔʔ]}} &quot;cot&quot;
* {{IPA|/ɑː/}} جو هڪ مڪمل پٺيون روپ آهي، جيڪو معيار جي لحاظ کان [[بنيادي سر#بنيادي سرن جي جدول|بنيادي سر 5]] جي برابر آهي، جنهن بابت بيڪن (1971) دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته اهو &quot;زورائتي، غير رسمي&quot; ڪاڪني جي سڃاڻپ آهي.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}}
* {{IPA|/əː/}} ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪجهه اڳتي آيل ۽ هلڪو گول ٿيندو آهي، جنهن سان ڪاڪني روپ {{IPAblink|ə|ə̟ː}}، {{IPAblink|œ̝|œ̝̈ː}} پيدا ٿين ٿا.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}}
* {{IPA|/a/}}، {{IPAblink|ɐ|ɐ̟}} يا بنيادي سر 4 جهڙي معيار، {{IPAblink|a}} طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو:{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} {{IPA|[dʒamʔˈtˢapʰ]}} &quot;jumped up&quot;
* {{IPA|/ɔw/}} غير آخري حيثيت ۾ {{IPAblink|oː}} يا {{IPA|[ɔw~ow]}} قسم جي بند ٿيندڙ ٻٽي سر طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پوئين روپ وسيع ڪاڪني ۾ وڌيڪ عام آهن:{{Sfn|Matthews|1938|p=35}}{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=310–311}} {{IPA|[sɔws]}} &quot;sauce&quot;-&quot;source&quot;، {{IPA|[lɔwd]}} &quot;laud&quot;-&quot;lord&quot;، {{IPA|[ˈwɔwʔə]}} &quot;water.&quot;
* {{IPA|/ɔː/}} آخري حيثيت ۾ {{IPAblink|ɔː}} يا {{IPA|[ɔə~ɔwə]}} قسم جي مرڪز ڏانهن سرڪندڙ ٻٽي/ٽه-سر طور ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پوئين روپ وسيع ڪاڪني ۾ وڌيڪ عام آهن؛ تنهنڪري {{IPA|[sɔə]}} &quot;saw&quot;-&quot;sore&quot;-&quot;soar&quot;، {{IPA|[lɔə]}} &quot;law&quot;-&quot;lore&quot;، {{IPA|[wɔə]}} &quot;war&quot;-&quot;wore&quot;. ٻٽي سر تصريفي پڇاڙين کان اڳ برقرار رهي ٿي، تنهنڪري ''board'' {{IPA|/bɔwd/}} ۽ ''pause'' {{IPA|/pɔwz/}}، ''bored'' {{IPA|/bɔːd/}} ۽ ''paws'' {{IPA|/pɔːz/}} کان فرق رکن ٿا.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=310–311}} {{IPA|[ɔə]}} جو شروع وارو حصو بنيادي {{IPAblink|ɔ}} کان ڪجهه وڌيڪ تنگ آهي، يعني {{IPA|[ɔ̝ə]}}.
* {{IPA|/əw/}} وسيع ڪاڪني ۾ [[ڳاڙهو ايل|ڳاڙهي ايل]] کان اڳ {{IPA|[ɒw~ɔw]}} جي آس پاس يا حتيٰ {{IPA|[aɰ]}} ٿي وڃي ٿو. اهي روپ تڏهن به برقرار رهن ٿا، جڏهن پڇاڙيءَ جي اضافي سان ڳاڙهي ايل [[الوِيولر ليٽرل اپروڪسيمنٽ|صاف]] ٿي وڃي. اهڙي طرح لنڊني انگريزي ۾ صوتيمي ورهاست پيدا ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن جو مثال گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جوڙو ''wholly'' {{IPA|/ˈɒwlɪj/}} بمقابله ''holy'' {{IPA|/ˈəwlɪj/}} آهي. ''L''-ووڪلائيزيشن جي ترقي (ايندڙ حصو ڏسو) وڌيڪ جوڙا پيدا ڪري ٿي، جهڙوڪ ''sole''-''soul'' {{IPA|[sɒw]}} بمقابله ''so''-''sew'' {{IPA|[sɐɰ]}}، ''bowl'' {{IPA|[bɒw]}} بمقابله ''Bow'' {{IPA|[bɐɰ]}}، ''shoulder'' {{IPA|[ˈʃɒwdə]}} بمقابله ''odour'' {{IPA|[ˈɐɰdə]}}، جڏهن ته لاڳاپيل سري غير جانبداريون ''doll'' کي ''dole'' جو هم آواز بڻائي سگهن ٿيون، ڀيٽيو ''dough'' {{IPA|[dɐɰ]}}. هي سڀ مخالفت جي صوتيمي نوعيت کي مضبوط ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جي عملي بار کي وڌائي ٿو. اها هاڻي لنڊني رنگ وارن هر قسم جي لهجن ۾، وسيع ڪاڪني کان ويجهي-RP تائين، چڱيءَ طرح قائم ٿي چڪي آهي.{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=312–313}}
* {{IPA|/ʊ/}} ڪجهه لفظن ۾، خاص طور ''good''،{{Sfn|Mott|2012|p=75}} مرڪزي {{IPAblink|ʊ̈}} آهي.{{Sfn|Mott|2012|p=75}} ٻين حالتن ۾، اهو روايتي RP وانگر ويجهو-بند ويجهو-پٺيون {{IPAblink|ʊ}} آهي.{{Sfn|Mott|2012|p=75}}

هي لهجو [[ايل-ووڪلائيزيشن|ڳاڙهي ايل جي صوتي تبديلي]] استعمال ڪري ٿو، تنهنڪري [[مل وال]] لاءِ {{IPA|[ˈmɪwwɔw]}}. صوتي ٿيل {{IPA|/l/}} جي حقيقي صورت ڀرپاسي وارن سرن کان متاثر ٿيندي آهي، ۽ اهو {{IPA|[u]}}، {{IPA|[ʊ]}}، {{IPA|[o]}} يا {{IPA|[ɤ]}} طور ظاهر ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڪجهه لسانيات دان، جهڙوڪ ڪاگل ۽ روزوارن، ان کي [[نيم سر]] {{IPA|[w]}} طور به نقل ڪن ٿا.{{Sfn|Sivertsen|1960|p=132}} بهرحال، {{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} موجب، صوتي ٿيل ڳاڙهو ايل ڪڏهن ڪڏهن اڻ-بند lateral approximant هوندو آهي، جيڪو RP جي {{IPA|[ɫ]}} کان رڳو الوِيولر رابطي جي کوٽ سبب مختلف آهي.{{Sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=193}} انهيءَ سان لاڳاپيل طور، ايندڙ ڳاڙهي ايل ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}) يا ان جي صوتي ٿيل صورت جي ماحول ۾ ڪيترائي ممڪن سري غير جانبداريون ۽ جذب ٿين ٿا؛ انهن ۾ شامل آهن:{{Sfn|Wells|1982|pp=313–317}}
* وسيع ڪاڪني ۾، ۽ ڪجهه حد تائين عام مقبول لنڊني ڳالهائڻ ۾، صوتي ٿيل {{IPA|/l/}} اڳئين {{IPA|/ɔw/}} ۾ مڪمل طور جذب ٿي وڃي ٿو: مثال طور، ''salt'' ۽ ''sort'' هم آواز ٿي وڃن ٿا (جيتوڻيڪ ''salt'' جو هاڻوڪو اچار {{IPA|/sɔlt/}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/activities/phonological-change/ |title=Phonological change in spoken English |publisher=Bl.uk |date=12 March 2007 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028031651/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/activities/phonological-change/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; هن کي ٿيڻ کان روڪيندو)، ۽ ساڳيءَ طرح ''fault''-''fought''-''fort''، ''pause''-''Paul's''، ''Morden''-''Malden''، ''water''-''Walter''. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن اهڙن جوڙن کي، گهٽ ۾ گهٽ وڌيڪ سوچيل ڳالهائڻ ۾، ڊيگهه جي فرق سان الڳ رکيو ويندو آهي: {{IPA|[ˈmɔwdn̩]}} ''Morden'' بمقابله {{IPA|[ˈmɔwːdn̩]}} ''Malden''.
* اڳيون {{IPA|/ə/}} پڻ صوتي ٿيل {{IPA|/l/}} ۾ مڪمل طور جذب ٿي وڃي ٿو. اهڙيءَ طرح اڳوڻي {{IPA|/əl/}} ۽ اڳوڻي {{IPA|/ɔw(l)/}} جا نتيجا صوتياتي طور ساڳيا يا هڪجهڙا ٿين ٿا؛ ڳالهائيندڙ عام طور انهن کي ساڳيو صوتيم سمجهڻ لاءِ تيار هوندا آهن. تنهنڪري ''awful'' کي بهترين طور ساڳئي سر جي ٻن واقعن، {{IPA|/ˈɔwfɔw/}}، تي مشتمل سمجهي سگهجي ٿو. ''musical'' ۽ ''music-hall'' جو فرق، ''H''-ڊراپنگ واري وسيع ڪاڪني ۾، رڳو زور ۽ شايد هجائي حدن جو معاملو آهي.
* باقي سرن سان، صوتي ٿيل {{IPA|/l/}} جذب نٿو ٿئي، پر پٺئين ووڪوئڊ طور صوتياتي طور موجود رهي ٿو، اهڙي نموني جو {{IPA|/Vl/}} ۽ {{IPA|/V/}} الڳ رهن ٿا.
* سڀ کان صاف ۽ چڱيءَ طرح قائم ٿيل غير جانبداريون {{IPA|/ɪ~ɪj~ɪː/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ʊ~ʉw/}} جون آهن. تنهنڪري ''rill''، ''reel'' ۽ ''real'' ڪاڪني ۾ گڏجي {{IPA|[ɹɪɰ]}} ٿين ٿا؛ جڏهن ته ''full'' ۽ ''fool''، {{IPA|[fow~fʊw]}} آهن ۽ ''cruel'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɹʊw]}} سان قافيو ٿي سگهن ٿا. صاف، يعني اڳ-سري، {{IPA|/l/}} کان اڳ غير جانبداريون عام طور لاڳو نٿيون ٿين، تنهنڪري {{IPA|[ˈsɪlɪj]}} ''silly'' پر {{IPA|[ˈsɪjlɪn]}} ''ceiling''-''sealing''، {{IPA|[ˈfʊlɪj]}} ''fully'' پر {{IPA|[ˈfʉwlɪn]}} ''fooling''.
* ڪاڪني جي ڪجهه وڌيڪ وسيع قسمن ۾، غير-اڳ-سري {{IPA|/l/}} کان اڳ {{IPA|/ʊ~ʉw/}} جي غير جانبداري ۾ {{IPA|/ɔw/}} پڻ شامل ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن سان ''fall''، ''full'' ۽ ''fool'' {{IPA|[fɔw]}} جو هم آواز ٿي وڃي ٿو.
* اڳ-{{IPA|/l/}} واري ٻي غير جانبداري جنهن تي سڀ محقق متفق آهن، {{IPA|/æ~æj~æː/}} جي آهي. تنهنڪري ''Sal'' ۽ ''sale''، {{IPA|[sæɰ]}} طور گڏجي سگهن ٿا، ''fail'' ۽ ''fowl''، {{IPA|[fæɰ]}} طور، ۽ ''Val''، ''vale''-''veil'' ۽ ''vowel''، {{IPA|[væɰ]}} طور. ''railway'' جو عام اچار {{IPA|[ˈɹæwwæj]}} آهي.
* سيورٽسن موجب، {{IPA|/ɑː/}} ۽ {{IPA|/ɑj/}} پڻ هن غير جانبداري ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا. هڪ طرف اهي هڪ ٻئي جي حوالي سان غير جانبدار ٿي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان ''snarl'' ۽ ''smile'' قافيو ٿين ٿا، ٻئي {{IPA|[-ɑɰ]}} تي ختم ٿين ٿا، ۽ ''Child's Hill'' کي ''Charles Hill'' سمجهڻ جو خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو؛ يا اهي اڳ ذڪر ڪيل غير جانبداري سان پنج رخي غير جانبداري تائين وڌي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان ''pal''، ''pale''، ''foul''، ''snarl'' ۽ ''pile'' سڀ {{IPA|[-æɰ]}} تي ختم ٿين ٿا. پر اهي تبديليون وسيع ڪاڪني تائين محدود آهن، عام لنڊني ڳالهائڻ ۾ نه ملنديون آهن.
* بيڪن (1971) ۽ بوئير (1973) پاران بحث ڪيل، پر سيورٽسن (1960) پاران نظرانداز ڪيل، هڪ غير جانبداري {{IPA|/ɔ~ɔw~a/}} جي آهي. ان سان ''doll''، ''dole'' ۽ ''dull'' جو {{IPA|[dɒw]}} يا {{IPA|[da̠ɰ]}} طور هم آواز ٿيڻ ممڪن ٿئي ٿو. ويلز جو تاثر آهي ته ''doll''-''dole'' غير جانبداري لنڊن ۾ ڪافي عام آهي، پر ''dull'' واري شامل ٿيڻ گهٽ آهي.
* ايندڙ غير-اڳ-سري {{IPA|/l/}} جي ماحول ۾ هڪ ٻي ممڪن غير جانبداري {{IPA|/e/}} ۽ {{IPA|/əː/}} جي آهي، جنهن سان ''well'' ۽ ''whirl'' {{IPA|[wɛw]}} طور هم آواز ٿي وڃن ٿا.

ڪاڪني بابت ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بيان ڪيو ويو آهي ته اها {{IPA|/ɹ/}} کي {{IPA|/w/}} سان بدلائي ٿي، مثال طور، ''{{not a typo|thwee}}'' يا ''fwee''، ''three'' بدران، ۽ ''{{not a typo|fwasty}}''، ''frosty'' بدران. [[انگريزي لهجن جي سروي]] جي ميداني محقق پيٽر رائيٽ نتيجو ڪڍيو ته اها ڪاڪنين جي آفاقي خاصيت نه هئي، پر برطانيا جي ٻين هنڌن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لنڊن واري علائقي ۾ اها وڌيڪ ٻڌڻ ۾ ايندي هئي.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|p=135}} هي بيان شايد [[آر-ليبيئلائيزيشن|ليبيوڊينٽل آر]] کي {{IPA|/w/}} طور غلط ٻڌڻ جو نتيجو پڻ هجي، جڏهن ته اهو ڪاڪني ۾ اڃا الڳ صوتيم آهي.

اڻ زورائتو آخري ''-ow''، {{IPAblink|ə}} طور اچاري سگهجي ٿو. وسيع ڪاڪني ۾ اهو {{IPAblink|ɐ}} تائين هيٺ اچي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;ic.arizona.edu&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|Wells|1982|p=305}} اهو [[ويسٽ ڪنٽري]] کان سواءِ گهڻن روايتي ڏکڻ انگريزي لهجن ۾ عام آهي.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|p=134}}

گرامر جي حوالي سان، ڪاڪني ''my'' بدران ''me'' استعمال ڪري ٿي، مثال طور، {{&quot; '}}At's me book you got 'ere&quot; {{IPA|[ˈæʔs mɪ ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː]}}. (جتي {{' '}}ere' جو مطلب 'there' آهي). اهو تڏهن استعمال نٿو ٿي سگهي جڏهن &quot;my&quot; تي زور هجي؛ مثال طور، {{&quot; '}}At's &lt;u&gt;''my''&lt;/u&gt; book you got 'ere&quot; {{IPA|[æʔs ˈmɑj ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː]}}. اهو ''[[ain't]]'' اصطلاح پڻ استعمال ڪري ٿو، ۽ [[ٻٽي نفي]] پڻ، مثال طور، &quot;I didn't see nuffink&quot;.{{Sfn|Wright|1981|p=122}}

1980ع ۽ 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين، مٿي ذڪر ڪيل گهڻيون خاصيتون جزوي طور وڌيڪ عام ڏکڻ-اوڀر واري ڳالهائڻ ۾ پکڙجي ويون، جنهن سان [[ايسچوئري انگريزي]] نالي لهجو پيدا ٿيو؛ ايسچوئري ڳالهائيندڙ ڪاڪني جا ڪجهه، پر سڀ نه، آواز استعمال ڪندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;D Rosewarne&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |title=Rosewarne, David (1984). &quot;Estuary English&quot;. Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984) |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |date=21 May 1999 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=7 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307214016/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/transcree.htm |title=Wells, John (1994). &quot;Transcribing Estuary English – a discussion document&quot;. Speech Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, volume 8, 1994, pp. 259–67 |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418055930/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/transcree.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=alt&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/altendf.pdf |title=Altendorf, Ulrike (1999). &quot;Estuary English: is English going Cockney?&quot; In: Moderna Språk, XCIII, 1, 1–11 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121190822/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/altendf.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تاثر ===
ڪاڪني لهجو ڊگهي عرصي کان گهٽ سماجي حيثيت جي نشاني سمجهيو ويو آهي. مثال طور، 1909ع ۾ [[لنڊن ڪائونٽي ڪائونسل]] پاران جاري ڪيل لنڊن ايليمينٽري اسڪولن ۾ انگريزي پڙهائڻ بابت ڪانفرنس ۾ چيو ويو ته &quot;ڪاڪني ڳالهائڻ جو انداز، پنهنجي اڻ وڻندڙ ڍنگ سان، هڪ جديد بگاڙ آهي جنهن وٽ جائز سندون ناهن، ۽ اهو [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ واري شهر ۾ ڪنهن به ماڻهوءَ جي ٻولي ٿيڻ جي لائق ناهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Attitudes towards Cockney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/articolosantipolo.pdf |title=5 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206055350/http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/articolosantipolo.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين هن ٻوليائي صورت جو دفاع ڪيو: &quot;لنڊن جو لهجو حقيقت ۾، خاص طور ٿيمز جي ڏکڻ پاسي، پراڻي ڪينٽي ٻوليءَ جو مڪمل طور جائز ۽ ذميوار ٻار آهي [...] ٿيمز جي اتر ۾ لنڊن جو لهجو مڊلينڊ يا مرسيئن لهجي جي ڪيترن قسمن مان هڪ ثابت ٿيو آهي، جنهن تي ساڳئي ڳالهائڻ جي ايسٽ اينگليئن قسم جو رنگ چڙهيل آهي&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attitudes towards Cockney&quot; /&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪاڪني لهجو انگريزي ٻوليءَ جي گهٽ درجي واري صورت بدران هڪ متبادل صورت طور وڌيڪ قبول ڪيو ويو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ گهٽ حيثيت جو نشان اڃا برقرار آهي.

1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[بي بي سي]] تي ٻڌڻ ۾ ايندڙ واحد لهجو، تفريحي پروگرامن جهڙوڪ ''[[دي سوٽي شو]]'' کان سواءِ، معياري انگريزيءَ جو [[رسيورڊ پرنانسيئيشن|RP]] هو، جڏهن ته اڄڪلهه بي بي سي تي ڪيترائي مختلف لهجا، جن ۾ ڪاڪني يا ان کان گهڻو متاثر لهجا پڻ شامل آهن، ٻڌي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/rpandbbc3.shtml#A |title=BBC English |publisher=BBC English |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117184420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/rpandbbc3.shtml#A |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاڪني لهجو [[ايلنگ اسٽوڊيوز]] پاران ٺاهيل فلمن ۾ اڪثر شامل هوندو هو ۽ [[والٽ ڊزني]] جي فلمن ۾ هيٺين طبقن جو عام برطانوي لهجو طور بار بار پيش ڪيو ويندو هو، جيتوڻيڪ اهو رڳو لنڊن لاءِ ئي درست هو.

=== پکيڙ ===
مطالعن مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته ٽيليويزن ۽ ريڊيو تي [[ڏکڻ اوڀر انگلينڊ]] جي لهجن جي گهڻي استعمال سبب 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي کان ڪاڪني انگريزي جي پکيڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;news.bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3531075.stm |title=Soaps may be washing out accent – BBC Scotland |work=BBC News |date=4 March 2004 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801043934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3531075.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;We fink, so we are from Glasgow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1036798.ece |title=We fink, so we are from Glasgow |year=2004 |publisher=Timesonline.co.uk |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814141539/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1036798.ece |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_/ai_n16503073 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040650/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_/ai_n16503073 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2015 |title=&quot;Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys&quot; – &quot;Sunday Herald&quot; |publisher=Findarticles.com |access-date=21 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arts.gla.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/sesll/EngLang/phonetics/index.html &quot;Contributory factors in accent change in adolescents&quot;]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530235558/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/sesll/EngLang/phonetics/index.html|date=30 May 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاڪني جو اثر وڌي رهيو آهي، ۽ ڪجهه ماڻهن جي دعويٰ آهي ته مستقبل ۾ هن لهجي جون ڪيتريون خاصيتون معياري ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;rogalinski11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rogaliński|first=Paweł|title=British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English|year=2011|page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== اسڪاٽلينڊ ====
مطالعن مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته [[گلاسگو]] جهڙن علائقن ۾ پورهيت طبقي جا نوجوان پنهنجي ڳالهائڻ ۾ ڪاڪني ۽ ٻين انگريزي اثرن جا ڪجهه پهلو استعمال ڪرڻ لڳا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091213155241/http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ViewAwardPage.aspx?AwardId=1892 Is TV a contributory factor in accent change in adolescents?] – ''ESRC Society Today''&lt;/ref&gt; اهي اثر روايتي [[گلاسگو پيٽر]] ۾ داخل ٿي رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/571152461.html?did=571152461&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=FT&amp;date=Mar%2B4,%2B2004&amp;author=&amp;desc=Cockney%2Bcreep%2Bputs%2Bpaid%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpatter |title=Cockney creep puts paid to the patter – &quot;Evening Times&quot; |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=4 March 2004 |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316042955/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/571152461.html?did=571152461&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=FT&amp;date=Mar%2B4,%2B2004&amp;author=&amp;desc=Cockney%2Bcreep%2Bputs%2Bpaid%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpatter |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، ''TH''-فرنٽنگ عام ملي ٿي، ۽ [[اسڪاٽش انگريزي|اسڪاٽش]] جون روايتي خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ سُر کان پوءِ ايندڙ {{IPA|/r/}}، گهٽجي وڃن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117980167/abstract?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130105064601/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117980167/abstract?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 January 2013|title = 'Talkin' Jockney'? Variation and change in Glaswegian accent|doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00319.x|date = 17 April 2007|access-date = 1 October 2010|volume = 11|journal = Journal of Sociolinguistics|pages = 221–260|last1 = Stuart-Smith|first1 = Jane|last2 = Timmins|first2 = Claire|last3 = Tweedie|first3 = Fiona|issue = 2|url-access = subscription}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130105064601/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117980167/abstract?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0 |date=5 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿئي ٿو ته [[انگلينڊي انگريزي]] جون ڳالهائڻ واريون خاصيتون غالباً لنڊن ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر انگلينڊ]] جي انهن لهجن جي اثر جو نتيجو آهن، جيڪي ٽيليويزن تي گهڻو ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن، جيئن بي بي سي ون جو مشهور سوپ اوپيرا ''[[ايسٽ اينڊرز]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;news.bbc.co.uk&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;We fink, so we are from Glasgow&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arts.gla.ac.uk&quot; /&gt; بهرحال، اهڙين دعوائن تي تنقيد پڻ ڪئي وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;''A Handbook of Varieties of English'', Volume 1, p. 185.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== انگلينڊ ====
ڪاڪني جون ڪجهه خاصيتون — [[ٿ-فرنٽنگ|''Th''-فرنٽنگ]]، [[ايل-ووڪلائيزيشن|''L''-ووڪلائيزيشن]]، [[ٽي-گلوٽلائيزيشن|''T''-گلوٽلائيزيشن]]، ۽ &lt;small&gt;GOAT&lt;/small&gt; ۽ &lt;small&gt;GOOSE&lt;/small&gt; سرن جو اڳتي اچڻ — انگلينڊ جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾، ۽ گهٽ حد تائين برطانيا جي ٻين علائقن ۾ پکڙجي ويون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/przed.pdf|title=Joanna Przedlacka, 2002. Estuary English? Frankfurt: Peter Lang|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920115600/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/przed.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; بهرحال، [[ڪلايو اپٽن]] نوٽ ڪيو آهي ته اهي خاصيتون ڪجهه ٻين لهجن ۾ آزادنہ طور به ظاهر ٿيون آهن، جيئن يارڪشائر ۾ TH-فرنٽنگ ۽ اسڪاٽلينڊ جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ L-ووڪلائيزيشن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Upton |first1=Clive|editor1-first=Lynda |editor1-last=Mugglestone |title=The Oxford History of English|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford|page=395 |chapter=Modern Regional English in the British Isles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصطلاح [[ايسچوئري انگريزي]] لنڊن جي انهن اچارن لاءِ استعمال ٿيو آهي، جيڪي ڪاڪني کان ٿورو وڌيڪ RP جي ويجهو آهن. هي قسم پهريون ڀيرو آڪٽوبر 1984ع ۾ ڊيوڊ روزوارن جي ''[[ٽائيمز ايجوڪيشنل سپليمينٽ]]'' ۾ ڇپيل مضمون ذريعي عوامي ڌيان ۾ آيو.&lt;ref name=rosewarne&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |title=Rosewarne, David (1984). &quot;Estuary English&quot;. Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984) |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |date=1999-05-21 |access-date=2010-08-16 |archive-date=7 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307214016/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; روزوارن دليل ڏنو ته اهو آخرڪار ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[رسيورڊ پرنانسيئيشن]] جي جاءِ وٺي سگهي ٿو. صوتيات دان [[جان سي. ويلز]] ايسچوئري انگريزي بابت ميڊيا حوالا [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ هڪ ويب سائيٽ] تي گڏ ڪيا. اپريل 2013ع ۾ لکندي، ويلز دليل ڏنو ته جوانا پشيدلاڪا جي تحقيق &quot;ان دعويٰ کي ڊاهي ڇڏيو ته EE هڪ واحد شئي هئي جيڪا سڄي ڏکڻ اوڀر تي ڇانئجي رهي هئي. ان جي بدران، اسان وٽ پورهيت طبقي جي لنڊني ڳالهائڻ مان نڪرندڙ مختلف صوتي تبديليون آهن، جيڪي هر هڪ آزادنہ طور پکڙجي رهيون آهن&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/estuariality.html |title=estuariality |last1=Wells |first1=John |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040650/http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/estuariality.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{Portal|Language|London|Society}}
* [[ڪاڪني وينڪر]]
* ''[[ايسٽ اينڊرز]]''
* [[ايسچوئري انگريزي]]
* [[برطانيا جون ٻوليون]]
* [[برطانوي علائقائي عرف نالن جي فهرست]]
* [[مدراس باشائي]] ۽ [[بمبئيا هندي]]، [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۽ [[هندي]] جا ساڳيا پورهيت طبقي جا لهجا، جيڪي ترتيبوار [[چنائي]] ۽ [[ممبئي]]، [[ڀارت]] جي شهرن ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا
* [[لنڊني عاميانه ٻولي]]
* [[ماڪني]]
* [[ملڪيتي مي]]
* [[ڪاڪني هم قافيه عاميانه ٻولي]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist|19em}}

== ڪتابيات ==
*{{cite thesis|last=Beaken|first=Michael Alan|date=1971|title=A study of phonological development in a primary school population of East London|type=Doctoral thesis|publisher=UCL|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1317623/1/261970.pdf}}
*{{Cite book|last=Cruttenden|first=A.|year=2001|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English|edition=6th|place=London|publisher=Arnold}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=Alexander J.|title=English dialects: Their Sounds and Homes|year=1890}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Arthur|last2=Trudgill|first2= Peter|year=1979|title=English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English|place=Baltimore|publisher=University Park Press}}
*{{SOWL}}
*{{Cite book|last=Matthews|first=William|year=1938|title=Cockney, Past and Present: a Short History of the Dialect of London| place=Detroit|publisher=Gale Research Company}}
*{{Citation|last=Mott|first=Brian|year=2012|title=Traditional Cockney and popular London speech|journal=Dialectologia|volume=9|pages=69–94
| publisher=RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert)|issn=2013-2247|url= http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dialectologia/article/viewFile/259233/346495}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rogaliński|first=Paweł|year=2011|title=British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English|quote=Łódź, Poland|isbn=978-83-272-3282-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sivertsen|first=Eva|year=1960|title=Cockney Phonology|place=Oslo|publisher=University of Oslo}}
*{{Accents of English|hide3=y}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Peter|title=Cockney Dialect and Slang|place=London|publisher=B.T. Batsford Ltd.|year=1981}}
*{{cite journal|last=Cole|first=Amanda|title=Cockney moved East: the dialect of the first generation of East Londoners raised in Essex|journal=[[Dialectologia et Geolinguistica]]|publisher=[[ڊي گرويٽر موٽن]]|date=2022-11-04|volume=30 |pages=91–114 |doi=10.1515/dialect-2022-0005|s2cid=253258669 |doi-access=free}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
* {{url|http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/c/cockney.html| گروز جي 1811ع واري لغت}}
* {{url|http://www.whoohoo.co.uk/cockney-translator.asp| ووهو ڪاڪني هم قافيه عاميانه ٻولي مترجم}}
* {{url|http://www.smallbusinesspro.co.uk/small-business-finance/british-money.html| پئسن بابت عاميانه اصطلاح}}
* {{url|http://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar| آواز واقف آهن؟}} — برطانوي لائبريري جي &quot;Sounds Familiar&quot; ويب سائيٽ تي لنڊن ۽ برطانيا جي ٻين علائقائي لهجن جا مثال ٻڌو
* {{YouTube|id=hGkSs1KDOYI|title=''Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels'' (film) – Cockney Scene}}
* {{YouTube|id=OY1hJ_p4SWY|title=''Green Street Hooligans'' (film) – Cockney Scene}}

{{English dialects by continent}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ انگريزي ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:لنڊن ۾ انگريزي ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:برطانوي علائقائي عرف نالا]]
[[زمرو:شهري عاميانه لفظ]]
[[زمرو:لنڊن ۾ ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ پورهيت طبقي جي ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:انگريزي لفظ]]</text>
      <sha1>lk0q0yvltixf788fnirqjux7mkgr3o1</sha1>
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      <comment>خودڪار: [[زمرو:2020ع جون فوتگيون]] جو اضافو + ترتيب</comment>
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      <text bytes="5009" sha1="i827hhy512k5gjwyqcasexjgpsgd7g6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي سياستدان (1964ع–2020ع)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =  ايليسن ڪوپننگ
| image =
| state_senate = نيواڊا
| state = نيواڊا
| district = 6هين
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2013
| preceded = [[باب بيئرز]]
| succeeded = [[مارڪ هچيسن]]
| party = [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]]
| birth_name = ايليسن ميلٽ 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1964|7|4}}
| birth_place = [[لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|1|18|1964|6|4}}
| death_place = لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا، آمريڪا
| education = [[نيواڊا يونيورسٽي، لاس ويگاس]] ([[بيچلر آف آرٽس|بي اي]])
| occupation = واپاري عورت
| spouse =
}}

'''ڊيبرا ايليسن ڪوپننگ''' (Debra Allison Copening[1)&lt;ref&gt;[https://nevada.funeral.com/2020/01/21/debra-allison-copening/ Nevada Obituaries: Debra Allison Copening]&lt;/ref&gt; (ڄنم وارو نالو: '''ميلوٽ'''؛ 4 جولاءِ 1964ع – 18 جنوري 2020ع) [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]] پارٽي جي ميمبر ۽ [[نيواڊا سينيٽ]] جي رڪن هئي، جنهن 2009ع کان 2013ع تائين ڪلارڪ ڪائونٽي جي ڇهين ضلعي جي نمائندگي ڪئي. هن 2008ع ۾ موجوده سينيٽر [[باب بيئرز]] کي شڪست ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics/democrat-copening-wont-seek-re-election-state-senate-seat|title=Democrat Copening won't seek re-election to state Senate seat|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2012ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊ وڙهڻ لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.

== شروعاتي زندگي ==
ايليسن ڪوپننگ [[لاس ويگاس]] ۾ پيدا ٿي.&lt;ref name=Allison&gt;{{cite web|title=About Allison Copening|url=http://allisoncopening.com/about-allison-copening|publisher=Senator Allison Copening|accessdate=August 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723083101/http://allisoncopening.com/about-allison-copening|archive-date=2012-07-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن 1982ع ۾ بونانزا هاءِ اسڪول مان فراغت حاصل ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ [[نيواڊا يونيورسٽي، لاس ويگاس]] ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، جتان هن مواصلاتي اڀياس (ڪميونيڪيشن اسٽيڊيز) ۾ بي اي جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=Allison/&gt;

هن جا والدين هيرولڊ ميلوٽ ۽ جين ميلوٽ هئا. ڪوپننگ جو هڪ وڏو ڀاءُ مائيڪل ۽ هڪ وڏي ڀيڻ جينا هئي.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== ڪيريئر ==
ڪوپننگ پنهنجي ڪيريئر جي شروعات [[نشريات]] جي شعبي ۾ ڪئي. هن لاس ويگاس ۾ سي بي ايس سان لاڳاپيل ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن KLAS-TV تي نَوَ سال ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=Allison/&gt;

== ذاتي زندگي ==
ڪوپننگ 2005ع کان [[ڇاتيءَ جو ڪينسر]] سان مقابلو ڪندي رهي.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

هوءَ مختصر بيماري کان پوءِ 18 جنوري 2020ع تي 55 ورهين جي عمر ۾ وفات ڪري وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news3lv.com/news/local/former-nevada-senator-allison-copening-passes-away-at-55|title=Former Nevada State Senator Allison Copening dies at 55|date=18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* [http://www.leg.state.nv.us/74th/Legislators/Senators/Copening.pdf نيواڊا رياستي قانونساز اداري – سينيٽر ايليسن ڪوپننگ] ''سرڪاري سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081117182656/http://www.copening4nevada.com/ رياستي سينيٽر لاءِ ايليسن ڪوپننگ] ''سرڪاري چونڊ مهم ويب سائيٽ''
* [http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=106864 پروجيڪٽ ووٽ اسمارٽ – سينيٽر ايليسن ڪوپننگ (NV)] تعارفي صفحو
* ''فالو دي مني'' – ايليسن ڪوپننگ
  ** [http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=104883 2008ع] چونڊ مهم لاءِ مالي چندا

{{DEFAULTSORT:Copening, Allison}}

{{Nevada-politician-stub}}
[[زمرو:لاس ويگاس جا سياستدان]]
[[زمرو:نيواڊا جا ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي سان لاڳاپيل سينيٽر]]
[[زمرو:نيواڊا جون عورت قانونساز]]
[[زمرو:نيواڊا يونيورسٽي، لاس ويگاس جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جا نيواڊا قانونساز اداري جا ميمبر]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جون آمريڪي عورت سياستدان]]
[[زمرو:1964ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:2020ع جون فوتگيون]]
[[زمرو:2020ع جون وفاتون]]</text>
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      <comment>خودڪار: [[زمرو:1969ع جون پيدائشون]] جو اضافو</comment>
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      <text bytes="14245" sha1="38rgmybtpi1c3hfs0h8j3bacpzjfp51" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ساموا جو بين الاقوامي رگبي ليگ ۽ رگبي يونين رانديگر (1969ع–2022ع)}}

{{Infobox rugby biography
| name             = واعايگا تويگامالا
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|MNZM|size=100%}}
| image            = Va'aiga Tuigamala MNZM (cropped).jpg
| caption          = تويگامالا، 2008ع ۾
| birth_name       = واعايگا ليالوگا تويگامالا
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1969|9|4}}
| birth_place      = [[فالېاسيو]]، [[آعانا]]، [[مغربي ساموا]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2022|02|24|df=y|1969|9|4}}
| death_place      = [[آڪلينڊ]]، نيوزيلينڊ
| relatives        = [[ڊيوڊ ٽوا]] (سوٽ)
| school           = [[ڪيلسٽن بوائز هاءِ اسڪول]]
| height           = {{convert|180|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight           = {{convert|110|kg|stlb lb|abbr=on}}
| position         = [[ونگ (رگبي يونين)|ونگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[سينٽر (رگبي يونين)|سينٽر]]
| amatyears1       =
| amatteam1        = [[پونسنبي آر ايف سي|پونسنبي]]
| repyears1        = 1989–1993
| repteam1         = {{nrut|نيوزيلينڊ}}
| repcaps1         = 19
| reppoints1       = 21
| repyears2        = 1996–2001
| repteam2         = {{nrut|ساموآ}}
| repcaps2         = 23
| reppoints2       = 15
| years1           = 1996–1997
| clubs1           = [[واسپس آر ايف سي|واسپس]]
| years2           = 1997–2002
| clubs2           = [[نيوڪاسل فالڪنز|نيوڪاسل فالڪنز]]
| apps1            = 13
| points1          = 20
| apps2            = 113
| points2          = 160
| province1        = [[آڪلينڊ رگبي يونين|آڪلينڊ]]
| provinceyears1   = 1988–1993
| provinceapps1    = 49
| provincepoints1  = 140
| module           = {{infobox rugby league biography | embed = yes
| position     = {{rlp|CE}}&lt;br /&gt;[[رگبي ليگ جون پوزيشنون#ونگ|ونگ]]
| teamA        = [[ساموا قومي رگبي ليگ ٽيم|ساموا]]
| yearAstart   = 1995
| appearancesA = 2
| pointsA      = 8
| year1start   = 1993 | year1end = 97
| club1        = [[وگن واريئرز|وگن]]
| appearances1 = 102
| points1      = 254
}}
}}

'''واعايگا ليالوگا تويگامالا پوليليوا فيسولائي'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Fit Season 2 Ep 1 {{!}} DOCUMENTARY/FACTUAL {{!}} ThreeNow |url=https://www.threenow.co.nz/shows/match-fit/season-2-ep-1/S2339-580/M57536-496 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.threenow.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  (4 سيپٽمبر 1969ع – 24 فيبروري 2022ع)، جيڪو عام طور تي '''اِنگا تويگامالا''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو، ھڪ پيشاور [[رگبي يونين]] ۽ [[رگبي ليگ]] جو رانديگر ھو. سندس جنم [[ساموا|مغربي ساموا]] ۾ ٿيو. هن رگبي يونين ۾ [[نيوزيلينڊ قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم|نيوزيلينڊ]] جي نمائندگي ڪندي 19 بين الاقوامي ميچون کيڏيون، ۽ بعد ۾ ساموا جي نمائندگي رگبي ليگ (2 ڪيپس) ۽ رگبي يونين (23 ڪيپس) ٻنهي ۾ ڪئي. هن هڪ رگبي ليگ عالمي ڪپ ۽ ٻه رگبي يونين عالمي ڪپ مقابلا کيڏيا.

تويگامالا پنهنجي راندين واري زندگيءَ جي شروعات رگبي يونين سان ڪئي ۽ صوبائي سطح تي [[آڪلينڊ رگبي يونين|آڪلينڊ]] لاءِ کيڏيو. بعد ۾ هن رگبي يونين ڇڏي رگبي ليگ اختيار ڪئي ۽ 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي ڪامياب [[وگن واريئرز|وگن]] ٽيم جو اهم حصو بڻيو. ان کان پوءِ هو ٻيهر رگبي يونين ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ [[واسپس آر ايف سي|لنڊن واسپس]] ۽ [[نيوڪاسل فالڪنز]] سان انگلينڊ جون چيمپيئن شپون کٽيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/all-blacks/127885209/a-heart-that-was-always-ready-to-serve-family-pays-tribute-to-exall-black-and-samoa-legend-vaaiga-tuigamala |title='A heart that was always ready to serve': Family pays tribute to ex-All Black and Samoa legend Va'aiga Tuigamala |publisher=Stuff |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/wasps-get-tuigamala-1.82980 |title=Wasps get Tuigamala |publisher=Irish Times |date=4 September 1996 |access-date=9 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[سينٽر (رگبي يونين)|سينٽر]] يا [[ونگ (رگبي يونين)|ونگ]] طور کيڏندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي طاقتور ڊوڙ ۽ مضبوط جسماني بناوت سبب مشهور هو، جيڪا ان دور جي گهڻن رگبي ونگرن کان وڌيڪ هئي.

==شروعاتي زندگي==

تويگامالا جو جنم [[فالېاسيو]]، ساموا ۾ ٿيو. جڏهن هو چئن سالن جو هو ته سندس خاندان نيوزيلينڊ لڏي ويو. هن پنهنجي ننڍپڻ جا سال ڏکڻ [[گلينڊين، نيوزيلينڊ|گلينڊين]] ۾، جيڪو [[ويسٽ آڪلينڊ|اولهه آڪلينڊ]] جو حصو آهي، گذاريا.&lt;ref name=&quot;West-Game&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=Innes |chapter=Game On |pages=411–432 |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first1=Finlay |editor-link1=Finlay Macdonald (editor) |editor-last2=Kerr |editor-first2=Ruth |title=West: The History of Waitakere |publisher=Random House |date=2009 |isbn=9781869790080}}&lt;/ref&gt; هو ٽونگن ۽ ساموائي نسل سان واسطو رکندو هو.

==رانديگري وارو ڪيريئر==

===رگبي يونين===

هن نيوزيلينڊ ۾ [[پونسنبي آر ايف سي|پونسنبي]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ رگبي يونين|آڪلينڊ]] لاءِ راند ڪئي. هن 1989ع کان ونگر جي حيثيت سان رگبي يونين ۾ نيوزيلينڊ (آل بليڪس) جي نمائندگي ڪئي ۽ 1991ع ۾ آمريڪا خلاف پنهنجي پهرين ٽيسٽ ميچ کيڏي. ان وقت تويگامالا ساموا ۾ ڄاول پهريون شخص هو، جنهن آل بليڪس لاءِ راند ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;West-Game&quot;/&gt; هن مجموعي طور 19 ڪيپس حاصل ڪيون، جن ۾ 1991ع جي عالمي ڪپ ۾ شرڪت پڻ شامل هئي.

هو 4 جولاءِ 1992ع تي آسٽريليا خلاف ميچ ۾ پنج پوائنٽن واري ٽرائي اسڪور ڪندڙ پهريون رانديگر بڻيو.

&quot;اِنگا دي ونگر&quot; جي لقب سان مشهور تويگامالا 1993ع ۾ انگريزي ڪلب [[وگن واريئرز|وگن]] سان معاهدو ڪري رگبي ليگ ڏانهن منتقل ٿي ويو. ساڳئي سال باب هاوٽ جي لکيل سندس سوانح عمري ''Inga the Winger'' پڻ شايع ٿي.

===رگبي ليگ===

رگبي ليگ ۾ تويگامالا سينٽر جي حيثيت سان ڪامياب [[وگن واريئرز|وگن]] ٽيم جو حصو رهيو ۽ چئن موسمن دوران ڪيترائي اعزاز حاصل ڪيا. هن [[1994 ورلڊ ڪلب چيلنج]] ۾ آسٽريليا جي چيمپيئن ٽيم [[برسبين برونڪوز]] خلاف وگن جي فتح دوران انٽرچينج بينچ تان راند ڪئي.

هن [[ساموا قومي رگبي ليگ ٽيم|ساموا]] جي نمائندگي پڻ ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[1995 رگبي ليگ عالمي ڪپ]] ۾ شرڪت شامل هئي. 1996ع جي [[سپر ليگ ون]] جي پڄاڻي تي کيس [[سپر ليگ ڊريم ٽيم]] ۾ سينٽر جي حيثيت سان چونڊيو ويو.

==راند کان پوءِ==

رگبي ڪيريئر جي پڄاڻي کان پوءِ، هن پنهنجي سوٽ [[ڊيوڊ ٽوا]]، جيڪو هڪ پيشاور هي وي ويٽ مُڪيباز هو، جو صلاحڪار طور ڪم ڪيو. هن &quot;تويگامالا اينڊ سنز آف گلينڊين&quot; نالي جنازي جي انتظامن واري ڪمپني پڻ هلائي. هن ڪمپني جو سڀ کان مشهور گراهڪ مرحوم [[تائوفاعاهاؤ ٽوپو چوٿون]]، ٽونگا جو بادشاهه، هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/inga-honoured-to-serve-king/XJIKQVYEV56L7CYICTNGNWKY4Q/ |title=Inga honoured to serve King |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date=12 September 2006 |access-date=9 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[2008 ڪوئينز برٿ ڊي آنرز (نيوزيلينڊ)|2008ع جي ڪوئينز برٿ ڊي آنرز]] ۾، تويگامالا کي رگبي ۽ سماجي خدمتن جي اعتراف طور [[نيوزيلينڊ آرڊر آف ميرٽ]] جو ميمبر مقرر ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2008 |title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2008 |date=2 June 2008 |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=1 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 2009ع ۾، هو [[ڊيوڊ ٽوا]] سان گڏ ساموا ويو ته جيئن [[ساموا سونامي]] کان پوءِ امدادي ڪوششن ۾ پنهنجو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ جا طريقا ڏسي سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ_Herald_10602166&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/samoa-tsunami/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502844&amp;objectid=10602166|title=Be strong, have faith, says Tua|author=Tapaleao, Vaimoana|date=9 October 2009|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=26 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي 2014ع تي، هن نيوزيلينڊ جي شهر آڪلينڊ ۾ لوگن ڪيمپبل سينٽر تي هڪ مُڪيبازي تقريب منعقد ڪرائي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/692084 |title=Boxrec Event profile |date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Boxrec |access-date=25 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; اها تقريب نيوزيلينڊ جي اسڪاءِ ٽي وي تي پے-پر-ويو ذريعي نشر ڪئي وئي. ان تقريب ۾ هن ۽ سندس ٻن پٽن مقابلا ڪيا، ۽ ٽنهي پنهنجي پنهنجي مقابلي ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/10074955/Three-from-three-for-the-Tuigamala-family |title=Three-from-three for the Tuigamala family |date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Stuff NZ |access-date=25 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تويگامالا ننڊ دوران ساهه رڪجڻ (Sleep Apnoea) ۽ قسم ٻئي جي ذيابيطس ۾ مبتلا ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجي جسماني فٽنيس بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ ''Match Fit'' جي ٻئي سيزن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 2021ع جي آخر تائين سندس ذيابيطس تي ضابطو اچي ويو. 2021/22ع جي ٻئي سيزن دوران هن انڪشاف ڪيو ته هن ٻوٽن تي ٻڌل خوراڪ اختيار ڪئي هئي ۽ سندس رت ۾ ڪوليسٽرول جي سطح تمام صحتمند هئي. ان جي باوجود هو [[گائوٽ]] جي بيماري ۾ پڻ مبتلا رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tokalau |first=Torika |date=2022-06-15 |title=Inga Tuigamala's family on why the All Blacks legend joined reality show Match Fit |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/128947183/inga-tuigamalas-family-on-why-the-all-blacks-legend-joined-reality-show-match-fit |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Stuff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نيوزيلينڊ جي ٻئي ڪووڊ-19 لاڪ ڊائون جي پڄاڻي تائين، سندس ۽ [[براڊ ميڪا]] جي گوڏن ۾ ايتري بهتري اچي وئي جو هو سائيڪل هلائي سگهيا. ان کان پوءِ هو پنهنجي ذيابيطس تي به ضابطو آڻڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو. بهرحال، خانداني هنگامي صورتحال سبب کيس [[رگبي يونين|يونين]] بمقابله [[رگبي ليگ|ليگ]] گهڻ راندين واري رلي جي ٻئي ڏينهن دوران مقابلو ڇڏي وڃڻو پيو.

تويگامالا 24 فيبروري 2022ع تي 52 ورهين جي عمر ۾ وفات ڪري ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Va'aiga 'Inga' Tuigamala, All Black and cross-code star, dies aged 52 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-league/vaaiga-inga-tuigamala-dead-samoa-all-blacks-wigan-b2022272.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=The Independent |date=24 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس وفات وقت هو [[بلند رت جو دٻاءُ]] ۾ مبتلا هو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/rugby/vaaiga-tuigamala-former-all-blacks-winger-dies-at-52/a476dfff-65a7-4af6-b9c2-887c72576396|title=Rugby world mourns All Blacks 'icon' dead at 52|website=wwos.nine.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ 2013ع ۾ کيس فالج جو حملو پڻ ٿي چڪو هو.

2025ع ۾، تويگامالا کي وفات کان پوءِ [[پاسيفيڪا رگبي هال آف فيم]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/556362/seven-more-rugby-legends-to-be-inducted-into-pasifika-rugby-hall-of-fame-in-auckland |title=Seven more rugby legends to be inducted into Pasifika Rugby Hall of Fame in Auckland |date=28 March 2025 |first=Iliesa |last=Tora |work=[[RNZ News]] |access-date=11 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{All Blacks|new_id=Inga-Tuigamala-AB-900|old_id=900|name=Inga Tuigamala}}
* {{ESPNscrum|name=Inga Tuigamala}}
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224202907/http://wigan.rlfans.com/readarticle.php?article_id=1001 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Va'aiga (Inga) Tuigamala at the Wigan Warriors RL Fan Site}}
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927211046/http://www.wasps.co.uk/PlayerDisplaySS.ink?skip=28&amp;squadno=7350&amp;season=96%2F97&amp;seasonl=1996%2F1997&amp;Playertype=P |date=27 September 2008 |title=Va'aiga Tuigamala at the London Wasps}}

{{Wigan RLFC - 1994 Challenge Cup Final winners}}
{{Wigan - 1994 World Club Challenge winners}}
{{Wigan RLFC - 1995 Challenge Cup Final winners}}
{{1996 Super League Dream Team}}
{{All Blacks Squad 1991 World Cup}}
{{Western Samoa 1995 Rugby League World Cup squad}}
{{Samoa Squad 1999 World Cup}}
{{Authority control}}
[[زمرو:1969ع جون پيدائشون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50545" sha1="dfi0qctu122ngoxli5cfl6dmfss95qy" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.</text>
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      <text bytes="65864" sha1="ccv1erghdv3jlfbcj1n6h06kd0q0f1r" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===
{{Main|security controls}}

مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[ISO/IEC 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===
{{Main|security controls}}

مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="90426" sha1="16n48blg0numgohuf7iig4lfmem0msl" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===
{{Main|security controls}}

مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== رمزنگاري ==
{{Main|Cryptography}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[cryptography|رمزنگاري]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[encryption|رمز بندي]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[Key (cryptography)|رمزنگاري ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[information|ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[Telnet|ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[File Transfer Protocol|فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[Secure Shell|سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[Wi-Fi Protected Access|ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[Wired Equivalent Privacy|وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[ITU-T|آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] [[G.hn]]، رمز بندي لاءِ [[Advanced Encryption Standard|ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ [[X.1035]] استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[GnuPG|گنو پي جي]] يا [[Pretty Good Privacy|پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[Key size|ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[Weak key|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[weak encryption|ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[Public key infrastructure|عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[key management|ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="112153" sha1="q7f2r4eth69o650j8futpmlugc4v13w" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== رمزنگاري ==
{{Main|Cryptography}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[رمزنگاري]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[رمز بندي]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[رمزنگاري ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[Key size|ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== رمزنگاري ==
{{Main|Cryptography}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="112149" sha1="3y05cze9ot0pmk5jn4t4c5xln5d1jjn" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==
{{Main|Cryptography}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==
{{Main|Cryptography}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===


تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.</text>
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      <text bytes="136204" sha1="sc9nbqokzyrw37nxbxwyy23fpz5s1mi" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===


تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.</text>
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      <text bytes="136229" sha1="ic7g73eeg9copo6o5r9wkw2zxymer5a" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===


تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="136249" sha1="8x2pi2kq88mwsi4eq9i3uo5ji4s3is6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}


'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===


تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]</text>
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'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===


تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
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'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]</text>
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[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (Information Security)، ڄاڻ سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]</text>
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      <text bytes="136551" sha1="5c02y7jes3y9sa0fsa6y5pjnh273837" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]</text>
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      <text bytes="137480" sha1="p3idypqoynxrenqp1j0j2wfx628pin4" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]

[[Category:Data security]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:National security]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Information governance]]</text>
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      <text bytes="154788" sha1="rlpofi8lbetv3ivg02dagisk0nuej7p" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[information privacy|ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[F
فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[P
پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]

[[Category:Data security]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:National security]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Information governance]]</text>
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      <text bytes="156690" sha1="nfje5az4x10blpndamk7slz75grfotc" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[information privacy|ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[F
فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[P
پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]

[[Category:Data security]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:National security]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Information governance]]</text>
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      <text bytes="158138" sha1="aek0motb2717ykmdu9589uqt6jgwd70" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[information privacy|ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[F
فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[P
پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

== وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* اينڊرسن، ڪي.، &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402234040/http://www.scmagazineus.com/IT-security-professionals-must-evolve-for-changing-market/article/33990/ بدلجندڙ مارڪيٽ لاءِ آءِ ٽي سلامتي جي ماهرن کي ارتقا ڪرڻ لازمي آهي]&quot;، ''ايس سي ميگزين''، 12 آڪٽوبر 2006ع.
* ايسيٽونو، وي.، &quot;ڄاڻي سلامتيءَ جا نمونا (Paradigms)&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، سيپٽمبر 2005ع.
* [[Chuck Easttom|چڪ ايسٽم، سي.]]، ''ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جا بنيادي اصول (ٻيو ايڊيشن)''، [[Pearson Education|پيئرسن ايجوڪيشن]]، 2011ع.
* ليمبو، ٽي.، &quot;ISO/IEC 27001: ڄاڻي سلامتي سرٽيفڪيشن جو مستقبل&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، نومبر 2006ع.
* ڊسٽن، ڊي.، &quot;[http://blog.brisbanedatarecovery.com.au/2017/05/awareness-of-how-your-data-is-being.html آگاهي ته توهان جي ڊيٽا ڪيئن استعمال ٿي رهي آهي ۽ ان بابت ڇا ڪرڻ گهرجي]&quot;، ''سي ڊي آر بلاگ''، مئي 2017ع.
* ڍلن، جي.، &quot;[https://www.jissec.org/Contents/V19/N2/V19N2-Dhillon-p91.pdf ڄاڻي نظامن جي سلامتي جو فڪري بنياد]&quot;، ''جرنل آف انفارميشن سسٽمز سيڪيورٽي''، جلد 19، شمارو 2.
{{Refend}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]

[[Category:Data security]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:National security]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Information governance]]</text>
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      <text bytes="158116" sha1="2h01xmijmu7065zzdqcoy9blhr0z2l7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[P
پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

== وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* اينڊرسن، ڪي.، &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402234040/http://www.scmagazineus.com/IT-security-professionals-must-evolve-for-changing-market/article/33990/ بدلجندڙ مارڪيٽ لاءِ آءِ ٽي سلامتي جي ماهرن کي ارتقا ڪرڻ لازمي آهي]&quot;، ''ايس سي ميگزين''، 12 آڪٽوبر 2006ع.
* ايسيٽونو، وي.، &quot;ڄاڻي سلامتيءَ جا نمونا (Paradigms)&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، سيپٽمبر 2005ع.
* [[Chuck Easttom|چڪ ايسٽم، سي.]]، ''ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جا بنيادي اصول (ٻيو ايڊيشن)''، [[Pearson Education|پيئرسن ايجوڪيشن]]، 2011ع.
* ليمبو، ٽي.، &quot;ISO/IEC 27001: ڄاڻي سلامتي سرٽيفڪيشن جو مستقبل&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، نومبر 2006ع.
* ڊسٽن، ڊي.، &quot;[http://blog.brisbanedatarecovery.com.au/2017/05/awareness-of-how-your-data-is-being.html آگاهي ته توهان جي ڊيٽا ڪيئن استعمال ٿي رهي آهي ۽ ان بابت ڇا ڪرڻ گهرجي]&quot;، ''سي ڊي آر بلاگ''، مئي 2017ع.
* ڍلن، جي.، &quot;[https://www.jissec.org/Contents/V19/N2/V19N2-Dhillon-p91.pdf ڄاڻي نظامن جي سلامتي جو فڪري بنياد]&quot;، ''جرنل آف انفارميشن سسٽمز سيڪيورٽي''، جلد 19، شمارو 2.
{{Refend}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]

[[Category:Data security]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:National security]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Information governance]]</text>
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      <text bytes="158114" sha1="rnb0yjj1xzq4677s56jkfcgd0e50nhk" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

== وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* اينڊرسن، ڪي.، &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402234040/http://www.scmagazineus.com/IT-security-professionals-must-evolve-for-changing-market/article/33990/ بدلجندڙ مارڪيٽ لاءِ آءِ ٽي سلامتي جي ماهرن کي ارتقا ڪرڻ لازمي آهي]&quot;، ''ايس سي ميگزين''، 12 آڪٽوبر 2006ع.
* ايسيٽونو، وي.، &quot;ڄاڻي سلامتيءَ جا نمونا (Paradigms)&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، سيپٽمبر 2005ع.
* [[Chuck Easttom|چڪ ايسٽم، سي.]]، ''ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جا بنيادي اصول (ٻيو ايڊيشن)''، [[Pearson Education|پيئرسن ايجوڪيشن]]، 2011ع.
* ليمبو، ٽي.، &quot;ISO/IEC 27001: ڄاڻي سلامتي سرٽيفڪيشن جو مستقبل&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، نومبر 2006ع.
* ڊسٽن، ڊي.، &quot;[http://blog.brisbanedatarecovery.com.au/2017/05/awareness-of-how-your-data-is-being.html آگاهي ته توهان جي ڊيٽا ڪيئن استعمال ٿي رهي آهي ۽ ان بابت ڇا ڪرڻ گهرجي]&quot;، ''سي ڊي آر بلاگ''، مئي 2017ع.
* ڍلن، جي.، &quot;[https://www.jissec.org/Contents/V19/N2/V19N2-Dhillon-p91.pdf ڄاڻي نظامن جي سلامتي جو فڪري بنياد]&quot;، ''جرنل آف انفارميشن سسٽمز سيڪيورٽي''، جلد 19، شمارو 2.
{{Refend}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]

[[Category:Data security]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:National security]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Information governance]]</text>
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      <text bytes="158383" sha1="8f127zpfbs63t6b4q6e2dovantx8yqa" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

== وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* اينڊرسن، ڪي.، &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402234040/http://www.scmagazineus.com/IT-security-professionals-must-evolve-for-changing-market/article/33990/ بدلجندڙ مارڪيٽ لاءِ آءِ ٽي سلامتي جي ماهرن کي ارتقا ڪرڻ لازمي آهي]&quot;، ''ايس سي ميگزين''، 12 آڪٽوبر 2006ع.
* ايسيٽونو، وي.، &quot;ڄاڻي سلامتيءَ جا نمونا (Paradigms)&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، سيپٽمبر 2005ع.
* [[Chuck Easttom|چڪ ايسٽم، سي.]]، ''ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جا بنيادي اصول (ٻيو ايڊيشن)''، [[Pearson Education|پيئرسن ايجوڪيشن]]، 2011ع.
* ليمبو، ٽي.، &quot;ISO/IEC 27001: ڄاڻي سلامتي سرٽيفڪيشن جو مستقبل&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، نومبر 2006ع.
* ڊسٽن، ڊي.، &quot;[http://blog.brisbanedatarecovery.com.au/2017/05/awareness-of-how-your-data-is-being.html آگاهي ته توهان جي ڊيٽا ڪيئن استعمال ٿي رهي آهي ۽ ان بابت ڇا ڪرڻ گهرجي]&quot;، ''سي ڊي آر بلاگ''، مئي 2017ع.
* ڍلن، جي.، &quot;[https://www.jissec.org/Contents/V19/N2/V19N2-Dhillon-p91.pdf ڄاڻي نظامن جي سلامتي جو فڪري بنياد]&quot;، ''جرنل آف انفارميشن سسٽمز سيڪيورٽي''، جلد 19، شمارو 2.
{{Refend}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:قومي سلامتي]] 
[[زمرو:ڪرپٽوگرافي]] 
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا جي حفاظت]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات جي حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڏوهن جي روڪٿام]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات جو انتظام]] 
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]
[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:انفارميشن سائنس]]
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا سائنس]]
[[زمرو:ڏوهه]]
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="158381" sha1="oeji5ba0zfn62t0wxa5k08s3oqabzww" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

== وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* اينڊرسن، ڪي.، &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402234040/http://www.scmagazineus.com/IT-security-professionals-must-evolve-for-changing-market/article/33990/ بدلجندڙ مارڪيٽ لاءِ آءِ ٽي سلامتي جي ماهرن کي ارتقا ڪرڻ لازمي آهي]&quot;، ''ايس سي ميگزين''، 12 آڪٽوبر 2006ع.
* ايسيٽونو، وي.، &quot;ڄاڻي سلامتيءَ جا نمونا (Paradigms)&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، سيپٽمبر 2005ع.
* [[Chuck Easttom|چڪ ايسٽم، سي.]]، ''ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جا بنيادي اصول (ٻيو ايڊيشن)''، [[Pearson Education|پيئرسن ايجوڪيشن]]، 2011ع.
* ليمبو، ٽي.، &quot;ISO/IEC 27001: ڄاڻي سلامتي سرٽيفڪيشن جو مستقبل&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، نومبر 2006ع.
* ڊسٽن، ڊي.، &quot;[http://blog.brisbanedatarecovery.com.au/2017/05/awareness-of-how-your-data-is-being.html آگاهي ته توهان جي ڊيٽا ڪيئن استعمال ٿي رهي آهي ۽ ان بابت ڇا ڪرڻ گهرجي]&quot;، ''سي ڊي آر بلاگ''، مئي 2017ع.
* ڍلن، جي.، &quot;[https://www.jissec.org/Contents/V19/N2/V19N2-Dhillon-p91.pdf ڄاڻي نظامن جي سلامتي جو فڪري بنياد]&quot;، ''جرنل آف انفارميشن سسٽمز سيڪيورٽي''، جلد 19، شمارو 2.
{{Refend}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:قومي سلامتي]] 
[[زمرو:ڪرپٽوگرافي]] 
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا جي حفاظت]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات جي حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڏوهن جي روڪٿام]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات جو انتظام]] 
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]
[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:انفارميشن سائنس]]
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا سائنس]]
[[زمرو:ڏوھ]]
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="158210" sha1="qebvvh38yu7ztfebmaj8hno4z4mxxpg" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

== وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* اينڊرسن، ڪي.، &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402234040/http://www.scmagazineus.com/IT-security-professionals-must-evolve-for-changing-market/article/33990/ بدلجندڙ مارڪيٽ لاءِ آءِ ٽي سلامتي جي ماهرن کي ارتقا ڪرڻ لازمي آهي]&quot;، ''ايس سي ميگزين''، 12 آڪٽوبر 2006ع.
* ايسيٽونو، وي.، &quot;ڄاڻي سلامتيءَ جا نمونا (Paradigms)&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، سيپٽمبر 2005ع.
* [[Chuck Easttom|چڪ ايسٽم، سي.]]، ''ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جا بنيادي اصول (ٻيو ايڊيشن)''، [[Pearson Education|پيئرسن ايجوڪيشن]]، 2011ع.
* ليمبو، ٽي.، &quot;ISO/IEC 27001: ڄاڻي سلامتي سرٽيفڪيشن جو مستقبل&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، نومبر 2006ع.
* ڊسٽن، ڊي.، &quot;[http://blog.brisbanedatarecovery.com.au/2017/05/awareness-of-how-your-data-is-being.html آگاهي ته توهان جي ڊيٽا ڪيئن استعمال ٿي رهي آهي ۽ ان بابت ڇا ڪرڻ گهرجي]&quot;، ''سي ڊي آر بلاگ''، مئي 2017ع.
* ڍلن، جي.، &quot;[https://www.jissec.org/Contents/V19/N2/V19N2-Dhillon-p91.pdf ڄاڻي نظامن جي سلامتي جو فڪري بنياد]&quot;، ''جرنل آف انفارميشن سسٽمز سيڪيورٽي''، جلد 19، شمارو 2.
{{Refend}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:قومي سلامتي]] 
[[زمرو:ڪرپٽوگرافي]] 
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا جي حفاظت]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات جي حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڏوهن جي روڪٿام]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات جو انتظام]]</text>
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      <text bytes="157697" sha1="rfgsd5s1vid9gr4d3zr65mphv8593jj" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|خطري کي گهٽائي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪرڻ}}
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International]] 2007 privacy ranking&lt;br /&gt;green: Protections and safeguards&lt;br /&gt;red: Endemic surveillance societies]]
'''ڄاڻ جي سلامتي''' (&lt;small&gt;Information Security&lt;/small&gt;)، [[اطلاع|ڄاڻ]] سان لاڳاپيل خطرن کي گهٽائي [[ڄاڻ]] جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. اهو ڄاڻ جي خطري جي انتظام جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi|first1=Chanchala|last2=Singh|first2=Umesh Kumar|date=August 2017|title=Information security risks management framework – A step towards mitigating security risks in university network|journal=Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume=35|pages=128–137|doi=10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.006|issn=2214-2126}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي ان ۾ [[ڊيٽا]] تائين غير مجاز يا نامناسب رسائي، يا ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني استعمال، [[ڊيٽا غير محفوظ ٿيڻ |ظاهر ٿيڻ]]، خلل، حذف ٿيڻ، بگاڙ، تبديلي، جاچ، رڪارڊنگ يا قدر گهٽجڻ جي امڪان کي روڪڻ يا گهٽائڻ شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ اهڙا قدم به شامل هوندا آهن، جن جو مقصد اهڙن واقعن جا خراب اثر گهٽائڻ هوندو آهي. محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ ڪنهن به صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي، مثال طور برقي يا جسماني، مادي، جيئن [[ڪاغذي ڪارروائي]]، يا غير مادي، جيئن [[علم]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Kerstin|last=Fink|title=Knowledge Potential Measurement and Uncertainty|date=2004|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-322-81240-7|oclc=851734708}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو بنيادي ڌيان [[ڊيٽا جي راز داري]]، [[ڊيٽا جي سالميت|سالمیت]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا جي دستيابي|دستيابي]] جي متوازن تحفظ تي هوندو آهي، جنهن کي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو آمريڪي حڪومتي اداري سان ڪو تعلق ناهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Samonas, S. |author2=Coss, D. |year=2014 |title=The CIA Strikes Back: Redefining Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in Security |url=http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |journal=Journal of Information System Security |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=21–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115139/http://www.jissec.org/Contents/V10/N3/V10N3-Samonas.html |archive-date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت موثر [[پاليسي]] لاڳو ڪرڻ تي به ڌيان رکيو ويندو آهي، پر اداري جي [[پيداوار صلاحيت]] کي متاثر ڪرڻ کانسواءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Keyser|first=Tobias|title=Security policy|date=2018-04-19|work=The Information Governance Toolkit|pages=57–62|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315385488-13|isbn=978-1-315-38548-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گهڻو ڪري هڪ منظم [[خطري لاء انتظام |خطري جي انتظام]] واري عمل ذريعي حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.

هن شعبي کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ، عالم ۽ پيشور ماڻهو [[پاسورڊ|پاس ورڊن]]، [[اينٽي وائرس سافٽ ويئر]]، [[فائروال (ڪمپيوٽر)|فائر والن]]، [[انڪرپشن سافٽ ويئر]]، [[قانوني ذميواري]]، [[سلامتي بابت آگاهي]] ۽ تربيت وغيره بابت رهنمائي، پاليسيون ۽ صنعتي معيار مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Lyu|first1=M.R.|last2=Lau|first2=L.K.Y.|title=Proceedings 24th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC2000 |chapter=Firewall security: Policies, testing and performance evaluation |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|year=2000|pages=116–121|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|doi=10.1109/cmpsac.2000.884700|isbn=0-7695-0792-1|s2cid=11202223}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[معيار سازي]] انهن ڪيترن ئي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي ڪري به اڳتي وڌي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ڊيٽا تائين رسائي، پروسيسنگ، ذخيرو ڪرڻ، منتقلي ۽ تباهيءَ جي طريقي تي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How the Lack of Data Standardization Impedes Data-Driven Healthcare|date=2015-10-17|work=Data-Driven Healthcare|page=29|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205012.ch3|isbn=978-1-119-20501-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ ڪاغذ تي ٻڌل ڪاروباري عمل اڃا به عام آهن ۽ انهن لاءِ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا پنهنجا طريقا گهربل آهن، پر ادارن جي ڊجيٽل ڪوششن تي وڌندڙ زور ڏنو پيو وڃي،&lt;ref name=&quot;GartnerSays17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-02-gartner-says-digital-disruptors-are-impacting-all-industries-digital-kpis-are-crucial-to-measuring-success |title=Gartner Says Digital Disruptors Are Impacting All Industries; Digital KPIs Are Crucial to Measuring Success |publisher=Gartner |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] کي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سلامتي جا ماهر سنڀالين ٿا. اهي ماهر ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٽيڪنالاجي تي لاڳو ڪن ٿا، جيڪا اڪثر ڪري ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ ڪمپيوٽر نظام هوندي آهي.

آءِ ٽي سلامتي جا ماهر وڏن ادارن يا اسٽيبلشمينٽن پاران رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن ڪمپني جي [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي انهن بدنيت حملن کان محفوظ رکن، جيڪي اهم خانگي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ يا اندروني نظامن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Secure estimation subject to cyber stochastic attacks|date=2020|journal=Cloud Control Systems|series=Emerging Methodologies and Applications in Modelling|pages=373–404|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818701-2.00021-4|isbn=978-0-12-818701-2|s2cid=240746156}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nijmeijer|first=H.|title=Synchronization of mechanical systems|date=2003|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-279-497-0|oclc=262846185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ ڪيترائي خاص ڪردار آهن، جن ۾ نيٽ ورڪن ۽ لاڳاپيل [[انفرا اسٽرڪچر|ڍانچي]] جي سلامتي، [[ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر|ايپليڪيشنن]] ۽ [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] جي سلامتي، [[سلامتي لاء چڪاس]]، ڄاڻ نظامن جي [[انفارميشن  ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي آڊٽ|آءِ ٽي آڊٽنگ]]، [[ڪاروباري تسلسل جي رٿابندي]]، اليڪٽرانڪ رڪارڊ ڳولا، ۽ [[ڊجيٽل فارنزڪس]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 Types of Cybersecurity Specializations |url=https://learn.org/articles/types_of_cybersecurity_specializations.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معيار ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا معيار عام طور تي شايع ٿيل مواد ۾ ڏنل هدايتون آهن، جن جو مقصد ڪنهن صارف يا اداري جي سائبر ماحول کي خطرن کان بچائڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=9136|title = ITU-T Recommendation database}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن ماحول ۾ صارف پاڻ، هارڊويئر جهڙوڪ ڊوائيسز ۽ نيٽ ورڪ، سافٽ ويئر جهڙوڪ ايپليڪيشنون يا خدمتون، ۽ ذخيرو يا منتقلي ۾ موجود هر قسم جي ڄاڻ شامل هوندي آهي.

اهي معيار سلامتيءَ جا تصور، ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ اهڙي خراب واقعي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هدايتون شامل ڪن ٿا. انهن ۾ اهڙن ادارن لاءِ جائزي جا معيار ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن به شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي سلامتي جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح لاڳو ڪن ٿا. اهي معيار مختلف بين الاقوامي ۽ قومي ادارا تيار ڪن ٿا، ته جيئن سائبر حملن کي روڪي يا گهٽائي سگهجي، ڊولپرن ۾ يڪسانيت يقيني بڻائي سگهجي، ۽ انهن صنعتن ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ معيار قائم ڪري سگهجي، جيڪي حملي جي خطري هيٺ هجن.

[[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27000 خاندان]]، جيڪو [[بين الاقوامي معيار ساز ادارو]] (ISO) ۽ [[بين الاقوامي برقي فني ڪميشن]] (IEC) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو آهي، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام نظام (ISMS) لاءِ هدايتن ۽ گهرجن بابت ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 27001:2022 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/27001 |website=ISO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[عام ڪرائيٽيريا]] (ISO/IEC 15408) ڪنهن نظام جي سلامتي جي جائزي ۽ سرٽيفڪيشن بابت هدايتون ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About The Common Criteria : CC Portal |url=https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/ccra/index.cfm |website=www.commoncriteriaportal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ اي سي 62443]] خودڪاري ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن لاءِ سلامتي جا معيار قائم ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح ISO/SAE 21434، ETSI EN 303 645، ۽ EN 18031 ترتيبوار روڊ گاڏين، [[شين جي انٽرنيٽ]]، ۽ ريڊيو تي ٻڌل نظامن لاءِ معيار مهيا ڪن ٿا.

[[نِسٽ سائبر سيڪيورٽي فريم ورڪ]] (NIST CSF) هدايتن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي، جيڪو آمريڪي [[نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽينڊرڊز اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي]] تيار ڪيو آهي ته جيئن ادارن کي خطري جي انتظام ۾ مدد ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity Framework |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework |website=NIST |language=en |date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; نِسٽ مختلف وفاقي ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ معيار (FIPS) ۽ خاص اشاعتون پڻ شايع ڪري ٿو. برطانيا [[سائبر لوازمات]] متعارف ڪرايو آهي، جيڪو عام سلامتي خطرن کان ادارن کي بچائڻ لاءِ هڪ سرٽيفڪيشن اسڪيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyber Essentials scheme: overview |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cyber-essentials-scheme-overview |website=GOV.UK |language=en |date=13 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آسٽريلين سائبر سيڪيورٽي سينٽر]] ايسينشل ايٽ تخفيفي حڪمت عمليون شايع ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Essential 8 Maturity Model |url=https://www.cyber.gov.au/business-government/asds-cyber-security-frameworks/essential-eight/essential-eight-maturity-model |website=Cyber.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ڪريڊٽ ڪارڊ فراڊ گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڪارڊ هولڊر ڊيٽا جي سنڀال کي ضابطي ۾ آڻي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCI DSS v4.0.1 |url=https://docs-prv.pcisecuritystandards.org/PCI%20DSS/Standard/PCI-DSS-v4_0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[يو ايل (سلامتي واري تنظيم)|يو ايل]] مخصوص صنعتن سان لاڳاپيل معيار شايع ڪيا آهن، جهڙوڪ سلامتي ۽ حياتي بچاءُ سگنلنگ نظامن لاءِ UL 2900-2-3 ۽ صحت ۽ تندرستي نظامن لاءِ UL-2900-2-1.

== خطرا ==
{{Main|خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي)}}

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرا]] ڪيترين ئي مختلف صورتن ۾ اچن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Noor H.|title=Human Rights and Internal Security in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reality.|date=March 2006|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=74288358}}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه جا ڪجهه سڀ کان عام خطرا سافٽ ويئر حملا، ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري، سڃاڻپ جي چوري، سامان يا ڄاڻ جي چوري، سبوتاژ، ۽ ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Edward |last=Wilding|title=Information risk and security: preventing and investigating workplace computer crime|date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92755-0|oclc=1052118207}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer virus|وائرس]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=CISSP Study Guide|last=Stewart |first=James|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-31417-3|location=Canada|pages=255–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Computer worm|ورمز]]، [[فشنگ حملا]]، ۽ [[ٽروجن هارس (ڪمپيوٽر)|ٽروجن هارسز]] سافٽ ويئر حملن جا چند عام مثال آهن. [[ذهني ملڪيت جي چوري]] به ڪيترن ئي ڪاروبارن لاءِ وڏو مسئلو رهي آهي. [[سڃاڻپ جي چوري]] عام طور تي ڪنهن ٻئي شخص وانگر عمل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش آهي، جيئن ان شخص جي ذاتي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪري سگهجي يا [[سماجي انجنيئرنگ (سلامتي)|سماجي انجنيئرنگ]] ذريعي اهم ڄاڻ تائين سندس رسائي مان فائدو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|journal=Issues in Information Systems|doi=10.48009/2_iis_2007_297-302|issn=1529-7314|doi-access=free |title=Identity Theft: The Newest Digital Attackking Industry Must Take Seriously}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Anna|last1=Wendel-Persson|first2=Fredrik|last2=Ronnhed|title=IT-säkerhet och människan: De har världens starkaste mur men porten står alltid på glänt|date=2017|publisher=Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik|oclc=1233659973}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سبوتاژ]] عام طور تي ڪنهن اداري جي [[ويب سائيٽ]] جي تباهي تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد ان جي گراهڪن ۾ اعتماد جو نقصان پيدا ڪرڻ هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Ruodan|last2=Skarlicki |first2=Daniel P.|date=2014|title=Sabotage toward the Customers who Mistreated Employees Scale |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t31653-000}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ذريعي ڀنگ گهرڻ ۾ ڪمپني جي ملڪيت يا ڄاڻ چوري ڪري، اها ڄاڻ يا ملڪيت واپس ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ ادائيگي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيئن [[رينسم ويئر]] ۾ ٿئي ٿو. انهن حملن خلاف سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪارائتي احتياطن مان هڪ وقفي وقفي سان صارفن جي آگاهي ڪرائڻ آهي.

[[Governments|حڪومتون]]، [[فوج|فوجون]]، [[ڪارپوريشن|ڪارپوريشنون]]، [[مالياتي ادارو|مالي ادارا]]، [[اسپتال|اسپتالون]]، غير منافع بخش تنظيمون، ۽ خانگي [[ڪاروبار]] پنهنجن ملازمن، گراهڪن، پيداوارن، تحقيق ۽ مالي حالت بابت تمام گهڻي ڳجهي ڄاڻ گڏ ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروبار جي گراهڪن، ماليات يا نئين پيداوار واري سلسلي بابت ڳجهي ڄاڻ ڪنهن مقابلي ڪندڙ يا [[سڪيورٽي ھيڪر|هيڪر]] جي هٿ چڙهي وڃي، ته ڪاروبار ۽ ان جا گراهڪ وسيع ۽ ناقابل تلافي مالي نقصان سان گڏ ڪمپني جي ساک کي به نقصان برداشت ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=How Did it All Come About? |work=The Compliance Business and Its Customers|year=2012|place=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137271150_3 |isbn=978-1-137-27115-0 |last1=Kasabov |first1=Edward |last2=Warlow |first2=Alex |pages=11–20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروباري نقطه نظر کان، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي خرچ سان متوازن رکڻ ضروري آهي؛ [[گورڊن-لوئب ماڊل]] هن مسئلي کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ رياضيائي معاشي طريقو فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Gordon|author-link1=Lawrence A. Gordon |first2=Martin P. |last2=Loeb |author-link2=Martin P. Loeb|journal=ACM Transactions on Information and System Security|volume=5 |issue=4| pages=438–457|doi=10.1145/581271.581274|title= The Economics of Information Security Investment|s2cid=1500788 |url=http://tissec.acm.org/|date=November 2002|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فرد لاءِ، ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو [[رازداري]] تي اهم اثر هوندو آهي، جنهن کي مختلف [[ثقافت|ثقافتن]] ۾ تمام مختلف نموني ڏٺو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cho Kim|first1=Byung|last2=Khansa|first2=Lara|last3=James|first3=Tabitha|date=July 2011 |title=Individual Trust and Consumer Risk Perception |journal=Journal of Information Privacy and Security |volume=7|issue=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1080/15536548.2011.10855915 |s2cid=144643691 |issn=1553-6548}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
رابطي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن کان ئي سفارتڪارن ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊرن سمجهي ورتو هو ته خط و ڪتابت جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ ڪنهن طريقي جي ضرورت آهي ۽ [[ڇیڙ ڇاڙ]] معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ به ڪو وسيلو هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2019-10-31 |title=Creating An American Culture Of Secrecy: Cryptography In Wilson-Era Diplomacy |journal=Diplomatic History |article-number=dhz046 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhz046 |issn=0145-2096}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] کي لڳ ڀڳ 50 ق.م. ۾ [[سيزر سائفر]] جي ايجاد جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ان لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ته جيڪڏهن سندس ڳجها پيغام غلط هٿن ۾ پئجي وڃن ته اهي پڙهي نه سگهجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction: Caesar Is Dead. Long Live Caesar!|work=Julius Caesar's Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474245784.0005|isbn=978-1-4742-4578-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Gaius|last1=Suetonius Tranquillus|title=Lives of the Caesars (Oxford World's Classics)|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-953756-3|page=28|author-link=Suetonius}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي به، گهڻي ڀاڱي تحفظ طريقيڪار تي ٻڌل سنڀال ضابطن جي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان حاصل ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Code Book |last=Singh |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Singh |year=2000 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-49532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codebook00simo/page/289 289–290] |title-link=The Code Book }}&lt;/ref&gt; حساس ڄاڻ تي نشان لڳايو ويندو هو ته اها محفوظ رکڻ گهرجي، ۽ ان کي ڀروسي جوڳن ماڻهن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو، نگهباني هيٺ رکيو ويندو هو، ۽ محفوظ ماحول يا مضبوط صندوق ۾ ذخيرو ڪيو ويندو هو. جيئن جيئن ٽپال خدمتون وڌيون، حڪومتن خط روڪڻ، رمز کولڻ، پڙهڻ ۽ ٻيهر بند ڪرڻ لاءِ سرڪاري تنظيمون ٺاهيون، مثال طور برطانيا جو سيڪريٽ آفيس، جيڪو 1653ع ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonTheEvo97&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=John |last=Johnson |title=The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 |year=1997 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |asin=B00GYX1GX2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڻويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري وڌيڪ پيچيده [[ڄاڻ جي درجابندي (سلامتي)|درجه بندي نظام]] ٺاهيا ويا، ته جيئن حڪومتون پنهنجي ڄاڻ کي حساسيت جي درجي موجب سنڀالي سگهن.&lt;ref name=WBS_1&gt;{{cite journal| title=Were Banks Special? Contrasting Viewpoints in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain| author=Willison, M.| url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249510| journal=Monetary Economics: International Financial Flows| date=21 September 2018| access-date=1 December 2023| doi=10.2139/ssrn.3249510| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، برطانوي حڪومت 1889ع ۾ [[آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ، 1889|آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ]] جي اشاعت سان، ڪنهن حد تائين، هن کي قانوني صورت ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;HastedtSpies11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WoNp2vI-cC&amp;pg=PA589 |chapter=Official Secrets Act (1889; New 1911; Amended 1920, 1939, 1989) |title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage |volume=2 |author=Ruppert, K. |editor=Hastedt, G.P. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |pages=589–590 |isbn=978-1-85109-808-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; قانون جي سيڪشن 1 جو تعلق جاسوسي ۽ ڄاڻ جي غير قانوني ظاهر ڪرڻ سان هو، جڏهن ته سيڪشن 2 سرڪاري اعتماد جي ڀڃڪڙين بابت هو. جلد ئي رياست جي مفاد ۾ ڪيل ظاهرين جو بچاءُ ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي مفاد وارو دفاع شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maer|first1=Lucinda|last2=Gay|date=30 December 2008|title=Official Secrecy|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/uk/secrecy.pdf|website=Federation of American Scientists}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهڙو ئي قانون 1889ع ۾ هندستان ۾ به پاس ٿيو، جنهن کي دي انڊين آفيشل سيڪريٽس ايڪٽ چيو ويو. اهو برطانوي نوآبادياتي دور سان لاڳاپيل هو ۽ راڄ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪندڙ اخبارن کي دٻائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Official Secrets Act 1989 which replaced section 2 of the 1911 Act  &lt;!-- appears to be missing from online edition --&gt; |date=2016-06-10 |work=Espionage and Secrecy (Routledge Revivals)|pages=267–282|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315542515 |isbn=978-1-315-54251-5 |last1=Thomas |first1=Rosamund }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1923ع ۾ هڪ نئون نسخو منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪو حڪمراني لاءِ ڳجهي يا رازدار ڄاڻ جي سڀني معاملن تائين وڌايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پھرين عالمي جنگ]] تائين، مختلف محاذن ڏانهن ۽ اتان کان ڄاڻ موڪلڻ لاءِ گهڻ-سطحي درجه بندي نظام استعمال ٿيڻ لڳا هئا، جنهن سفارتي ۽ فوجي هيڊڪوارٽرن ۾ ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ ۽ ڪوڊ ٽوڙڻ وارن شعبن جي وڌيڪ استعمال کي هٿي ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|date=November 2015|title=&quot;Breaking the Chains with Which We were Bound&quot;: The Interrogation Chamber, the Indian National Army and the Negation of Military Identities, 1941–1947|journal=Brill's Digital Library of World War I|doi=10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_b9789004211452_019}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنگن جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ رمز بندي وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڄاڻ کي گڊمڊ ۽ ٻيهر صاف ڪرڻ لاءِ مشينون استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duncanson|first=Dennis|date=June 1982|title=The scramble to unscramble French Indochina|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1080/03068378208730070|issn=0306-8374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر جي سلامتي]] جي قيام سان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي تاريخ شروع ٿي. اهڙي ضرورت [[ٻين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ظاهر ٿي.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=|pp=3}} ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل ڄاڻ جي مقدار سبب درجه بندي نظامن ۽ طريقيڪار وارن ضابطن کي باضابطه طور هم آهنگ ڪرڻ ضروري ٿي پيو. نشانين جو هڪ پيچيده سلسلو وجود ۾ آيو، جيڪو ظاهر ڪندو هو ته دستاويزن کي ڪير سنڀالي سگهي ٿو، عام طور تي آفيسر، نه ڪي عام ڀرتي ٿيل سپاهي، ۽ انهن کي ڪٿي محفوظ رکڻو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته وڌيڪ پيچيده لوهي صندوقون ۽ ذخيرو سهولتون تيار ڪيون پئي ويون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Glatthaar|first=Joseph T.|title=Officers and Enlisted Men|date=2011-06-15|work=Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia|pages=83–96|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|doi=10.5149/9780807877869_glatthaar.11|isbn=978-0-8078-3492-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Enigma Machine|اينگما مشين]]، جيڪا جرمنن جنگي ڊيٽا کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ۽ جنهن کي [[ايلن ٽيورنگ]] ڪاميابيءَ سان رمز کوليو، محفوظ ڄاڻ ٺاهڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ جو هڪ نمايان مثال سمجهي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Enigma: The Battle for the Code |author=Sebag–Montefiore, H. |publisher=Orion |page=576 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78022-123-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستاويزن کي صحيح نموني تباهه ڪرڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ طريقيڪار ترقي ڪئي، ۽ انهن طريقيڪار تي عمل نه ڪرڻ ئي جنگ جي ڪجهه وڏين انٽيليجنس ڪاميابين جو سبب بڻيو، مثال طور [[يو-570|يو-570]] جي قبضي جو واقعو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sebag-MontefioreEnigma11&quot; /&gt;

[[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران مختلف [[مين فريم ڪمپيوٽر]] آن لائين ڳنڍيا ويا ته جيئن وڌيڪ پيچيده ڪم مڪمل ڪري سگهجن، اهڙي رابطي واري عمل ۾ جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر مرڪزن جي وچ ۾ [[مقناطيسي ٽيپون]] موڪلڻ کان وڌيڪ آسان هو. ان ڪري، [[آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي]] جي [[ايڊوانسڊ ريسرچ پروجيڪٽس ايجنسي]] (ARPA) [[آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجون |آمريڪي هٿياربند فوجن]] اندر ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل رابطي نظام جي امڪان بابت تحقيق شروع ڪئي. 1968ع ۾ [[لارنس رابرٽس (سائنسدان)|ليري رابرٽس]] طرفان [[آرپانيٽ]] منصوبو ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو پوءِ اڳتي هلي ان شيءِ ۾ تبديل ٿيو، جنهن کي اڄ [[انٽرنيٽ]] چيو وڃي ٿو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|pp=4-5}}

1973ع ۾، انٽرنيٽ جي اڳواڻ [[رابرٽ ميٽڪالف]] ARPANET جي سلامتي جا اهم جزا ڪيترين خامين وارا ڏٺا، جهڙوڪ: &quot;پاس ورڊ ڍانچي ۽ فارميٽن جي ڪمزوري؛ [[ڊائل-اپ ڪنيڪشنن]] لاءِ سلامتي طريقيڪار جي کوٽ؛ ۽ صارف جي سڃاڻپ ۽ اختيارن جو نه هجڻ&quot;، ان کان علاوه غير مجاز رسائي کان ڊيٽا کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ ضابطن ۽ حفاظتي قدمن جي کوٽ به موجود هئي. هيڪرن کي ARPANET تائين آسانيءَ سان رسائي حاصل هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فون نمبر عوام کي معلوم هئا.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}} انهن مسئلن، ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جي مسلسل ڀڃڪڙين، ۽ نظام جي ميزبان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ صارفن جي تعداد ۾ تيز واڌ سبب، &quot;نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي&quot; کي اڪثر &quot;نيٽ ورڪ عدم سلامتي&quot; طور بيان ڪيو ويندو هو.{{Sfn|Whitman|Mattord|5=2017|p=5}}

[[File:Posters for information security for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian .jpg|thumb|[[روسي وفاق]] واري [[بچاءَ واري وزارت (روس)|بچاءَ واري وزارت]] طرفان ڄاڻ جي سلامتي بابت آگاهي ڏيندڙ پوسٽر]]

ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ [[ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن]]، ڪمپيوٽنگ [[ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر]] ۽ [[سافٽ ويئر]]، ۽ ڊيٽا [[انڪرپشن|رمز بندي]] ۾ تيز ترقيون ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Thomas Merton: Twentieth-Century Wisdom for Twenty-First-Century Living|date=2012-04-26|author=Dekar, Paul R.|pages=160–184|publisher=The Lutterworth Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1cg4k28.13|isbn=978-0-7188-4069-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ننڍي، وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري ڪمپيوٽنگ سامان جي دستيابيءَ [[برقي [[ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ]] کي [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] ۽ گهريلو صارفن جي پهچ ۾ آڻي ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|last=Murphy|first=Richard C.|date=2009-09-01|title=Building more powerful less expensive supercomputers using Processing-In-Memory (PIM) LDRD final report|doi=10.2172/993898}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ٽرانسفر ڪنٽرول پروٽوڪول/انٽرنيٽ ورڪ پروٽوڪول (TCP/IP) جي قيام مختلف قسمن جي ڪمپيوٽرن کي هڪ ٻئي سان رابطو ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Internet|url=https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.usg.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي ڪمپيوٽر جلد ئي [[internet|انٽرنيٽ]] ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2001|title=Walking through the view of Delft - on Internet|journal=Computers &amp; Graphics|volume=25|issue=5|page=927|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(01)00149-2|issn=0097-8493}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برقي ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ انٽرنيٽ ذريعي ٿيندڙ [[برقي ڪاروبار]] جي تيز واڌ ۽ وسيع استعمال، گڏوگڏ بين الاقوامي [[دهشتگردي]] جي ڪيترن واقعن، ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ انهن ۾ محفوظ، پروسيس ۽ منتقل ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جي بهتر حفاظت وارن طريقن جي ضرورت کي وڌايو.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeLeeuwTheHist07&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 24: A History of Internet Security |title=The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu |url-access=limited |author=DeNardis, L. |editor1=de Leeuw, K.M.M.|editor2=Bergstra, J. |publisher=Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyinformati00leeu/page/n661 681]–704 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-08-055058-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي]] ۽ [[ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني]] جا علمي شعبا ڪيترين ئي پيشور تنظيمن سان گڏ اڀريا، جن سڀني جو گڏيل مقصد [[ڄاڻ نظام|ڄاڻ نظامن]] جي سلامتي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي يقيني بڻائڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Allen |last2=Impagliazzo |first2=John |last3=Raj |first3=Rajendra K. |last4=Santos |first4=Henrique |last5=Asghar |first5=Muhammad Rizwan |last6=Jøsang |first6=Audun |last7=Pereira |first7=Teresa |last8=Stavrou |first8=Eliana |chapter=Global perspectives on cybersecurity education for 2030: A case for a meta-discipline |date=2018-07-02 |title=Proceedings Companion of the 23rd Annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3293881.3295778 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=36–54 |doi=10.1145/3293881.3295778 |hdl=1822/71620 |isbn=978-1-4503-6223-8|s2cid=58004425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سلامتي جا مقصد ==

=== سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ ===
'''راز داري، سالمیت، ۽ دستيابي''' جو &quot;سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ&quot; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو مرڪز آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Perrin|first=Chad|title=The CIA Triad|date=30 June 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488|access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو تصور 1972ع ۾ اينڊرسن رپورٽ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ پوءِ ''[[ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ ڄاڻ جو تحفظ]]'' ۾ ٻيهر ورجايو ويو. هي مخفف لڳ ڀڳ 1986ع ۾ اسٽيو لپنر ٺاهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=Jeroen Van Der |date=2021-06-08 |title=Toward a Better Understanding of &quot;Cybersecurity&quot; |journal=Digital Threats: Research and Practice |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1145/3442445 |issn=2692-1626}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

اهو بحث اڃا جاري آهي ته ڇا هي ٽرائيڊ تيزيءَ سان بدلجندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ڪاروباري گهرجن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي يا نه؛ سفارشون ڏنيون ويون آهن ته دستيابي ۽ راز داري جي وچ وارن لاڳاپن، ۽ سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي تعلق کي به وڌيڪ وسيع نموني ڏٺو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;SamonasTheCIA14&quot; /&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن &quot;جوابدهي&quot; جهڙا ٻيا اصول پڻ تجويز ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security |year=2004 |url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf |publisher=csrc.nist.gov |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA |last1=Stoneburner |first1=G. |last2=Hayden |first2=C. |last3=Feringa |first3=A. |access-date=2011-08-28 |archive-date=2011-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815124528/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-27A/SP800-27-RevA.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو به نشاندهي ڪئي وئي آهي ته [[non-repudiation|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]] جهڙا مسئلا ٽن بنيادي تصورن ۾ چڱيءَ ريت نٿا ٺهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is the CIA triad? A principled framework for defining infosec policies |url=https://www.csoonline.com/article/568917/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=CSO Online |language=English|date=July 12, 2024|last=Fruhlinger|first=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== راز داري ====
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾، [[راز داري]] &quot;اها خاصيت آهي، جنهن تحت ڄاڻ غير مجاز ماڻهن، ادارن يا عملن لاءِ دستياب يا ظاهر نه ڪئي وڃي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeckersPattern15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Beckers, K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdICAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Pattern and Security Requirements: Engineering-Based Establishment of Security Standards |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-16664-3 |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اها &quot;رازداري&quot; سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، پر اهي ٻئي لفظ هڪ ٻئي جي جاءِ تي استعمال نٿا ٿي سگهن. حقيقت ۾، راز داري رازداري جو هڪ جزو آهي، جيڪو ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز ڏسندڙن کان بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Fienberg |first1=Stephen E. |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |date=2011 |pages=342–345 |chapter=Data Privacy and Confidentiality |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_202 |isbn=978-3-642-04897-5 |last2=Slavković |first2=Aleksandra B.}}&lt;/ref&gt; برقي ڊيٽا جي راز داري متاثر ٿيڻ جا مثال ليپ ٽاپ جي چوري، پاس ورڊ جي چوري، يا حساس اي ميلن جو غلط ماڻهن ڏانهن موڪليو وڃڻ آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Andress, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NI0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice |publisher=Syngress |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-12-800812-6 |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سالمیت ====
آءِ ٽي سلامتي ۾، [[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]] جو مطلب ڊيٽا جي سڄي حياتي چڪر دوران ان جي درستگي ۽ مڪمل هجڻ کي برقرار رکڻ ۽ يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boritz |first=J. Efrim |year=2005 |title=IS Practitioners' Views on Core Concepts of Information Integrity |journal=International Journal of Accounting Information Systems |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=260–279 |doi=10.1016/j.accinf.2005.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڊيٽا کي غير مجاز يا اڻ ڄاتل طريقي سان تبديل نه ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hryshko |first=I. |date=2020 |title=Unauthorized Occupation of Land and Unauthorized Construction: Concepts and Types of Tactical Means of Investigation |journal=International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence |issue=43 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.32841/2307-1745.2020.43.40 |issn=2307-1745 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڊيٽا بيس|ڊيٽابيسن]] ۾ [[حوالاتي سالمیت]] جهڙي شيءِ ناهي، جيتوڻيڪ ان کي [[ٽرانزيڪشن پروسيسنگ]] (ACID) جي روايتي [[اي سي آءِ ڊي]] ماڊل ۾ سمجهي ويندڙ يڪسانيت جو هڪ خاص صورت سمجهي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kim |first=Bonn-Oh |title=Referential Integrity for Database Design |date=2000-09-21 |work=High-Performance Web Databases |pages=427–434 |publisher=Auerbach Publications |doi=10.1201/9781420031560-34 |isbn=978-0-429-11600-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جا نظام عام طور تي پنهنجي سالمیت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ضابطا شامل ڪندا آهن، خاص ڪري ڪرنل يا بنيادي ڪمن کي ارادي ۽ اتفاقي ٻنهي خطرن کان بچائڻ لاءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pevnev |first=V. |date=2018 |title=Model Threats and Ensure the Integrity of Information |journal=Systems and Technologies |volume=2 |issue=56 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.32836/2521-6643-2018.2-56.6 |issn=2521-6643 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻ مقصدن ۽ گهڻ صارفن وارا ڪمپيوٽر نظام ڊيٽا ۽ پروسيسنگ کي جدا خانن ۾ رکڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، ته جيئن ڪو صارف يا عمل ٻئي تي خراب اثر نه وجهي؛ تنهن هوندي به ضابطا هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين، جيئن مالويئر انفيڪشن، هيڪنگ، ڊيٽا چوري، فراڊ، ۽ رازداري ڀڃڪڙين جهڙن واقعن ۾ ڏٺو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lejun |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanzhuo |last3=Cheng |first3=Xueqi |last4=Li |first4=Jinming |last5=Jin |first5=Shuyuan |date=2013-02-26 |title=Privacy theft malware multi-process collaboration analysis |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1002/sec.705 |issn=1939-0114 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سالمیت ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جو اهڙو اصول آهي، جنهن ۾ انساني/سماجي سالمیت، عمل جي سالمیت، تجارتي سالمیت، ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت شامل آهن. ان ڪري اهو اعتبار، يڪسانيت، سچائي، مڪمل هجڻ، درستگي، بروقت هجڻ، ۽ يقين دهاني جهڙن پاسن سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-397033-6 |series=MK Series on Business Intelligence |pages=e11–e19 |chapter=Completeness, Consistency, and Integrity of the Data Model |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4 |access-date=2021-05-29 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397033-6.00030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== دستيابي ====
ڪنهن به ڄاڻ نظام کي پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ ڪم ڪرڻو هجي ته ڄاڻ ضرورت وقت [[availability|دستياب]] هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite video |title=Video from SPIE - the International Society for Optics and Photonics |doi=10.1117/12.2266326.5459349132001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مطلب آهي ته ڄاڻ کي ذخيرو ۽ پروسيس ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام، ان جي حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[سلامتي ضابطا]]، ۽ ان تائين رسائي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رابطي وارا چينل صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري رهيا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Communication Skills Used by Information Systems Graduates |journal=Issues in Information Systems |doi=10.48009/1_iis_2005_311-317 |issn=1529-7314 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اعليٰ دستيابي]] وارا نظام هر وقت دستياب رهڻ جو مقصد رکن ٿا، جيئن بجلي بند ٿيڻ، هارڊويئر ناڪامي، ۽ نظام اپگريڊن سبب خدمت ۾ خلل کي روڪي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5083196/ |title=Outages of electric power supply resulting from cable failures Boston Edison Company system |date=1980-07-01 |doi=10.2172/5083196 |osti=5083196 |access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; دستيابي يقيني بڻائڻ ۾ [[خدمت کان انڪار وارا حملا|خدمت کان انڪار وارن حملن]] کي روڪڻ به شامل آهي، جيئن ٽارگيٽ نظام ڏانهن ايندڙ پيغامن جو ٻوڏ جهڙو وهڪرو، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ان کي بند ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Loukas |first1=G. |last2=Oke |first2=G. |date=September 2010 |title=Protection Against Denial of Service Attacks: A Survey |url=http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |journal=[[The Computer Journal|Comput. J.]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1020–1037 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |orig-date=August 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115835/http://staffweb.cms.gre.ac.uk/~lg47/publications/LoukasOke-DoSSurveyComputerJournal.pdf |date=2012-03-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي دائري ۾، دستيابي کي اڪثر ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي پروگرام جي سڀ کان اهم حصن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} آخرڪار آخري صارفن کي پنهنجا ڪم ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي؛ دستيابي کي يقيني بڻائي ادارو انهن معيارن مطابق ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو، جن جي اميد اداري جا حصيدار رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Be Able To Perform a Clinical Activity |date=2020-02-02 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/dine5x |s2cid=241238722|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ پراڪسي ترتيبون، ٻاهرين ويب رسائي، گڏيل ڊرائيوز تائين رسائي، ۽ اي ميلون موڪلڻ جي صلاحيت جهڙا موضوع شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ohta |first1=Mai |title=2011 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) |last2=Fujii |first2=Takeo |date=May 2011 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4577-0177-1 |pages=623–627 |chapter=Iterative cooperative sensing on shared primary spectrum for improving sensing ability |doi=10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2011.5936257 |s2cid=15119653}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڪامياب ڄاڻ سلامتي ٽيم ۾ ڪيترائي اهم ڪردار شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي گڏجي ۽ هم آهنگ ٿي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ کي موثر نموني مهيا ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Dan |title=Identify and Align Security-Related Roles |date=2020 |work=Rational Cybersecurity for Business |pages=31–60 |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |doi=10.1007/978-1-4842-5952-8_2 |isbn=978-1-4842-5951-1 |s2cid=226626983|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اضافي سلامتي مقصد ===
سلامتي مقصدن جي روايتي سي آءِ اي ٽرائيڊ کان علاوه، ڪجهه تنظيمون اصليت، جوابدهي، انڪار نه ڪرڻ، ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جهڙا سلامتي مقصد شامل ڪرڻ چاهينديون آهن.

==== انڪار نه ڪرڻ ====
قانون ۾، [[بي انڪاري]] جو مطلب آهي ته ڪنهن شخص جو پنهنجي معاهدي واريون ذميواريون پوريون ڪرڻ جو ارادو موجود آهي. ان جو مطلب اهو به آهي ته ڪنهن معاملي جو هڪ ڌر معاملو وصول ڪرڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي، ۽ ٻيو ڌر معاملو موڪلڻ کان انڪار نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BidgoliHandbook06&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=McCarthy, C. |title=Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-05121-4 |editor=Bidgoli, H. |volume=3 |pages=49–76 |chapter=Digital Libraries: Security and Preservation Considerations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RfANAwOUdIC&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ رمزياتي نظام جهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي انڪار نه ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر هي تصور پنهنجي بنياد ۾ هڪ قانوني تصور آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪنالاجي جي دائري کان مٿي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Information technology. Open systems interconnection. Security frameworks for open systems |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/01110206u}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، اهو ڏيکارڻ ڪافي ناهي ته پيغام موڪليندڙ جي خانگي ڪنجي سان صحيح ڪيل ڊجيٽل صحيح سان ملي ٿو، ۽ تنهن ڪري صرف موڪليندڙ ئي اهو پيغام موڪلي سگهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو ڪو به ان کي منتقلي دوران تبديل نٿو ڪري سگهي ([[ڊيٽا جي سالمیت]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Christofori |first=Ralf |editor-first1=Reinhard |editor-first2=Merz |editor-last1=Hauff |editor-last2=Akademie |title=Thus could it have been |date=2014-01-01 |work=Julio Rondo - O.k., Meta Memory |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |doi=10.30965/9783846757673 |isbn=978-3-7705-5767-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; الزام هيٺ آيل موڪليندڙ جواب ۾ ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو ته ڊجيٽل صحيح جو الگورٿم ڪمزور يا ناقص آهي، يا اهو دعويٰ ڪري يا ثابت ڪري سگهي ٿو ته سندس صحيح واري ڪنجي متاثر ٿي چڪي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atkins |first=D. |date=May 2021 |title=Use of the Walnut Digital Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9021 |doi=10.17487/rfc9021 |s2cid=182252627 |access-date=18 January 2022 |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |website=RFC Editor|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ڀڃڪڙين جو قصور موڪليندڙ تي هجي يا نه هجي، ۽ اهڙيون دعوائون موڪليندڙ کي ذميواري کان آزاد ڪن يا نه ڪن، پر اها دعويٰ رد ٿي ويندي ته صحيح لازمي طور تي اصليت ۽ سالمیت کي ثابت ڪري ٿي. ان صورت ۾، موڪليندڙ پيغام کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اصليت ۽ سالمیت انڪار نه ڪرڻ لاءِ اڳواٽ شرطون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Le May |first=I. |title=Structural Integrity in the Petrochemical Industry |date=2003 |work=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |pages=125–149 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b0-08-043749-4/01001-6 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻيا ماڊل ===
1992ع ۾ ۽ 2002ع ۾ ترميم ٿيل، [[او اي سي ڊي]] (OECD) جي ''ڄاڻ نظامن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن جي سلامتي لاءِ هدايتن''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |title=oecd.org |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516085505/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/22/15582260.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي قبول ٿيل نو اصول تجويز ڪيا: [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي آگاهي]]، ذميواري، ردعمل، اخلاقيات، جمهوريت، خطري جو جائزو، سلامتي جو ڊزائن ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ، سلامتي انتظام، ۽ ٻيهر جائزو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 1996|title=GSSP (Generally-Accepted system Security Principles): A trip to abilene|journal=Computers &amp; Security|volume=15|issue=5|page=417|doi=10.1016/0167-4048(96)82630-7|issn=0167-4048}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن جي بنياد تي، 2004ع ۾ [[نِسٽ]] جي ''ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي سلامتي لاءِ انجنيئرنگ اصولن''&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; 33 اصول تجويز ڪيا.

1998ع ۾، [[ڊان پارڪر]] روايتي &quot;سي آءِ اي&quot; ٽرائيڊ لاءِ هڪ متبادل ماڊل تجويز ڪيو، جنهن کي هن [[Parkerian Hexad|ڄاڻ جا ڇهه ائٽمي عنصر]] سڏيو. اهي عنصر [[راز داري]]، [[مالڪاڻو قبضو]]، [[سالمیت]]، [[اصليت جي تصديق]]، [[دستيابي]]، ۽ [[افاديت]] آهن. [[پارڪيرين هيڪسيڊ]] جون خوبيون سلامتي ماهرن جي وچ ۾ بحث جو موضوع آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Slade|first=Rob|url=http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html|title=(ICS)2 Blog|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003743/http://blog.isc2.org/isc2_blog/2008/12/cia-triad-versus-parkerian-hexad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾، [[ اوپن گروپ]] ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام جو معيار [[اوپن انفرميشن سڪيورٽي ميچوئرٽي ماڊل|او-آءِ ايس ايم 3]] شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aceituno|first=Vicente|title=Open Information Security Maturity Model|url=http://www.ism3.com/node/39|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن معيار سلامتي جي اهم تصورن جي هڪ [[عملي تعريف]] تجويز ڪئي، جن ۾ &quot;سلامتي مقصد&quot; نالي عنصر شامل هئا، جيڪي [[رسائي ضابتگي]] (9)، [[دستيابي]] (3)، [[ڊيٽا معيار]] (1)، تعميل، ۽ فني عنصرن (4) سان لاڳاپيل هئا.

== خطري جو انتظام ==

خطرو اهو امڪان آهي ته ڪا خراب ڳالهه ٿيندي، جيڪا ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي نقصان پهچائيندي، يا اثاثي جي نقصان جو سبب بڻجندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sodjahin|first1=Amos|last2=Champagne|first2=Claudia|last3=Coggins|first3=Frank|last4=Gillet|first4=Roland|date=2017-01-11|title=Leading or lagging indicators of risk? The informational content of extra-financial performance scores |journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=18|issue=5|pages=347–370 |doi=10.1057/s41260-016-0039-y|s2cid=157485290|issn=1470-8272}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزوري اها خامي آهي، جنهن کي استعمال ڪري ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي خطري ۾ وجهي يا نقصان پهچائي سگهجي ٿو. خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ شيءِ هر اها شيءِ آهي، انساني ٺاهيل هجي يا [[natural disaster|قدرتي آفت]]، جنهن ۾ نقصان پهچائڻ جي صلاحيت هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=E H|date=1995-07-22|title=Folate has potential to cause harm |journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=6999|page=257|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.6999.257|pmid=7503870|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2550299}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ڪو خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو، تڏهن خطرو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. جڏهن خطرو پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر واقعي ڪنهن ڪمزوري کي استعمال ڪري نقصان پهچائي ٿو، تڏهن ان جو اثر پيدا ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Randall|first=Alan|title=Harm, risk, and threat|work=Risk and Precaution|year=2011|pages=31–42|place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511974557.003|isbn=978-0-511-97455-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي حوالي سان، اثر جو مطلب دستيابي، سالمیت، ۽ راز داري جو نقصان آهي، ۽ ممڪن طور ٻيا نقصان به ٿي سگهن ٿا، جيئن آمدني جو نقصان، جاني نقصان، يا حقيقي ملڪيت جو نقصان.&lt;ref name=&quot;GramaLegal14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqoyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT38 |title=Legal Issues in Information Security |author=Grama, J.L. |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |page=550 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-15104-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[سرٽيفائيڊ انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊيٽر]] (CISA) ريويو مينوئل 2006'' '''خطري جي انتظام''' جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: &quot;اهو عمل جنهن ۾ ڪاروباري مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ اداري پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ وسيلن بابت [[ڪمزوري (ڪمپيوٽر)|ڪمزورين]] ۽ [[خطرو (ڪمپيوٽر)|خطرن]] جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ڪيو وڃي ته ڪهڙا [[جوابي قدم(ڪمپيوٽر)|جوابي قدم]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cannon|first=David L.|title=CISA: Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide|date=2016-03-04|isbn=978-1-119-05624-9 |edition=Fourth|pages=139–214|chapter=Audit Process|doi=10.1002/9781119419211.ch3|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119419211.ch3}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن ڪو کڻڻا هجن، کڻي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽايو وڃي، ۽ اهو فيصلو ان بنياد تي هجي ته ڄاڻ وارو وسيلو اداري لاءِ ڪيتري قدر اهم آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CISA Review Manual 2006|publisher=Information Systems Audit and Control Association|year=2006|isbn=978-1-933284-15-6|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وصف ۾ ٻه ڳالهيون آهن جن کي ڪجهه وضاحت جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. پهرين، خطري جي انتظام جو ''عمل'' هڪ جاري ۽ ورجائجندڙ [[ڪاروباري عمل]] آهي. ان کي اڻ کٽ نموني ورجائڻو پوندو آهي. ڪاروباري ماحول مسلسل تبديل ٿي رهيو آهي ۽ هر روز نوان [[threat (computer)|خطرا]] ۽ [[vulnerability (computing)|ڪمزوريون]] ظاهر ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kadlec |first=Jaroslav|date=2012-11-02|title=Two-dimensional process modeling (2DPM) |journal=Business Process Management Journal|volume=18|issue=6|pages=849–875 |doi=10.1108/14637151211283320|issn=1463-7154}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، خطرن کي سنڀالڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جوابي قدمن، يعني [[سلامتي جا ضابطا|ضابطن]]، جي چونڊ ۾ پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچ، جوابي قدم جي اثرائتيت، ۽ محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ واري اثاثي جي قدر جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=All Countermeasures Have Some Value, But No Countermeasure Is Perfect |work=Beyond Fear|year=2003|pages=207–232|place=New York|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/0-387-21712-6_14|isbn=0-387-02620-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، انهن عملن جون حدون به آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون عام طور تي گهٽ ٿينديون آهن ۽ هڪ خاص حوالي ۾ ظاهر ٿينديون آهن، جنهن کي آسانيءَ سان ٻيهر ورجائي نٿو سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 2017|title=Data breaches: Deloitte suffers serious hit while more details emerge about Equifax and Yahoo |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security|volume=2017|issue=10|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/s1361-3723(17)30086-6|issn=1361-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، هر عمل ۽ جوابي قدم کي به ڪمزورين جي لحاظ کان جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spagnoletti|first=Paolo|author2=Resca A.|title=The duality of Information Security Management: fighting against predictable and unpredictable threats|journal=Journal of Information System Security|year=2008 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=46–62|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/955/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀني خطرن جي سڃاڻپ ممڪن ناهي، ۽ نه ئي سڀ خطرا ختم ڪري سگهجن ٿا. باقي بچيل خطري کي &quot;باقي خطرو&quot; چيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=Nor Hashim|last2=Yusof |first2=Mohd Radzuan|date=2009-08-04|title=Managing HSE Risk in Harsh Environment|journal=All Days|article-number=SPE-122545-MS |publisher=SPE|doi=10.2118/122545-ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[خطري جو جائزو]] اهڙن ماڻهن جي ٽيم ڪري ٿي، جن کي ڪاروبار جي مخصوص علائقن بابت ڄاڻ هجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Sold out: how Ottawa's downtown business improvement areas have secured and valorized urban space |publisher=Carleton University|first=Wesley|last=Baxter|year=2010 |doi=10.22215/etd/2010-09016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيم جي رڪنيت وقت سان بدلجي سگهي ٿي، جيئن ڪاروبار جي مختلف حصن جو جائزو ورتو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=de Souza|first1=André|last2=Lynch|first2=Anthony|date=June 2012|title=Does Mutual Fund Performance Vary over the Business Cycle?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w18137|s2cid=262620435 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جائزو ڄاڻ رکندڙ راءِ تي ٻڌل ذهني نوعيت جو معياري تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا جتي قابل اعتماد ڊالر انگ اکر ۽ تاريخي ڄاڻ موجود هجي، اتي تجزيو [[Statistics|مقداري]] تجزيو استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو.

تحقيق ڏيکاريو آهي ته اڪثر ڄاڻ نظامن ۾ سڀ کان ڪمزور نڪتو انساني صارف، آپريٽر، ڊزائنر، يا ٻيو انسان هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kiountouzis| first1=E.A.|last2=Kokolakis|first2=S.A.|title=Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century|publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall, Ltd.|location= London|isbn=978-0-412-78120-9| date=1996-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 17799|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002:2005]]، [[ڄاڻ جي سلامتي انتظام]] لاءِ ضابطه عمل، سفارش ڪري ٿو ته خطري جي جائزي دوران هيٺين ڳالهين جو جائزو ورتو وڃي:
* [[سلامتي پاليسي]],
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[تنظيم]],
* [[اثاثن جو انتظام]],
* [[انساني وسيلا|انساني وسيلن]] جي سلامتي,
* جسماني ۽ [[ماحولياتي سلامتي]],
* [[رابطا|رابطن]] ۽ آپريشنز جو انتظام,
* [[رسائي ضابطو]],
* ڄاڻ نظامن جي خريداري، ترقي، ۽ سار سنڀال,
* ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي [[واقعي جو انتظام]],
* ڪاروباري تسلسل جو انتظام
* ضابطن جي تعميل.

وسيع معنيٰ ۾، خطري جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ڳالهين تي مشتمل آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsomeAPract13&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Practical Introduction to Security and Risk Management |author=Newsome, B. |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=208 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4833-2485-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmanManage16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Management of Information Security |author1=Whitman, M.E.|author2=Mattord, H.J. |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=5th |page=592 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-305-50125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# اثاثن جي سڃاڻپ ۽ انهن جي قدر جو اندازو. شامل ڪريو: ماڻهو، عمارتون، هارڊويئر، سافٽ ويئر، ڊيٽا، برقي، ڇپيل يا ٻيا، ۽ سامان.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2013-03-20|work=Illustrated Theatre Production Guide|pages=203–232|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780080958392-20|isbn=978-0-08-095839-2|title=Hardware, Fabrics, Adhesives, and Other Theatrical Supplies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[خطري جو جائزو |خطرن جو جائزو]] وٺو. شامل ڪريو: قدرتي عمل، جنگي عمل، حادثا، ۽ اداري جي اندر يا ٻاهر کان پيدا ٿيندڙ بدنيت عمل.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Reason|first=James|title=Perceptions of Unsafe Acts|date=2017-03-02|work=The Human Contribution|pages=69–103|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781315239125-7|isbn=978-1-315-23912-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ڪمزورين جو جائزو]] وٺو، ۽ هر ڪمزوري لاءِ اهو امڪان ڳڻيو ته اها استعمال ڪئي ويندي. پاليسين، طريقيڪار، معيارن، تربيت، [[جسماني سلامتي]]، [[معيار جو ضابطو|معيار جي ضابطي]]، ۽ فني سلامتي جو جائزو وٺو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information Security Procedures and Standards|date=2017-03-27|work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|pages=81–92|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781315372785-5|isbn=978-1-315-37278-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# هر خطري جو هر اثاثي تي پوندڙ اثر ڳڻيو. معياري تجزيو يا مقداري تجزيو استعمال ڪريو.
# مناسب ضابطا سڃاڻو، چونڊيو ۽ لاڳو ڪريو. متناسب ردعمل فراهم ڪريو. پيداوار صلاحيت، خرچائتي اثرائتيت، ۽ اثاثي جي قدر تي غور ڪريو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Standaert|first1=B.|last2=Ethgen|first2=O.|last3=Emerson|first3=R.A.|date=June 2012|title=CO4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Appropriate for All Situations?|journal=Value in Health|volume=15|issue=4|pages=A2 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.015|issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ضابطي قدمن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺو. پڪ ڪريو ته ضابطا گهربل خرچائتو تحفظ فراهم ڪن، بغير پيداوار صلاحيت جي محسوس ٿيندڙ نقصان جي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=November 1996|title=GRP canopies provide cost-effective over-door protection|journal=Reinforced Plastics|volume=40|issue=11|page=8 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(96)91328-4|issn=0034-3617}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنهن به ڏنل خطري لاءِ، انتظاميا اثاثي جي نسبتاً گهٽ قدر، واقع ٿيڻ جي نسبتاً گهٽ تڪرار، ۽ ڪاروبار تي نسبتاً گهٽ اثر جي بنياد تي خطري کي قبول ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. يا قيادت مناسب ضابطي قدمن کي چونڊي ۽ لاڳو ڪري خطري کي گهٽائڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾، خطري کي انشورنس خريد ڪري يا ڪنهن ٻئي ڪاروبار کي آئوٽ سورس ڪري ٻئي ڪاروبار ڏانهن منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=SP80030&gt;{{cite web|url=https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-30/archive/2002-07-01 |title=NIST SP 800-30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems |year=2002 |doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-30 |access-date=18 January 2022|last1=Stoneburner |first1=Gary |last2=Goguen |first2=Alice |last3=Feringa |first3=Alexis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه خطرن جي حقيقت تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ قيادت خطري کان انڪار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=May I Choose? Can I Choose? Oppression and Choice |work=A Theory of Freedom|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137295026_4 |isbn=978-1-137-29502-6 |last1=Welch |first1=Shay |pages=53–72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سلامتي ضابطا ===


مناسب سلامتي ضابطا چونڊڻ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ شروعاتي طور تي ڪنهن اداري کي خطري کي قابل قبول سطح تائين گهٽائڻ ۾ مدد ڏيندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|date=January 1994|title=A Guide to Selecting and Implementing Security Controls |journal=Information Systems Security|volume=3|issue=2|pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/10658989409342459|issn=1065-898X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ضابطن جي چونڊ خطري جي جائزي کان پوءِ ٿيڻ گهرجي ۽ ان جي بنياد تي هجڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot; /&gt; ضابطا پنهنجي نوعيت ۾ مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر بنيادي طور تي اهي ڄاڻ جي راز داري، سالمیت يا دستيابي جي حفاظت جا طريقا آهن. [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27001]] مختلف علائقن ۾ ضابطا بيان ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guide to the Implementation and Auditing of ISMS Controls based on ISO/IEC 27001|date=2013-11-01|publisher=BSI British Standards|isbn=978-0-580-82910-9 |location=London|doi=10.3403/9780580829109}}&lt;/ref&gt; ادارا پنهنجي ضرورت موجب اضافي ضابطا لاڳو ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;JohnsonSecurity15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SYBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook |author=Johnson, L. |publisher=Syngress |page=678 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802564-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002|آءِ ايس او/آءِ اي سي 27002]] اداري جي ڄاڻ سلامتي معيارن لاءِ هدايت فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Security techniques. Mapping the revised editions of ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 |publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/30310928}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==
{{Main|Access control|Computer access control}}

محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار ڏنل هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Almehmadi |first1=Abdulaziz |last2=El-Khatib |first2=Khalil |title=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks |chapter=Authorized! Access denied, unauthorized! Access granted |date=2013 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523514.2523612 |series=Sin '13 |pages=363–367 |location=New York, New York, US |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/2523514.2523612 |isbn=978-1-4503-2498-4 |s2cid=17260474}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي واري نظام جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي جا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام جنهن بنياد تي ٺهن ٿا، اهو سڃاڻپ ۽ [[تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[تصديق]]، ۽ [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اهو دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري ٿيندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=discretionary access control|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5225 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=426 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ ونڊوز آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي آبجيڪٽس]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[ريڊيس]]، [[ٽيڪيڪس]] (TACACS)، ۽ ڪيترن [[فائروال (نيٽورڪنگ)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[روٽر (ڪمپيوٽر)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[آمريڪي خزاني وارو کاتو|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول کي لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ ==

[[File:Defense In Depth - Onion Model.svg|thumb|right|گهڻ-سطحي بچاءَ جو [[بصر ماڊل]]]]

گهڻ-سطحي بچاءُ سلامتي جو هڪ بنيادي فلسفو آهي، جيڪو اهڙن هڪ ٻئي مٿان ايندڙ سلامتي نظامن تي ڀاڙي ٿو، جيڪي الڳ الڳ جزن جي ناڪامي جي صورت ۾ به تحفظ برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. هڪ ئي سلامتي قدم تي ڀاڙڻ بدران، اهو ڪلائوڊ ۽ نيٽ ورڪ جي آخري نقطن ٻنهي تي سلامتي ضابطن جي ڪيترن ئي تهن کي گڏ ڪري ٿو. هن طريقي ۾ فائر والن سان مداخلت-سڃاڻپ نظام، اي ميل فلٽرنگ خدمتن سان ڊيسڪ ٽاپ اينٽي وائرس، ۽ روايتي نيٽ ورڪ بچاءَ سان گڏ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل سلامتي جهڙيون گڏيل صورتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006&gt;[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/02/security_in_the.html Schneier on Security: Security in the Cloud]&lt;/ref&gt;

هي تصور اداري، منطقي، ۽ جسماني ضابطن جي ٽن الڳ تهن ذريعي لاڳو ڪري سگهجي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Controls&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Administrative Controls|date=2003-03-26|work=Occupational Ergonomics|pages=443–666|publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9780203507933-6|isbn=978-0-429-21155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا ان کي بصر ماڊل طور ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن ۾ ڊيٽا مرڪز ۾ هوندي آهي ۽ ان جي چوڌاري ماڻهو، نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي، ميزبان تي ٻڌل سلامتي، ۽ ايپليڪيشن سلامتي جون تهون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Security Onion Control Scripts|date=2014|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|title=Applied Network Security Monitoring|pages=451–456|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-417208-1.09986-4|isbn=978-0-12-417208-1|access-date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي حڪمت عملي ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏئي ٿي ته سلامتي رڳو ٽيڪنالاجي نه آهي، پر ماڻهو ۽ عمل به گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته حقيقي وقت جي نگراني ۽ ردعمل اهم جزا آهن.&lt;ref name=schneier2006/&gt;

== درجه بندي ==
ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۽ خطري جي انتظام جو هڪ اهم پاسو ڄاڻ جي قدر کي سڃاڻڻ ۽ ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب طريقيڪار ۽ تحفظ جون گهرجون مقرر ڪرڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Overview|date=2001-12-20 |work=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9780849390326 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780849390326-5/overview-information-protection-fundamentals |isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6 |last1=Peltier |first1=Thomas R. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي ڄاڻ هڪجهڙي نه هوندي آهي، تنهن ڪري سڄي ڄاڻ کي ساڳئي درجي جي تحفظ جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Electrical protection relays. Information and requirements for all protection relays|publisher=BSI British Standards|doi=10.3403/bs142-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان لاءِ ڄاڻ کي [[Classified information|سلامتي درجه بندي]] ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 4: List of all combined families in alphabetical order assigned in MEGAN vers. 5.11.3.|journal=PeerJ|date=6 February 2019|volume=7|pages=e6379|doi=10.7717/peerj.6379/supp-4|last1=Dibattista|first1=Joseph D.|last2=Reimer|first2=James D.|last3=Stat|first3=Michael|last4=Masucci|first4=Giovanni D.|last5=Biondi|first5=Piera|last6=Brauwer|first6=Maarten De|last7=Bunce|first7=Michael |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي جو پهريون قدم اعليٰ انتظاميا جي ڪنهن ميمبر کي ان مخصوص ڄاڻ جو مالڪ مقرر ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن جي درجه بندي ٿيڻ واري هجي. ان کان پوءِ درجه بندي پاليسي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung-Won|date=2006-03-31|title=A Quantitative Analysis of Classification Classes and Classified Information Resources of Directory|journal=Journal of Information Management&lt;!--This is not the predatory journal of the same name--&gt;|volume=37|issue=1|pages=83–103|doi=10.1633/jim.2006.37.1.083|issn=0254-3621|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسي ۾ مختلف درجه بندي ليبلن جو بيان، ڪنهن ڄاڻ کي مخصوص ليبل ڏيڻ جا معيار، ۽ هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل [[security controls|سلامتي ضابطا]] درج ٿيڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxPhvm1EP3EC&amp;pg=PA59 |chapter=Chapter 4: Information Classification |title=Enterprise Information Security and Privacy |author=Bayuk, J. |editor1=Axelrod, C.W.|editor2=Bayuk, J.L.|editor3=Schutzer, D. |publisher=Artech House |year=2009 |pages=59–70 |isbn=978-1-59693-191-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عنصر جيڪي اثرانداز ٿين ٿا ته ڄاڻ کي ڪهڙي درجه بندي ڏني وڃي، انهن ۾ ڄاڻ جي اداري لاءِ قدر، ڄاڻ جي عمر، ۽ اهو ته ڄاڻ پراڻي يا غير لاڳو ٿي چڪي آهي يا نه، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Welcome to the Information Age|date=2015-09-11|work=Overload!|pages=43–65|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119200642.ch5|isbn=978-1-119-20064-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ جي درجه بندي ڪرڻ وقت قانون ۽ ٻيون ضابطي جون گهرجون پڻ اهم غور طلب ڳالهيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Crooks|first=S.|date=2006|chapter=102. Case Study: When Exposure Control Efforts Override Other Important Design Considerations |title=AIHce 2006|pages=V102 |publisher=AIHA|doi=10.3320/1.2759009|doi-broken-date=April 6, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[انفارميشن سسٽمز آڊٽ اينڊ ڪنٽرول ايسوسيئيشن]] (ISACA) ۽ ان جو ''بزنس ماڊل فار انفارميشن سيڪيورٽي'' پڻ سلامتي ماهرن لاءِ هڪ اوزار طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، ته جيئن اهي سلامتي کي نظامي نقطه نظر کان جانچي سگهن، اهڙو ماحول ٺهي جتي سلامتي کي جامع نموني سنڀالي سگهجي، ۽ حقيقي خطرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISACA-BMIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx |title=Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) |publisher=ISACA |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072505/https://www.isaca.org/KNOWLEDGE-CENTER/BMIS/Pages/Business-Model-for-Information-Security.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي جيڪي درجه بندي ليبل چونڊيا ۽ استعمال ڪيا ويندا، انهن جو قسم اداري جي نوعيت تي دارومدار رکندو، مثال طور:&lt;ref name=&quot;BayukEnterprise09&quot; /&gt;
* ڪاروباري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: عوامي، حساس، خانگي، رازدار.
* سرڪاري شعبي ۾، اهڙا ليبل: غير درجه بندي ٿيل، غير رسمي، محفوظ، رازدار، ڳجهو، انتهائي ڳجهو، ۽ انهن جا غير انگريزي برابر لفظ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Leo|date=January 1987|title=Top secret/trade secret: Accessing and safeguarding restricted information|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=123–124|doi=10.1016/0740-624x(87)90068-2|issn=0740-624X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* مختلف شعبن جي گڏيل جوڙجڪ ۾، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ پروٽوڪول]]، جيڪو اڇو، سائو، امبر، ۽ ڳاڙهو تي مشتمل آهي.
* ذاتي شعبي ۾، هڪ ليبل جهڙوڪ مالي. هن ۾ پئسن جي انتظام سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن، جيئن آن لائين بينڪنگ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=Javaid |last2=Soroya |first2=Saira Hanif |last3=Mahmood |first3=Khalid |date=2023-01-05 |title=Financial information security behavior in online banking |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02666669221149346 |journal=Information Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=550–565 |doi=10.1177/02666669221149346 |s2cid=255742685 |issn=0266-6669|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اداري جي سڀني ملازمن، گڏوگڏ ڪاروباري ڀائيوارن، کي درجه بندي واري ڍانچي بابت تربيت ڏيڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ کين هر درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطن ۽ سنڀال جي طريقيڪار کي سمجهڻ گهرجي. ڪنهن مخصوص ڄاڻ واري اثاثي کي ڏنل درجه بندي جو وقت بوقت جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿئي ته درجه بندي اڃا به ان ڄاڻ لاءِ مناسب آهي، ۽ ان درجه بندي لاءِ گهربل سلامتي ضابطا موجود آهن ۽ صحيح طريقيڪار موجب عمل ۾ آندا پيا وڃن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Asset Classification|date=2013-10-16|work=Information Security Fundamentals|pages=327–356|publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/b15573-18|isbn=978-0-429-13028-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رسائي ضابطو ==


محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي انهن ماڻهن تائين محدود هجڻ گهرجي، جن کي ان ڄاڻ تائين رسائي جو اختيار هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt; ڪمپيوٽر پروگرام، ۽ ڪيترين حالتن ۾ اهي ڪمپيوٽر به جيڪي ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪن ٿا، پڻ مجاز هجڻ گهرجن. ان لاءِ ضروري آهي ته محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ لاءِ نظام موجود هجن. رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جي پيچيدگي محفوظ ڪيل ڄاڻ جي قدر جي برابر هجڻ گهرجي؛ ڄاڻ جيتري وڌيڪ حساس يا قيمتي هوندي، ضابطي وارا نظام اوترا وڌيڪ مضبوط هجڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fugini|first1=M.G. |last2=Martella|first2=G. |date=January 1988|title=A petri-net model of access control mechanisms |journal=Information Systems|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/0306-4379(88)90026-9 |issn=0306-4379}}&lt;/ref&gt; رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جو بنياد سڃاڻپ ۽ [[authentication|تصديق]] سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Information technology. Personal identification. ISO-compliant driving licence |publisher=BSI British Standards |doi=10.3403/30170670u }}&lt;/ref&gt;

رسائي ضابطو عام طور تي ٽن مرحلن ۾ سمجهيو ويندو آهي: سڃاڻپ، [[authentication|تصديق]]، ۽ [[authorization|اختيار ڏيڻ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Omar|last=Santos|title=Ccna security 210-260 official cert guide.|date=2015|publisher=Cisco press|isbn=978-1-58720-566-8 |oclc=951897116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

=== سڃاڻپ ===
سڃاڻپ اها دعويٰ آهي ته ڪو ماڻهو ڪير آهي يا ڪا شيءِ ڇا آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪو شخص چوي ٿو ته &quot;سلام، منهنجو نالو [[جان ڊو]] آهي&quot;، ته هو پنهنجي سڃاڻپ بابت دعويٰ ڪري رهيو آهي. بهرحال، سندس دعويٰ صحيح به ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽ غلط به. جان ڊو کي محفوظ ڄاڻ تائين رسائي ڏيڻ کان اڳ اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو ته جيڪو شخص پاڻ کي جان ڊو چئي رهيو آهي، اهو واقعي جان ڊو آهي. عام طور تي اها دعويٰ صارف نالي جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي. اهو صارف نالو داخل ڪري، جان ڊو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان اهو صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leech|first=M.|date=March 1996|title=Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5|doi=10.17487/rfc1929|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1929|access-date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تصديق ===
تصديق سڃاڻپ واري دعويٰ جي تصديق ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. جڏهن جان ڊو پئسا ڪڍڻ لاءِ بئنڪ ۾ وڃي ٿو، هو [[بئنڪ ٽيلر]] کي ٻڌائي ٿو ته هو جان ڊو آهي، يعني سڃاڻپ جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر تصويري سڃاڻپ ڏسڻ لاءِ چوي ٿو، تنهن ڪري هو ٽيلر کي پنهنجو [[ڊرائيونگ لائسنس]] ڏئي ٿو. بئنڪ ٽيلر لائسنس چيڪ ڪري ٿو ته ان تي جان ڊو ڇپيل آهي يا نه، ۽ لائسنس تي موجود تصوير کي انهيءَ شخص سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جيڪو پاڻ کي جان ڊو چوي ٿو. جيڪڏهن تصوير ۽ نالو ان شخص سان ملن ٿا، ته ٽيلر تصديق ڪري چڪو آهي ته جان ڊو واقعي اهو ئي آهي جيڪو هو دعويٰ ڪري ٿو. ساڳيءَ طرح، صحيح پاس ورڊ داخل ڪري صارف اهو ثبوت ڏئي ٿو ته هو اهو ئي شخص آهي، جنهن سان صارف نالو لاڳاپيل آهي.

تصديق لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڄاڻ جا ٽي مختلف قسم آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Igelnik |first1=Boris M. |last2=Zurada |first2=Jacek |title=Efficiency and scalability methods for computational intellect |year=2013 |publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1-4666-3942-3 |oclc=833130899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو ڄاڻي ٿو: جهڙوڪ PIN، [[password|پاس ورڊ]]، يا ماءُ جو شادي کان اڳ وارو نالو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Joe|last=Kissell|title=Take Control of Your Passwords|date=April 11, 2019 |publisher=alt concepts Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4920-6638-5|oclc=1029606129}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو وٽ آهي: ڊرائيونگ لائسنس يا مقناطيسي [[swipe card|سوائپ ڪارڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=New smart Queensland driver license announced|journal=Card Technology Today|volume=21|issue=7 |page=5|doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(09)70126-4|issn=0965-2590}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=A human engineering and ergonomic evaluation of the security access panel interface.|date=1995|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727181384}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪا شيءِ جيڪا ماڻهو پاڻ آهي: [[حياتياتي سڃاڻپ|حياتياتي سڃاڻپون]]، جن ۾ [[هٿ جي تري جا نشان]]، [[آڱرين جا نشان]]، [[آواز جا نشان]]، ۽ [[اک جي ريٽينا اسڪين]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Paul|date=April 2017|title=Prints charming: how fingerprints are trailblazing mainstream biometrics|journal=Biometric Technology Today|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=8–11|doi=10.1016/s0969-4765(17)30074-7|issn=0969-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مضبوط تصديق لاءِ هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسم جي تصديقي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، جنهن کي ٻن-عنصري تصديق چئجي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter=Two-Factor Authentication|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_443 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |page=638 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر نظامن ۾ [[صارف نالو]] سڃاڻپ جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي ۽ پاس ورڊ تصديق جي سڀ کان عام صورت آهي. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪندا رهيا آهن، پر اهي تيزيءَ سان ناڪافي ٿي رهيا آهن. صارف نالا ۽ پاس ورڊ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ پيچيده تصديقي نظامن سان بدلايا يا مڪمل ڪيا پيا وڃن، جهڙوڪ [[Time-based one-time password|وقت تي ٻڌل هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ پاس ورڊ الگورٿم]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== اختيار ڏيڻ ===
جڏهن ڪنهن شخص، پروگرام يا ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪاميابي سان سڃاڻپ ۽ تصديق ٿي وڃي، پوءِ اهو طئي ڪرڻو پوندو ته کيس ڪهڙن ڄاڻ وسيلن تائين رسائي جي اجازت آهي ۽ هو ڪهڙا عمل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيئن هلائڻ، ڏسڻ، ٺاهڻ، حذف ڪرڻ، يا تبديل ڪرڻ. ان کي [[اختيار|اختيار ڏيڻ]] چيو ويندو آهي. ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين رسائي جو اختيار اداري پاليسين ۽ طريقيڪار سان شروع ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Authorization And Approval Program|date=2015-10-23|work=Internal Controls Policies and Procedures|pages=69–72|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119203964.ch10|isbn=978-1-119-20396-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; پاليسيون مقرر ڪن ٿيون ته ڪهڙي ڄاڻ ۽ ڪهڙين ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتن تائين، ڪير، ۽ ڪهڙين حالتن ۾ رسائي حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو. پوءِ رسائي ضابطي وارا نظام انهن پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ترتيب ڏنا ويندا آهن. مختلف ڪمپيوٽنگ نظام مختلف قسمن جي رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن. ڪجهه نظام مختلف رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن مان چونڊ جو موقعو به ڏيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cheng|first1=Liang|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|last3=Han|first3=Zhihui|title=2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Security and Reliability |chapter=Quantitatively Measure Access Control Mechanisms across Different Operating Systems |date=June 2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sere.2013.12|pages=50–59|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/sere.2013.12|isbn=978-1-4799-0406-8|s2cid=13261344}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪنهن نظام پاران ڏنل رسائي ضابطي وارو طريقو رسائي ضابطي جي ٽن طريقن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي ٻڌل هوندو، يا ٽنهي طريقن جي گڏيل صورت مان نڪتل ٿي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

غير اختياري طريقو سڄي رسائي ضابطي کي مرڪزي انتظام هيٺ گڏ ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; ڄاڻ ۽ ٻين وسيلن تائين رسائي عام طور تي اداري ۾ فرد جي ڪم، يعني ڪردار، يا انهن ڪمن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جيڪي فرد کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. اختياري طريقو ڄاڻ وسيلن جي خالق يا مالڪ کي انهن وسيلن تائين رسائي کي ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جي صلاحيت ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;discretionary access control&quot;/&gt; لازمي رسائي ضابطي واري طريقي ۾، رسائي ڄاڻ واري وسيلن کي ڏنل سلامتي درجه بندي جي بنياد تي ڏني يا رد ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACM Press&quot;/&gt;

اڄ استعمال ٿيندڙ عام رسائي ضابطي وارن نظامن جا مثال شامل آهن: [[Role-Based Access Control|ڪردار تي ٻڌل رسائي ضابطو]]، جيڪو ڪيترن ترقي يافته ڊيٽابيس انتظام نظامن ۾ موجود آهي؛ UNIX ۽ Windows آپريٽنگ نظامن ۾ ڏنل سادي [[File system permissions|فائل نظام اجازتون]]؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Belim|first1=S. V.|last2=Bogachenko|first2=N. F.|last3=Kabanov|first3=A. N. |title=2018 Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines (Dynamics) |chapter=Severity Level of Permissions in Role-Based Access Control |date=November 2018|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/dynamics.2018.8601460|arxiv=1812.11404|isbn=978-1-5386-5941-0|s2cid=57189531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Windows نيٽ ورڪ نظامن ۾ ڏنل [[گروپ پاليسي مقصد]]؛ ۽ [[ڪربروس (پروٽوڪول)|ڪربروس]]، [[RADIUS|ريڊيس]]، [[TACACS|ٽيڪيڪس]]، ۽ ڪيترن [[Firewall (networking)|فائر والن]] ۽ [[Router (computing)|روٽرن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سادي رسائي فهرستون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Configuring TACACS and Extended TACACS|date=2002-05-15 |work=Securing and Controlling Cisco Routers |publisher=Auerbach Publications|doi=10.1201/9781420031454|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781420031454-18/con%EF%AC%81guring-tacacs-extended-tacacs-peter-davis |isbn=978-0-8493-1290-8 |last1=Davis |first1=Peter T. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اثرائتو ٿيڻ لاءِ، پاليسيون ۽ ٻيا سلامتي ضابطا لاڳو ٿيڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ جهڙا هجڻ گهرجن. اثرائتي پاليسيون يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته ماڻهن کي پنهنجن عملن لاءِ جوابده رکيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Developing Effective Security Policies|date=2009-12-18 |work=Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection|pages=261–274 |publisher=CRC Press|doi=10.1201/9781420078718-18|isbn=978-0-429-24979-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، حساس يا ملڪيت واري ڄاڻ کي پروسيس ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[United States Department of the Treasury|آمريڪي خزاني واري کاتي]] جون هدايتون بيان ڪن ٿيون ته سڀ ناڪام ۽ ڪامياب تصديق ۽ رسائي ڪوششون لاگ ٿيڻ گهرجن، ۽ ڄاڻ تائين هر رسائي ڪنهن نه ڪنهن قسم جو [[audit trail|آڊٽ رستو]] ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2004reports/200420131fr.html|title=The Use of Audit Trails to Monitor Key Networks and Systems Should Remain Part of the Computer Security Material Weakness |website=www.treasury.gov|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، رسائي ضابطي بابت ڳالهائيندي ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت وارو اصول لاڳو هجڻ گهرجي. هي اصول ڪنهن شخص کي پنهنجا ملازمتي ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ رسائي جا حق ڏئي ٿو. هي اصول حڪومت ۾ مختلف سلامتي ڪليئرنسز سان معاملو ڪرڻ وقت استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salazar|first=Mary K.|date=January 2006|title=Dealing with Uncertain Risks—When to Apply the Precautionary Principle|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–13|doi=10.1177/216507990605400102|s2cid=87769508|issn=0891-0162}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ٻن مختلف شعبن جا ٻه ملازم [[Classified information|انتهائي ڳجهي ڪليئرنس]] رکن ٿا، ڄاڻ جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ کين ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت هجڻ لازمي آهي. ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت واري اصول تحت، نيٽ ورڪ منتظم ملازم کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ضروري اختيار ڏين ٿا، ته جيئن ملازم پنهنجي مقرر حد کان وڌيڪ رسائي حاصل نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=We Need to Know More About How the Government Censors Its Employees|website=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-2016117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻڻ جي ضرورت راز داري-سالمیت-دستيابي ٽرائيڊ کي لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي ۽ ٽرائيڊ جي راز داري واري حصي تي سڌو اثر وجهي ٿي.

== ڪرپٽوگرافي ==


ڄاڻ جي سلامتي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] کي استعمال ڪري استعمال لائق ڄاڻ کي اهڙي صورت ۾ بدلائي ٿي، جيڪا مجاز صارف کانسواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي لاءِ استعمال لائق نه رهي؛ هن عمل کي [[انڪرپشن]] چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Easttom|first=William|title=Elliptic Curve Cryptography|work=Modern Cryptography|year=2021|pages=245–256|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-63115-4_11|isbn=978-3-030-63114-7|s2cid=234106555}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڄاڻ رمز بند ڪئي وئي هجي، يعني استعمال کان ٻاهر بڻائي وئي هجي، اها مجاز صارف، جنهن وٽ [[انڪرپشن ڪنجي]] هجي، طرفان رمز کولڻ واري عمل ذريعي ٻيهر پنهنجي اصل استعمال لائق صورت ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ڄاڻ جي سلامتي ۾ رمزنگاري ڄاڻ کي غير مجاز يا اتفاقي ظاهر ٿيڻ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن [[ڄاڻ]] منتقلي ۾ هجي، برقي يا جسماني طور، ۽ جڏهن ڄاڻ ذخيرو ۾ هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

رمزنگاري ڄاڻ جي سلامتي کي ٻيون ڪارائتيون ايپليڪيشنون پڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ بهتر تصديقي طريقا، پيغام خلاصا، ڊجيٽل صحيحون، [[بي-انڪاري|انڪار نه ڪرڻ]]، ۽ رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Weiss|first=Jason|title=Message Digests, Message Authentication Codes, and Digital Signatures|date=2004|work=Java Cryptography Extensions|pages=101–118|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-012742751-5/50012-8|isbn=978-0-12-742751-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; پراڻيون ۽ گهٽ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنون، جهڙوڪ [[ٽيل نيٽ]] ۽ [[فائل ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول]] (FTP)، آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ محفوظ ايپليڪيشنن سان مٽجي رهيون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[سيڪيور شيل]] (SSH)، جيڪي رمز بند نيٽ ورڪ رابطن کي استعمال ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=URK_1&gt;{{cite web| title=Use of RSA Keys with SHA-256 and SHA-512 in the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol| author=Bider, D.| url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc8332.txt.pdf| publisher=The RFC Series| date=March 2018| access-date=30 November 2023| doi=10.17487/RFC8332}}&lt;/ref&gt; وائرليس رابطا [[ڊبليو پي اي/ڊبليو پي اي 2]] يا پراڻي ۽ گهٽ محفوظ [[وائرڊ اڪويولينٽ پرائيويسي]] (WEP) جهڙن پروٽوڪولن ذريعي رمز بند ڪري سگهجن ٿا. تار وارا رابطا، جهڙوڪ [[آءِ ٽي يو-ٽي]] G.hn، رمز بندي لاءِ [[ايڊوانسڊ انڪرپشن اسٽينڊرڊ]] (AES)، ۽ تصديق ۽ ڪنجي جي ڏي وٺ لاءِ X.1035 استعمال ڪري محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Noh|first1=Jaewon|last2=Kim|first2=Jeehyeong|last3=Kwon|first3=Giwon|last4=Cho|first4=Sunghyun|title=2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) |chapter=Secure key exchange scheme for WPA/WPA2-PSK using public key cryptography |date=October 2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|pages=1–4|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/icce-asia.2016.7804782|isbn=978-1-5090-2743-9|s2cid=10595698}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گنو پي جي]] يا [[پريٽي گڊ پرائيويسي]] (PGP) جهڙيون سافٽ ويئر ايپليڪيشنون ڊيٽا فائلن ۽ اي ميل کي رمز بند ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Buren|first=Roy F.|date=May 1990|title=How you can use the data encryption standard to encrypt your files and data bases|journal=ACM SIGSAC Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=33–39|doi=10.1145/101126.101130|issn=0277-920X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيڪڏهن رمزنگاري صحيح نموني لاڳو نه ڪئي وڃي ته اها سلامتي مسئلا پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bonneau|first=Joseph|title=Why Buy when You Can Rent? |date=2016|work=Financial Cryptography and Data Security|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=9604|pages=19–26|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_2|isbn=978-3-662-53356-7|s2cid=18122687 }}&lt;/ref&gt; رمزنگاري حل اهڙن صنعتي طور قبوليل حلن سان لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي رمزنگاري جي آزاد ماهرن پاران سخت هم منصب جائزي مان گذريا هجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Coleman|first1=Heather|title=What GIS Experts and Policy Professionals Need to Know about Using Marxan in Multiobjective Planning Processes|date=2015-08-01|work=Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions|publisher=Esri Press|isbn=978-1-58948-365-1|last2=Andron|first2=Jeff|doi=10.17128/9781589483651_2}}&lt;/ref&gt; رمز بندي ڪنجي جي [[ڊيگهه ۽ طاقت]] به هڪ اهم غور طلب ڳالهه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;&gt;{{Citation|chapter=Key Encryption Key|doi=10.1007/0-387-23483-7_220 |title=Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security |date=2005 |last1=Landrock |first1=Peter |pages=326–327 |isbn=978-0-387-23473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا ڪنجي [[ڪمزور ڪنجي|ڪمزور]] يا تمام ننڍي هوندي، اها [[ڪمزور رمز بندي]] پيدا ڪندي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Key Encryption Key&quot;/&gt; رمز بندي ۽ رمز کولڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪنجيون ساڳئي سختي سان محفوظ ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيئن ڪنهن به ٻي رازدار ڄاڻ کي محفوظ ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Giri|first1=Debasis|date=2010|pages=86–96|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-13364-0|last2=Barua|first2=Prithayan|last3=Srivastava|first3=P. D.|last4=Jana|first4=Biswapati|title=Information Security and Assurance |chapter=A Cryptosystem for Encryption and Decryption of Long Confidential Messages |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=76|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13365-7_9|bibcode=2010isa..conf...86G}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن کي غير مجاز ظاهر ٿيڻ ۽ تباهي کان بچائڻ لازمي آهي، ۽ ضرورت وقت اهي دستياب هجڻ گهرجن.{{Citation needed| reason=link no longer works|date=November 2023}} [[عوامي ڪنجي ڍانچو]] (PKI) حل [[ڪنجي انتظام]] سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن مسئلن کي حل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;AndressTheBasics14&quot; /&gt;

== عمل ==
آمريڪي [[وفاقي سزا بابت هدايتون]] هاڻي اهو ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون ته ڪارپوريٽ آفيسرن کي پنهنجن ڄاڻ نظامن جي انتظام ۾ مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ نه ڪرڻ تي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;VallabhaneniCorporate08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYbQr9MV_sC&amp;pg=PA288 |title=Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices |author=Vallabhaneni, S.R. |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=288 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-25580-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ جي سلامتي جي شعبي ۾، هيرس&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shon Harris|author-link=Shon Harris|title=All-in-one CISSP Certification Exam Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]/Osborne|year=2003|location=[[Emeryville, California]]|isbn=978-0-07-222966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
مناسب خيال ۽ مناسب جانچ جون هيٺيون وصفون ڏئي ٿو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;مناسب خيال اهي قدم آهن، جيڪي اهو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ کنيا وڃن ٿا ته ڪمپني ڪارپوريشن اندر ٿيندڙ سرگرمين جي ذميواري قبول ڪئي آهي ۽ ڪمپني، ان جي وسيلن، ۽ ملازمن کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد لاءِ ضروري قدم کنيا آهن.&quot; ۽، &lt;nowiki&gt;[مناسب جانچ اهي]&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;مسلسل سرگرميون آهن، جيڪي يقيني بڻائن ٿيون ته حفاظتي نظام مسلسل برقرار ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ حالت ۾ رهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Importance of Operational Due Diligence|date=2015-10-16|work=Hedge Fund Operational Due Diligence|pages=49–67|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197485.ch2|isbn=978-1-119-19748-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

انهن وصفن ۾ ٻن اهم نقطن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=J.|last=Renes|title=Landschappen van Maas en Peel: een toegepast historisch-geografisch onderzoek in het streekplangebied Noord- en Midden-Limburg.|date=1999|publisher=Eisma |isbn=90-74252-84-2|oclc=782897414}}&lt;/ref&gt; پهريون، مناسب خيال ۾ اهڙا قدم کنيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪي ڏيکاري سگهجن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته انهن قدمن جي تصديق ٿي سگهي ٿي، انهن کي ماپي سگهجي ٿو، يا اهي حقيقي ثبوت به پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Brook|date=2017-06-22|title=Minding Previous Steps Taken|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-045639-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lundgren|first=Regina E. |title=Risk communication: a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks|year=2018|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-45613-1|oclc=1043389392}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيو، مناسب جانچ ۾ مسلسل سرگرميون هونديون آهن؛ ان جو مطلب آهي ته ماڻهو واقعي حفاظتي نظامن جي نگراني ۽ سار سنڀال لاءِ ڪم ڪري رهيا هوندا آهن، ۽ اهي سرگرميون جاري رهنديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Jensen|first=Eric Talbot|title=Due Diligence in Cyber Activities|date=2020-12-03|work=Due Diligence in the International Legal Order|pages=252–270|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198869900.003.0015|isbn=978-0-19-886990-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمن تي ڄاڻ جي سلامتي لاڳو ڪندي خيال جي فرض تي عمل ڪرڻ جي ذميواري آهي. ڊيوٽي آف ڪيئر رسڪ ايناليسز اسٽينڊرڊ (DoCRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docra.org/|title=The Duty of Care Risk Analysis Standard|website=DoCRA|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170112/https://docra.org/|archive-date=2018-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; خطري جي جائزي لاءِ اصول ۽ طريقا مهيا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sutton|first1=Adam|title=Evaluating crime prevention|work=Crime Prevention|pages=70–90|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-80460-1|last2=Cherney|first2=Adrian|last3=White|first3=Rob|year=2008|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804601.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو انهن سڀني ڌرين کي نظر ۾ رکي ٿو، جيڪي انهن خطرن کان متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Check|first=Erika|date=2004-09-15|title=FDA considers antidepressant risks for kids|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news040913-15|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; DoCRA حفاظتي قدمن جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو ته ڇا اهي ٻين کي نقصان کان بچائڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن، جڏهن ته مناسب بار به پيش ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Auckland|first=Cressida|date=2017-08-16|title=Protecting me from my Directive: Ensuring Appropriate Safeguards for Advance Directives in Dementia|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx037|pmid=28981694|issn=0967-0742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيٽا ڀڃڪڙين بابت مقدمن ۾ واڌ سان، ڪمپنين کي سلامتي ضابطن، تعميل، ۽ پنهنجي مشن جي وچ ۾ توازن رکڻو پوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Takach|first=George S.|title=Preparing for Breach Litigation|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=217–230|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00009-5|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== واقعي جي ردعمل جا منصوبا ===


ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي واقعي جو انتظام، واقعي جي انتظام جي هڪ خاص صورت آهي، جنهن جو ڌيان ڪمپيوٽرن ۽ نيٽ ورڪن تي سلامتي واقعن جي نگراني، سڃاڻپ، ۽ اڳڪٿي لائق طريقي سان جواب ڏيڻ تي هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =ISO 17799{{!}}ISO/IEC 17799:2005(E) | work =Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management | publisher =ISO copyright office | date =2005-06-15 | pages = 90–94 | url = http://www.iso.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنظيمون اهو ڪم واقعي جي ردعمل منصوبن (IRPs) ذريعي لاڳو ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي سلامتي ڀڃڪڙيون سڃاڻجڻ تي فعال ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fowler|first=Kevvie|title=Developing a Computer Security Incident Response Plan|date=2016|work=Data Breach Preparation and Response|pages=49–77|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-803451-4.00003-4|isbn=978-0-12-803451-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن منصوبن ۾ عام طور تي واقعي جي ردعمل ٽيم (IRT) شامل هوندي آهي، جنهن وٽ پينيٽريشن ٽيسٽنگ، ڪمپيوٽر فارنزڪس، ۽ نيٽ ورڪ سلامتي جهڙن شعبن ۾ خاص مهارتون هونديون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Leighton R.|title=Part 1. Incident Response Team|date=2014|work=Computer Incident Response and Forensics Team Management|pages=17–19|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-1-59749-996-5.00038-8|isbn=978-1-59749-996-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== تبديلي جو انتظام ===
تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ ٿيندڙ تبديلين کي هدايت ۽ ضابطي ۾ رکڻ جو هڪ باضابطه عمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kampfner|first=Roberto R.|date=1985|title=Formal specification of information systems requirements |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=21|issue=5|pages=401–414 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(85)90086-x|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jenner|first=H.A.|title=Assessment of ecotoxicological risks of element leaching from pulverized coal ashes|date=1995|publisher=s.n.]|oclc=905474381}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن، نيٽ ورڪ، سرورن، ۽ سافٽ ويئر ۾ تبديليون شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Desktop Computers: Software |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|title=Practical Pathology Informatics|year=2006|pages=51–82|place=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/0-387-28058-8_3|isbn=0-387-28057-X|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام جا مقصد ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ تبديليون ٿيڻ وقت پروسيسنگ ماحول جي استحڪام ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ آهن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو مقصد ضروري تبديلين کي لاڳو ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ يا رنڊڪ وجهڻ نه آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampbellPractical16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbWiDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA218 |chapter=Chapter 14: Secure Systems Development |title=Practical Information Security Management: A Complete Guide to Planning and Implementation |author=Campbell, T. |publisher=Apress |year=2016 |page=218 |isbn=978-1-4842-1685-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Koppelman|first=Kent L.|title=Understanding human differences: multicultural education for a diverse America|date=2011|publisher=Pearson/Allyn &amp; Bacon |oclc=1245910610}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ هر تبديلي خطري جو هڪ عنصر متعارف ڪرائي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Post-processing|date=2013-04-12|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240821351-9|title=Simple Scene, Sensational Shot|pages=128–147|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780240821351-9|doi-broken-date=December 26, 2025 |isbn=978-0-240-82135-1|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ظاهري طور سادي تبديليون به اڻ اميد اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Binay|last2=Mahto|first2=Tulsi|last3=Kumari|first3=Vinita|last4=Ravi |first4=Binod Kumar|last5=Deepmala|date=2016|title=Quackery: How It Can Prove Fatal Even in Apparently Simple Cases-A Case Report |journal=Medico-Legal Update|volume=16|issue=2|page=75|doi=10.5958/0974-1283.2016.00063.3|issn=0971-720X}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا جي ڪيترين ذميوارين مان هڪ خطري جو انتظام آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Priest|first=Sally|date=2019-02-22|title=Shared roles and responsibilities in flood risk management |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e12528 |doi=10.1111/jfr3.12528|bibcode=2019JFRM...12E2528P |s2cid=133789858|issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Energy. Office of Inspector General. Office of Scientific and Technical Information|title=Audit Report, &quot;Fire Protection Deficiencies at Los Alamos National Laboratory.&quot;|date=2009|publisher=United States. Dept. of Energy|oclc=727225166}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جو انتظام ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ واري ماحول ۾ تبديلين سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خطرن کي سنڀالڻ جو هڪ اوزار آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Toms|first=Elaine G.|date=January 1992|title=Managing change in libraries and information services; A systems approach |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management|volume=28|issue=2|pages=281–282 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90052-2|issn=0306-4573}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام واري عمل جو هڪ حصو اهو يقيني بڻائي ٿو ته تبديليون اهڙن نامناسب وقتن تي لاڳو نه ٿين، جڏهن اهي اهم ڪاروباري عملن ۾ خلل وجهي سگهن يا لاڳو ٿيندڙ ٻين تبديلين ۾ رڪاوٽ پيدا ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abolhassan|first=Ferri|chapter=The Change Management Process Implemented at IDS Scheer|date=2003 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|title=Business Process Change Management|pages=15–22|place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_2|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هر تبديلي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dawson|first=Chris|date=2020-07-01|title=Leading Culture Change |doi=10.1515/9780804774673|isbn=978-0-8047-7467-3|s2cid=242348822}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪجهه قسم جون تبديليون ڄاڻ پروسيسنگ جي روزاني معمول جو حصو هونديون آهن ۽ اڳواٽ مقرر طريقيڪار تي عمل ڪنديون آهن، جنهن سان پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ خطري جي مجموعي سطح گهٽجي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schuler|first=Rainer|date=August 1995|title=Some properties of sets tractable under every polynomial-time computable distribution|journal=Information Processing Letters|volume=55|issue=4|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/0020-0190(95)00108-o|issn=0020-0190}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئون صارف اڪائونٽ ٺاهڻ يا نئون ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر لڳائڻ اهڙين تبديلين جا مثال آهن، جن لاءِ عام طور تي تبديلي جي انتظام جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي. بهرحال، صارف فائل شيئرز کي ٻئي هنڌ منتقل ڪرڻ، يا اي ميل سرور کي اپگريڊ ڪرڻ پروسيسنگ ماحول لاءِ گهڻو وڌيڪ خطري وارو عمل آهي ۽ روزاني معمول واري سرگرمي نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 1987|title=Multi-user file server for DOS LANs|journal=Computer Communications|volume=10|issue=3|page=153|doi=10.1016/0140-3664(87)90353-7|issn=0140-3664}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي انتظام ۾ اهم پهريان قدم آهن: (الف) تبديلي جي وصف مقرر ڪرڻ، ۽ اها وصف پهچائڻ، ۽ (ب) تبديلي نظام جو دائرو مقرر ڪرڻ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Defining Organizational Change|date=2011-04-19|work=Organizational Change|pages=21–51|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444340372.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-4037-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تبديلي جو انتظام عام طور تي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي نگراني هيٺ هوندو آهي، جيڪو اهم ڪاروباري علائقن،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kirchmer|first1=Mathias|title=Change Management — Key for Business Process Excellence|date=2003|work=Business Process Change Management|pages=1–14|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-05532-4|last2=Scheer|first2=August-Wilhelm|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-24703-6_1}}&lt;/ref&gt; سلامتي، نيٽ ورڪنگ، نظام منتظمين، ڊيٽابيس انتظاميا، ايپليڪيشن ڊولپرن، ڊيسڪ ٽاپ سپورٽ، ۽ هيلپ ڊيسڪ جي نمائندن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. خودڪار ڪم وهڪري واري ايپليڪيشن جي استعمال سان تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جا ڪم آسان بڻائي سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=An Application of Bayesian Networks in Automated Scoring of Computerized Simulation Tasks|date=2006-04-04|work=Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing|pages=212–264|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780415963572-10|isbn=978-0-415-96357-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري اها آهي ته اداري جا دستاويز ڪيل تبديلي انتظام طريقيڪار پيروي ڪيا وڃن. تبديلي جي انتظام جو عمل هيٺين ريت آهي:&lt;ref name=&quot;TaylorProject08&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 10: Understanding the Project Change Process |title=Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline |author=Taylor, J. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |year=2008 |pages=187–214 |isbn=978-1-932159-11-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''درخواست''': ڪو به ماڻهو تبديلي جي درخواست ڪري سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=17. Innovation and Change: Can Anyone Do This?|date=2017-12-31 |work=Backstage in a Bureaucracy|pages=87–96|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |doi=10.1515/9780824860936-019|isbn=978-0-8248-6093-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Adam |title=Promise of a pencil: how an ordinary person can create extraordinary change|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-3063-9|oclc=902912775}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبديلي جي درخواست ڪندڙ شخص اهو ئي هجي يا نه هجي، جيڪو تجزيو ڪري يا تبديلي لاڳو ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Describing Within-Person Change Over Time|date=2015-01-30 |work=Longitudinal Analysis|pages=235–306 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315744094-14|isbn=978-1-315-74409-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Carolyn|last1=Ingraham |first2=Patricia W.|last2=Ban|title=Legislating bureaucratic change: the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978|date=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-87395-886-1|oclc=10300171}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تبديلي جي درخواست ملي ٿي، ته اها شروعاتي جائزي مان گذري سگهي ٿي، ته جيئن طئي ٿئي ته درخواست ڪيل تبديلي اداري جي [[ڪاروباري ماڊل]] ۽ عملن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي يا نه، ۽ تبديلي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل وسيلن جو اندازو لڳائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=J. |date=2000-05-04|title=Preliminary Change Request for the SNS 1.3 GeV-Compatible Ring|doi=10.2172/1157253|osti=1157253 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1157253/|access-date=18 January 2022 |website=OSTI.GOV|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''منظوري''': انتظاميا ڪاروبار هلائي ٿي ۽ وسيلن جي ورڇ تي ضابطو رکي ٿي، تنهن ڪري انتظاميا کي تبديلي جي درخواستن کي منظور ڪرڻ ۽ هر تبديلي لاءِ ترجيح مقرر ڪرڻي پوندي آهي. انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست رد ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن تبديلي ڪاروباري ماڊل، صنعتي معيارن، يا بهترين عملن سان مطابقت نه رکي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Change risks and best practices in Business Change Management Unmanaged change risk leads to problems for change management|date=2013-07-18 |work=Leading and Implementing Business Change Management|pages=32–74|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203073957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203073957-2/change-risks-best-practices-business-change-management-david-jones-ronald-recardo |isbn=978-0-203-07395-7 |last1=Jones |first1=David J. |last2=Recardo |first2=Ronald J. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bragg|first=Steven M.|title=Accounting Best Practices|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-41780-5|oclc=946625204}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتظاميا تبديلي جي درخواست ان صورت ۾ به رد ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪڏهن تبديلي لاءِ گهربل وسيلا انهن وسيلن کان وڌيڪ هجن، جيڪي ان تبديلي لاءِ مختص ڪري سگهجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008-10-17|title=Successful change requires more than change management |journal=Human Resource Management International Digest|volume=16|issue=7 |doi=10.1108/hrmid.2008.04416gad.005|issn=0967-0734}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''رٿابندي''': تبديلي جي رٿابندي ۾ تجويز ڪيل تبديلي جو دائرو ۽ اثر معلوم ڪرڻ؛ تبديلي جي پيچيدگي جو تجزيو ڪرڻ؛ وسيلن جي ورڇ؛ ۽ لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ واپس موٽڻ وارن منصوبن کي تيار ڪرڻ، جانچڻ، ۽ دستاويز ڪرڻ شامل آهي.
* '''جاچ''': هر تبديلي کي پيداوار واري ماحول تي لاڳو ڪرڻ کان اڳ هڪ محفوظ جاچ واري ماحول ۾ جانچڻ گهرجي، جيڪو حقيقي پيداوار واري ماحول سان ويجهڙائيءَ سان ملندڙ هجي. واپس موٽڻ واري منصوبي کي به جانچڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|chapter=backout|doi=10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1259 |title=Computer Science and Communications Dictionary |date=2000 |last1=Weik |first1=Martin H. |page=96 |isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''شيڊيول ڪرڻ''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ذميواري جو هڪ حصو اهو آهي ته تجويز ڪيل لاڳو ڪرڻ واري تاريخ جو جائزو وٺي، ته جيئن ٻين شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين سان ممڪن ٽڪراءُ معلوم ڪري، تبديلين جي شيڊيول ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري.
* '''اطلاع ڏيڻ''': جڏهن ڪا تبديلي شيڊيول ٿي وڃي، تڏهن ان بابت اطلاع ڏيڻ لازمي آهي. اطلاع ڏيڻ جو مقصد ٻين کي موقعو ڏيڻ آهي ته اهي تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي ٻين تبديلين يا اهم ڪاروباري سرگرمين بابت ياد ڏيارين، جيڪي تبديلي شيڊيول ڪرڻ وقت نظرانداز ٿي ويون هجن. اطلاع ڏيڻ سان هيلپ ڊيسڪ ۽ صارفن کي به خبر پوي ٿي ته تبديلي ٿيڻ واري آهي. تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي ٻي ذميواري اها آهي ته شيڊيول ٿيل تبديلين بابت صحيح نموني انهن ماڻهن کي اطلاع ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪي تبديلي کان متاثر ٿيندا يا ٻي صورت ۾ تبديلي ۾ دلچسپي رکن ٿا.
* '''لاڳو ڪرڻ''': مقرر تاريخ ۽ وقت تي، تبديليون لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Stone, Edward|title=Edward C. Stone Collection|oclc=733102101}}&lt;/ref&gt; رٿابندي واري عمل جو حصو لاڳو ڪرڻ جو منصوبو، جاچ جو منصوبو، ۽ واپس موٽڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪرڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lientz|first=B|chapter=Develop Your Improvement Implementation Plan|date=2002|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|title=Achieve Lasting Process Improvement |pages=151–171|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-449984-3.50011-8|isbn=978-0-12-449984-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smeets|first=Peter|title=Expeditie agroparken: ontwerpend onderzoek naar metropolitane landbouw en duurzame ontwikkeling|date=2009|publisher=s.n.]|isbn=978-90-8585-515-6 |oclc=441821141}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪڏهن تبديلي جي لاڳو ٿيڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿئي، يا لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جاچ ناڪام ٿئي، يا ٻيا &quot;ڊراپ ڊيڊ&quot; معيار پورا ٿي وڃن، ته واپس موٽڻ وارو منصوبو لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجي.
* '''دستاويز ڪرڻ''': سڀ تبديليون دستاويز ٿيڻ گهرجن. دستاويزن ۾ تبديلي جي شروعاتي درخواست، ان جي منظوري، ان کي ڏنل ترجيح، لاڳو ڪرڻ، جاچ ۽ واپس موٽڻ جا منصوبا، تبديلي جائزي بورڊ جي تنقيدي جائزي جا نتيجا، تبديلي لاڳو ٿيڻ جي تاريخ/وقت، ان کي لاڳو ڪندڙ شخص، ۽ اهو ته تبديلي ڪاميابيءَ سان لاڳو ٿي، ناڪام ٿي يا ملتوي ٿي، شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ahwidy|first1=Mansour|last2=Pemberton|first2=Lyn|title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health |chapter=What Changes Need to be Made within the LNHS for Ehealth Systems to be Successfully Implemented? |date=2016|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005620400710079|pages=71–79|publisher=Scitepress|doi=10.5220/0005620400710079|isbn=978-989-758-180-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''تبديلي کان پوءِ جائزو''': تبديلي جائزي بورڊ کي تبديلين جو لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ جائزو وٺڻ گهرجي. ناڪام ۽ واپس موٽايل تبديلين جو جائزو وٺڻ خاص طور اهم آهي. جائزي بورڊ کي پيش آيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۽ بهتري وارن علائقن کي ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي.

== ببليوگرافي ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Julia H.|title=The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2001|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-201-73723-3|url=https://archive.org/details/certguidetosyste00alle}}
* {{cite book|last=Krutz|first=Ronald L.|author2=Russell Dean Vines|title=The CISSP Prep Guide|edition=Gold|publisher=Wiley|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN| isbn=978-0-471-26802-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Layton|first=Timothy P.|title=Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2007| location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-7087-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=Network Security Assessment|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2004|location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-0-596-00611-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Risk Analysis|publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2001|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0880-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Peltier|first=Thomas R.|title=Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management| publisher=Auerbach publications|year=2002|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-1137-6}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Gregory|title=All-in-one Security+ Certification Exam Guide|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|year=2003|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn= 978-0-07-222633-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurpreet|title=Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2007|location=NY|isbn=978-0-471-45056-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinfo0000dhil}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Michael|title=Principles of Information Security|last2=Mattord|first2=Herbert|publisher=[[Cengage|سينگيج]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-337-10206-3}}
{{Refend}}

== قانون ۽ ضابطا ==
[[File:Privacy International 2007 privacy ranking map.png|thumb|[[Privacy International|پرائيويسي انٽرنيشنل]] جي 2007ع واري رازداري درجابندي&lt;br /&gt;سائو: تحفظ ۽ حفاظتي بندوبست&lt;br /&gt;ڳاڙهو: عام نگراني وارا سماج]]

هيٺ دنيا جي مختلف حصن ۾ حڪومتي قانونن ۽ ضابطن جي جزوي فهرست ڏنل آهي، جن جو ڊيٽا پروسيسنگ ۽ ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر آهي، اڳ رهيو آهي، يا مستقبل ۾ رهندو. صنعت جي اهم شعبن جا ضابطا به شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن انهن جو ڄاڻ جي سلامتي تي اهم اثر هجي.

* برطانيا جو [[ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ 1998]] ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل ڄاڻ جي پروسيسنگ کي ضابطي ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ نيون شقون مهيا ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ اهڙي ڄاڻ حاصل ڪرڻ، رکڻ، استعمال ڪرڻ يا ظاهر ڪرڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Data protection [H.L.] A bill [as amended in standing committee d] intituled an act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information|date=2007|publisher=Proquest LLC|oclc=877574826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Data protection, access to personal information and privacy protection|date=2019 |work=Government and Information Rights: The Law Relating to Access, Disclosure and their Regulation|publisher=Bloomsbury Professional|doi=10.5040/9781784518998.chapter-002|isbn=978-1-78451-896-7|s2cid=239376648}}&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي يونين ڊيٽا پروٽيڪشن ڊائريڪٽو (EUDPD) تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سڀئي يورپي يونين ميمبر قومي ضابطا اختيار ڪن، ته جيئن سڄي يورپي يونين ۾ شهرين جي [[ڊيٽا رازداري]] جي تحفظ کي معياري بڻائي سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lehtonen|first=Lasse A.|chapter=Genetic Information and the Data Protection Directive of the European Union|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240350-8|title=The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe|pages=103–112|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315240350-8|isbn=978-1-315-24035-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UKDataProtAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents |title=Data Protection Act 1998 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[ڪمپيوٽر مس يوز ايڪٽ]] 1990 [[برطانيا جي پارليامينٽ]] جو هڪ قانون آهي، جيڪو ڪمپيوٽر ڏوهن، مثال طور هيڪنگ، کي فوجداري ڏوهه بڻائي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Computer Misuse Act 1990|date=2013-06-17|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722763-42|title=Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012|pages=114–118|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203722763-42|isbn=978-0-203-72276-3|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون اهڙو نمونو بڻجي ويو آهي، جنهن مان [[ڪينياڊا]] ۽ [[آئرلينڊ]] سميت ڪيترن ٻين ملڪن پنهنجا ڄاڻ سلامتي قانون ٺاهڻ وقت اثر ورتو.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKCompMisAct&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents |title=Computer Misuse Act 1990 |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يورپي يونين جي [[ڊيٽا ريٽينشن ھدايت]]، جيڪا رد ڪئي وئي، انٽرنيٽ سروس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ فون ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪندي هئي ته موڪليل هر برقي پيغام ۽ ڪيل هر فون ڪال بابت ڊيٽا ڇهن مهينن کان ٻن سالن تائين محفوظ رکن.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU24EC06&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006L0024 |title=Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 |publisher=European Union |work=EUR-Lex |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيملي ايجوڪيشنل رائيٽس اينڊ پرائيويسي ايڪٽ]] (FERPA) ({{usc|20|1232}} g; 34 CFR Part 99) آمريڪا جو وفاقي قانون آهي، جيڪو شاگردن جي تعليمي رڪارڊن جي رازداري جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Defamation, Student Records, and the Federal Family Education Rights and Privacy Act|date=2010-12-14|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846940-22|title=Higher Education Law|pages=361–394|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203846940-22|isbn=978-0-203-84694-0|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي قانون انهن سڀني اسڪولن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، جيڪي [[آمريڪي تعليم کاتي]] جي ڪنهن لاڳو پروگرام تحت فنڊ حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2004|title=Alabama Schools Receive NCLB Grant To Improve Student Achievement|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e486682006-001}}&lt;/ref&gt; عام طور تي، اسڪولن کي شاگرد جي تعليمي رڪارڊ مان ڪا به ڄاڻ جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ والدين يا اهل شاگرد&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Turner-Gottschang |title=China bound : a guide to academic life and work in the PRC: for the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council|date=1987 |publisher=National Academy Press|isbn=0-309-56739-4|oclc=326709779}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان لکت ۾ اجازت وٺڻي پوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;FERPA&quot;&gt;Codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|20|1232g}}, with implementing regulations in title 34, part 99 of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فيڊرل فنانشل انسٽيٽيوشنز ايگزامينيشن ڪائونسل]] (FFIEC) جون آڊيٽرن لاءِ سلامتي هدايتون آن لائين بئنڪنگ سلامتي جون گهرجون بيان ڪن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFIECAudit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/it-booklets/audit.aspx |title=Audit Booklet |publisher=FFIEC |work=Information Technology Examination Handbook |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996ع جو [[هيلٿ انشورنس پورٽيبلٽي اينڊ اڪائونٽيبلٽي ايڪٽ]] (HIPAA) برقي صحت سنڀال ٽرانزيڪشنز لاءِ قومي معيارن ۽ فراهم ڪندڙن، صحت انشورنس منصوبن، ۽ ملازمن لاءِ قومي سڃاڻپن اختيار ڪرڻ جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ray|first=Amy W.|title=Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health Care Management|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412950602.n369|isbn=978-0-7619-2674-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان علاوه، اهو صحت سنڀال فراهم ڪندڙن، انشورنس فراهم ڪندڙن ۽ ملازمن کان صحت ڊيٽا جي سلامتي ۽ رازداري جي حفاظت جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;HIPAAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/content-detail.html |title=Public Law 104 - 191 - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999ع جو [[گرام–ليچ–بليلي ايڪٽ]] (GLBA)، جنهن کي 1999ع جو فنانشل سروسز ماڊرنائيزيشن ايڪٽ به چيو وڃي ٿو، خانگي مالي ڄاڻ جي رازداري ۽ سلامتي جي حفاظت ڪري ٿو، جيڪا مالي ادارا گڏ، محفوظ ۽ پروسيس ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLBAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-113/pdf/STATUTE-113-Pg1338.pdf |title=Public Law 106 - 102 - Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of 1999 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ساربينز–آڪسلي ايڪٽ (SOX) جي سيڪشن 404 عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان تقاضو ڪري ٿي ته اهي هر مالي سال جي آخر ۾ جمع ڪرايل سالياني رپورٽن ۾ مالي رپورٽنگ لاءِ پنهنجي اندروني ضابطن جي اثرائتيت جو جائزو وٺن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities|publisher=Northeastern University Library|first=Abayomi Oluwatosin|last=Alase|year=2016|doi=10.17760/d20204801}}&lt;/ref&gt; چيف انفارميشن آفيسر انهن نظامن جي سلامتي، درستگي ۽ ڀروسي جوڳائي جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، جيڪي مالي ڊيٽا کي سنڀالين ۽ رپورٽ ڪن ٿا. هي قانون عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپنين کان اهو به تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته اهي آزاد آڊيٽرن سان ڪم ڪن، جيڪي انهن جي جائزي جي صحيح هجڻ جي تصديق ۽ رپورٽ ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOAGPO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ204/html/PLAW-107publ204.htm |title=Public Law 107 - 204 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پيمنٽ ڪارڊ انڊسٽري ڊيٽا سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊ]] (PCI DSS) ادائيگي اڪائونٽ ڊيٽا جي سلامتي وڌائڻ لاءِ جامع گهرجون قائم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Pci Dss Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms|date=2015-09-18|work=Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Handbook|pages=185–199|place=Hoboken, NJ, US|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119197218.gloss|isbn=978-1-119-19721-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو PCI سيڪيورٽي اسٽينڊرڊز ڪائونسل جي باني ادائيگي برانڊن، جن ۾ [[امريڪن ايڪسپريس]]، [[ڊسڪور فنانشل سروسز]]، JCB، ماسٽر ڪارڊ ورلڊوائيڊ، ۽ [[Visa Inc.|ويزا انٽرنيشنل]] شامل آهن، پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، ته جيئن عالمي سطح تي يڪسان [[ڊيٽا سلامتي]] قدمن جي وسيع قبوليت ۾ مدد ملي. PCI DSS هڪ گهڻ رخا سلامتي معيار آهي، جنهن ۾ سلامتي انتظام، پاليسين، طريقيڪار، [[نيٽ ورڪ اڏاوت]]، سافٽ ويئر ڊزائن، ۽ ٻين اهم حفاظتي قدمن جون گهرجون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCIDSS3.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/documents/PCI_DSS_v3-2.pdf |title=Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard: Requirements and Security Assessment Procedures - Version 3.2 |publisher=Security Standards Council |date=April 2016 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* رياستي [[سلامتي ڀڃڪڙي اطلاع قانون]]، جهڙوڪ ڪيليفورنيا ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي، ڪاروبارن، غير منافع بخش ادارن، ۽ رياستي ادارن کان تقاضو ڪن ٿا ته اهي صارفن کي اطلاع ڏين، جڏهن غير رمز بند &quot;ذاتي ڄاڻ&quot; متاثر، گم، يا چوري ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCSLStateSecBreach17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx |title=Security Breach Notification Laws |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڪينيڊا جو پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ ([[پرسنل انفارميشن پروٽيڪشن اينڊ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊاڪيومينٽس ايڪٽ|PIPEDA]]) ڪجهه حالتن ۾ گڏ ڪيل، استعمال ڪيل يا ظاهر ڪيل ذاتي ڄاڻ جي حفاظت ڪري برقي واپار جي حمايت ۽ واڌاري ڪري ٿو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor1-last=Stein|editor1-first=Stuart G.|editor2-last=Schaberg|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor3-last=Biddle|editor3-first=Laura R.|title=Financial institutions answer book, 2015: law, governance, compliance|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Practising Law Institute |isbn=978-1-4024-2405-2|oclc=911952833}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڄاڻ يا ٽرانزيڪشنز کي پهچائڻ يا رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي وسيلن جي استعمال جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو، ۽ [[ڪينيڊا ايويڊنس ايڪٽ]]، اسٽيچوٽري انسٽرومينٽس ايڪٽ ۽ اسٽيچوٽ ريويزن ايڪٽ ۾ ترميم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chapter 5. An Act to support and promote electronic commerce by protecting personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances, by providing for the use of electronic means to communicate or record information or transactions and by amending the Canada Evidence Act, the Statutory Instruments Act and the Statute Revision Act|date=2000|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada|oclc=61417862}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PIPEDA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/P-8.6.pdf |title=Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act |publisher=Canadian Minister of Justice |access-date=25 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 165/2011) گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڄاڻ سلامتي ضابطا قائم ۽ بيان ڪري ٿي، جيڪي يونان ۾ برقي رابطي جا نيٽ ورڪ ۽/يا خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ هر ڪمپني کي گراهڪن جي راز داري بچائڻ لاءِ لاڳو ڪرڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Werner|first=Martin|date=2011-05-11|title=Privacy-protected communication for location-based services|journal=Security and Communication Networks|volume=9|issue=2|pages=130–138|doi=10.1002/sec.330|issn=1939-0114}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ انتظامي ۽ فني ٻئي ضابطا شامل آهن، مثال طور لاگ رڪارڊ ٻه سال محفوظ رکڻ گهرجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RACEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf |title=Regulation for the Assurance of Confidentiality in Electronic Communications |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625211034/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/ADAE_REGULATION_165.2011.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* يونان جي هيلينڪ اٿارٽي فار ڪميونيڪيشن سيڪيورٽي اينڊ پرائيويسي (ADAE) (قانون 205/2013) يوناني ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپنين پاران مهيا ڪيل خدمتن ۽ ڊيٽا جي سالمیت ۽ دستيابي جي تحفظ تي مرڪوز آهي. هي قانون انهن ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل ڪمپنين کي مناسب ڪاروباري تسلسل منصوبن ۽ اضافي ڍانچن کي ٺاهڻ، لاڳو ڪرڻ ۽ جانچڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;205/2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf |title=Αριθμ. απόφ. 205/2013 |work=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204010458/http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/kanonismoi/Kanonismos_FEK_1742_B_15_07_2013_asfaleia_akeraiotita__ADAE_205_2013.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* آمريڪي بچاءُ کاتي (DoD) 2004ع ۾ DoD ھدايت 8570 جاري ڪئي، جنهن کي DoD ھدايت 8140 سان پورو ڪيو ويو. ان تحت DoD جي سڀني ملازمن ۽ DoD جي سڀني ٺيڪيداري عملي لاءِ، جيڪي ڄاڻ جي يقين دهاني وارن ڪردارن ۽ سرگرمين ۾ شامل آهن، مختلف صنعتي ڄاڻ ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) سرٽيفڪيشنز حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ برقرار رکڻ لازمي بڻايو ويو، ته جيئن نيٽ ورڪ ڍانچي جي بچاءَ ۾ شامل سڀني DoD عملي وٽ IT صنعت ۾ مڃيل ڄاڻ، صلاحيتن ۽ قابليتن (KSA) جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سطح يقيني بڻائي سگهجي. اينڊرسن ۽ ريئمرز (2019) رپورٽ ڪن ٿا ته اهي سرٽيفڪيشنز CompTIA جي A+ ۽ Security+ کان وٺي ICS2.org جي CISSP وغيره تائين پکڙيل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[https://library.iated.org/view/ANDERSON2019CYB Andersson and Reimers, 2019, CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, EDULEARN19 Proceedings, Publication year: 2019 Pages: 7858-786]&lt;/ref&gt;

== وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* اينڊرسن، ڪي.، &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402234040/http://www.scmagazineus.com/IT-security-professionals-must-evolve-for-changing-market/article/33990/ بدلجندڙ مارڪيٽ لاءِ آءِ ٽي سلامتي جي ماهرن کي ارتقا ڪرڻ لازمي آهي]&quot;، ''ايس سي ميگزين''، 12 آڪٽوبر 2006ع.
* ايسيٽونو، وي.، &quot;ڄاڻي سلامتيءَ جا نمونا (Paradigms)&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، سيپٽمبر 2005ع.
* [[Chuck Easttom|چڪ ايسٽم، سي.]]، ''ڪمپيوٽر سلامتي جا بنيادي اصول (ٻيو ايڊيشن)''، [[Pearson Education|پيئرسن ايجوڪيشن]]، 2011ع.
* ليمبو، ٽي.، &quot;ISO/IEC 27001: ڄاڻي سلامتي سرٽيفڪيشن جو مستقبل&quot;، ''آءِ ايس ايس اي جرنل''، نومبر 2006ع.
* ڊسٽن، ڊي.، &quot;[http://blog.brisbanedatarecovery.com.au/2017/05/awareness-of-how-your-data-is-being.html آگاهي ته توهان جي ڊيٽا ڪيئن استعمال ٿي رهي آهي ۽ ان بابت ڇا ڪرڻ گهرجي]&quot;، ''سي ڊي آر بلاگ''، مئي 2017ع.
* ڍلن، جي.، &quot;[https://www.jissec.org/Contents/V19/N2/V19N2-Dhillon-p91.pdf ڄاڻي نظامن جي سلامتي جو فڪري بنياد]&quot;، ''جرنل آف انفارميشن سسٽمز سيڪيورٽي''، جلد 19، شمارو 2.
{{Refend}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html DoD IA Policy Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html |date=2011-09-06 }} on the DoD Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center web site.
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998382.aspx patterns &amp; practices Security Engineering Explained]
* [http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ IWS – Information Security Chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108164220/http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/ |date=2019-11-08 }}
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html Ross Anderson's book &quot;Security Engineering&quot;]
{{Computer science}}
{{SecurityType}}
{{Information security}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:قومي سلامتي]] 
[[زمرو:ڪرپٽوگرافي]] 
[[زمرو:ڊيٽا جي حفاظت]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات جي حفاظت]]
[[زمرو:ڏوهن جي روڪٿام]] 
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'''ڍڳن جي ڪشتي''' يا '''ٻٻر جي ويڙهه''' (Bull wrestling) دنيا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ ملندڙ [[ڍڳو|ٻٻرن]] يا [[ڳئون]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ غير جان ليوا انساني سهولتن واري رت جي راند آهي.</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:رانديون بلحاظ قسم]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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[[File:Bulls_Ishikawa,_Okinawa_2007.jpg|thumb|''توگيو'' يا &quot;اوڪيناوان بُل فائٽنگ&quot;، [[جاپان]] جي [[ريوڪيو ٻيٽ|ريوڪيو ٻيٽن]] ۾ هڪ روايتي راند آهي.]]
'''ڍڳن جي ڪشتي''' يا '''ٻٻر جي ويڙهه''' (Bull wrestling) دنيا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ ملندڙ [[ڍڳو|ٻٻرن]] يا [[ڳئون]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ غير جان ليوا انساني سهولتن واري رت جي راند آهي.

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[[File:Bulls_Ishikawa,_Okinawa_2007.jpg|thumb|''توگيو'' يا &quot;اوڪيناوان بُل فائٽنگ&quot;، [[جاپان]] جي [[ريوڪيو ٻيٽ|ريوڪيو ٻيٽن]] ۾ هڪ روايتي راند آهي.]]
'''ڍڳن جي ڪشتي''' يا '''ٻٻر جي ويڙهه''' (Bull wrestling) دنيا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ ملندڙ [[ڍڳو|ڍڳن]] يا [[ڳئون]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ غير جان ليوا انساني سهولتن واري رت جي راند آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڍڳن جي ڪشتي]]
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'''ڍڳن جي ڪشتي''' يا '''ٻٻر جي ويڙهه''' (Bull wrestling) دنيا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ ملندڙ [[ڍڳو|ڍڳن]] يا [[ڳئون]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ غير جان ليوا انساني سهولتن واري رت جي راند آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:رانديون]]
[[زمرو:ڍڳن جي ڪشتي]]
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      <comment>خودڪار: [[زمرو:ملاکڙو]] جو اضافو + ترتيب</comment>
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'''ڍڳن جي ڪشتي''' يا '''ٻٻر جي ويڙهه''' (Bull wrestling) دنيا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ ملندڙ [[ڍڳو|ڍڳن]] يا [[ڳئون]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ غير جان ليوا انساني سهولتن واري رت جي راند آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ڍڳن جي ڪشتي]]
[[زمرو:رانديون]]
[[زمرو:رانديون بلحاظ قسم]]
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:رانديون بلحاظ قسم]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356703440|Islam in Oceania]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
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      <text bytes="1838" sha1="pmo6dhisl6k74xw7c5vfjcu6al12pgd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG|thumb|275x275 عڪسلون|گيليپولي مسجد، آبرن، [[سڊني]]]]

[[اوشينيا]] جي آبادي جو نسبتاً ننڍڙو حصو مذهب اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The World Muslim Population|date=2019-11-08|quote=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2010ع جي اندازن مطابق، اوشينيا ۾ مجموعي طور تي 6,20,156 [[مسلمان]] هئا: [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ 4,76,600، [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ 48,151، [[فجي]] ۾ 52,520، نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۾ 6,352، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۾ 2,200، سولومن ٻيٽن ۾ 360، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]] ۾ 221 ۽ [[ٽونگا]] ۾ 110. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kettani|first=Houssain|date=June 2010|title=Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020|url=https://www.ijesd.org/papers/30-D439.pdf|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Development|volume=1|issue=2|issn=2010-0264|doi=10.18178/ijesd|jstor=free|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''پئسفڪ ميگزين'' ۾ 2007ع ۾ 'گرين مون رائزنگ' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون موجب، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]]، [[فجي]]، [[سولومن آئلينڊز|سولومن ٻيٽ]]، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۽ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جي ماڻهن ۾ اسلام جي پيروي ڪندڙن ۾ ڪافي اضافو ڏٺو ويو آهي. [[ميلئنيزيا|ميلانيشيا]] ۾ هزارين مقامي ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising Green moon rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010082524/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:27:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:اوشينيا جو سماج]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385396</origin>
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      <text bytes="1881" sha1="ga8owrmxvmpxx8lkstshs6fbvuazq2g" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG|thumb|275x275 عڪسلون|گيليپولي مسجد، آبرن، [[سڊني]]]]

[[اوشينيا]] جي آبادي جو نسبتاً ننڍڙو حصو مذهب اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The World Muslim Population|date=2019-11-08|quote=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2010ع جي اندازن مطابق، اوشينيا ۾ مجموعي طور تي 6,20,156 [[مسلمان]] هئا: [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ 4,76,600، [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ 48,151، [[فجي]] ۾ 52,520، نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۾ 6,352، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۾ 2,200، سولومن ٻيٽن ۾ 360، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]] ۾ 221 ۽ [[ٽونگا]] ۾ 110. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kettani|first=Houssain|date=June 2010|title=Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020|url=https://www.ijesd.org/papers/30-D439.pdf|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Development|volume=1|issue=2|issn=2010-0264|doi=10.18178/ijesd|jstor=free|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''پئسفڪ ميگزين'' ۾ 2007ع ۾ 'گرين مون رائزنگ' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون موجب، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]]، [[فجي]]، [[سولومن آئلينڊز|سولومن ٻيٽ]]، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۽ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جي ماڻهن ۾ اسلام جي پيروي ڪندڙن ۾ ڪافي اضافو ڏٺو ويو آهي. [[ميلئنيزيا|ميلانيشيا]] ۾ هزارين مقامي ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising Green moon rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010082524/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زمرو:اوشينيا جو سماج]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>385396</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:اسلام بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385397</origin>
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      <text bytes="1923" sha1="eu24tk78hwsfj09uvuydw3c2a2ier2i" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG|thumb|275x275 عڪسلون|گيليپولي مسجد، آبرن، [[سڊني]]]]

[[اوشينيا]] جي آبادي جو نسبتاً ننڍڙو حصو مذهب اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The World Muslim Population|date=2019-11-08|quote=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2010ع جي اندازن مطابق، اوشينيا ۾ مجموعي طور تي 6,20,156 [[مسلمان]] هئا: [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ 4,76,600، [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ 48,151، [[فجي]] ۾ 52,520، نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۾ 6,352، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۾ 2,200، سولومن ٻيٽن ۾ 360، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]] ۾ 221 ۽ [[ٽونگا]] ۾ 110. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kettani|first=Houssain|date=June 2010|title=Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020|url=https://www.ijesd.org/papers/30-D439.pdf|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Development|volume=1|issue=2|issn=2010-0264|doi=10.18178/ijesd|jstor=free|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''پئسفڪ ميگزين'' ۾ 2007ع ۾ 'گرين مون رائزنگ' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون موجب، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]]، [[فجي]]، [[سولومن آئلينڊز|سولومن ٻيٽ]]، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۽ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جي ماڻهن ۾ اسلام جي پيروي ڪندڙن ۾ ڪافي اضافو ڏٺو ويو آهي. [[ميلئنيزيا|ميلانيشيا]] ۾ هزارين مقامي ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising Green moon rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010082524/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زمرو:اوشينيا جو سماج]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>385398</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:28:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:مذهب بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1963" sha1="55yi6r5v2qxduvav44ctvic8xyt7ynt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG|thumb|275x275 عڪسلون|گيليپولي مسجد، آبرن، [[سڊني]]]]

[[اوشينيا]] جي آبادي جو نسبتاً ننڍڙو حصو مذهب اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The World Muslim Population|date=2019-11-08|quote=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2010ع جي اندازن مطابق، اوشينيا ۾ مجموعي طور تي 6,20,156 [[مسلمان]] هئا: [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ 4,76,600، [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ 48,151، [[فجي]] ۾ 52,520، نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۾ 6,352، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۾ 2,200، سولومن ٻيٽن ۾ 360، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]] ۾ 221 ۽ [[ٽونگا]] ۾ 110. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kettani|first=Houssain|date=June 2010|title=Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020|url=https://www.ijesd.org/papers/30-D439.pdf|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Development|volume=1|issue=2|issn=2010-0264|doi=10.18178/ijesd|jstor=free|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''پئسفڪ ميگزين'' ۾ 2007ع ۾ 'گرين مون رائزنگ' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون موجب، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]]، [[فجي]]، [[سولومن آئلينڊز|سولومن ٻيٽ]]، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۽ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جي ماڻهن ۾ اسلام جي پيروي ڪندڙن ۾ ڪافي اضافو ڏٺو ويو آهي. [[ميلئنيزيا|ميلانيشيا]] ۾ هزارين مقامي ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising Green moon rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010082524/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زمرو:اوشينيا جو سماج]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ کنڊ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>55yi6r5v2qxduvav44ctvic8xyt7ynt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385399</id>
      <parentid>385398</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:30:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2104" sha1="fpxgzr126e7mpt5x1v9ybqmmshd46o6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG|thumb|275x275 عڪسلون|گيليپولي مسجد، آبرن، [[سڊني]]]]

[[اوشينيا]] جي آبادي جو نسبتاً ننڍڙو حصو مذهب اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The World Muslim Population|date=2019-11-08|quote=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2010ع جي اندازن مطابق، اوشينيا ۾ مجموعي طور تي 6,20,156 [[مسلمان]] هئا: [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ 4,76,600، [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ 48,151، [[فجي]] ۾ 52,520، نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۾ 6,352، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۾ 2,200، سولومن ٻيٽن ۾ 360، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]] ۾ 221 ۽ [[ٽونگا]] ۾ 110. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kettani|first=Houssain|date=June 2010|title=Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020|url=https://www.ijesd.org/papers/30-D439.pdf|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Development|volume=1|issue=2|issn=2010-0264|doi=10.18178/ijesd|jstor=free|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''پئسفڪ ميگزين'' ۾ 2007ع ۾ 'گرين مون رائزنگ' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون موجب، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]]، [[فجي]]، [[سولومن آئلينڊز|سولومن ٻيٽ]]، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۽ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جي ماڻهن ۾ اسلام جي پيروي ڪندڙن ۾ ڪافي اضافو ڏٺو ويو آهي. [[ميلئنيزيا|ميلانيشيا]] ۾ هزارين مقامي ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising Green moon rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010082524/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:اوشينيا]] 
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مذهب]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا جو سماج]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ کنڊ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>fpxgzr126e7mpt5x1v9ybqmmshd46o6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385402</id>
      <parentid>385399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:32:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* حوالا */</comment>
      <origin>385402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1980" sha1="awkz7qun1u0xf3e4xeie9cvb3y1ymlw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG|thumb|275x275 عڪسلون|گيليپولي مسجد، آبرن، [[سڊني]]]]

[[اوشينيا]] جي آبادي جو نسبتاً ننڍڙو حصو مذهب اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The World Muslim Population|date=2019-11-08|quote=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2010ع جي اندازن مطابق، اوشينيا ۾ مجموعي طور تي 6,20,156 [[مسلمان]] هئا: [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ 4,76,600، [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ 48,151، [[فجي]] ۾ 52,520، نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۾ 6,352، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۾ 2,200، سولومن ٻيٽن ۾ 360، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]] ۾ 221 ۽ [[ٽونگا]] ۾ 110. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kettani|first=Houssain|date=June 2010|title=Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020|url=https://www.ijesd.org/papers/30-D439.pdf|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Development|volume=1|issue=2|issn=2010-0264|doi=10.18178/ijesd|jstor=free|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''پئسفڪ ميگزين'' ۾ 2007ع ۾ 'گرين مون رائزنگ' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون موجب، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]]، [[فجي]]، [[سولومن آئلينڊز|سولومن ٻيٽ]]، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۽ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جي ماڻهن ۾ اسلام جي پيروي ڪندڙن ۾ ڪافي اضافو ڏٺو ويو آهي. [[ميلئنيزيا|ميلانيشيا]] ۾ هزارين مقامي ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising Green moon rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010082524/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:اوشينيا]] 
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مذهب]]</text>
      <sha1>awkz7qun1u0xf3e4xeie9cvb3y1ymlw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385404</id>
      <parentid>385402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:37:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385404</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2061" sha1="02fls7yf081bmnyrw6xxn3o2uoiuz4p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG|thumb|275x275 عڪسلون|[[آبرن گیليپولي مسجد|گيليپولي مسجد، آبرن]]، [[سڊني]]]]

[[اوشينيا]] جي آبادي جو نسبتاً هڪ ننڍڙو حصو (لڳ ڀڳ %1.6) مذهب اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The World Muslim Population|date=2019-11-08|quote=2026-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; سال 2010ع جي اندازن مطابق، اوشينيا ۾ مجموعي طور تي 6,20,156 [[مسلمان]] هئا. جن ۾ [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ 4,76,600، [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ 48,151، [[فجي]] ۾ 52,520، نيو ڪيليڊونيا ۾ 6,352، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۾ 2,200، سولومن ٻيٽن ۾ 360، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]] ۾ 221 ۽ [[ٽونگا]] ۾ 110 مسلمان موجود هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kettani|first=Houssain|date=June 2010|title=Muslim Population in Oceania: 1950 – 2020|url=https://www.ijesd.org/papers/30-D439.pdf|journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Development|volume=1|issue=2|issn=2010-0264|doi=10.18178/ijesd|jstor=free|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''پئسفڪ ميگزين'' ۾ 2007ع ۾ 'گرين مون رائزنگ' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون موجب، [[وانوآتو|وانواتو]]، [[فجي]]، [[سولومن آئلينڊز|سولومن ٻيٽ]]، [[پاپوا نيو گني]] ۽ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جي ماڻهن ۾ اسلام جي پيروي ڪندڙن ۾ ڪافي اضافو ڏٺو ويو آهي. [[ميلئنيزيا]] ۾ هزارين مقامي ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪري چڪا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising Green moon rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010082524/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:اوشينيا]] 
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مذهب]]</text>
      <sha1>02fls7yf081bmnyrw6xxn3o2uoiuz4p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385400</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:31:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ کنڊ]]</comment>
      <origin>385400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82" sha1="ks10hbpu6yf4ekk0kuhxt773a8242ct" xml:space="preserve">
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مذهب]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>ks10hbpu6yf4ekk0kuhxt773a8242ct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مذهب</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385401</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اوشينيا]]  [[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ کنڊ]]</comment>
      <origin>385401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="68" sha1="m6us63m77vgfbka71ey9lfxztwsglis" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:اوشينيا]] 
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>m6us63m77vgfbka71ey9lfxztwsglis</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>مائوري مسلمان</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385405</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:40:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350925950|Māori Muslims]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
      <origin>385405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="326" sha1="e94m40k9u7v872xxqbwj4hkhn0bdwsw" xml:space="preserve">'''مائوري مسلمان''' [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي اقليتي برادري آهن. 

[[File:Muslim_Students_Perform_Emotionally-Charged_Haka_in_New_Zealand_to_Commemorate_Christchurch_Victims.webm|thumb|مسلمان مائوري شاگرد هاڪا پيش ڪري رهيا آهن.]]</text>
      <sha1>e94m40k9u7v872xxqbwj4hkhn0bdwsw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385406</id>
      <parentid>385405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:41:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:مسلمان]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="353" sha1="e0qikpo1lvz6db0ndfpzx7llneerkmp" xml:space="preserve">'''مائوري مسلمان''' [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي اقليتي برادري آهن. 

[[File:Muslim_Students_Perform_Emotionally-Charged_Haka_in_New_Zealand_to_Commemorate_Christchurch_Victims.webm|thumb|مسلمان مائوري شاگرد هاڪا پيش ڪري رهيا آهن.]]

[[زمرو:مسلمان]]</text>
      <sha1>e0qikpo1lvz6db0ndfpzx7llneerkmp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385407</id>
      <parentid>385406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:نيوزي لينڊ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="386" sha1="82nz6wjmgmtc5px7ld4k0l0glvxnaip" xml:space="preserve">'''مائوري مسلمان''' [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي اقليتي برادري آهن. 

[[File:Muslim_Students_Perform_Emotionally-Charged_Haka_in_New_Zealand_to_Commemorate_Christchurch_Victims.webm|thumb|مسلمان مائوري شاگرد هاڪا پيش ڪري رهيا آهن.]]

[[زمرو:مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>82nz6wjmgmtc5px7ld4k0l0glvxnaip</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385408</id>
      <parentid>385407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:44:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="tp9hz9yx9twi6u5rkctj2b0sssifi90" xml:space="preserve">'''مائوري مسلمان''' [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي اقليتي برادري آهن. 

[[File:Muslim_Students_Perform_Emotionally-Charged_Haka_in_New_Zealand_to_Commemorate_Christchurch_Victims.webm|thumb|مسلمان مائوري شاگرد هاڪا پيش ڪري رهيا آهن.]]

[[زمرو:مائوري مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ]]
[[زمرو:مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ جا مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]</text>
      <sha1>tp9hz9yx9twi6u5rkctj2b0sssifi90</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:مائوري مسلمان</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385409</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:45:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ مسلمان]] [[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]</comment>
      <origin>385409</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138" sha1="dhvwpj4h6bk95xlhe1lkl47526jtn2o" xml:space="preserve">
[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]</text>
      <sha1>dhvwpj4h6bk95xlhe1lkl47526jtn2o</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ اسلام</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385410</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:46:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]</comment>
      <origin>385410</origin>
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      <text bytes="116" sha1="anzxsn8vydvbwtr7msq3x2c9t721btz" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]</text>
      <sha1>anzxsn8vydvbwtr7msq3x2c9t721btz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ مسلمان</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:مسلمان بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مسلمان]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:مسلمان بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:نيوزي لينڊ ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مسلمان]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:مسلمان بلحاظ ملڪ</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:مسلمان]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]]</text>
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    <title>زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ مسلمان</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>385413</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:50:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:مسلمان بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:مسلمان بلحاظ کنڊ]]
[[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ اسلام]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:50:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:مسلمان]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ کنڊ]]</comment>
      <origin>385414</origin>
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[[زمرو:مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:12:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349827801|Islam in Azerbaijan]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
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{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو &lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]]، %45 غير فرقيوار مسلمان ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (35-40٪) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.  &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>385417</id>
      <parentid>385416</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:آذربائيجان]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385417</origin>
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{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو &lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]]، %45 غير فرقيوار مسلمان ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (35-40٪) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.  &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;

[[زمرو:آذربائيجان]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>385418</id>
      <parentid>385417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:13:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>385418</origin>
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      <text bytes="3161" sha1="om8d2x1iezxcikald00yvfuxtgwze9q" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mezquita_del_Viernes,_Shamakhi,_Azerbaiyán,_2016-09-27,_DD_13-15_HDR.jpg|ساڄو|thumb|شماخي جمعه مسجد شماخي، [[آذربائيجان]]]]
{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو &lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]]، %45 غير فرقيوار مسلمان ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (35-40٪) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.  &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;

[[زمرو:آذربائيجان]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>385419</id>
      <parentid>385418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو &lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]]، %45 غير فرقيوار مسلمان ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (35-40٪) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.  &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;

[[زمرو:آذربائيجان]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو &lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]]، %45 غير فرقيوار مسلمان ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (35-40٪) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.  &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;

[[زمرو:آذربائيجان]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]
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      <comment>added [[Category:يورپ ۾ مذهب]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو &lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]]، %45 غير فرقيوار مسلمان ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (35-40٪) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.  &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;

[[زمرو:آذربائيجان]]
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{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]] ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (%35 کان %40) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:آذربائيجان]]
[[زمرو:آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:آذربائيجان ۾ مذهب]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]]
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{{يورپي ملڪن ۾ اسلام}}
[[آذربائيجان]] ۾ [[اسلام]] اڪثريتي مذهب آهي، پر ملڪ کي مسلم دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪيولر ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islam and Secularism: the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214125246/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/6/prweb10839650.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=PR Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; مختلف رپورٽن جو اندازو آهي ته آبادي جو 97.3 سيڪڙو&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAFB&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2023-07-09|archivedate=January 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; يا %99.2 (پيو ريسرچ سينٽر، 2006ع) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-09|date=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; مسلمان طور پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ڪئي ٿو، جن ۾ اڪثريت (%60 کان %65) [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه مسلمان]] ۽ هڪ اهم اقليت (%35 کان %40) [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمانن]] جي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|archivedate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; روايتي طور تي، آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام جي انهن ٻن شاخن (سني ۽ شيعه) جي وچ ۾ فرق کي واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان آهي.

ملڪ ۾ گھڻا شيعه مسلمان شيعه اسلام جي جعفري اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته سني مسلمان عام طور تي حنفي يا شافعي اسڪول جي پيروي ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=7 June 2018|quote=20 April 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMammadli2018&quot;&gt;Mammadli, Nijat (7 June 2018). [https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/islam-and-youth-in-azerbaijan/ &quot;Islam and Youth in Azerbaijan&quot;]. ''Baku Research Institute''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن کان هلندڙ سوويت يونين جي رياستي پاليسي جي ڪري، آذربائيجان ۾ مذهبي وابستگي اڪثر ڪري نالي ماتر هوندي آهي ۽ مسلمان سڃاڻپ مذهب جي بدران ثقافت ۽ نسل تي وڌيڪ ٻڌل هوندي آهي. شيعه اسلام ملڪ جي اولهه، مرڪزي ۽ ڏاکڻي علائقن ۾ غالب آهي. روايتي طور تي، [[باڪو]] ۽ لنڪران علائقي جي آس پاس جي ڳوٺن کي شيعه اسلام جو مضبوط ڳڙهه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، سني اسلام اترين علائقن ۾ غالب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammadli&quot; /&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:آذربائيجان]]
[[زمرو:آذربائيجان ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:آذربائيجان ۾ مذهب]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]]
[[زمرو:يورپ ۾ مذهب]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:آذربائيجان ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:آذربائيجان ۾ مذهب]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:آذربائيجان]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:يورپ ۾ مذهب]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]</text>
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      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345883044|Islam in Turkey]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
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      <text bytes="6903" sha1="9pulc3bjpi9l5meqf8pne9ikot3six1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ayasofya_Manzarası.jpg|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|[[استنبول]] جي هيگيا صوفيا مسجد، جيڪي سال 1453ع کان [[ترڪي]] ۾ هڪ اهم ثقافتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳ طور ڪم ڪري ٿي. اهو اصل ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اوڀرين آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ|مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ]] ۾ سڀ کان اهم [[گرجا گهر|چرچ]] هو.]]
[[اسلام]] [[ترڪي]] ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ رائج (99.9 سيڪڙو) مذهب آهي. گھڻا [[ترڪ قوم|ترڪي ماڻهو]] [[سني اسلام|سني]] مسلمان آهن ۽ انھن مان اڪثريت حنفي فقه سان تعلق رکي ٿي. ننڍي تعداد ۾ جعفري ۽ علوي اقليتن جا ماڻهو شامل آهن. هن علائقي ۾، جيڪو هاڻي جديد ترڪي جو بنياد آهي، اسلام جي قائم ٿيل موجودگي 11هين صدي جي ٻئي اڌ ۾ شروع ٿي، جڏهن سلجوقي اوڀر اناطوليا ۾ واڌ شروع ڪيا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aktas|first=Vahap|date=2014-01-01|title=Islamization of Anatolia and the Effects of Established Sufism (Orders)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=147–155|doi=10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|issn=0972-0073|access-date=27 October 2020|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ته سرڪاري رڪارڊ ترڪي جي آبادي %99.8 مسلمان هجڻ جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، {{Efn|These are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national ID card, automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Furthermore, anyone who was not officially registered as Christian or Jewish by the time of the foundation of the republic, was automatically recorded as Muslim, and this label has been passed down to new generations. Therefore, the official number of Muslims also includes people with no religion; converted from Islam to a different religion than Islam; and anyone who is of a different religion than their parents but hasn't applied for a change of their individual records.|name=thirtythree}} گھڻن سروي جو اندازو آهي ته اهو سيڪڙو 90 کان 95 جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;nsp.marmara.edu.tr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nişancı |first=Zübeyir |url=https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |title=Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye |date=21 March 2023 |publisher=[[Marmara University]] |isbn=978-1-64205-906-9 |editor-last=Ayşe Betül Aydın |language=en |access-date=23 Aug 2023 |editor-last2=Hatice Nur Keskin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420223018/https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news |last=Çiçek |first=Nevzat |date=26 March 2023 |title=&quot;Türkiye'de İnanç ve Dindarlık&quot; araştırması yayımlandı: Dindarlaştık mı, sekülerleştik mi? |trans-title=&quot;Faith and Religiosity in Turkey&quot; research was published: Have we become religious or secularized? |url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/619071/yazarlar/t%C3%BCrkiyede-i%CC%87nan%C3%A7-ve-dindarl%C4%B1k-ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1-yay%C4%B1mland%C4%B1-dindarla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1k-m%C4%B1 |publisher=indyturk.com |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;joshua&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 April 2014|archivedate=20 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=29 March 2020|quote=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڇاڪاڻ ته حڪومت هر ڪنهن کي پيدائش تي [[مسلمان]] طور رجسٽر ڪري ٿي، سرڪاري انگ اکر غلط ٿي سگهن ٿا.

[[سني اسلام]] جو حنفي [[فقہ|فقه]] ( مذهب ) مسلمان آبادي جو تقريباً 90 سيڪڙو آهي، باقي [[اسلام جا فرقا ۽ مسلڪ|مسلمان فرقا]] &lt;ref name=&quot;usstate&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=4 December 2019|quote=22 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; علوي (تقريبن %10)، جعفري (%1 جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=12 August 2009|archivedate=10 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot; /&gt; ۽ علوي (لڳ ڀڳ پنج کان ڏهه لک يا لڳ ڀڳ % 1جي آبادي سان) تي مشتمل آهن. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=10 June 2016|archivedate=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3857818|title=The Arabic speaking Alawis of the Çukurova: The transformation of a linguistic into a purely religious minority|access-date=6 April 2018|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان هجڻ سان گڏ، &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[تصوف|صوفي مسلمان]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جي هڪ اقليت پڻ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=29 October 2013|date=2012-08-09|archivedate=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=20 November 2006|quote=1 November 2010|archivedate=8 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-13|date=21 May 2019|archivedate=23 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-04-04|archivedate=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ترڪي ۾ اسلام&quot; ٻين اسلامي سماجن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌيڪ &quot;اعتدال پسند ۽ ڪثرتي&quot; آهي، اهو هڪ تڪراري موضوع آهي، پر اڪثريت ان کي سچ قرار ڏئي ٿي. هن بيان لاءِ ڏنل سببن ۾؛ رياستي آئين ۾ اسلام جو ڪو به حوالو نه هجڻ، شراب نوشي جو رواج هجڻ ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين کي فروغ ڏيڻ جي بدران 2010ع جي آخر تائين اسلامي لباس ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين تي رياست طرفان لاڳو ڪيل پابنديون شامل آهن.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=27 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yavuz |first=M. Hakan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/secularism-and-muslim-democracy-in-turkey/CC6CDCE70BAD9524CC96465BC6DCA32C |title=Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780511815089 |location=Cambridge, UK New York |page=135 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815089 |quote=A significant percentage of Turks, particularly in urban areas, observe religious rituals only symbolically, and private belief often does not translate into daily religious practice.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيا دليل ڏين ٿا ته هي نظريو صحيح ناهي، انهي حقيقت ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي ته ترڪ مسلمانن جا ڪجهه عنصر سخت گير آهن.</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:ترڪي]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="6926" sha1="sendjdo69pkvvekl62454p956uinyzt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ayasofya_Manzarası.jpg|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|[[استنبول]] جي هيگيا صوفيا مسجد، جيڪي سال 1453ع کان [[ترڪي]] ۾ هڪ اهم ثقافتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳ طور ڪم ڪري ٿي. اهو اصل ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اوڀرين آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ|مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ]] ۾ سڀ کان اهم [[گرجا گهر|چرچ]] هو.]]
[[اسلام]] [[ترڪي]] ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ رائج (99.9 سيڪڙو) مذهب آهي. گھڻا [[ترڪ قوم|ترڪي ماڻهو]] [[سني اسلام|سني]] مسلمان آهن ۽ انھن مان اڪثريت حنفي فقه سان تعلق رکي ٿي. ننڍي تعداد ۾ جعفري ۽ علوي اقليتن جا ماڻهو شامل آهن. هن علائقي ۾، جيڪو هاڻي جديد ترڪي جو بنياد آهي، اسلام جي قائم ٿيل موجودگي 11هين صدي جي ٻئي اڌ ۾ شروع ٿي، جڏهن سلجوقي اوڀر اناطوليا ۾ واڌ شروع ڪيا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aktas|first=Vahap|date=2014-01-01|title=Islamization of Anatolia and the Effects of Established Sufism (Orders)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=147–155|doi=10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|issn=0972-0073|access-date=27 October 2020|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ته سرڪاري رڪارڊ ترڪي جي آبادي %99.8 مسلمان هجڻ جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، {{Efn|These are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national ID card, automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Furthermore, anyone who was not officially registered as Christian or Jewish by the time of the foundation of the republic, was automatically recorded as Muslim, and this label has been passed down to new generations. Therefore, the official number of Muslims also includes people with no religion; converted from Islam to a different religion than Islam; and anyone who is of a different religion than their parents but hasn't applied for a change of their individual records.|name=thirtythree}} گھڻن سروي جو اندازو آهي ته اهو سيڪڙو 90 کان 95 جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;nsp.marmara.edu.tr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nişancı |first=Zübeyir |url=https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |title=Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye |date=21 March 2023 |publisher=[[Marmara University]] |isbn=978-1-64205-906-9 |editor-last=Ayşe Betül Aydın |language=en |access-date=23 Aug 2023 |editor-last2=Hatice Nur Keskin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420223018/https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news |last=Çiçek |first=Nevzat |date=26 March 2023 |title=&quot;Türkiye'de İnanç ve Dindarlık&quot; araştırması yayımlandı: Dindarlaştık mı, sekülerleştik mi? |trans-title=&quot;Faith and Religiosity in Turkey&quot; research was published: Have we become religious or secularized? |url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/619071/yazarlar/t%C3%BCrkiyede-i%CC%87nan%C3%A7-ve-dindarl%C4%B1k-ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1-yay%C4%B1mland%C4%B1-dindarla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1k-m%C4%B1 |publisher=indyturk.com |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;joshua&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 April 2014|archivedate=20 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=29 March 2020|quote=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڇاڪاڻ ته حڪومت هر ڪنهن کي پيدائش تي [[مسلمان]] طور رجسٽر ڪري ٿي، سرڪاري انگ اکر غلط ٿي سگهن ٿا.

[[سني اسلام]] جو حنفي [[فقہ|فقه]] ( مذهب ) مسلمان آبادي جو تقريباً 90 سيڪڙو آهي، باقي [[اسلام جا فرقا ۽ مسلڪ|مسلمان فرقا]] &lt;ref name=&quot;usstate&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=4 December 2019|quote=22 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; علوي (تقريبن %10)، جعفري (%1 جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=12 August 2009|archivedate=10 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot; /&gt; ۽ علوي (لڳ ڀڳ پنج کان ڏهه لک يا لڳ ڀڳ % 1جي آبادي سان) تي مشتمل آهن. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=10 June 2016|archivedate=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3857818|title=The Arabic speaking Alawis of the Çukurova: The transformation of a linguistic into a purely religious minority|access-date=6 April 2018|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان هجڻ سان گڏ، &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[تصوف|صوفي مسلمان]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جي هڪ اقليت پڻ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=29 October 2013|date=2012-08-09|archivedate=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=20 November 2006|quote=1 November 2010|archivedate=8 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-13|date=21 May 2019|archivedate=23 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-04-04|archivedate=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ترڪي ۾ اسلام&quot; ٻين اسلامي سماجن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌيڪ &quot;اعتدال پسند ۽ ڪثرتي&quot; آهي، اهو هڪ تڪراري موضوع آهي، پر اڪثريت ان کي سچ قرار ڏئي ٿي. هن بيان لاءِ ڏنل سببن ۾؛ رياستي آئين ۾ اسلام جو ڪو به حوالو نه هجڻ، شراب نوشي جو رواج هجڻ ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين کي فروغ ڏيڻ جي بدران 2010ع جي آخر تائين اسلامي لباس ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين تي رياست طرفان لاڳو ڪيل پابنديون شامل آهن.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=27 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yavuz |first=M. Hakan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/secularism-and-muslim-democracy-in-turkey/CC6CDCE70BAD9524CC96465BC6DCA32C |title=Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780511815089 |location=Cambridge, UK New York |page=135 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815089 |quote=A significant percentage of Turks, particularly in urban areas, observe religious rituals only symbolically, and private belief often does not translate into daily religious practice.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيا دليل ڏين ٿا ته هي نظريو صحيح ناهي، انهي حقيقت ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي ته ترڪ مسلمانن جا ڪجهه عنصر سخت گير آهن.

[[زمرو:ترڪي]]</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="6968" sha1="aw4zyv3745pbf38tdbt8rn9a8pq02h9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ayasofya_Manzarası.jpg|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|[[استنبول]] جي هيگيا صوفيا مسجد، جيڪي سال 1453ع کان [[ترڪي]] ۾ هڪ اهم ثقافتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳ طور ڪم ڪري ٿي. اهو اصل ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اوڀرين آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ|مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ]] ۾ سڀ کان اهم [[گرجا گهر|چرچ]] هو.]]
[[اسلام]] [[ترڪي]] ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ رائج (99.9 سيڪڙو) مذهب آهي. گھڻا [[ترڪ قوم|ترڪي ماڻهو]] [[سني اسلام|سني]] مسلمان آهن ۽ انھن مان اڪثريت حنفي فقه سان تعلق رکي ٿي. ننڍي تعداد ۾ جعفري ۽ علوي اقليتن جا ماڻهو شامل آهن. هن علائقي ۾، جيڪو هاڻي جديد ترڪي جو بنياد آهي، اسلام جي قائم ٿيل موجودگي 11هين صدي جي ٻئي اڌ ۾ شروع ٿي، جڏهن سلجوقي اوڀر اناطوليا ۾ واڌ شروع ڪيا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aktas|first=Vahap|date=2014-01-01|title=Islamization of Anatolia and the Effects of Established Sufism (Orders)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=147–155|doi=10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|issn=0972-0073|access-date=27 October 2020|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ته سرڪاري رڪارڊ ترڪي جي آبادي %99.8 مسلمان هجڻ جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، {{Efn|These are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national ID card, automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Furthermore, anyone who was not officially registered as Christian or Jewish by the time of the foundation of the republic, was automatically recorded as Muslim, and this label has been passed down to new generations. Therefore, the official number of Muslims also includes people with no religion; converted from Islam to a different religion than Islam; and anyone who is of a different religion than their parents but hasn't applied for a change of their individual records.|name=thirtythree}} گھڻن سروي جو اندازو آهي ته اهو سيڪڙو 90 کان 95 جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;nsp.marmara.edu.tr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nişancı |first=Zübeyir |url=https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |title=Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye |date=21 March 2023 |publisher=[[Marmara University]] |isbn=978-1-64205-906-9 |editor-last=Ayşe Betül Aydın |language=en |access-date=23 Aug 2023 |editor-last2=Hatice Nur Keskin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420223018/https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news |last=Çiçek |first=Nevzat |date=26 March 2023 |title=&quot;Türkiye'de İnanç ve Dindarlık&quot; araştırması yayımlandı: Dindarlaştık mı, sekülerleştik mi? |trans-title=&quot;Faith and Religiosity in Turkey&quot; research was published: Have we become religious or secularized? |url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/619071/yazarlar/t%C3%BCrkiyede-i%CC%87nan%C3%A7-ve-dindarl%C4%B1k-ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1-yay%C4%B1mland%C4%B1-dindarla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1k-m%C4%B1 |publisher=indyturk.com |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;joshua&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 April 2014|archivedate=20 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=29 March 2020|quote=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڇاڪاڻ ته حڪومت هر ڪنهن کي پيدائش تي [[مسلمان]] طور رجسٽر ڪري ٿي، سرڪاري انگ اکر غلط ٿي سگهن ٿا.

[[سني اسلام]] جو حنفي [[فقہ|فقه]] ( مذهب ) مسلمان آبادي جو تقريباً 90 سيڪڙو آهي، باقي [[اسلام جا فرقا ۽ مسلڪ|مسلمان فرقا]] &lt;ref name=&quot;usstate&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=4 December 2019|quote=22 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; علوي (تقريبن %10)، جعفري (%1 جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=12 August 2009|archivedate=10 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot; /&gt; ۽ علوي (لڳ ڀڳ پنج کان ڏهه لک يا لڳ ڀڳ % 1جي آبادي سان) تي مشتمل آهن. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=10 June 2016|archivedate=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3857818|title=The Arabic speaking Alawis of the Çukurova: The transformation of a linguistic into a purely religious minority|access-date=6 April 2018|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان هجڻ سان گڏ، &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[تصوف|صوفي مسلمان]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جي هڪ اقليت پڻ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=29 October 2013|date=2012-08-09|archivedate=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=20 November 2006|quote=1 November 2010|archivedate=8 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-13|date=21 May 2019|archivedate=23 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-04-04|archivedate=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ترڪي ۾ اسلام&quot; ٻين اسلامي سماجن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌيڪ &quot;اعتدال پسند ۽ ڪثرتي&quot; آهي، اهو هڪ تڪراري موضوع آهي، پر اڪثريت ان کي سچ قرار ڏئي ٿي. هن بيان لاءِ ڏنل سببن ۾؛ رياستي آئين ۾ اسلام جو ڪو به حوالو نه هجڻ، شراب نوشي جو رواج هجڻ ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين کي فروغ ڏيڻ جي بدران 2010ع جي آخر تائين اسلامي لباس ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين تي رياست طرفان لاڳو ڪيل پابنديون شامل آهن.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=27 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yavuz |first=M. Hakan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/secularism-and-muslim-democracy-in-turkey/CC6CDCE70BAD9524CC96465BC6DCA32C |title=Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780511815089 |location=Cambridge, UK New York |page=135 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815089 |quote=A significant percentage of Turks, particularly in urban areas, observe religious rituals only symbolically, and private belief often does not translate into daily religious practice.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيا دليل ڏين ٿا ته هي نظريو صحيح ناهي، انهي حقيقت ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي ته ترڪ مسلمانن جا ڪجهه عنصر سخت گير آهن.

[[زمرو:ترڪي]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="7008" sha1="ls42pago8m3liphpsu0fr6dwri7mbsa" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ayasofya_Manzarası.jpg|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|[[استنبول]] جي هيگيا صوفيا مسجد، جيڪي سال 1453ع کان [[ترڪي]] ۾ هڪ اهم ثقافتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳ طور ڪم ڪري ٿي. اهو اصل ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اوڀرين آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ|مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ]] ۾ سڀ کان اهم [[گرجا گهر|چرچ]] هو.]]
[[اسلام]] [[ترڪي]] ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ رائج (99.9 سيڪڙو) مذهب آهي. گھڻا [[ترڪ قوم|ترڪي ماڻهو]] [[سني اسلام|سني]] مسلمان آهن ۽ انھن مان اڪثريت حنفي فقه سان تعلق رکي ٿي. ننڍي تعداد ۾ جعفري ۽ علوي اقليتن جا ماڻهو شامل آهن. هن علائقي ۾، جيڪو هاڻي جديد ترڪي جو بنياد آهي، اسلام جي قائم ٿيل موجودگي 11هين صدي جي ٻئي اڌ ۾ شروع ٿي، جڏهن سلجوقي اوڀر اناطوليا ۾ واڌ شروع ڪيا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aktas|first=Vahap|date=2014-01-01|title=Islamization of Anatolia and the Effects of Established Sufism (Orders)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=147–155|doi=10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|issn=0972-0073|access-date=27 October 2020|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ته سرڪاري رڪارڊ ترڪي جي آبادي %99.8 مسلمان هجڻ جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، {{Efn|These are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national ID card, automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Furthermore, anyone who was not officially registered as Christian or Jewish by the time of the foundation of the republic, was automatically recorded as Muslim, and this label has been passed down to new generations. Therefore, the official number of Muslims also includes people with no religion; converted from Islam to a different religion than Islam; and anyone who is of a different religion than their parents but hasn't applied for a change of their individual records.|name=thirtythree}} گھڻن سروي جو اندازو آهي ته اهو سيڪڙو 90 کان 95 جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;nsp.marmara.edu.tr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nişancı |first=Zübeyir |url=https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |title=Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye |date=21 March 2023 |publisher=[[Marmara University]] |isbn=978-1-64205-906-9 |editor-last=Ayşe Betül Aydın |language=en |access-date=23 Aug 2023 |editor-last2=Hatice Nur Keskin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420223018/https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news |last=Çiçek |first=Nevzat |date=26 March 2023 |title=&quot;Türkiye'de İnanç ve Dindarlık&quot; araştırması yayımlandı: Dindarlaştık mı, sekülerleştik mi? |trans-title=&quot;Faith and Religiosity in Turkey&quot; research was published: Have we become religious or secularized? |url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/619071/yazarlar/t%C3%BCrkiyede-i%CC%87nan%C3%A7-ve-dindarl%C4%B1k-ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1-yay%C4%B1mland%C4%B1-dindarla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1k-m%C4%B1 |publisher=indyturk.com |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;joshua&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 April 2014|archivedate=20 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=29 March 2020|quote=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڇاڪاڻ ته حڪومت هر ڪنهن کي پيدائش تي [[مسلمان]] طور رجسٽر ڪري ٿي، سرڪاري انگ اکر غلط ٿي سگهن ٿا.

[[سني اسلام]] جو حنفي [[فقہ|فقه]] ( مذهب ) مسلمان آبادي جو تقريباً 90 سيڪڙو آهي، باقي [[اسلام جا فرقا ۽ مسلڪ|مسلمان فرقا]] &lt;ref name=&quot;usstate&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=4 December 2019|quote=22 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; علوي (تقريبن %10)، جعفري (%1 جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=12 August 2009|archivedate=10 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot; /&gt; ۽ علوي (لڳ ڀڳ پنج کان ڏهه لک يا لڳ ڀڳ % 1جي آبادي سان) تي مشتمل آهن. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=10 June 2016|archivedate=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3857818|title=The Arabic speaking Alawis of the Çukurova: The transformation of a linguistic into a purely religious minority|access-date=6 April 2018|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان هجڻ سان گڏ، &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[تصوف|صوفي مسلمان]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جي هڪ اقليت پڻ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=29 October 2013|date=2012-08-09|archivedate=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=20 November 2006|quote=1 November 2010|archivedate=8 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-13|date=21 May 2019|archivedate=23 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-04-04|archivedate=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ترڪي ۾ اسلام&quot; ٻين اسلامي سماجن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌيڪ &quot;اعتدال پسند ۽ ڪثرتي&quot; آهي، اهو هڪ تڪراري موضوع آهي، پر اڪثريت ان کي سچ قرار ڏئي ٿي. هن بيان لاءِ ڏنل سببن ۾؛ رياستي آئين ۾ اسلام جو ڪو به حوالو نه هجڻ، شراب نوشي جو رواج هجڻ ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين کي فروغ ڏيڻ جي بدران 2010ع جي آخر تائين اسلامي لباس ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين تي رياست طرفان لاڳو ڪيل پابنديون شامل آهن.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=27 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yavuz |first=M. Hakan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/secularism-and-muslim-democracy-in-turkey/CC6CDCE70BAD9524CC96465BC6DCA32C |title=Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780511815089 |location=Cambridge, UK New York |page=135 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815089 |quote=A significant percentage of Turks, particularly in urban areas, observe religious rituals only symbolically, and private belief often does not translate into daily religious practice.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيا دليل ڏين ٿا ته هي نظريو صحيح ناهي، انهي حقيقت ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي ته ترڪ مسلمانن جا ڪجهه عنصر سخت گير آهن.

[[زمرو:ترڪي]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="7044" sha1="ba2na0gzf8igx3la1ay6by0jjw7ifqu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ayasofya_Manzarası.jpg|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|[[استنبول]] جي هيگيا صوفيا مسجد، جيڪي سال 1453ع کان [[ترڪي]] ۾ هڪ اهم ثقافتي ۽ تاريخي ماڳ طور ڪم ڪري ٿي. اهو اصل ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اوڀرين آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ|مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ]] ۾ سڀ کان اهم [[گرجا گهر|چرچ]] هو.]]
[[اسلام]] [[ترڪي]] ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ رائج (99.9 سيڪڙو) مذهب آهي. گھڻا [[ترڪ قوم|ترڪي ماڻهو]] [[سني اسلام|سني]] مسلمان آهن ۽ انھن مان اڪثريت حنفي فقه سان تعلق رکي ٿي. ننڍي تعداد ۾ جعفري ۽ علوي اقليتن جا ماڻهو شامل آهن. هن علائقي ۾، جيڪو هاڻي جديد ترڪي جو بنياد آهي، اسلام جي قائم ٿيل موجودگي 11هين صدي جي ٻئي اڌ ۾ شروع ٿي، جڏهن سلجوقي اوڀر اناطوليا ۾ واڌ شروع ڪيا. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aktas|first=Vahap|date=2014-01-01|title=Islamization of Anatolia and the Effects of Established Sufism (Orders)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=147–155|doi=10.1080/09720073.2014.11891424|issn=0972-0073|access-date=27 October 2020|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ته سرڪاري رڪارڊ ترڪي جي آبادي %99.8 مسلمان هجڻ جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، {{Efn|These are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national ID card, automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Furthermore, anyone who was not officially registered as Christian or Jewish by the time of the foundation of the republic, was automatically recorded as Muslim, and this label has been passed down to new generations. Therefore, the official number of Muslims also includes people with no religion; converted from Islam to a different religion than Islam; and anyone who is of a different religion than their parents but hasn't applied for a change of their individual records.|name=thirtythree}} گھڻن سروي جو اندازو آهي ته اهو سيڪڙو 90 کان 95 جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;nsp.marmara.edu.tr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nişancı |first=Zübeyir |url=https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |title=Faith and Religiosity in Türkiye |date=21 March 2023 |publisher=[[Marmara University]] |isbn=978-1-64205-906-9 |editor-last=Ayşe Betül Aydın |language=en |access-date=23 Aug 2023 |editor-last2=Hatice Nur Keskin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420223018/https://nsp.marmara.edu.tr/dosya/nsp/Resimler/Faith-and-Religiosity-in-T%C3%BCrkiye-Z%C3%BCbeyir-Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news |last=Çiçek |first=Nevzat |date=26 March 2023 |title=&quot;Türkiye'de İnanç ve Dindarlık&quot; araştırması yayımlandı: Dindarlaştık mı, sekülerleştik mi? |trans-title=&quot;Faith and Religiosity in Turkey&quot; research was published: Have we become religious or secularized? |url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/619071/yazarlar/t%C3%BCrkiyede-i%CC%87nan%C3%A7-ve-dindarl%C4%B1k-ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1-yay%C4%B1mland%C4%B1-dindarla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1k-m%C4%B1 |publisher=indyturk.com |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;joshua&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 April 2014|archivedate=20 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=29 March 2020|quote=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڇاڪاڻ ته حڪومت هر ڪنهن کي پيدائش تي [[مسلمان]] طور رجسٽر ڪري ٿي، سرڪاري انگ اکر غلط ٿي سگهن ٿا.

[[سني اسلام]] جو حنفي [[فقہ|فقه]] ( مذهب ) مسلمان آبادي جو تقريباً 90 سيڪڙو آهي، باقي [[اسلام جا فرقا ۽ مسلڪ|مسلمان فرقا]] &lt;ref name=&quot;usstate&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=4 December 2019|quote=22 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; علوي (تقريبن %10)، جعفري (%1 جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا) &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=12 August 2009|archivedate=10 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot; /&gt; ۽ علوي (لڳ ڀڳ پنج کان ڏهه لک يا لڳ ڀڳ % 1جي آبادي سان) تي مشتمل آهن. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=10 June 2016|archivedate=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3857818|title=The Arabic speaking Alawis of the Çukurova: The transformation of a linguistic into a purely religious minority|access-date=6 April 2018|archivedate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; آبادي جو هڪ وڏو حصو ثقافتي مسلمان هجڻ سان گڏ، &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[تصوف|صوفي مسلمان]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جي هڪ اقليت پڻ آهي. &lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=29 October 2013|date=2012-08-09|archivedate=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|date=20 November 2006|quote=1 November 2010|archivedate=8 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-08-13|date=21 May 2019|archivedate=23 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2020-04-04|archivedate=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ترڪي ۾ اسلام&quot; ٻين اسلامي سماجن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌيڪ &quot;اعتدال پسند ۽ ڪثرتي&quot; آهي، اهو هڪ تڪراري موضوع آهي، پر اڪثريت ان کي سچ قرار ڏئي ٿي. هن بيان لاءِ ڏنل سببن ۾؛ رياستي آئين ۾ اسلام جو ڪو به حوالو نه هجڻ، شراب نوشي جو رواج هجڻ ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين کي فروغ ڏيڻ جي بدران 2010ع جي آخر تائين اسلامي لباس ۽ مذهبي سرگرمين تي رياست طرفان لاڳو ڪيل پابنديون شامل آهن.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=27 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yavuz |first=M. Hakan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/secularism-and-muslim-democracy-in-turkey/CC6CDCE70BAD9524CC96465BC6DCA32C |title=Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780511815089 |location=Cambridge, UK New York |page=135 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815089 |quote=A significant percentage of Turks, particularly in urban areas, observe religious rituals only symbolically, and private belief often does not translate into daily religious practice.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻيا دليل ڏين ٿا ته هي نظريو صحيح ناهي، انهي حقيقت ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي ته ترڪ مسلمانن جا ڪجهه عنصر سخت گير آهن.

[[زمرو:ترڪي]]
[[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ]]
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سکر]] [[زمرو:سنڌ جا سياحتي ماڳ]] [[زمرو:سکر جون تفريحي جڳھون]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="73" sha1="7wjbrkb86xy4e23tthghkm5k2qvrs7x" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:خدمتون]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جون صنعتون]]</text>
      <sha1>7wjbrkb86xy4e23tthghkm5k2qvrs7x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:06:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86" sha1="lxxyp3b82cuqtgc1gher7u8utrmvpzp" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:تفريحي خدمتون]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جون صنعتون]]</text>
      <sha1>lxxyp3b82cuqtgc1gher7u8utrmvpzp</sha1>
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    <title>زمرو:تفريحي خدمتون</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>385454</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:07:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:تفريح]] [[زمرو:خدمتون]]</comment>
      <origin>385454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49" sha1="1refxa5g5ppwbonndn4mm6mgvitiswe" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:تفريح]]
[[زمرو:خدمتون]]</text>
      <sha1>1refxa5g5ppwbonndn4mm6mgvitiswe</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:ڪتابن جي ترويج</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385463</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:17:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڄاڻ]] [[زمرو:ڪتاب]]</comment>
      <origin>385463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="ib0h23ve3bzf500qfyzrwz6i2qjwner" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڪتاب]]</text>
      <sha1>ib0h23ve3bzf500qfyzrwz6i2qjwner</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:مشهور ادب</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385474</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:25:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ادب]]</comment>
      <origin>385474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="qt3bowqvfplg4l9rwa8drs6kbcvw4q5" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ادب]]</text>
      <sha1>qt3bowqvfplg4l9rwa8drs6kbcvw4q5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:معلومات جو انتظام</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385490</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اطلاع]] [[زمرو:معلومات]] [[زمرو:انفارميشن سائنس]]</comment>
      <origin>385490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94" sha1="gssnu5x6ownem9883d9bov8mc88er8s" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:اطلاع]]
[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:انفارميشن سائنس]]</text>
      <sha1>gssnu5x6ownem9883d9bov8mc88er8s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:ڪرپٽوگرافي</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385491</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:53:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڊيٽا]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]</comment>
      <origin>385491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="60" sha1="7w1fvkb6wdd2k9qctson40fz9hi29e0" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ڊيٽا]]
[[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]</text>
      <sha1>7w1fvkb6wdd2k9qctson40fz9hi29e0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:ڏوهن جي روڪٿام</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385494</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:56:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڏوھ]] [[زمرو:حفاظت]]</comment>
      <origin>385494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43" sha1="cyk9pzub7f7qp9sig5yydu6ibywty18" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ڏوھ]]
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]</text>
      <sha1>cyk9pzub7f7qp9sig5yydu6ibywty18</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:ڊيٽا جي حفاظت</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385495</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:57:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڊيٽا]] [[زمرو:حفاظت]]</comment>
      <origin>385495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="m1ofwdr1qoldpyrl0ixxs6jymvdexd4" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ڊيٽا]]
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]</text>
      <sha1>m1ofwdr1qoldpyrl0ixxs6jymvdexd4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:معلومات جي حفاظت</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385496</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڄاڻ]] [[زمرو:اطلاع]] [[زمرو:معلومات]] [[زمرو:حفاظت]]</comment>
      <origin>385496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="95" sha1="jay2vazugslecb02kjxp4krjfcugmn1" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ڄاڻ]]
[[زمرو:اطلاع]]
[[زمرو:معلومات]]
[[زمرو:حفاظت]]</text>
      <sha1>jay2vazugslecb02kjxp4krjfcugmn1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>گيگانٽڪ (رسالو)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385497</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:59:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|آمريڪي ادبي رسالو}}  {{Infobox magazine | title = گيگانٽڪ | image_file = Gigantic.png | image_size = 150px | image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق | publisher = | circulation = | frequency =ساليانو | language = انگريزي | category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]] | editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي | editor_title = ايڊيٽر | founded = 2008 | firstdate = اپريل 2009 | country...</comment>
      <origin>385497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="9610" sha1="jliprju9qpus9aviufqn23q652vv3h7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي ادبي رسالو}}

{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ بُڪس ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:
{{div col}}
*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]
{{end div col}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:
{{div col}}
*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]
{{end div col}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:
{{div col}}
*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]
{{end div col}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
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| image_file = Gigantic.png
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| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
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'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:
{{div col}}
*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]
{{end div col}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
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[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
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{{Infobox magazine
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| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
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| frequency =ساليانو
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| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:
{{div col}}
*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
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[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:

*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:

*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:انگريزي ادب]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:

*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]
[[زمرو:انگريزي ادب]]</text>
      <sha1>4m1vuk304ljy6lv5ssqp00dxysynadk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385505</id>
      <parentid>385504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:04:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:نيويارڪ شهر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="9678" sha1="gypu0gb64x721ktngp59loid3c87lie" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي ادبي رسالو}}

{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:

*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]
[[زمرو:انگريزي ادب]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ شهر]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:

*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رسالا]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]
[[زمرو:انگريزي ادب]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ شهر]]
[[زمرو:2008ع]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:

*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:گيگانٽڪ (رسالو)]]
[[زمرو:رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع سان شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:انگريزي ادب]]</text>
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = گيگانٽڪ
| image_file = Gigantic.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = شمارو #2 جو سرورق
| publisher =
| circulation =
| frequency =ساليانو
| language = انگريزي
| category = [[ادب]]، [[ثقافت]]، [[فن]]
| editor = [[لنڪن مائيڪل]] ۽ جيمز يي
| editor_title = ايڊيٽر
| founded = 2008
| firstdate = اپريل 2009
| country = آمريڪا
| based = نيويارڪ سٽي
| website = [http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ www.thegiganticmag.com/]
| issn =
}}

'''''گيگانٽڪ''''' هڪ آمريڪي [[ادبي رسالو]] آهي جيڪو افسانا، فن پارا ۽ انٽرويو شايع ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، ان جو ڌيان مختصر نثري تحريرن يا [[فليش فڪشن]] تي هوندو آهي. ڇپيل شمارن ۾ شاعريءَ جو هڪ خاص حصو پڻ شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;دي سيزر اسٽيٽ&quot; آهي ۽ جنهن کي مشهور آمريڪي شاعر [[جو وينڊروٿ]] ترتيب ڏيندو آهي. رسالو پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي آن لائين اصل مواد شايع ڪندو آهي ۽ سال ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ڇپيل صورت ۾ پڻ نڪرندو آهي. ''گيگانٽڪ'' 2008ع ۾ نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ رهندڙ چئن ليکڪن طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

== نمونو ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' هر شماري سان پنهنجي ترتيب ۽ ڊزائن ۾ نمايان تبديلي آڻڻ ۽ مناسب قيمت رکڻ جي ڪري مشهور آهي. مختلف شمارن جي قيمت 3 کان 10 آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين رهي آهي. رسالي جي ترتيب ايرن گري ويسٽ تيار ڪندي آهي.

=== شمارو 1 ===
پهريون شمارو اخبار جي ڪاغذ تي وڏي فولڊ آئوٽ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو. ان ۾ نيٿنيل رسل جي هڪ وچئين صفحي واري تصوير پڻ شامل هئي، گڏوگڏ [[مالڪم گليڊويل]]، [[شين جونز]]، ايڊ پارڪ، [[تائو لن]]، [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] ۽ ٻين سان لکڻيون ۽ گفتگو شامل هيون.

=== شمارو 2 ===
ٻئي شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ آمريڪا&quot; هو ۽ ان جو موضوع [[Americana (culture)|آمريڪي ثقافتي ورثو]] هو. رسالو ڊگهي جلدبند شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ آندري ڊي لوبا طرفان ٺاهيل محدود ايڊيشن واپاري ڪارڊن جو سلسلو شامل هو،&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
|url=http://www.andredaloba.com/
|title=Andre Da Loba
|access-date=2012-10-24
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
جن جي پٺيان [[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]، [[جو وينڊروٿ]]، [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]، مارگو جيفرسن ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. هن شماري ۾ [[بليڪ بٽلر]]، [[رابرٽ ڪوور]]، [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]]، [[ليڊيا مليٽ]]، [[سام لپسائيٽ]]، [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ مزاحيه فنڪار [[ايڊرين ٽومائن]] پڻ شامل هئا.

=== شمارو 3 ===
ٽئين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ اِنڊورز&quot; هو. اهو رسالي جي ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏي سائيز ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[ڊيوڊ برمن]]، [[ڊائين وليمز]]، [[جوشوا ڪوهن]] ۽ ٻين جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[گورڊن لش]] ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 4 ===
چوٿين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ايوريٿنگ&quot; هو. اهو هٿ سان تيار ڪيل ايڪارڊين-فولڊ شڪل ۾ ڇپيو ۽ ان ۾ [[رابرٽ والسر]]، [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] ۽ [[ٽوني ڊوويرٽ]] جا افسانا شامل هئا، گڏوگڏ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[جولي هيڪٽ]] ۽ [[تائو لن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 5 ===
پنجين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ٽاڪ&quot; هو. رسالي ۾ خاص فون ڪال عنصر شامل هو ۽ ان ۾ [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]، [[گيري انڊيانا]]، ڊيوڊ اوهل ۽ [[اسپيرو]] جون تحريرون شامل هيون. ان کان علاوه [[برائن ڪرسچن]] ۽ ٽريوس ملارڊ ۽ ميل ڪيڊل سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

=== شمارو 6 ===
ڇهين شماري جو عنوان &quot;گيگانٽڪ ها-ها&quot; هو. هن شماري ۾ [[فرانز ڪافڪا]]، [[روز چاسٽ]]، [[جنسي وليٽ]]، [[اميليا گري]]، [[جيمز هينهم]] ۽ [[اسامه الومر]] جون نيون ۽ نئين ترجمو ٿيل تحريرون شامل هيون، گڏوگڏ [[گيبريل بيل]] ۽ [[جي. رابرٽ لينن]] سان گفتگو پڻ شامل هئي.

== گيگانٽڪ ڪتاب ==
2015ع ۾ گيگانٽڪ پنهنجي پهرين ڪتاب ''گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز'' شايع ڪيو. هي سائنس فليش فڪشن ڪهاڻين جو هڪ مجموعو هو، جنهن ۾ [[چارلس يو]]، ڪيٿرين ليسي، [[ٽيڊ چيانگ]] ۽ لين ٽلمين جون تحريرون شامل هيون.

== ويب سائيٽ ==
ويب سائيٽ تي گهڻن مهينن ۾ نئون مواد شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي. هڪ مشهور سلسلو [[ليني زوماس]] ۽ [[لوڪا ڊيپيرو]] جي تصويري ناول &quot;اَنٽل آءِ فائنڊ اِٽ&quot; جي قسطوار اشاعت هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=62|title=Until I Find It|access-date=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نمايان حصو وٺندڙ ==
''گيگانٽڪ'' ۾ ڪيترن ئي مشهور ليکڪن ۽ فنڪارن جون تخليقون شايع ٿيون آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن:

*[[رابرٽ والسر]]
*[[ليڊيا ڊيوس]]
*[[فرانز ڪافڪا]]
*[[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]]
*[[ڊيوڊ برمن]]
*[[رابرٽ ڪوور]]
*[[تائو لن]]
*[[جولي هيڪٽ]]
*[[جنسي وليٽ]]
*[[جو وينڊروٿ]]
*[[لين ٽلمين]]
*[[اسپيرو]]
*[[ڊيب اولن انفرتھ]]
*[[ليني زوماس]]
*ايڊ پارڪ
*ٿامس ڊوئل
*[[ڊائين وليمز]]
*[[گورڊن لش]]
*[[جوشوا ڪوهن]]
*[[ٽوڊ زونيگا]]
*[[ڪلينسي مارٽن]]
*[[شين جونز]]
*[[مائيڪل ڪمبال]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[ادبي رسالن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.thegiganticmag.com/ گيگانٽڪ جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://www.giganticbooks.com/ گيگانٽڪ ورلڊز ويب سائيٽ]
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=142 ڪهاڻي] [[ايٽگار ڪيريٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=177 ڪهاڻي] [[لورا وان ڊين برگ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=98 گڏيل ادبي تخليق] ڊين بيواڪوا، ايناليس چن، مچل ايس. جيڪسن، ۽ [[لين ٽلمين]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=201 ڪهاڻي] [[پال شيربارٽ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=182 ڪهاڻي] [[Joseph Mungo Reed|جو منگو ريڊ]] پاران
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715060655/http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 |date=2013-07-15 }} [[ليڊيا ڊيوس]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=63 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[سام لپسائيٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=143 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[جولي هيڪٽ]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=35 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[ڪلينسي مارٽن]] سان
*[http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=36 گيگانٽڪ جو انٽرويو] [[گيري شٽينگارٽ]] سان
*[http://www.duotrope.com/market_3433.aspx ڊيوٽوپ ۾ اندراج]

=== ''گيگانٽڪ'' بابت جائزا ===
*[http://www.pw.org/content/lit_crawl_postcard_new_york_city گيگانٽڪ تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[Poets &amp; Writers|پوئٽس اينڊ رائٽرز]]'' ۾
*[http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&amp;site=giganticmag.wordpress.com&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewpagesblog.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fgigantic.html پهرين شماري جو جائزو] نيو پيجز ڊاٽ ڪام ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102141524/http://www.pankmagazine.com/pankblog/?p=3513 ٻئي شماري جو جائزو] پينڪ ۾
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184125/http://www.observer.com/2009/media/end-summer-lit-mag-event-writers-drink-take-stage گيگانٽڪ/اوپيم/بامب تقريب جو جائزو] ''[[The New York Observer|دي نيويارڪ آبزرور]]'' ۾

{{DEFAULTSORT:گيگانٽڪ}}
[[زمرو:گيگانٽڪ (رسالو)]]
[[زمرو:ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:انگريزي ادب جا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ادبي رسالا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ ساليانا رسالا]]
[[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]
[[زمرو:2008ع سان شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:نيويارڪ سٽي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]] [[زمرو:2008ع سان شايع ٿيندڙ رسالا]]</comment>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:رسالا]] [[زمرو:نيويارڪ شهر]]</comment>
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    <title>جيسن نائلس</title>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{مختصر وضاحت|آمريڪي سياستدان}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = Attala County Memories - Picture of Judge Niles.jpg | name = جيسن نائلس | birth_name = جيسن نائلس | birth_date = {{Birth date|1814|12|19}} | birth_place = [[برلنگٽن، ورمونٽ|برلنگٽن]]، [[ورمونٽ]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1894|07|07|1814|12|19}} | death_place = [[ڪوسيئسڪو، مسيسپي|ڪوسيئسڪو]]، [[مسيسپي]...</comment>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Attala County Memories - Picture of Judge Niles.jpg
| name = جيسن نائلس
| birth_name = جيسن نائلس
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1814|12|19}}
| birth_place = [[برلنگٽن، ورمونٽ|برلنگٽن]]، [[ورمونٽ]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1894|07|07|1814|12|19}}
| death_place = [[ڪوسيئسڪو، مسيسپي|ڪوسيئسڪو]]، [[مسيسپي]]
| district = چوٿون
| state = مسيسپي
| term_start = 4 مارچ 1873ع
| term_end = 3 مارچ 1875ع
| party = [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ريپبلڪن]]
| predecessor = [[جارج سي. ميڪي]]
| successor = [[اوٿو آر. سنگلٽن]]
| alma_mater = [[ورمونٽ يونيورسٽي]]
| profession = وڪيل&lt;br /&gt;اخبار جو ايڊيٽر
| spouse = هيريئٽ اين. ميڪري (شادي 1847ع)
| children = 7 (بشمول [[هينري ڪلي نائلس]])
| resting_place = ڪوسيئسڪو سٽي قبرستان
}}

'''جيسن نائلس'''  (Jason Niles), (19 ڊسمبر 1814ع – 7 جولاءِ 1894ع) آمريڪا جو هڪ وڪيل، اخبار جو ايڊيٽر ۽ سياستدان هو. هن ميئر طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون ۽ 1873ع کان 1875ع تائين [[مسيسپي]] مان [[آمريڪي ايوانِ نمائندگان]] جو هڪ مدتي ميمبر رهيو.

== سوانح عمري ==
نائلس 19 ڊسمبر 1814ع تي [[برلنگٽن، ورمونٽ|برلنگٽن]]، [[ورمونٽ]] ۾ ڄائو. هو ڊينيل سوئفٽ نائلس ۽ ايلس ريڊ جو پٽ هو، جيڪي ٻئي [[نيو هيمپشائر]] جا رهواسي هئا.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هن برلنگٽن جي مقامي اسڪولن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، 1836ع ۾ [[ورمونٽ يونيورسٽي]] مان بيچلر ڊگري ۽ 1846ع ۾ ماسٽر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هن [[ڪيبڪ]]، [[اوهايو]] ۽ [[ٽينيسي]] ۾ تدريس ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ مسيسپي منتقل ٿي ويو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

استاد جي حيثيت سان ڪم ڪندي نائلس قانون جو مطالعو ڪيو؛ 1851ع ۾ وڪالت جي اجازت حاصل ڪيائين ۽ [[ڪوسيئسڪو، مسيسپي|ڪوسيئسڪو]] ۾ وڪالت شروع ڪيائين.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هن 1851ع جي مسيسپي آئيني ڪنوينشن ۾ عليحدگيءَ جي مخالفت ڪندڙ نمائندي طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

== گهرو ويڙهه ==
[[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] دوران نائلس [[يونين (آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه)|يونين]] جو حامي هو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هو مسيسپي ۾ ئي رهيو ۽ عوامي سطح تي پاڻ کي گهٽ ظاهر ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندو رهيو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} جيتوڻيڪ هو روزنامچو لکڻ وارو هو ۽ 1831ع کان لڳ ڀڳ 30 سالن تائين ڊائري لکندو رهيو، پر جنگ جي پهرين ٻن سالن دوران هن ڪا به داخلا نه ڪئي، ممڪن آهي ته مقامي ڪنفيڊريٽ سندس لکڻين کي بي وفائيءَ جو ثبوت طور استعمال نه ڪن.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

نائلس ڪنفيڊريٽ فوج ۾ خدمت ڪرڻ نه ٿي چاهيو، تنهنڪري هن هڪ دوست جي پٽ کي پنهنجي بدران مسيسپي جي رياستي فوج ۾ موڪلڻ جو بندوبست ڪيو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} بعد ۾ هن ميئر جي چونڊ وڙهي، اهو سمجهي ته چونڊجڻ جي صورت ۾ چونڊيل عملدار هئڻ سبب کيس فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملندي.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هو مئي 1864ع ۾ چونڊجي آيو ۽ هڪ مدت تائين ميئر رهيو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

== گهرو ويڙهه کان پوءِ ==
جنگ کان پوءِ به نائلس پنهنجي يونين نواز سياست جاري رکي. هو 1865ع ۽ 1868ع جي مسيسپي آئيني ڪنوينشنن جو نمائندو رهيو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هن 1870ع ۾ [[مسيسپي ايوانِ نمائندگان]] ۾ پڻ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} 1871ع ۾ کيس مسيسپي جي 13هين ضلعي جو جج مقرر ڪيو ويو ۽ 1872ع تائين انهيءَ عهدي تي رهيو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

1872ع ۾ نائلس [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ريپبلڪن]] اميدوار طور [[آمريڪا جي 43هين ڪانگريس]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هن 4 مارچ 1873ع کان 3 مارچ 1875ع تائين هڪ مدت مڪمل ڪئي.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} مسيسپي ۾ [[بحاليءَ جو دور]] ختم ٿيڻ سان ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي ٻيهر اقتدار ۾ آئي ۽ 1874ع ۾ نائلس ٻيهر چونڊجڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

1876ع کان 1880ع تائين نائلس ''ڪوسيئسڪو ڪرونيڪل'' اخبار جو ايڊيٽر رهيو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} ان کان پوءِ هن ٻيهر وڪالت شروع ڪئي.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

== وفات ۽ تدفين ==
نائلس 7 جولاءِ 1894ع تي [[ڪوسيئسڪو، مسيسپي|ڪوسيئسڪو]]، مسيسپي ۾ وفات ڪئي ۽ ڪوسيئسڪو سٽي قبرستان ۾ دفنايو ويو.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

== خاندان ==
1847ع ۾ نائلس [[بيڊفورڊ ڪائونٽي، ٽينيسي]] ۾ هيريئٽ اين. ميڪري سان شادي ڪئي.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} هوءَ وليم ايلئٽ ميڪري ۽ ساره ميڪلين هوسٽن جي ڌيءَ هئي.{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} سندن ٻارن ۾ شامل هئا:

* ايلس ريڊ نائلس، ڄم: 15 مارچ 1848ع{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}
* هينري ڪلي نائلس، ڄم: 4 جون 1850ع{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}
* سيلي هوسٽن نائلس، ڄم: 31 ڊسمبر 1852ع{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}
* ميري نائلس، ڄم: 30 ڊسمبر 1855ع{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}
* لوسي نائلس، ڄم: 30 آگسٽ 1858ع{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}
* جيني نائلس، ڄم: 13 آگسٽ 1861ع{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}
* ليڊيا نائلس، ڄم: 19 جون 1866ع{{sfn|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}}

[[هينري ڪلي نائلس]] مسيسپي ۾ وفاقي جج طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.{{sfn|&quot;Necrological: Hon. Jason Niles, Kosciusko, Mississippi&quot;|page=8}} جيسن نائلس [[ٿامس بريڪيٽ ريڊ]] جو سوٽ هو، جيڪو [[آمريڪي ايوانِ نمائندگان جو اسپيڪر]] رهيو.{{sfn|&quot;Necrological: Hon. Jason Niles, Kosciusko, Mississippi&quot;|page=8}}

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

== ذريعا ==
=== اخبارون ===
*{{cite news |date=July 9, 1894 |title=Necrological: Hon. Jason Niles, Kosciusko, Mississippi |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/151278664/ |work=The Times-Democrat |location=New Orleans, LA |url-access=subscription  |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Necrological: Hon. Jason Niles, Kosciusko, Mississippi&quot;}}}}

=== انٽرنيٽ ===
*{{cite web |url=http://attala-county-history-genealogy.org/jason_niles.html |title=Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles |website=Attala County, Mississippi |publisher=MS Gen Web |access-date=June 1, 2017 |ref={{sfnRef|&quot;Early Attala Residents: Jason Niles&quot;}} |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810142353/http://attala-county-history-genealogy.org/jason_niles.html |url-status=dead }}

== خارجي ذريعا ==
{{CongBio|N000107}}
*{{Find a Grave|14665394}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box
| state= Mississippi
| district= 4
| before= [[جارج سي. ميڪي]]
| after= [[اوٿو آر. سنگلٽن]]
| years= 1873–1875}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

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{{Infobox political party
| colorcode        = {{party color|نيشنل ايڊوانس}}
| leader           = [[پابلو روڊريگيز گريز]]
| president        = [[آلوارو ڪوربالان]]
| name             = نيشنل ايڊوانس
| native_name      = Avanzada Nacional
| logo             = Avanzada Nacional Chile.svg
| logo_size        = 200px
| foundation       = 11 سيپٽمبر 1983ع
| dissolution      = 17 جون 1990ع
| headquarters     = [[سانتياگو ڊي چلي]]
| predecessor      = [[فادرلينڊ اينڊ لبرٽي]]
| merged           = [[نيشنل ڊيموڪريسي آف سينٽر]]
| ideology         = [[آگسٽو پينوشي]] جي حمايت ڪندڙ{{efn|اي اين پينوشي جي حمايتي پارٽي هئي، پر پينوشي ازم جي پارٽي نه هئي؛ پينوشي ازم نيولبرل معاشيات جي حمايت ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته اي اين نه ٿي ڪئي.}}&lt;br&gt;[[نئون فاشزم]]&lt;ref&gt;[[پاميلا جائلس (صحافي)|جائلس، پي.]] (1987). El retorno de los nazis chilenos. ''[[Análisis]]'', p. 36c.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{versalita|[[مانويل انتونيو گاريتون|گاريتون، مانويل انتونيو]]}} (1990). Democratic inauguration in Chile: from Pinochet to Aylwin. ''Third World Quarterly'', '''12'''(3-4), p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{versalita|[[مانويل انتونيو گاريتون|گاريتون، مانويل انتونيو]]}} (1990). ''Las condiciones socio-políticas de la inauguración democrática en Chile''. The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, [[نوٽر ڊيم يونيورسٽي]], p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{versalita|[[مانويل انتونيو گاريتون|گاريتون، مانويل انتونيو]]}} (2000). Atavism and Democratic Ambiguity in the Chilean Right. In: Middelbrook, Kevin J., ed., ''Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America''. [[جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس]], pp. 53–79 (p. 61).&lt;/ref&gt;
| position         = [[انتهائي ساڄي ڌر]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tauran, Erasmo |title=Avanzada Nacional pretende llevar la extrema derecha al Congreso |publisher=Radio Bío-Bío |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/2013/03/27/avanzada-nacional-pretende-llevar-la-extrema-derecha-al-congreso.shtml |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=2 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country          = Chile
}}

'''نيشنل ايڊوانس'''&lt;ref name=&quot;DrakeJaksic_11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Paul W. |last1=Drake |first2=Iván |last2=Jaksić |title=Introduction: Transformation and Transition in Chile |work=The Struggle for Democracy in Chile |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1995 |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=John |last1=Coggins |first2=D. S. |last2=Lewis |title=Political parties of the Americas and the Caribbean: A Reference Guide |publisher=Longman |year=1992 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Manuel Antonio |last=Garretón |title=Incomplete Democracy: Political Democratization in Chile and Latin America |url=https://archive.org/details/incompletedemocr00garr |url-access=registration |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/incompletedemocr00garr/page/205 205], note 23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{langx|es|Avanzada Nacional}}، '''AN''') [[چلي]] جي هڪ [[انتهائي ساڄي ڌر]] واري [[سياسي پارٽي]] هئي، جيڪا [[قومپرستي]] جي نظريي تي قائم هئي ۽ [[آگسٽو پينوشي]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ [[چلي جي فوجي آمريت (1973–1990)]] جي حمايت ڪندي هئي. پارٽي کي جنوري 1988ع کان جولاءِ 1991ع تائين قانوني حيثيت حاصل رهي.

هي پارٽي 11 سيپٽمبر 1983ع تي [[فادرلينڊ اينڊ لبرٽي]] جي اڳوڻن ميمبرن ۽ فوجي آمريت جي شهري حامين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.archivochile.com/Ideas_Autores/garretonm/garretonm0002.pdf|title=Los partidos políticos chilenos en la perspectiva de la transición y consolidación democráticas|author=Garretón, Manuel Antonio|date=1990|access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; پارٽي جو آئين 15 اپريل 1987ع تي دستخط ڪيو ويو، ۽ چونڊ سروس 29 مئي 1987ع تي ان جي سرڪاري اشاعت جو حڪم ڏنو.&lt;ref name=extract&gt;{{cite web|author=Servicio Electoral de Chile |date=29 May 1987|url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=144213&amp;idVersion=29-05-1987 |title=Resolución N° 1.238: Extracto de resolución No. 1238, de 1987|work=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile|access-date= 3 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; آخرڪار 29 جنوري 1988ع تي قرارداد O-56 ذريعي چونڊ سروس پارٽي کي باضابطه طور رجسٽر ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Nogueira Alcalá|first=Humberto|title=Manual del ciudadano elector|edition=1|publisher=Ediciones Participa, Imprenta Alborada|location=[[سانتياگو ڊي چلي|سانتياگو]]|year=1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فوجي حڪومت دوران هن پارٽي جا مختلف سرڪاري عهدن تي نمائندا موجود هئا، جن ۾ 70 کان وڌيڪ ميونسپلٽيون شامل هيون. بهرحال اعليٰ سطحي عهدن تي نيولبرل ساڄي ڌر جا نمائندا قابض هئا (جيڪي [[نيشنل رينيوئل (چلي)]] ۽ [[انڊيپينڊنٽ ڊيموڪريٽڪ يونين]] سان گڏ معاشي ساڄي ڌر جي ويجهو هئا)، ۽ اهي هميشه قومپرست ساڄي ڌر کي پوئتي ڌڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ قومپرست ڌر [[شڪاگو بوائز]] جي نيولبرل معاشي پاليسين سان متفق نه هئي. جيتوڻيڪ پارٽي [[آگسٽو پينوشي|پينوشي]] جي حامي هئي، پر اها سندس حڪومت جي [[نيولبرل معاشيات]] جي حمايت نه ڪندي هئي ۽ ان لحاظ کان [[پينوشي ازم]] جي معاشي رخ جي مخالف هئي. ان کان سواءِ قومپرستن کي رياست نواز سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو نيولبرلن سان واضح ٽڪراءُ ۾ هو. سياسي سطح تي به ڪيترائي اختلاف موجود هئا. ڪيترائي مؤرخ اهو به لکن ٿا ته جيڪڏهن پينوشي قومپرستن جي اصولن تي عمل ڪري ها ته کيس وڌيڪ عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿئي ها، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اي اين سياسي ساڄي ڌر جي نمائندگي ڪندي هئي، نه ته معاشي ساڄي ڌر جي.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

پارٽي [[1988ع جو چلي قومي ريفرنڊم]] ۾ &quot;ها&quot; واري آپشن جي حمايت ڪئي. 1988ع جي آخر ۾ هن [[نيشنل پارٽي (چلي، 1966)]] جي پينوشي حامي ڌڙي، [[ريڊيڪل ڊيموڪريسي]]، [[سوشل ڊيموڪريٽ پارٽي (چلي، 1988)]], [[لبرل ڊيموڪريٽ پارٽي آف چلي]]، [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي آف چلي (1988)]], [[فري ڊيموڪريٽڪ سينٽر]] ۽ شهري ڪاميٽين سان گڏجي ''ڊيموڪريٽڪ ڪنفيڊريشن'' (Confederación Democrática) قائم ڪئي. هي اتحاد 1989ع ۾ پارلياماني اميدوارن بابت ڳالهين دوران ختم ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-82013.html |title=La loca carrera de los candidatos |work=Apsi |date=19 December 1988 |access-date=23 July 2016 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[1989ع جي چلي عام چونڊ]] ۾ پارٽي هڪ ٻي حڪومتي پارٽي [[ريڊيڪل ڊيموڪريسي (چلي)]] سان گڏ &quot;الائنس آف سينٽر&quot; نالي چونڊ اتحاد ٺاهيو، پر ان جي باوجود ڪو به نائب يا سينيٽر چونڊجي نه سگهيو. چونڊ نتيجن سبب پارٽي جي قانوني حيثيت ختم ٿيڻ جو خطرو پيدا ٿيو، پر بعد ۾ اتحاد جي ساٿين ۽ ٻين ننڍين پارٽين سان ضم ٿيڻ سبب اهو مسئلو حل ٿي ويو.

7 مئي 1990ع تي نيشنل ايڊوانس، ريڊيڪل ڊيموڪريسي ۽ [[نيشنل پارٽي (چلي، 1966)]] ضم ٿي [[نيشنل ڊيموڪريسي آف سينٽر]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ 17 جون 1990ع تي پارٽي جي رجسٽريشن ختم ڪئي وئي. بعد ۾ 3 ڊسمبر 1991ع تي نيشنل ڊيموڪريسي آف سينٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ٻيهر &quot;نيشنل پارٽي&quot; رکيو ويو.

== نوٽس ==
{{notelist}}

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

[[زمرو:چلي جون ختم ٿيل سياسي پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ٿيل سياسي پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:1990ع ۾ ختم ٿيل سياسي پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:1984ع ۾ چلي ۾ قيام]]
[[زمرو:1990ع ۾ چلي ۾ خاتمو]]
[[زمرو:چلي جون قومپرست پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:نئون فاشسٽ پارٽيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9162" sha1="fdxsyaxss5eo3hsd9fw3iqekrilslyz" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|چلي ۾ اڳوڻي سياسي پارٽي}}

{{Infobox political party
| colorcode        = {{party color|نيشنل ايڊوانس}}
| leader           = [[پابلو روڊريگيز گريز]]
| president        = [[آلوارو ڪوربالان]]
| name             = نيشنل ايڊوانس
| native_name      = Avanzada Nacional
| logo             = Avanzada Nacional Chile.svg
| logo_size        = 200px
| foundation       = 11 سيپٽمبر 1983ع
| dissolution      = 17 جون 1990ع
| headquarters     = [[سانتياگو ڊي چلي]]
| predecessor      = [[فادرلينڊ اينڊ لبرٽي]]
| merged           = [[نيشنل ڊيموڪريسي آف سينٽر]]
| ideology         = [[آگسٽو پينوشي]] جي حمايت ڪندڙ{{efn|اي اين پينوشي جي حمايتي پارٽي هئي، پر پينوشي ازم جي پارٽي نه هئي؛ پينوشي ازم نيولبرل معاشيات جي حمايت ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته اي اين نه ٿي ڪئي.}}&lt;br&gt;[[نئون فاشزم]]&lt;ref&gt;[[پاميلا جائلس (صحافي)|جائلس، پي.]] (1987). El retorno de los nazis chilenos. ''[[Análisis]]'', p. 36c.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{versalita|[[مانويل انتونيو گاريتون|گاريتون، مانويل انتونيو]]}} (1990). Democratic inauguration in Chile: from Pinochet to Aylwin. ''Third World Quarterly'', '''12'''(3-4), p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{versalita|[[مانويل انتونيو گاريتون|گاريتون، مانويل انتونيو]]}} (1990). ''Las condiciones socio-políticas de la inauguración democrática en Chile''. The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, [[نوٽر ڊيم يونيورسٽي]], p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{versalita|[[مانويل انتونيو گاريتون|گاريتون، مانويل انتونيو]]}} (2000). Atavism and Democratic Ambiguity in the Chilean Right. In: Middelbrook, Kevin J., ed., ''Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America''. [[جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس]], pp. 53–79 (p. 61).&lt;/ref&gt;
| position         = [[انتهائي ساڄي ڌر]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Tauran, Erasmo |title=Avanzada Nacional pretende llevar la extrema derecha al Congreso |publisher=Radio Bío-Bío |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/2013/03/27/avanzada-nacional-pretende-llevar-la-extrema-derecha-al-congreso.shtml |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=2 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country          = Chile
}}

'''نيشنل ايڊوانس'''&lt;ref name=&quot;DrakeJaksic_11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Paul W. |last1=Drake |first2=Iván |last2=Jaksić |title=Introduction: Transformation and Transition in Chile |work=The Struggle for Democracy in Chile |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1995 |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=John |last1=Coggins |first2=D. S. |last2=Lewis |title=Political parties of the Americas and the Caribbean: A Reference Guide |publisher=Longman |year=1992 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Manuel Antonio |last=Garretón |title=Incomplete Democracy: Political Democratization in Chile and Latin America |url=https://archive.org/details/incompletedemocr00garr |url-access=registration |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/incompletedemocr00garr/page/205 205], note 23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{langx|es|Avanzada Nacional}}، '''AN''') [[چلي]] جي هڪ [[انتهائي ساڄي ڌر]] واري [[سياسي پارٽي]] هئي، جيڪا [[قومپرستي]] جي نظريي تي قائم هئي ۽ [[آگسٽو پينوشي]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ [[چلي جي فوجي آمريت (1973–1990)]] جي حمايت ڪندي هئي. پارٽي کي جنوري 1988ع کان جولاءِ 1991ع تائين قانوني حيثيت حاصل رهي.

هي پارٽي 11 سيپٽمبر 1983ع تي [[فادرلينڊ اينڊ لبرٽي]] جي اڳوڻن ميمبرن ۽ فوجي آمريت جي شهري حامين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.archivochile.com/Ideas_Autores/garretonm/garretonm0002.pdf|title=Los partidos políticos chilenos en la perspectiva de la transición y consolidación democráticas|author=Garretón, Manuel Antonio|date=1990|access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; پارٽي جو آئين 15 اپريل 1987ع تي دستخط ڪيو ويو، ۽ چونڊ سروس 29 مئي 1987ع تي ان جي سرڪاري اشاعت جو حڪم ڏنو.&lt;ref name=extract&gt;{{cite web|author=Servicio Electoral de Chile |date=29 May 1987|url=http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=144213&amp;idVersion=29-05-1987 |title=Resolución N° 1.238: Extracto de resolución No. 1238, de 1987|work=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile|access-date= 3 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; آخرڪار 29 جنوري 1988ع تي قرارداد O-56 ذريعي چونڊ سروس پارٽي کي باضابطه طور رجسٽر ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Nogueira Alcalá|first=Humberto|title=Manual del ciudadano elector|edition=1|publisher=Ediciones Participa, Imprenta Alborada|location=[[سانتياگو ڊي چلي|سانتياگو]]|year=1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فوجي حڪومت دوران هن پارٽي جا مختلف سرڪاري عهدن تي نمائندا موجود هئا، جن ۾ 70 کان وڌيڪ ميونسپلٽيون شامل هيون. بهرحال اعليٰ سطحي عهدن تي نيولبرل ساڄي ڌر جا نمائندا قابض هئا (جيڪي [[نيشنل رينيوئل (چلي)]] ۽ [[انڊيپينڊنٽ ڊيموڪريٽڪ يونين]] سان گڏ معاشي ساڄي ڌر جي ويجهو هئا)، ۽ اهي هميشه قومپرست ساڄي ڌر کي پوئتي ڌڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ قومپرست ڌر [[شڪاگو بوائز]] جي نيولبرل معاشي پاليسين سان متفق نه هئي. جيتوڻيڪ پارٽي [[آگسٽو پينوشي|پينوشي]] جي حامي هئي، پر اها سندس حڪومت جي [[نيولبرل معاشيات]] جي حمايت نه ڪندي هئي ۽ ان لحاظ کان [[پينوشي ازم]] جي معاشي رخ جي مخالف هئي. ان کان سواءِ قومپرستن کي رياست نواز سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو نيولبرلن سان واضح ٽڪراءُ ۾ هو. سياسي سطح تي به ڪيترائي اختلاف موجود هئا. ڪيترائي مؤرخ اهو به لکن ٿا ته جيڪڏهن پينوشي قومپرستن جي اصولن تي عمل ڪري ها ته کيس وڌيڪ عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿئي ها، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اي اين سياسي ساڄي ڌر جي نمائندگي ڪندي هئي، نه ته معاشي ساڄي ڌر جي.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

پارٽي [[1988ع جو چلي قومي ريفرنڊم]] ۾ &quot;ها&quot; واري آپشن جي حمايت ڪئي. 1988ع جي آخر ۾ هن [[نيشنل پارٽي (چلي، 1966)]] جي پينوشي حامي ڌڙي، [[ريڊيڪل ڊيموڪريسي]]، [[سوشل ڊيموڪريٽ پارٽي (چلي، 1988)]], [[لبرل ڊيموڪريٽ پارٽي آف چلي]]، [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي آف چلي (1988)]], [[فري ڊيموڪريٽڪ سينٽر]] ۽ شهري ڪاميٽين سان گڏجي ''ڊيموڪريٽڪ ڪنفيڊريشن'' (Confederación Democrática) قائم ڪئي. هي اتحاد 1989ع ۾ پارلياماني اميدوارن بابت ڳالهين دوران ختم ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-82013.html |title=La loca carrera de los candidatos |work=Apsi |date=19 December 1988 |access-date=23 July 2016 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[1989ع جي چلي عام چونڊ]] ۾ پارٽي هڪ ٻي حڪومتي پارٽي [[ريڊيڪل ڊيموڪريسي (چلي)]] سان گڏ &quot;الائنس آف سينٽر&quot; نالي چونڊ اتحاد ٺاهيو، پر ان جي باوجود ڪو به نائب يا سينيٽر چونڊجي نه سگهيو. چونڊ نتيجن سبب پارٽي جي قانوني حيثيت ختم ٿيڻ جو خطرو پيدا ٿيو، پر بعد ۾ اتحاد جي ساٿين ۽ ٻين ننڍين پارٽين سان ضم ٿيڻ سبب اهو مسئلو حل ٿي ويو.

7 مئي 1990ع تي نيشنل ايڊوانس، ريڊيڪل ڊيموڪريسي ۽ [[نيشنل پارٽي (چلي، 1966)]] ضم ٿي [[نيشنل ڊيموڪريسي آف سينٽر]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ 17 جون 1990ع تي پارٽي جي رجسٽريشن ختم ڪئي وئي. بعد ۾ 3 ڊسمبر 1991ع تي نيشنل ڊيموڪريسي آف سينٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ٻيهر &quot;نيشنل پارٽي&quot; رکيو ويو.

== نوٽس ==
{{notelist}}

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

[[زمرو:چلي جون ختم ٿيل سياسي پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ٿيل سياسي پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:1990ع ۾ ختم ٿيل سياسي پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:1984ع ۾ چلي ۾ قيام]]
[[زمرو:1990ع ۾ چلي ۾ خاتمو]]
[[زمرو:چلي جون قومپرست پارٽيون]]
[[زمرو:نئون فاشسٽ پارٽيون]]

&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;</text>
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    <title>ھي ويفانگ</title>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|چيني قانوني عالم}} {{family name hatnote|[[هي (خانداني نالو)|贺 (هي)]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox person | name               = هي ويفانگ | image              = File:He Weifang.jpg | image_size         =  | caption            =  | birth_name         =  | birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1960|07|17|df=yes}} | birth_place        =  }} {{Weiquan_Lawyers}}{{Contemporary Chinese political thought}}  '''هي وي...</comment>
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{{Weiquan_Lawyers}}{{Contemporary Chinese political thought}}

'''هي ويفانگ''' (ڄائو: 17 جولاءِ 1960ع؛ {{zh|s=贺卫方|p=Hè Wèifāng}}) هڪ چيني قانوني عالم ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] جو اڳوڻو [[پروفيسر]] آهي. هن چين جي عدالتي نظام ۾ سڌارن جي حمايت ڪئي آهي، ۽ دليل ڏنو آهي ته [[چين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] رجسٽر ٿيل نه آهي، تنهنڪري چين ۾ هڪ غيرقانوني تنظيم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChakravarttyZhao2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Paula Chakravartty|author2=Yuezhi Zhao|title=Global Communications: Toward a Transcultural Political Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIdzm1imHb0C&amp;pg=PA47|accessdate=15 March 2013|year=2008|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-4044-6|pages=47–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تعليم ==
هن [[سائوٿ ويسٽ يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا]] مان [[بيچلر آف آرٽس|بي.اي.]] جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، ۽ پيڪنگ ڪاليج آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا (اڳوڻي [[چائنا يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا]]) مان [[ماسٽر آف لاز|ايل.ايل.ايم]] جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

== علمي ڪيريئر ==
هو 1985ع کان 1995ع تائين [[چائنا يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا]] ۾ ايسوسيئيٽ پروفيسر رهيو، پوءِ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پروفيسر ۽ [[ڊاڪٽر آف فلاسافي|پي ايڇ ڊي]] جو نگران بڻيو.

1992ع کان وٺي هن چين جي عدالتي نظام ۾ سڌارن لاءِ آواز اٿاريو. هن عدالتي نظام جي جديدڪاري جي اهميت بابت ڪيترائي مقالا لکيا، جنهن سبب کيس &quot;جسٽس هي&quot; جو لقب مليو. سندس اهم ڪتابن ۾ ''The Judicial Ideals and Institutions'' ۽ ''The Ways to Carry Justice'' شامل آهن.

[[ليو شياوبو]] جي [[چارٽر 08]] جي عوامي حمايت ۽ ان تي صحيون ڪرڻ سبب، پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي ۾ سندس حيثيت برقرار نه رهي سگهي ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;BéjaFu2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Jean Béja|author2=Hualing Fu|author3=Eva Pils|title=Liu Xiaobo, Charter 08 and the Challenges of Political Reform in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbZdx_mPdL8C&amp;pg=PA107|accessdate=15 March 2013|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-988-8139-06-4|page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2008ع ۾ هن [[زيجيانگ يونيورسٽي]] جي قانوني اسڪول جو ڊين بڻجڻ لاءِ هڪ ملازمت جي آڇ قبول ڪئي. پر [[چين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] يونيورسٽي کي اها آڇ واپس وٺڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، ۽ ان جي بدران کيس [[شنجيانگ]] جي ڏورانهين شهر [[شيهه زي]] ۾ هڪ عهدو ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=McGregor26&gt;McGregor, [https://archive.org/details/partysecretworld00rich/page/26 p. 26.]&lt;/ref&gt;

'' پارٽي:چيني ڪميونسٽ حاڪمن جي مخفي دنيا'' جي ليکڪ رچرڊ ميڪگريگر موجب، هي تبديلي &quot;ڄاڻي واڻي ذلت آميز بدلي&quot; هئي، جيڪا اهڙي هئي جيئن [[هارورڊ لا اسڪول]] جي ڪنهن پروفيسر کي [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ٻهراڙيءَ ۾ واقع ڪنهن ننڍي [[ڪميونٽي ڪاليج]] ڏانهن موڪليو وڃي.&lt;ref name=McGregor26/&gt;

6 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي هي ويفانگ [[اسٽاڪ هوم يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تقرير ڪئي، جنهن جو موضوع چين جي عدالتن جي تنظيم بابت قانون ۾ سڌارا ۽ اظهارِ راءِ جي آزادي هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.orient.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.38461.1320327008!/ChinasJudicialReforms.pdf Professor He Weifang, 贺卫方 (In Chinese)]&lt;/ref&gt;

هو تقريباً 40 سالن تي پکڙيل علمي ڪيريئر کان پوءِ جولاءِ 2023ع ۾ رٽائر ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Vocal law professor He Weifang bids farewell to nearly 40-year career |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3228551/outspoken-law-scholar-he-weifang-closes-door-colourful-career |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
* McGregor, Richard. ''The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers''. [[هارپر پيرينيئل]]: نيويارڪ، 2012ع. {{ISBN|978-0-06-170876-3}}. هي ڪتاب اصل ۾ 2010ع ۾ [[ايلن لين]] طرفان شايع ٿيو، جيڪو [[پينگوئن بڪس]] جو هڪ اشاعتي نشان آهي.

== نوٽس ==
{{reflist}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Portal|China|Biography|Law}}
{{Commons category}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060303183518/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-11/15/content_3782181.htm عدالتي آزادي کي پهرين ترجيح ملڻ گهرجي] [[چائنا ڊيلي]] / [[بيجنگ ريويو]]، 15 نومبر 2005ع
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5230707/Leading-Chinese-dissident-claims-freedom-of-speech-worse-than-before-Olympics.html مشهور چيني اختلاف راءِ رکندڙ جو دعويٰ: اظهارِ راءِ جي آزادي اولمپڪس کان اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ خراب]
*[http://blog.sina.com.cn/heweifang هي ويفانگ جو بلاگ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130703003550/http://marcopoloproject.org/online/authors/He%20Weifang%20-%20%E8%B4%BA%E5%8D%AB%E6%96%B9/ هي ويفانگ جا مضمون (چيني، انگريزي ۽ فرينچ ٻولين ۾)]

{{Authority control}}

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[[زمرو:زيجيانگ يونيورسٽي جو تدريسي عملو]]
[[زمرو:چارٽر 08 جا صحي ڪندڙ]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يانتائي جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:چيني مخالفِ ڪميونزم]]
[[زمرو:شنڊونگ جا استاد]]
[[زمرو:چائنا يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا جو تدريسي عملو]]
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'''هي ويفانگ''' (ڄائو: 17 جولاءِ 1960ع؛ {{zh|s=贺卫方|p=Hè Wèifāng}}) هڪ چيني قانوني عالم ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] جو اڳوڻو [[پروفيسر]] آهي. هن چين جي عدالتي نظام ۾ سڌارن جي حمايت ڪئي آهي، ۽ دليل ڏنو آهي ته [[چين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] رجسٽر ٿيل نه آهي، تنهنڪري چين ۾ هڪ غيرقانوني تنظيم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChakravarttyZhao2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Paula Chakravartty|author2=Yuezhi Zhao|title=Global Communications: Toward a Transcultural Political Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIdzm1imHb0C&amp;pg=PA47|accessdate=15 March 2013|year=2008|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-4044-6|pages=47–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تعليم ==
هن [[سائوٿ ويسٽ يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا]] مان [[بيچلر آف آرٽس|بي.اي.]] جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، ۽ پيڪنگ ڪاليج آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا (اڳوڻي [[چائنا يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا]]) مان [[ماسٽر آف لاز|ايل.ايل.ايم]] جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

== علمي ڪيريئر ==
هو 1985ع کان 1995ع تائين [[چائنا يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا]] ۾ ايسوسيئيٽ پروفيسر رهيو، پوءِ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پروفيسر ۽ [[ڊاڪٽر آف فلاسافي|پي ايڇ ڊي]] جو نگران بڻيو.

1992ع کان وٺي هن چين جي عدالتي نظام ۾ سڌارن لاءِ آواز اٿاريو. هن عدالتي نظام جي جديدڪاري جي اهميت بابت ڪيترائي مقالا لکيا، جنهن سبب کيس &quot;جسٽس هي&quot; جو لقب مليو. سندس اهم ڪتابن ۾ ''The Judicial Ideals and Institutions'' ۽ ''The Ways to Carry Justice'' شامل آهن.

[[ليو شياوبو]] جي [[چارٽر 08]] جي عوامي حمايت ۽ ان تي صحيون ڪرڻ سبب، پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي ۾ سندس حيثيت برقرار نه رهي سگهي ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;BéjaFu2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Jean Béja|author2=Hualing Fu|author3=Eva Pils|title=Liu Xiaobo, Charter 08 and the Challenges of Political Reform in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbZdx_mPdL8C&amp;pg=PA107|accessdate=15 March 2013|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-988-8139-06-4|page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2008ع ۾ هن [[زيجيانگ يونيورسٽي]] جي قانوني اسڪول جو ڊين بڻجڻ لاءِ هڪ ملازمت جي آڇ قبول ڪئي. پر [[چين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] يونيورسٽي کي اها آڇ واپس وٺڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، ۽ ان جي بدران کيس [[شنجيانگ]] جي ڏورانهين شهر [[شيهه زي]] ۾ هڪ عهدو ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=McGregor26&gt;McGregor, [https://archive.org/details/partysecretworld00rich/page/26 p. 26.]&lt;/ref&gt;

'' پارٽي:چيني ڪميونسٽ حاڪمن جي مخفي دنيا'' جي ليکڪ رچرڊ ميڪگريگر موجب، هي تبديلي &quot;ڄاڻي واڻي ذلت آميز بدلي&quot; هئي، جيڪا اهڙي هئي جيئن [[هارورڊ لا اسڪول]] جي ڪنهن پروفيسر کي [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ٻهراڙيءَ ۾ واقع ڪنهن ننڍي [[ڪميونٽي ڪاليج]] ڏانهن موڪليو وڃي.&lt;ref name=McGregor26/&gt;

6 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي هي ويفانگ [[اسٽاڪ هوم يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تقرير ڪئي، جنهن جو موضوع چين جي عدالتن جي تنظيم بابت قانون ۾ سڌارا ۽ اظهارِ راءِ جي آزادي هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.orient.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.38461.1320327008!/ChinasJudicialReforms.pdf Professor He Weifang, 贺卫方 (In Chinese)]&lt;/ref&gt;

هو تقريباً 40 سالن تي پکڙيل علمي ڪيريئر کان پوءِ جولاءِ 2023ع ۾ رٽائر ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Vocal law professor He Weifang bids farewell to nearly 40-year career |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3228551/outspoken-law-scholar-he-weifang-closes-door-colourful-career |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
* McGregor, Richard. ''The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers''. [[هارپر پيرينيئل]]: نيويارڪ، 2012ع. {{ISBN|978-0-06-170876-3}}. هي ڪتاب اصل ۾ 2010ع ۾ [[ايلن لين]] طرفان شايع ٿيو، جيڪو [[پينگوئن بڪس]] جو هڪ اشاعتي نشان آهي.

== نوٽس ==
{{reflist}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Portal|China|Biography|Law}}
{{Commons category}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060303183518/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-11/15/content_3782181.htm عدالتي آزادي کي پهرين ترجيح ملڻ گهرجي] [[چائنا ڊيلي]] / [[بيجنگ ريويو]]، 15 نومبر 2005ع
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5230707/Leading-Chinese-dissident-claims-freedom-of-speech-worse-than-before-Olympics.html مشهور چيني اختلاف راءِ رکندڙ جو دعويٰ: اظهارِ راءِ جي آزادي اولمپڪس کان اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ خراب]
*[http://blog.sina.com.cn/heweifang هي ويفانگ جو بلاگ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130703003550/http://marcopoloproject.org/online/authors/He%20Weifang%20-%20%E8%B4%BA%E5%8D%AB%E6%96%B9/ هي ويفانگ جا مضمون (چيني، انگريزي ۽ فرينچ ٻولين ۾)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:He, Weifang}}
[[زمرو:چيني سرگرم ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:چيني قانوني عالم]]
[[زمرو:پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي جو تدريسي عملو]]
[[زمرو:زيجيانگ يونيورسٽي جو تدريسي عملو]]
[[زمرو:چارٽر 08 جا صحي ڪندڙ]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يانتائي جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:چيني مخالفِ ڪميونزم]]
[[زمرو:شنڊونگ جا استاد]]
[[زمرو:چائنا يونيورسٽي آف پوليٽيڪل سائنس اينڊ لا جو تدريسي عملو]]
[[زمرو:1960ع جون پيدائشون]]</text>
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    <title>ڪيلھائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس</title>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو:  {{Infobox NRHP | name = ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس | nrhp_type = | image = Calhoun County IA Courthouse.jpg | caption = | location= Court and 4th Sts.&lt;br&gt;[[راڪ ويل سٽي، آئووا]] | coordinates = {{coord|42|23|41|N|94|38|7|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Iowa#USA | mapframe             = yes | mapframe-marker      = building | mapframe-zoom        = 12 |mapframe-caption      = ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس...</comment>
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{{Infobox NRHP
| name = ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس
| nrhp_type =
| image = Calhoun County IA Courthouse.jpg
| caption =
| location= Court and 4th Sts.&lt;br&gt;[[راڪ ويل سٽي، آئووا]]
| coordinates = {{coord|42|23|41|N|94|38|7|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Iowa#USA
| mapframe             = yes
| mapframe-marker      = building
| mapframe-zoom        = 12
|mapframe-caption      = ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس جي جڳهه ڏيکاريندڙ تعاملي نقشو
| area = هڪ ايڪڙ کان گهٽ
| built = 1914
| builder = [[فالز سٽي ڪنسٽرڪشن ڪمپني]]
| architect = [[وليم ايف. گرنانڊٽ|ڊبليو. ايف. گرنانڊٽ]]
| architecture = [[نوڪلاسيڪي معمارِي|ڪلاسيڪل ريوائول]]
| added = July 2, 1981
| mpsub = {{NRHP url|id=64000147|title=County Courthouses in Iowa TR}}
| refnum = 81000227&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;&gt;{{NRISref|2009a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس'''، جيڪو [[راڪ ويل سٽي، آئووا]]، آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهي، 1914ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو. ان کي 1981ع ۾ [[تاريخي جڳهن جي قومي رجسٽر]] ۾ آئووا جي ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوسن بابت موضوعاتي وسيلي جي حصي طور شامل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=nris/&gt; هي ڪورٽ هائوس چوٿون عمارت آهي جنهن ۾ عدالتن جا ڪم ۽ ڪائونٽي جي انتظامي ڪارروائيون سرانجام ڏنيون ويون.

==تاريخ==

جڏهن [[ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي، آئووا]] 1855ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، تڏهن ڪورٽ هائوس لاءِ مناسب ڪا عمارت موجود نه هئي، تنهنڪري عملدارن پنهنجا گهر استعمال ڪيا.&lt;ref name=Stanek&gt;{{cite book|last=Stanek|first=Edward and Jacqueline|title=Iowa's Magnificent County Courthouses|year=1976|publisher=Wallace-Homestead|location=Des Moines|page=32|isbn=0-87069-189-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايندڙ سال [[ليڪ سٽي، آئووا]] کي [[ڪائونٽي هيڊڪوارٽر]] چونڊيو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ننڍڙي عمارت ڪورٽ هائوس طور تعمير ڪئي وئي. جڳهه جي ضرورت وڌڻ سان ان ۾ واڌايون ڪيون ويون. 1877ع ۾ ڪائونٽي هيڊڪوارٽر راڪ ويل سٽي منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ نئون ڪورٽ هائوس صرف 2,000 ڊالرن کان ٿورو وڌيڪ خرچ سان تعمير ڪيو ويو. ڪائونٽي عملدارن جون آفيسون پهرين ماڙ تي هيون، جڏهن ته عدالت جو ڪمرو ٻي ماڙ تي واقع هو.

1884ع ۾ اها عمارت باهه سبب تباهه ٿي وئي. ان کان پوءِ ڪائونٽي انتظاميه آفيسن ۽ سرڪاري ڪمن لاءِ هڪ هوٽل ۽ شهر جي ٻي عمارت هڪ ڊالر روزانو جي ڪرائي تي استعمال ڪئي. 1886ع ۾ پراڻي ڪورٽ هائوس واري چوڪ جي سامهون پارڪ ۾ هڪ ٻيو ڪورٽ هائوس تعمير ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ويجهي ريلوي جي شور عدالت جي ڪارروائين ۾ خلل پيدا ڪيو ٿي.

هاڻوڪي [[نوڪلاسيڪي معمارِي|نوڪلاسيڪي]] طرز جي عمارت 1914ع ۾ 116,200 ڊالرن جي لاڳت سان تعمير ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=iowacourts&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iowacourts.gov/for-the-public/iowa-courts-history/iowa-county-courthouse-history/calhoun-county-courthouse|title=Calhoun County Courthouse|publisher=Iowa Judicial Branch|accessdate=2011-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پراڻو ڪورٽ هائوس هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر کي [[پيروشيل اسڪول]] طور استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪرو ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٻي جڳهه تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. عمارت جي ٻاهرين ڀتين تي [[چون جو پٿر]] لڳل آهي، جڏهن ته ڇت مٽيءَ جي ٽائلن مان ٺهيل آهي. مرڪزي حصي جي [[پيڊيمنٽ]] کي چار ٿنڀا سهارو ڏين ٿا.

هن عمارت جو اندروني حصو ٻاهرين حصي جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ اهميت رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=Bowers&gt;{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=81000227}}|title=Calhoun County Courthouse|publisher=[[نيشنل پارڪ سروس]]|accessdate=2018-08-08|author=M.H. Bowers}} with {{NRHP url|id=81000227|photos=y|title=photos}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خاص طور تي ٽن ماڙن تي مشتمل [[روٽنڊا]] نما مرڪزي هال قابلِ ذڪر آهي، جنهن جي مٿان [[رنگين شيشي]] جو [[آسماني روشندان]] موجود آهي. ٻي ماڙ تي [[سيرامڪ ٽائل]] جا فرش ۽ عدالتي ڪمري ۾ [[ڪوفرڊ]] ڇت موجود آهي.

هي عمارت [[نيبراسڪا]] جي معمار [[وليم ايف. گرنانڊٽ]] طرفان ڊزائين ڪئي وئي هئي. هن جي اهميت ڪائونٽي حڪومت سان لاڳاپي، ۽ ڪائونٽي هيڊڪوارٽر طور راڪ ويل سٽي جي سياسي طاقت ۽ وقار مان نڪتل آهي.&lt;ref name=Bowers/&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{County courthouses in Iowa}}
{{NRHP in Calhoun County, Iowa}}

[[زمرو:1914ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل سرڪاري عمارتون]]
[[زمرو:آئووا ۾ نوڪلاسيڪي معمارِي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي، آئووا جون عمارتون ۽ اڏاوتون]]
[[زمرو:آئووا ۾ تاريخي جڳهن جي قومي رجسٽر ۾ شامل ڪورٽ هائوس]]
[[زمرو:آئووا جا ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس]]
[[زمرو:ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي، آئووا ۾ تاريخي جڳهن جي قومي رجسٽر]]</text>
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{{Infobox NRHP
| name = ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس
| nrhp_type =
| image = Calhoun County IA Courthouse.jpg
| caption =
| location= Court and 4th Sts.&lt;br&gt;[[راڪ ويل سٽي، آئووا]]
| coordinates = {{coord|42|23|41|N|94|38|7|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Iowa#USA
| mapframe             = yes
| mapframe-marker      = building
| mapframe-zoom        = 12
|mapframe-caption      = ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس جي جڳهه ڏيکاريندڙ تعاملي نقشو
| area = هڪ ايڪڙ کان گهٽ
| built = 1914
| builder = [[فالز سٽي ڪنسٽرڪشن ڪمپني]]
| architect = [[وليم ايف. گرنانڊٽ|ڊبليو. ايف. گرنانڊٽ]]
| architecture = [[نوڪلاسيڪي معمارِي|ڪلاسيڪل ريوائول]]
| added = July 2, 1981
| mpsub = {{NRHP url|id=64000147|title=County Courthouses in Iowa TR}}
| refnum = 81000227&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;&gt;{{NRISref|2009a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس'''، جيڪو [[راڪ ويل سٽي، آئووا]]، آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهي، 1914ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو. ان کي 1981ع ۾ [[تاريخي جڳهن جي قومي رجسٽر]] ۾ آئووا جي ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوسن بابت موضوعاتي وسيلي جي حصي طور شامل ڪيو ويو. هي ڪورٽ هائوس چوٿون عمارت آهي جنهن ۾ عدالتن جا ڪم ۽ ڪائونٽي جي انتظامي ڪارروائيون سرانجام ڏنيون ويون.

==تاريخ==

جڏهن [[ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي، آئووا]] 1855ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، تڏهن ڪورٽ هائوس لاءِ مناسب ڪا عمارت موجود نه هئي، تنهنڪري عملدارن پنهنجا گهر استعمال ڪيا.&lt;ref name=Stanek&gt;{{cite book|last=Stanek|first=Edward and Jacqueline|title=Iowa's Magnificent County Courthouses|year=1976|publisher=Wallace-Homestead|location=Des Moines|page=32|isbn=0-87069-189-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايندڙ سال [[ليڪ سٽي، آئووا]] کي [[ڪائونٽي هيڊڪوارٽر]] چونڊيو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ننڍڙي عمارت ڪورٽ هائوس طور تعمير ڪئي وئي. جڳهه جي ضرورت وڌڻ سان ان ۾ واڌايون ڪيون ويون. 1877ع ۾ ڪائونٽي هيڊڪوارٽر راڪ ويل سٽي منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ نئون ڪورٽ هائوس صرف 2,000 ڊالرن کان ٿورو وڌيڪ خرچ سان تعمير ڪيو ويو. ڪائونٽي عملدارن جون آفيسون پهرين ماڙ تي هيون، جڏهن ته عدالت جو ڪمرو ٻي ماڙ تي واقع هو.

1884ع ۾ اها عمارت باهه سبب تباهه ٿي وئي. ان کان پوءِ ڪائونٽي انتظاميه آفيسن ۽ سرڪاري ڪمن لاءِ هڪ هوٽل ۽ شهر جي ٻي عمارت هڪ ڊالر روزانو جي ڪرائي تي استعمال ڪئي. 1886ع ۾ پراڻي ڪورٽ هائوس واري چوڪ جي سامهون پارڪ ۾ هڪ ٻيو ڪورٽ هائوس تعمير ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ويجهي ريلوي جي شور عدالت جي ڪارروائين ۾ خلل پيدا ڪيو ٿي.

هاڻوڪي [[نوڪلاسيڪي معمارِي|نوڪلاسيڪي]] طرز جي عمارت 1914ع ۾ 116,200 ڊالرن جي لاڳت سان تعمير ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=iowacourts&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iowacourts.gov/for-the-public/iowa-courts-history/iowa-county-courthouse-history/calhoun-county-courthouse|title=Calhoun County Courthouse|publisher=Iowa Judicial Branch|accessdate=2011-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پراڻو ڪورٽ هائوس هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر کي [[پيروشيل اسڪول]] طور استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪرو ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٻي جڳهه تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. عمارت جي ٻاهرين ڀتين تي [[چون جو پٿر]] لڳل آهي، جڏهن ته ڇت مٽيءَ جي ٽائلن مان ٺهيل آهي. مرڪزي حصي جي [[پيڊيمنٽ]] کي چار ٿنڀا سهارو ڏين ٿا.

هن عمارت جو اندروني حصو ٻاهرين حصي جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ اهميت رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=Bowers&gt;{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=81000227}}|title=Calhoun County Courthouse|publisher=[[نيشنل پارڪ سروس]]|accessdate=2018-08-08|author=M.H. Bowers}} with {{NRHP url|id=81000227|photos=y|title=photos}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خاص طور تي ٽن ماڙن تي مشتمل [[روٽنڊا]] نما مرڪزي هال قابلِ ذڪر آهي، جنهن جي مٿان [[رنگين شيشي]] جو [[آسماني روشندان]] موجود آهي. ٻي ماڙ تي [[سيرامڪ ٽائل]] جا فرش ۽ عدالتي ڪمري ۾ [[ڪوفرڊ]] ڇت موجود آهي.

هي عمارت [[نيبراسڪا]] جي معمار [[وليم ايف. گرنانڊٽ]] طرفان ڊزائين ڪئي وئي هئي. هن جي اهميت ڪائونٽي حڪومت سان لاڳاپي، ۽ ڪائونٽي هيڊڪوارٽر طور راڪ ويل سٽي جي سياسي طاقت ۽ وقار مان نڪتل آهي.&lt;ref name=Bowers/&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{County courthouses in Iowa}}
{{NRHP in Calhoun County, Iowa}}

[[زمرو:1914ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل سرڪاري عمارتون]]
[[زمرو:آئووا ۾ نوڪلاسيڪي معمارِي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي، آئووا جون عمارتون ۽ اڏاوتون]]
[[زمرو:آئووا ۾ تاريخي جڳهن جي قومي رجسٽر ۾ شامل ڪورٽ هائوس]]
[[زمرو:آئووا جا ڪائونٽي ڪورٽ هائوس]]
[[زمرو:ڪيلهائون ڪائونٽي، آئووا ۾ تاريخي جڳهن جي قومي رجسٽر]]</text>
      <sha1>2jd5xmf1fvppzfm6y75k2zgq2bbav7o</sha1>
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    <title>نسان آر 383</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T22:14:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  {{Infobox automobile |name=نسان آر 383 |image=R383 01 NF2006.JPG |manufacturer=[[نسان]] |production=1970 |predecessor=[[نسان آر 382]] |successor=[[نسان آر 390 جي ٽي 1]] |class=[[گروپ 7 (ريسنگ)|گروپ 7]] [[ريس ڪار]] |layout=[[ايم آر ترتيب]] |engine=6.0L GRX-3 V12&lt;br /&gt;700 هارس پاور&lt;br /&gt;900 هارس پاور (ٽربو سان)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memim.com/nissan-r383.html|title = Nissan R383}}&lt;/ref&gt; | de...</comment>
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{{Infobox automobile
|name=نسان آر 383
|image=R383 01 NF2006.JPG
|manufacturer=[[نسان]]
|production=1970
|predecessor=[[نسان آر 382]]
|successor=[[نسان آر 390 جي ٽي 1]]
|class=[[گروپ 7 (ريسنگ)|گروپ 7]] [[ريس ڪار]]
|layout=[[ايم آر ترتيب]]
|engine=6.0L GRX-3 V12&lt;br /&gt;700 هارس پاور&lt;br /&gt;900 هارس پاور (ٽربو سان)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memim.com/nissan-r383.html|title = Nissan R383}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designer      = [[شينيچيرو ساڪورائي]]
}}

'''نسان آر 383''' هڪ [[ريس ڪار]] هئي جيڪا 1970ع ۾ [[نسان موٽرز]] طرفان تيار ڪئي وئي هئي ۽ ان کي 1970ع جي [[جاپاني گرانڊ پري]] ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ جو منصوبو هو. [[نسان آر 382]] جي جاءِ والاريندڙ هي ڪار نسان جي اها آخري ريسنگ اسپورٽس ڪار ثابت ٿي جيڪا 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين تيار ڪئي وئي.

==ترقي==

آر 382 جي ڪامياب فارمولي کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ جي خواهش سان، آر 383 اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[گروپ 7 (ريسنگ)|گروپ 7]] فارمولي هيٺ هلندڙ [[ڪين-ايم]] ڪارن کان گهڻو متاثر هئي. آر 383 ۾ آر 382 وارو GRX-3 5954cc [[وي 12 انجڻ]] برقرار رکيو ويو، پر ان جي طاقت وڌائي 700 هارس پاور ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/HERITAGE/nissan_r383.html|title = Nissan &amp;#124; Heritage Collection &amp;#124; Nissan R383}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.supercars.net/blog/1970-nissan-r383/|title=1970 Nissan R383 &amp;#124;|date=February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نسان خاص طور تي هوائي حرڪيات (ايروڊائنامڪس) تي ڌيان ڏنو، خاص ڪري ان هيٺئين دٻاءَ (ڊائون فورس) تي جيڪو هي ڪار پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. آر 382 جي اڳئين حصي تي موجود هوائي رستا هٽايا ويا، جنهن سان آر 383 جو سڄو سامهون وارو حصو هموار بڻايو ويو. ان جو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو ڪار جا ريڊيئيٽر هاڻي پاسن تي منتقل ڪيا ويا، ۽ وڏا هوائي سوراخ ڪار جي دروازن ۾ لڳايا ويا.

وي 12 انجڻ لاءِ هوا داخل ٿيڻ وارو حصو پڻ نئين سر ايروڊائنامڪ طريقي سان تيار ڪيو ويو. هاڻي اهو رول بار جي هيٺان رکيو ويو ته جيئن پٺئين وِنگ تائين وڌيڪ هوا پهچي سگهي، ۽ ان کي ڪاڪ پِٽ جي مرڪز کان ٿورو هٽائي رکيو ويو ته جيئن ڊرائيور جو هيلمٽ هوا جي وهڪري ۾ رڪاوٽ نه بڻجي.

آر 383 کي [[ٽربوچارجر]] سان به آزمائيو ويو، جيڪو وي 12 انجڻ سان لڳائڻ بعد ان جي طاقت کي 900 هارس پاور تائين وڌائي سگهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Sportscars That Never Raced: 12, Nissan R383 | url=http://www.dailysportscar.com/2021/06/25/sportscars-that-never-raced-12-nissan-r383.html | access-date=2025-05-25 | website=www.dailysportscar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ريسنگ تاريخ==

آر 383 ڪارن کي 1970ع جي [[جاپاني گرانڊ پري]] ۾ شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو هو، جتي انهن کي [[پورشه]]، [[ٽويوٽا]]، [[ايسوزو]] ۽ ٻين ٺاهيندڙن جي سخت مقابلي کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ها. پر نسان ۽ ٽويوٽا جي مقابلي مان نڪرڻ کان پوءِ [[جاپاني آٽو موبائيل فيڊريشن]] (JAF) اها ريس منسوخ ڪري ڇڏي، جنهن سبب آر 383 لاءِ مقابلي جو ڪو ميدان باقي نه رهيو.

جلد ئي نسان آر 380 پروگرام به بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جو نتيجو اهو نڪتو ته آر 383 ڪڏهن به ڪنهن سرڪاري ريس ۾ حصو نه ورتو.

2006ع ۾ [[نسمو]] آر 383 کي ٻيهر هلڻ جهڙي حالت ۾ بحال ڪرڻ جو ڪم سنڀاليو. هي ڪار هن وقت آر 380 سيريز جي ٻين ڪارن سان گڏ نمائش وارن تقريبن ۾ هلائي ويندي آهي.

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

==خارجي ڳنڍڻا==
* {{cite web | title=Nissan R383 hits the road for the first time | work=Nissan Motorsports | url=http://www.nissan-motorsports.com/EN/NEWS/PRESS/061116.html | accessdate=August 15, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714184645/http://www.nissan-motorsports.com/EN/NEWS/PRESS/061116.html | archive-date=July 14, 2011 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | title=Nissan R383 | work=Supercars.net | url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/3655.html | accessdate=August 15, 2010 }}
* {{cite web | title= 2006 NISMO Festival | work=JDM Option | url=http://www.jdm-option.com/eng/event/07_01/nismo.html | accessdate=August 15, 2010 }}
* {{cite web | title=1970 Nissan R383 | work=Early Datsun Homepage | url=http://www.earlydatsun.com/nissanr383.html | accessdate=August 15, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812002343/http://www.earlydatsun.com/nissanr383.html | archive-date=August 12, 2010 | url-status=dead }}

{{Nissan Sportscar Racers}}

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| label26  = [[هائبرڊ گاڏي ڊرائيو ٽرين|هائبرڊ ڊرائيو ٽرين]]
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| label27  = [[برقي گاڏي جي بيٽري|بيٽري]]
| data27   = {{{battery|}}}

| label28  = حد
| data28   = {{{range|}}}

| label29  = [[مڪمل برقي حد|برقي حد]]
| data29   = {{{electric_range|}}}

| label30  = [[چارجنگ اسٽيشن|پلگ اِن چارجنگ]]
| data30   = {{{charging|}}}

| header31 = سسپينشن

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| header34 = {{#if:{{{wheelbase|}}}{{{length|}}}{{{width|}}}{{{height|}}}{{{weight|}}}|ماپون}}

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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|جرمن نباتيات دان (1818–1883)}}  '''هائنرش پوزيلگر''' (25 ڊسمبر 1818ع – 4 آڪٽوبر 1883ع) هڪ جرمن [[نباتيات دان]] هو، جيڪو [[رس ڀريندڙ ٻوٽن]] جي مطالعي ۾ ماهر هو.  1849ع کان 1851ع تائين هن آمريڪا-ميڪسيڪو سرحدي علائقي ۾ ٻوٽن، خاص طور تي [[ڪاڪٽس]]، جو گڏ ڪرڻ وارو ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ان دوران ...</comment>
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'''هائنرش پوزيلگر''' (25 ڊسمبر 1818ع – 4 آڪٽوبر 1883ع) هڪ جرمن [[نباتيات دان]] هو، جيڪو [[رس ڀريندڙ ٻوٽن]] جي مطالعي ۾ ماهر هو.

1849ع کان 1851ع تائين هن آمريڪا-ميڪسيڪو سرحدي علائقي ۾ ٻوٽن، خاص طور تي [[ڪاڪٽس]]، جو گڏ ڪرڻ وارو ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ان دوران [[آمريڪا ۽ ميڪسيڪو سرحدي سروي]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو. سندس گڏ ڪيل ڪاڪٽسن جا نمونا [[جينا]] جي [[هربيريم]] ڏانهن موڪليا ويا هئا.&lt;ref name=JS&gt;[http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000006669 Poselger, Heinrich (1818-1883)] @ JSTOR Global Plants&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[برلن]] جو رهواسي هو، جتي هن رس ڀريندڙ ٻوٽن جو هڪ شاندار مجموعو قائم ڪيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33189820#page/363/mode/1up Biodiversity Heritage Library] Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Mammillaria poselgeri.jpg|right|thumb|Mammillaria poselgeri]]

هو [[ڪاڪٽيسيئي]] خاندان جي ڪيترين ئي جنسن ۽ نوعن جو [[درجابندي اختيار]] (Taxonomic Authority) هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_authorAbbrev=Poselg.&amp;find_includePublicationAuthors=on&amp;find_includePublicationAuthors=off&amp;find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&amp;find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&amp;find_isAPNIRecord=on&amp;find_isAPNIRecord=false&amp;find_isGCIRecord=on&amp;find_isGCIRecord=false&amp;find_isIKRecord=on&amp;find_isIKRecord=false&amp;find_rankToReturn=all&amp;output_format=normal&amp;find_sortByFamily=on&amp;find_sortByFamily=off&amp;query_type=by_query IPNI] List of cacti described &amp; co-described by Poselger.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪاڪٽس جون ڪيتريون ئي نوعون سندس نالي سان منسوب ڪيون ويون آهن، جن مان ڪجهه مثال هي آهن: ''Coryphantha poselgeriana''، ''[[Echinocereus poselgeri]]'' ۽ ''Mammillaria poselgeri''.&lt;ref name=JS/&gt;

== لاڳاپيل تصنيفون ==

* ''Reise nach Mexico in den Jahren''، (1849ع).
* ''Beitrag zur Kakteenkunde''، &quot;Allgemeine Gartenzeitung&quot; ۾، (1853ع).&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=6787AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Beitrag+zur+Kakteenkunde%22+%22Allgemeine+Gartenzeitung%22&amp;pg=PA137 Google Books] Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde, Volumes 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hundert Jahre der St. Johannis-Loge zum Widder (in Berlin) von 1777 bis 1877''، (1877ع).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&amp;tbm=bks&amp;q=inauthor:%22Heinrich+Poselger%22 Google Search] publications&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Heinrich Poselger: cactus articles in Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 1853–1855'' (سان گڏ [[ڪرسٽوف فريڊرش اوٽو]] ۽ [[البرٽ گاٽفريڊ ڊيٽرش]])؛ Cactusville Press.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/753724363 WorldCat Title] Heinrich Poselger : cactus articles in Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 1853-1855&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Botanist|Poselg.|Poselger, Heinrich}}

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poselger, Heinrich}}
[[زمرو:1818ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1883ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:اوڻيهين صديءَ جا جرمن نباتيات دان]]
[[زمرو:برلن جا سائنسدان]]
[[زمرو:بادشاھت پروشيا جا نباتيات دان]]

{{Germany-botanist-stub}}</text>
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'''هائنرش پوزيلگر''' (25 ڊسمبر 1818ع – 4 آڪٽوبر 1883ع) هڪ جرمن [[نباتيات دان]] هو، جيڪو [[رس ڀريندڙ ٻوٽن]] جي مطالعي ۾ ماهر هو.

1849ع کان 1851ع تائين هن آمريڪا-ميڪسيڪو سرحدي علائقي ۾ ٻوٽن، خاص طور تي [[ڪاڪٽس]]، جو گڏ ڪرڻ وارو ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ان دوران [[آمريڪا ۽ ميڪسيڪو سرحدي سروي]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو. سندس گڏ ڪيل ڪاڪٽسن جا نمونا [[جينا]] جي [[هربيريم]] ڏانهن موڪليا ويا هئا.&lt;ref name=JS&gt;[http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000006669 Poselger, Heinrich (1818-1883)] @ JSTOR Global Plants&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[برلن]] جو رهواسي هو، جتي هن رس ڀريندڙ ٻوٽن جو هڪ شاندار مجموعو قائم ڪيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33189820#page/363/mode/1up Biodiversity Heritage Library] Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Mammillaria poselgeri.jpg|right|thumb|Mammillaria poselgeri]]

هو [[ڪاڪٽيسيئي]] خاندان جي ڪيترين ئي جنسن ۽ نوعن جو درجابندي اختيار (Taxonomic Authority) هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_authorAbbrev=Poselg.&amp;find_includePublicationAuthors=on&amp;find_includePublicationAuthors=off&amp;find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&amp;find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&amp;find_isAPNIRecord=on&amp;find_isAPNIRecord=false&amp;find_isGCIRecord=on&amp;find_isGCIRecord=false&amp;find_isIKRecord=on&amp;find_isIKRecord=false&amp;find_rankToReturn=all&amp;output_format=normal&amp;find_sortByFamily=on&amp;find_sortByFamily=off&amp;query_type=by_query IPNI] List of cacti described &amp; co-described by Poselger.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪاڪٽس جون ڪيتريون ئي نوعون سندس نالي سان منسوب ڪيون ويون آهن، جن مان ڪجهه مثال هي آهن:''[[ڪوريفانٿا پوزيلجيرِيانا]]''(Coryphantha poselgeriana)، ''[[ايڪينو سيريئس پوزيلجيري]]''(Echinocereus poselgeri) ۽ ''[[ميميلاريا پوزيلجيري]]''(Mammillaria poselgeri
).&lt;ref name=JS/&gt;

== لاڳاپيل تصنيفون ==

* ''Reise nach Mexico in den Jahren''، (1849ع).
* ''Beitrag zur Kakteenkunde''، &quot;Allgemeine Gartenzeitung&quot; ۾، (1853ع).&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=6787AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Beitrag+zur+Kakteenkunde%22+%22Allgemeine+Gartenzeitung%22&amp;pg=PA137 Google Books] Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde, Volumes 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hundert Jahre der St. Johannis-Loge zum Widder (in Berlin) von 1777 bis 1877''، (1877ع).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&amp;tbm=bks&amp;q=inauthor:%22Heinrich+Poselger%22 Google Search] publications&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Heinrich Poselger: cactus articles in Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 1853–1855'' (سان گڏ [[ڪرسٽوف فريڊرش اوٽو]] ۽ [[البرٽ گاٽفريڊ ڊيٽرش]])؛ Cactusville Press.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/753724363 WorldCat Title] Heinrich Poselger : cactus articles in Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 1853-1855&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Botanist|Poselg.|Poselger, Heinrich}}

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poselger, Heinrich}}
[[زمرو:1818ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1883ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:اوڻيهين صديءَ جا جرمن نباتيات دان]]
[[زمرو:برلن جا سائنسدان]]
[[زمرو:بادشاھت پروشيا جا نباتيات دان]]

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{{Infobox university
 | name                   = اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز، جي-6/3، اسلام آباد
 | native_name            = {{nq|اسلام آباد ڪاليج برائے طلباء}}
 | caption                = اداري جو نشان
 | latin_name             =
 | motto                  = لَا یَمُوْتُ مَنْ اَحْیَ الْعِلْم
 | motto_lang             =
 | mottoeng               = 'جيڪو علم کي حياتي ڏئي ٿو، سو ڪڏهن نٿو مري'
 | established            = {{Start date and age|1966}}
 | closed                 =
 | type                   = [[حڪومت|سرڪاري]]
 | affiliation            =
 | endowment              =
 | principal              = پروفيسر ياسين افاقي
 | academic_staff         =
 | administrative_staff   =
 | students               = لڳ ڀڳ 7000
 | undergrad              =
 | postgrad               =
 | doctoral               =
 | other                  =
 | city                   = [[اسلام آباد]]
 | state                  =
 | province               = [[اسلام آباد گاديءَ وارو علائقو]]
 | postalcode             = 44000
 | country                = [[پاڪستان]]
 | campus                 = [[شهري علائقو|شهري]]
 | former_names           = اسلام آباد ماڊل اسڪول
 | athletics              =
 | colours                =
 | sports                 =
 | nickname               = '''آءِ سي بي'''
 | mascot                 =
 | website                = {{URL|https://www.icb.edu.pk}}
 | logo                   =
 | pushpin_map            = Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory
 | native_name_lang       = ur
 | image_name             = Islamabad College for Boys logo.png
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 | academic_affiliations  = [[فيڊرل بورڊ آف انٽرميڊيئيٽ اينڊ سيڪنڊري ايجوڪيشن]]، [[قائد اعظم يونيورسٽي]]
}}

'''اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز''' ('''آءِ سي بي''') [[اسلام آباد]]، [[پاڪستان]] جو سڀ کان پراڻو ڇوڪرن جو [[ڪاليج]] آهي، جيڪو [[فيڊرل ڊائريڪٽوريٽ آف ايجوڪيشن]] (FDE) جي انتظام هيٺ هلندڙ آهي.&lt;ref name=Dawn&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abbasi |first1=Kashif |title=Capital's oldest boys college striving to reclaim past glory |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1709799 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[ڊان (اخبار)|ڊان]] |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو [[شهيد ملت]] روڊ تي سيڪٽر جي-6/3 ۾ [[لال مسجد، اسلام آباد|لال مسجد]] ۽ [[ميلوڊي مارڪيٽ]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn&quot; /&gt;

هن اداري تاريخي طور ملڪ جي قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ ادارن ۽ انتظامي قيادت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. هتان ڪيترائي پوليس آفيسر، جن ۾ ڪيترائي انسپيڪٽر جنرل آف پوليس (IGPs) شامل آهن، گڏوگڏ اعليٰ درجي جا سول ۽ فوجي عملدار به نڪتا آهن.&lt;ref name=Dawn/&gt;

تازو ترقيءَ طور (2024ع ۾) ڪاليج ۾ هڪ سافٽويئر ٽيڪنالاجي پارڪ قائم ڪيو ويو آهي، جيڪو فردن ۽ ڪمپنين کي گڏيل ڪم جي جڳهه فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ صنعت ۽ علمي دنيا کي گڏ آڻي جدت جي واڌاري ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=Software tech park to be ready at ICB G-6/3 (Monday) |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/software-tech-park-to-be-ready-at-icb-g-6-3-monday/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox university
 | name                   = اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز، جي-6/3، اسلام آباد
 | native_name            = {{nq|اسلام آباد ڪاليج برائے طلباء}}
 | caption                = اداري جو نشان
 | latin_name             =
 | motto                  = لَا یَمُوْتُ مَنْ اَحْیَ الْعِلْم
 | motto_lang             =
 | mottoeng               = 'جيڪو علم کي حياتي ڏئي ٿو، سو ڪڏهن نٿو مري'
 | established            = {{Start date and age|1966}}
 | closed                 =
 | type                   = [[حڪومت|سرڪاري]]
 | affiliation            =
 | endowment              =
 | principal              = پروفيسر ياسين افاقي
 | academic_staff         =
 | administrative_staff   =
 | students               = لڳ ڀڳ 7000
 | undergrad              =
 | postgrad               =
 | doctoral               =
 | other                  =
 | city                   = [[اسلام آباد]]
 | state                  =
 | province               = [[اسلام آباد گاديءَ وارو علائقو]]
 | postalcode             = 44000
 | country                = [[پاڪستان]]
 | campus                 = [[شهري علائقو|شهري]]
 | former_names           = اسلام آباد ماڊل اسڪول
 | athletics              =
 | colours                =
 | sports                 =
 | nickname               = '''آءِ سي بي'''
 | mascot                 =
 | website                = {{URL|https://www.icb.edu.pk}}
 | logo                   =
 | pushpin_map            = Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory
 | native_name_lang       = ur
 | image_name             = Islamabad College for Boys logo.png
 | coor                   = {{coord|33.71818394271404|73.08861915439469|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
 | academic_affiliations  = [[فيڊرل بورڊ آف انٽرميڊيئيٽ اينڊ سيڪنڊري ايجوڪيشن]]، [[قائد اعظم يونيورسٽي]]
}}

'''اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز''' ('''آءِ سي بي''') [[اسلام آباد]]، [[پاڪستان]] جو سڀ کان پراڻو ڇوڪرن جو [[ڪاليج]] آهي، جيڪو [[فيڊرل ڊائريڪٽوريٽ آف ايجوڪيشن]] (FDE) جي انتظام هيٺ هلندڙ آهي.&lt;ref name=Dawn&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abbasi |first1=Kashif |title=Capital's oldest boys college striving to reclaim past glory |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1709799 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[ڊان (اخبار)|ڊان]] |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو [[شهيد ملت]] روڊ تي سيڪٽر جي-6/3 ۾ [[لال مسجد، اسلام آباد|لال مسجد]] ۽ [[ميلوڊي مارڪيٽ]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn&quot; /&gt;

هن اداري تاريخي طور ملڪ جي قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ ادارن ۽ انتظامي قيادت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. هتان ڪيترائي پوليس آفيسر، جن ۾ ڪيترائي انسپيڪٽر جنرل آف پوليس (IGPs) شامل آهن، گڏوگڏ اعليٰ درجي جا سول ۽ فوجي عملدار به نڪتا آهن.&lt;ref name=Dawn/&gt;

تازو ترقيءَ طور (2024ع ۾) ڪاليج ۾ هڪ سافٽويئر ٽيڪنالاجي پارڪ قائم ڪيو ويو آهي، جيڪو فردن ۽ ڪمپنين کي گڏيل ڪم جي جڳهه فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ صنعت ۽ علمي دنيا کي گڏ آڻي جدت جي واڌاري ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=Software tech park to be ready at ICB G-6/3 (Monday) |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/software-tech-park-to-be-ready-at-icb-g-6-3-monday/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==

ڪاليج 1966ع ۾ شهر جي شروعاتي دور دوران قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=Dawn/&gt; حميد حسن صديقي اداري جي باني پرنسپال طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. هو 1917ع ۾ ڄائو هو ۽ نومبر 1947ع ۾ [[پاڪستان]] ڏانهن لڏي آيو. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ڪراچي]] جي جيل روڊ تي گورنمينٽ اسڪول جو باني پرنسپال بڻيو. 1953ع ۾ هن ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر آف اسڪولس طور به خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. 1958ع ۾ هو [[ڍاڪا]] جي ڌن منڊي ۾ رهاڪو ماڊل اسڪول جو باني پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو ۽ پوءِ 1966ع ۾ اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز جو باني پرنسپال بڻيو. سندس آخري مقرري 1972ع ۾ ڪراچي ۾ انسپيڪٽر آف اسڪولس طور ٿي. ان کان پوءِ 1975ع ۾ ايم. ڪي. اي. بيگ ڪاليج جو پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو. سندس دور کي اداري جو سونهري دور سمجهيو ويندو آهي. بعد ۾ محمد سبحان الله 1982ع ۾ وائيس پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو ۽ 1992ع تائين انهيءَ عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن کيس پرنسپال بڻايو ويو. هن اداري ۾ پرنسپال طور ٻه ڀيرا خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Sir Hamid Hasan Siddiqui - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/sir-hamid-hasan-siddiqui/,%20https://www.icbian.com/sir-hamid-hasan-siddiqui/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Sir Subhan Ullah - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/sir-subhan-ullah/,%20https://www.icbian.com/sir-subhan-ullah/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آءِ سي بي ۾ پريپ ڪلاس کان وٺي پوسٽ گريجوئيٽ سطح تائين تعليم ڏني ويندي آهي. ثانوي ۽ اعليٰ ثانوي درجن لاءِ هي ادارو [[فيڊرل بورڊ آف انٽرميڊيئيٽ اينڊ سيڪنڊري ايجوڪيشن]]، اسلام آباد سان لاڳاپيل آهي. ڊگري ڪلاسن جا خارجي امتحان [[قائد اعظم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسلام آباد]] پاران ورتا ويندا آهن.

آءِ سي بي ۾ 7,000 کان وڌيڪ شاگرد زيرِ تعليم آهن، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 صبح جي شفٽ ۽ 3,500 شام جي شفٽ ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/999169/herculean-task-ending-evening-shifts-a-long-way-to-go|title=Herculean task: Ending evening shifts—a long way to go|date=November 26, 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; هتي ٻه [[ڪمپيوٽر ليبارٽري|ڪمپيوٽر ليبارٽريون]] موجود آهن، جڏهن ته [[طبعيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[حيوانيات]] ۽ [[نباتيات]] لاءِ سائنسي ليبارٽريون پڻ قائم آهن. ڪاليج ۾ ٽي لائبريريون ۽ ٽي ڪينٽينون آهن. اڳ ۾ هتي هڪ هاسٽل پڻ موجود هو، جنهن کي بعد ۾ درسي ڪمرن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/904882/dormitory-dilemmas-housing-shortage-a-major-hurdle-for-students|title=Dormitory dilemmas: Housing shortage a major hurdle for students|date=June 16, 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊاڪٽر هلال الدين احمد، جيڪو بنگلاديش حڪومت جو رٽائرڊ ايڊيشنل سيڪريٽري آهي، عالمي استادن جي ڏينهن جي موقعي تي ڪاليج بابت پنهنجي گهري قدرشناسي جو اظهار ڪيو. هن 1969ع کان 1971ع تائين هن اداري ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي هئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هو [[بنگلاديش]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Former Adl Secretary of Bangladesh govt remembers his teachers at ICB G/6-3 on World Teachers Day |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/06-Oct-2024/former-adl-secretary-of-bangladesh-govt-remembers-his-teachers-at-icb-g-6-3-on-world-teachers-day |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اداري جي اڳوڻن شاگردن ۾ [[اسلام آباد هاءِ ڪورٽ]] جو اڳوڻو چيف جسٽس ۽ [[سپريم ڪورٽ آف پاڪستان]] جو موجوده جج جسٽس [[اطهر من الله]] پڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ministry asked to host mobile learning festivals |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1872616 |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[ڊان (اخبار)|ڊان]] |date=16 November 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014ع ۾ آءِ سي بي کي ڊگري ڪاليج جو درجو ڏنو ويو ۽ هتي چار ساله بيچلر ڊگري پروگرام شروع ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/723422/standardisation-capital-colleges-to-offer-four-year-bs-degrees|title=Standardisation: Capital colleges to offer four-year BS degrees|date=17 June 2014|website=[[دي ايڪسپريس ٽربيون]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ پاڪستان حڪومت ڪاليج ۾ هڪ جديد جمنازيم تعمير ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Govt colleges get gymnasiums |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2266773/govt-colleges-get-gymnasiums |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=tribune.com.pk |publisher=[[دي ايڪسپريس ٽربيون]] |date=3 October 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع ۾ ڪاليج جي دوري دوران [[گورنر پنجاب]] سردار سليم حيدر خان ڪاليج جي سهولتن کي ساراهيندي چيو ته اهي ملڪ جي بهترين خانگي اسڪولن جي برابر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Governor Punjab visits Pak Learning Festival; lauds edu ministry's initiative |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/governor-punjab-visits-pak-learning-festival-lauds-edu-ministrys-initiative/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

علي احمد کھرل نومبر 2018ع کان اداري جو موجوده پرنسپال آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Principals changed |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/396112-principals-changed |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=[[دي نيوز انٽرنيشنل]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== اڳوڻا شاگرد ==</text>
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{{Infobox university
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 | native_name            = {{nq|اسلام آباد ڪاليج برائے طلباء}}
 | caption                = اداري جو نشان
 | latin_name             =
 | motto                  = لَا یَمُوْتُ مَنْ اَحْیَ الْعِلْم
 | motto_lang             =
 | mottoeng               = 'جيڪو علم کي حياتي ڏئي ٿو، سو ڪڏهن نٿو مري'
 | established            = {{Start date and age|1966}}
 | closed                 =
 | type                   = [[حڪومت|سرڪاري]]
 | affiliation            =
 | endowment              =
 | principal              = پروفيسر ياسين افاقي
 | academic_staff         =
 | administrative_staff   =
 | students               = لڳ ڀڳ 7000
 | undergrad              =
 | postgrad               =
 | doctoral               =
 | other                  =
 | city                   = [[اسلام آباد]]
 | state                  =
 | province               = [[اسلام آباد گاديءَ وارو علائقو]]
 | postalcode             = 44000
 | country                = [[پاڪستان]]
 | campus                 = [[شهري علائقو|شهري]]
 | former_names           = اسلام آباد ماڊل اسڪول
 | athletics              =
 | colours                =
 | sports                 =
 | nickname               = '''آءِ سي بي'''
 | mascot                 =
 | website                = {{URL|https://www.icb.edu.pk}}
 | logo                   =
 | pushpin_map            = Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory
 | native_name_lang       = ur
 | image_name             = Islamabad College for Boys logo.png
 | coor                   = {{coord|33.71818394271404|73.08861915439469|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
 | academic_affiliations  = [[فيڊرل بورڊ آف انٽرميڊيئيٽ اينڊ سيڪنڊري ايجوڪيشن]]، [[قائد اعظم يونيورسٽي]]
}}

'''اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز''' ('''آءِ سي بي''') [[اسلام آباد]]، [[پاڪستان]] جو سڀ کان پراڻو ڇوڪرن جو [[ڪاليج]] آهي، جيڪو [[فيڊرل ڊائريڪٽوريٽ آف ايجوڪيشن]] (FDE) جي انتظام هيٺ هلندڙ آهي.&lt;ref name=Dawn&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abbasi |first1=Kashif |title=Capital's oldest boys college striving to reclaim past glory |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1709799 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[ڊان (اخبار)|ڊان]] |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو [[شهيد ملت]] روڊ تي سيڪٽر جي-6/3 ۾ [[لال مسجد، اسلام آباد|لال مسجد]] ۽ [[ميلوڊي مارڪيٽ]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn&quot; /&gt;

هن اداري تاريخي طور ملڪ جي قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ ادارن ۽ انتظامي قيادت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. هتان ڪيترائي پوليس آفيسر، جن ۾ ڪيترائي انسپيڪٽر جنرل آف پوليس (IGPs) شامل آهن، گڏوگڏ اعليٰ درجي جا سول ۽ فوجي عملدار به نڪتا آهن.&lt;ref name=Dawn/&gt;

تازو ترقيءَ طور (2024ع ۾) ڪاليج ۾ هڪ سافٽويئر ٽيڪنالاجي پارڪ قائم ڪيو ويو آهي، جيڪو فردن ۽ ڪمپنين کي گڏيل ڪم جي جڳهه فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ صنعت ۽ علمي دنيا کي گڏ آڻي جدت جي واڌاري ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=Software tech park to be ready at ICB G-6/3 (Monday) |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/software-tech-park-to-be-ready-at-icb-g-6-3-monday/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==

ڪاليج 1966ع ۾ شهر جي شروعاتي دور دوران قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=Dawn/&gt; حميد حسن صديقي اداري جي باني پرنسپال طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. هو 1917ع ۾ ڄائو هو ۽ نومبر 1947ع ۾ [[پاڪستان]] ڏانهن لڏي آيو. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ڪراچي]] جي جيل روڊ تي گورنمينٽ اسڪول جو باني پرنسپال بڻيو. 1953ع ۾ هن ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر آف اسڪولس طور به خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. 1958ع ۾ هو [[ڍاڪا]] جي ڌن منڊي ۾ رهاڪو ماڊل اسڪول جو باني پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو ۽ پوءِ 1966ع ۾ اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز جو باني پرنسپال بڻيو. سندس آخري مقرري 1972ع ۾ ڪراچي ۾ انسپيڪٽر آف اسڪولس طور ٿي. ان کان پوءِ 1975ع ۾ ايم. ڪي. اي. بيگ ڪاليج جو پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو. سندس دور کي اداري جو سونهري دور سمجهيو ويندو آهي. بعد ۾ محمد سبحان الله 1982ع ۾ وائيس پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو ۽ 1992ع تائين انهيءَ عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن کيس پرنسپال بڻايو ويو. هن اداري ۾ پرنسپال طور ٻه ڀيرا خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Sir Hamid Hasan Siddiqui - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/sir-hamid-hasan-siddiqui/,%20https://www.icbian.com/sir-hamid-hasan-siddiqui/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Sir Subhan Ullah - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/sir-subhan-ullah/,%20https://www.icbian.com/sir-subhan-ullah/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آءِ سي بي ۾ پريپ ڪلاس کان وٺي پوسٽ گريجوئيٽ سطح تائين تعليم ڏني ويندي آهي. ثانوي ۽ اعليٰ ثانوي درجن لاءِ هي ادارو [[فيڊرل بورڊ آف انٽرميڊيئيٽ اينڊ سيڪنڊري ايجوڪيشن]]، اسلام آباد سان لاڳاپيل آهي. ڊگري ڪلاسن جا خارجي امتحان [[قائد اعظم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسلام آباد]] پاران ورتا ويندا آهن.

آءِ سي بي ۾ 7,000 کان وڌيڪ شاگرد زيرِ تعليم آهن، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 صبح جي شفٽ ۽ 3,500 شام جي شفٽ ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/999169/herculean-task-ending-evening-shifts-a-long-way-to-go|title=Herculean task: Ending evening shifts—a long way to go|date=November 26, 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; هتي ٻه [[ڪمپيوٽر ليبارٽري|ڪمپيوٽر ليبارٽريون]] موجود آهن، جڏهن ته [[طبعيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[حيوانيات]] ۽ [[نباتيات]] لاءِ سائنسي ليبارٽريون پڻ قائم آهن. ڪاليج ۾ ٽي لائبريريون ۽ ٽي ڪينٽينون آهن. اڳ ۾ هتي هڪ هاسٽل پڻ موجود هو، جنهن کي بعد ۾ درسي ڪمرن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/904882/dormitory-dilemmas-housing-shortage-a-major-hurdle-for-students|title=Dormitory dilemmas: Housing shortage a major hurdle for students|date=June 16, 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊاڪٽر هلال الدين احمد، جيڪو بنگلاديش حڪومت جو رٽائرڊ ايڊيشنل سيڪريٽري آهي، عالمي استادن جي ڏينهن جي موقعي تي ڪاليج بابت پنهنجي گهري قدرشناسي جو اظهار ڪيو. هن 1969ع کان 1971ع تائين هن اداري ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي هئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هو [[بنگلاديش]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Former Adl Secretary of Bangladesh govt remembers his teachers at ICB G/6-3 on World Teachers Day |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/06-Oct-2024/former-adl-secretary-of-bangladesh-govt-remembers-his-teachers-at-icb-g-6-3-on-world-teachers-day |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اداري جي اڳوڻن شاگردن ۾ [[اسلام آباد هاءِ ڪورٽ]] جو اڳوڻو چيف جسٽس ۽ [[سپريم ڪورٽ آف پاڪستان]] جو موجوده جج جسٽس [[اطهر من الله]] پڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ministry asked to host mobile learning festivals |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1872616 |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[ڊان (اخبار)|ڊان]] |date=16 November 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014ع ۾ آءِ سي بي کي ڊگري ڪاليج جو درجو ڏنو ويو ۽ هتي چار ساله بيچلر ڊگري پروگرام شروع ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/723422/standardisation-capital-colleges-to-offer-four-year-bs-degrees|title=Standardisation: Capital colleges to offer four-year BS degrees|date=17 June 2014|website=[[دي ايڪسپريس ٽربيون]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ پاڪستان حڪومت ڪاليج ۾ هڪ جديد جمنازيم تعمير ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Govt colleges get gymnasiums |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2266773/govt-colleges-get-gymnasiums |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=tribune.com.pk |publisher=[[دي ايڪسپريس ٽربيون]] |date=3 October 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع ۾ ڪاليج جي دوري دوران [[گورنر پنجاب]] سردار سليم حيدر خان ڪاليج جي سهولتن کي ساراهيندي چيو ته اهي ملڪ جي بهترين خانگي اسڪولن جي برابر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Governor Punjab visits Pak Learning Festival; lauds edu ministry's initiative |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/governor-punjab-visits-pak-learning-festival-lauds-edu-ministrys-initiative/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

علي احمد کھرل نومبر 2018ع کان اداري جو موجوده پرنسپال آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Principals changed |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/396112-principals-changed |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=[[دي نيوز انٽرنيشنل]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== اڳوڻا شاگرد ==

دستياب معلومات موجب اداري جا هيٺيان اڳوڻا شاگرد نمايان حيثيت رکن ٿا:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title=ICBian Forever - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/,%20https://www.icbian.com/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''احمد واني''': [[پاڪستان ايڊمنسٽريٽو سروس]] (PAS) جو هڪ ممتاز آفيسر، جنهن کي سرڪاري شعبي ۾ 22 سالن کان وڌيڪ تجربو حاصل آهي. هو هن وقت [[وفاقي سيڪريٽري]] طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.
# '''نديم محبوب''': هڪ سينيئر سرڪاري عملدار ۽ پاڪستان ايڊمنسٽريٽو سروس جو بي پي ايس-21 آفيسر. هو هن وقت [[وزارت قومي صحت خدمتون، ضابطا ۽ رابطا]] جو سيڪريٽري آهي. ان کان اڳ هو [[وزارت داخلا (پاڪستان)|وزارت داخلا]] ۾ اسپيشل سيڪريٽري طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏئي چڪو آهي.
# '''ڊاڪٽر سلطان اعظم تيموري''': [[پاڪستان پوليس سروس]] (PSP) سان لاڳاپيل هڪ ممتاز سرڪاري عملدار. هن پاڪستان ۽ بين الاقوامي سطح تي ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ عهدن تي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. هو [[اسلام آباد پوليس]] جو [[انسپيڪٽر جنرل پوليس]] پڻ رهيو. هن جنوري 2022ع ۾ رٽائرمينٽ تائين قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ شعبي ۾ 33 سال خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.
# '''جنرل [[ساحر شمشاد مرزا]]''': [[پاڪستان فوج]] جو چار ستارن وارو جنرل.
# '''ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[احمد شريف چوڌري]]''': پاڪستان فوج جو ٽي ستارن وارو جنرل.
# '''وائيس ايڊمرل [[اويس احمد بلگرامي]]''': [[پاڪستان نيوي]] جو هڪ [[فليگ آفيسر]]، جيڪو هن وقت وائيس چيف آف دي نيول اسٽاف (VCNS) طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.
# '''[[مجاهد انور خان]]''': هڪ اعزاز يافته هواباز، جنهن [[پاڪستان هوائي فوج]] جي چيف آف ايئر اسٽاف طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.
# '''[[خواور رباني]]''': وڪيل، تربيتڪار، مصنوعي ذهانت جي قانوني ماهر ۽ پاڪستان ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ٽيم تجزيه نگار. هو آءِ سي بي جو هڪ نمايان اڳوڻو شاگرد آهي، جنهن مسلسل چار ڀيرا وظيفو حاصل ڪيو، سلور جوبلي جو گولڊ ميڊلسٽ رهيو ۽ مسلسل تيرهن ڀيرا اول پوزيشن حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-20 |title=Khawer Rabbani}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''[[عادل نجم|ڊاڪٽر عادل نجم]]''': هڪ مشهور تعليمي ماهر، جيڪو [[لاهور يونيورسٽي آف مينيجمينٽ سائنسز]] (LUMS) جو [[وائيس چانسلر]] رهيو. 2023ع کان هو [[ورلڊ وائيڊ فنڊ فار نيچر]] (WWF International) جو صدر پڻ آهي.
# '''محمد شهباز جميل''': هڪ پيشاور بينڪر، جنهن کي 27 سالن کان وڌيڪ تجربو حاصل آهي. هو [[زرعي ترقياتي بينڪ لميٽيڊ]] (ZTBL) جو صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر، ۽ [[بينڪ آف خيبر]] جو مينيجنگ ڊائريڪٽر/چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر پڻ رهي چڪو آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [https://icb.edu.pk/ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630021306/https://icb.edu.pk/ |date=30 June 2023 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015055556/http://www.icbaf.org/ آءِ سي بي ايلومنائي فائونڊيشن جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]

[[زمرو:اسلام آباد جا اسڪول]]
[[زمرو:1968ع ۾ قائم ٿيل تعليمي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ڇوڪرن جا اسڪول]]
[[زمرو:1966ع ۾ پاڪستان ۾ قائم ٿيل ادارا]]</text>
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{{Infobox university
 | name                   = اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز، جي-6/3، اسلام آباد
 | native_name            = {{nq|اسلام آباد ڪاليج برائے طلباء}}
 | caption                = اداري جو نشان
 | latin_name             =
 | motto                  = لَا یَمُوْتُ مَنْ اَحْیَ الْعِلْم
 | motto_lang             =
 | mottoeng               = 'جيڪو علم کي حياتي ڏئي ٿو، سو ڪڏهن نٿو مري'
 | established            = {{Start date and age|1966}}
 | closed                 =
 | type                   = [[حڪومت|سرڪاري]]
 | affiliation            =
 | endowment              =
 | principal              = پروفيسر ياسين افاقي
 | academic_staff         =
 | administrative_staff   =
 | students               = لڳ ڀڳ 7000
 | undergrad              =
 | postgrad               =
 | doctoral               =
 | other                  =
 | city                   = [[اسلام آباد]]
 | state                  =
 | province               = [[اسلام آباد گاديءَ وارو علائقو]]
 | postalcode             = 44000
 | country                = [[پاڪستان]]
 | campus                 = [[شهري علائقو|شهري]]
 | former_names           = اسلام آباد ماڊل اسڪول
 | athletics              =
 | colours                =
 | sports                 =
 | nickname               = '''آءِ سي بي'''
 | mascot                 =
 | website                = {{URL|https://www.icb.edu.pk}}
 | logo                   =
 | pushpin_map            = Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory
 | native_name_lang       = ur
 | image             = Islamabad College for Boys logo.png
|image_name=
 | coor                   = {{coord|33.71818394271404|73.08861915439469|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
 | academic_affiliations  = [[فيڊرل بورڊ آف انٽرميڊيئيٽ اينڊ سيڪنڊري ايجوڪيشن]]، [[قائد اعظم يونيورسٽي]]
}}

'''اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز''' ('''آءِ سي بي''') [[اسلام آباد]]، [[پاڪستان]] جو سڀ کان پراڻو ڇوڪرن جو [[ڪاليج]] آهي، جيڪو [[فيڊرل ڊائريڪٽوريٽ آف ايجوڪيشن]] (FDE) جي انتظام هيٺ هلندڙ آهي.&lt;ref name=Dawn&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abbasi |first1=Kashif |title=Capital's oldest boys college striving to reclaim past glory |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1709799 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[ڊان (اخبار)|ڊان]] |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو [[شهيد ملت]] روڊ تي سيڪٽر جي-6/3 ۾ [[لال مسجد، اسلام آباد|لال مسجد]] ۽ [[ميلوڊي مارڪيٽ]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn&quot; /&gt;

هن اداري تاريخي طور ملڪ جي قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ ادارن ۽ انتظامي قيادت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. هتان ڪيترائي پوليس آفيسر، جن ۾ ڪيترائي انسپيڪٽر جنرل آف پوليس (IGPs) شامل آهن، گڏوگڏ اعليٰ درجي جا سول ۽ فوجي عملدار به نڪتا آهن.&lt;ref name=Dawn/&gt;

تازو ترقيءَ طور (2024ع ۾) ڪاليج ۾ هڪ سافٽويئر ٽيڪنالاجي پارڪ قائم ڪيو ويو آهي، جيڪو فردن ۽ ڪمپنين کي گڏيل ڪم جي جڳهه فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ صنعت ۽ علمي دنيا کي گڏ آڻي جدت جي واڌاري ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=Software tech park to be ready at ICB G-6/3 (Monday) |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/software-tech-park-to-be-ready-at-icb-g-6-3-monday/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==

ڪاليج 1966ع ۾ شهر جي شروعاتي دور دوران قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=Dawn/&gt; حميد حسن صديقي اداري جي باني پرنسپال طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. هو 1917ع ۾ ڄائو هو ۽ نومبر 1947ع ۾ [[پاڪستان]] ڏانهن لڏي آيو. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ڪراچي]] جي جيل روڊ تي گورنمينٽ اسڪول جو باني پرنسپال بڻيو. 1953ع ۾ هن ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر آف اسڪولس طور به خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. 1958ع ۾ هو [[ڍاڪا]] جي ڌن منڊي ۾ رهاڪو ماڊل اسڪول جو باني پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو ۽ پوءِ 1966ع ۾ اسلام آباد ڪاليج فار بوائز جو باني پرنسپال بڻيو. سندس آخري مقرري 1972ع ۾ ڪراچي ۾ انسپيڪٽر آف اسڪولس طور ٿي. ان کان پوءِ 1975ع ۾ ايم. ڪي. اي. بيگ ڪاليج جو پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو. سندس دور کي اداري جو سونهري دور سمجهيو ويندو آهي. بعد ۾ محمد سبحان الله 1982ع ۾ وائيس پرنسپال مقرر ٿيو ۽ 1992ع تائين انهيءَ عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن کيس پرنسپال بڻايو ويو. هن اداري ۾ پرنسپال طور ٻه ڀيرا خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Sir Hamid Hasan Siddiqui - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/sir-hamid-hasan-siddiqui/,%20https://www.icbian.com/sir-hamid-hasan-siddiqui/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Sir Subhan Ullah - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/sir-subhan-ullah/,%20https://www.icbian.com/sir-subhan-ullah/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آءِ سي بي ۾ پريپ ڪلاس کان وٺي پوسٽ گريجوئيٽ سطح تائين تعليم ڏني ويندي آهي. ثانوي ۽ اعليٰ ثانوي درجن لاءِ هي ادارو [[فيڊرل بورڊ آف انٽرميڊيئيٽ اينڊ سيڪنڊري ايجوڪيشن]]، اسلام آباد سان لاڳاپيل آهي. ڊگري ڪلاسن جا خارجي امتحان [[قائد اعظم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسلام آباد]] پاران ورتا ويندا آهن.

آءِ سي بي ۾ 7,000 کان وڌيڪ شاگرد زيرِ تعليم آهن، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 صبح جي شفٽ ۽ 3,500 شام جي شفٽ ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/999169/herculean-task-ending-evening-shifts-a-long-way-to-go|title=Herculean task: Ending evening shifts—a long way to go|date=November 26, 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; هتي ٻه [[ڪمپيوٽر ليبارٽري|ڪمپيوٽر ليبارٽريون]] موجود آهن، جڏهن ته [[طبعيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[حيوانيات]] ۽ [[نباتيات]] لاءِ سائنسي ليبارٽريون پڻ قائم آهن. ڪاليج ۾ ٽي لائبريريون ۽ ٽي ڪينٽينون آهن. اڳ ۾ هتي هڪ هاسٽل پڻ موجود هو، جنهن کي بعد ۾ درسي ڪمرن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/904882/dormitory-dilemmas-housing-shortage-a-major-hurdle-for-students|title=Dormitory dilemmas: Housing shortage a major hurdle for students|date=June 16, 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊاڪٽر هلال الدين احمد، جيڪو بنگلاديش حڪومت جو رٽائرڊ ايڊيشنل سيڪريٽري آهي، عالمي استادن جي ڏينهن جي موقعي تي ڪاليج بابت پنهنجي گهري قدرشناسي جو اظهار ڪيو. هن 1969ع کان 1971ع تائين هن اداري ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي هئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هو [[بنگلاديش]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Former Adl Secretary of Bangladesh govt remembers his teachers at ICB G/6-3 on World Teachers Day |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/06-Oct-2024/former-adl-secretary-of-bangladesh-govt-remembers-his-teachers-at-icb-g-6-3-on-world-teachers-day |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اداري جي اڳوڻن شاگردن ۾ [[اسلام آباد هاءِ ڪورٽ]] جو اڳوڻو چيف جسٽس ۽ [[سپريم ڪورٽ آف پاڪستان]] جو موجوده جج جسٽس [[اطهر من الله]] پڻ شامل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ministry asked to host mobile learning festivals |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1872616 |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=dawn.com |publisher=[[ڊان (اخبار)|ڊان]] |date=16 November 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014ع ۾ آءِ سي بي کي ڊگري ڪاليج جو درجو ڏنو ويو ۽ هتي چار ساله بيچلر ڊگري پروگرام شروع ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/723422/standardisation-capital-colleges-to-offer-four-year-bs-degrees|title=Standardisation: Capital colleges to offer four-year BS degrees|date=17 June 2014|website=[[دي ايڪسپريس ٽربيون]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ پاڪستان حڪومت ڪاليج ۾ هڪ جديد جمنازيم تعمير ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Govt colleges get gymnasiums |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2266773/govt-colleges-get-gymnasiums |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=tribune.com.pk |publisher=[[دي ايڪسپريس ٽربيون]] |date=3 October 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع ۾ ڪاليج جي دوري دوران [[گورنر پنجاب]] سردار سليم حيدر خان ڪاليج جي سهولتن کي ساراهيندي چيو ته اهي ملڪ جي بهترين خانگي اسڪولن جي برابر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Governor Punjab visits Pak Learning Festival; lauds edu ministry's initiative |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/governor-punjab-visits-pak-learning-festival-lauds-edu-ministrys-initiative/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

علي احمد کھرل نومبر 2018ع کان اداري جو موجوده پرنسپال آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Principals changed |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/396112-principals-changed |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=[[دي نيوز انٽرنيشنل]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== اڳوڻا شاگرد ==

دستياب معلومات موجب اداري جا هيٺيان اڳوڻا شاگرد نمايان حيثيت رکن ٿا:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title=ICBian Forever - ICBian Alumni Hub - Bridging Careers &amp; Community |url=https://www.icbian.com/,%20https://www.icbian.com/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''احمد واني''': [[پاڪستان ايڊمنسٽريٽو سروس]] (PAS) جو هڪ ممتاز آفيسر، جنهن کي سرڪاري شعبي ۾ 22 سالن کان وڌيڪ تجربو حاصل آهي. هو هن وقت [[وفاقي سيڪريٽري]] طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.
# '''نديم محبوب''': هڪ سينيئر سرڪاري عملدار ۽ پاڪستان ايڊمنسٽريٽو سروس جو بي پي ايس-21 آفيسر. هو هن وقت [[وزارت قومي صحت خدمتون، ضابطا ۽ رابطا]] جو سيڪريٽري آهي. ان کان اڳ هو [[وزارت داخلا (پاڪستان)|وزارت داخلا]] ۾ اسپيشل سيڪريٽري طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏئي چڪو آهي.
# '''ڊاڪٽر سلطان اعظم تيموري''': [[پاڪستان پوليس سروس]] (PSP) سان لاڳاپيل هڪ ممتاز سرڪاري عملدار. هن پاڪستان ۽ بين الاقوامي سطح تي ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ عهدن تي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. هو [[اسلام آباد پوليس]] جو [[انسپيڪٽر جنرل پوليس]] پڻ رهيو. هن جنوري 2022ع ۾ رٽائرمينٽ تائين قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ شعبي ۾ 33 سال خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.
# '''جنرل [[ساحر شمشاد مرزا]]''': [[پاڪستان فوج]] جو چار ستارن وارو جنرل.
# '''ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[احمد شريف چوڌري]]''': پاڪستان فوج جو ٽي ستارن وارو جنرل.
# '''وائيس ايڊمرل [[اويس احمد بلگرامي]]''': [[پاڪستان نيوي]] جو هڪ [[فليگ آفيسر]]، جيڪو هن وقت وائيس چيف آف دي نيول اسٽاف (VCNS) طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.
# '''[[مجاهد انور خان]]''': هڪ اعزاز يافته هواباز، جنهن [[پاڪستان هوائي فوج]] جي چيف آف ايئر اسٽاف طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.
# '''[[خواور رباني]]''': وڪيل، تربيتڪار، مصنوعي ذهانت جي قانوني ماهر ۽ پاڪستان ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ٽيم تجزيه نگار. هو آءِ سي بي جو هڪ نمايان اڳوڻو شاگرد آهي، جنهن مسلسل چار ڀيرا وظيفو حاصل ڪيو، سلور جوبلي جو گولڊ ميڊلسٽ رهيو ۽ مسلسل تيرهن ڀيرا اول پوزيشن حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-20 |title=Khawer Rabbani}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''[[عادل نجم|ڊاڪٽر عادل نجم]]''': هڪ مشهور تعليمي ماهر، جيڪو [[لاهور يونيورسٽي آف مينيجمينٽ سائنسز]] (LUMS) جو [[وائيس چانسلر]] رهيو. 2023ع کان هو [[ورلڊ وائيڊ فنڊ فار نيچر]] (WWF International) جو صدر پڻ آهي.
# '''محمد شهباز جميل''': هڪ پيشاور بينڪر، جنهن کي 27 سالن کان وڌيڪ تجربو حاصل آهي. هو [[زرعي ترقياتي بينڪ لميٽيڊ]] (ZTBL) جو صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر، ۽ [[بينڪ آف خيبر]] جو مينيجنگ ڊائريڪٽر/چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر پڻ رهي چڪو آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [https://icb.edu.pk/ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630021306/https://icb.edu.pk/ |date=30 June 2023 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015055556/http://www.icbaf.org/ آءِ سي بي ايلومنائي فائونڊيشن جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]

[[زمرو:اسلام آباد جا اسڪول]]
[[زمرو:1968ع ۾ قائم ٿيل تعليمي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ڇوڪرن جا اسڪول]]
[[زمرو:1966ع ۾ پاڪستان ۾ قائم ٿيل ادارا]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: return { 	name = 'اسلام آباد ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري', 	top = 33.8366138, 	bottom = 33.423425, 	left = 72.7920138, 	right = 73.4084527, 	image = 'Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory adm location map.svg' }</comment>
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	top = 33.8366138,
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    <title>'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم (کنڀي)</title>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: | authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)  {{Speciesbox | image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg | genus = Entoloma | species = holoconiotum | authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009) | synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt; | synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt; }}  '''اينٽولو...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2147" sha1="hqfkc4f4wfomx1a05jpnxb0xkvjyb8k" xml:space="preserve">| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)

{{Speciesbox
| image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg
| genus = Entoloma
| species = holoconiotum
| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم'''
 ('''''Entoloma
holoconiotum''''') فنگس جي خاندان [[اينٽولوماٽيسيئي]] (Entolomataceae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ [[کمڀي]] (مشروم) آهي. هن نوع کي اصل ۾ 1972ع ۾ ڊيوڊ لارجنٽ ۽ [[هيري ٿيئرز]] پاران ''Nolanea holoconiota'' جي نالي سان [[نوع جي وضاحت|وضاحت]] ڪئي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;/&gt; [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ 2009ع ۾ ان کي ''[[اينٽولوما]] (Entoloma)'' [[جنس (جينس)|جنس]] ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;/&gt; هي نوع [[اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه واري حصي]] جي مخروطي ٻيلن ۾ ملي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن جي ٽوپي هلڪي ڀوري يا نارنگي مائل رنگ جي هوندي آهي ۽ ان جو قطر 2 کان 6 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=198|oclc=797915861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[اينٽولوما جي نوعن جي فهرست (List of Entoloma species)|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]</text>
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{{Speciesbox
| image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg
| genus = Entoloma
| species = holoconiotum
| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم'''
 ('''''Entoloma
holoconiotum''''') فنگس جي خاندان [[اينٽولوماٽيسيئي]] (Entolomataceae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ [[کمڀي]] (مشروم) آهي. هن نوع کي اصل ۾ 1972ع ۾ ڊيوڊ لارجنٽ ۽ [[هيري ٿيئرز]] پاران ''Nolanea holoconiota'' جي نالي سان [[نوع جي وضاحت|وضاحت]] ڪئي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;/&gt; [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ 2009ع ۾ ان کي ''[[اينٽولوما]] (Entoloma)'' [[جنس (جينس)|جنس]] ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;/&gt; هي نوع [[اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه واري حصي]] جي مخروطي ٻيلن ۾ ملي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن جي ٽوپي هلڪي ڀوري يا نارنگي مائل رنگ جي هوندي آهي ۽ ان جو قطر 2 کان 6 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=198|oclc=797915861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[اينٽولوما جي نوعن جي فهرست (List of Entoloma species)|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>385543</id>
      <parentid>385542</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:11:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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{{Speciesbox
| image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg
| genus = Entoloma
| species = holoconiotum
| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم'''
 ('''''Entoloma
holoconiotum''''') فنگس جي خاندان [[اينٽولوماٽيسيئي]] (Entolomataceae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ [[کمڀي]] (مشروم) آهي. هن نوع کي اصل ۾ 1972ع ۾ ڊيوڊ لارجنٽ ۽ [[هيري ٿيئرز]] پاران ''Nolanea holoconiota'' جي نالي سان [[نوع جي وضاحت|وضاحت]] ڪئي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;/&gt; [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ 2009ع ۾ ان کي ''[[اينٽولوما]] (Entoloma)'' [[جنس (جينس)|جنس]] ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;/&gt; هي نوع [[اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه واري حصي]] جي مخروطي ٻيلن ۾ ملي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن جي ٽوپي هلڪي ڀوري يا نارنگي مائل رنگ جي هوندي آهي ۽ ان جو قطر 2 کان 6 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=198|oclc=797915861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Co-David D, Langeveld D, Noordeloos ME |title=Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae |journal=Persoonia |year=2009 |volume=23 |pages=147–176 |url=http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |pmid=20198166 |doi=10.3767/003158509X480944 |pmc=2802732 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171858/http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-27 }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Largent DL, Thiers HD |title=Rhodophylloid fungi of the Pacific Coast (United States) II: new or interesting subgeneric taxa of ''Nolanea'' |journal=Northwest Science |year=1972 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=32–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=513658 |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Entoloma holoconiotum'' (Largent &amp; Thiers) Noordel. &amp; Co-David |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*{{IndexFungorum|513658}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3342881}}

[[زمرو:Entoloma|holoconiotum]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا فنگس]]
[[زمرو:1972ع ۾ بيان ڪيل فنگس]]
[[زمرو:هيري ڊيلبرٽ ٿيئرز جي نالي سان منسوب ٽيڪسا]]
[[زمرو:فنگس جون نوعون]]

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{{Speciesbox
| image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg
| genus = Entoloma
| species = holoconiotum
| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم'''
 ('''''Entoloma
holoconiotum''''') فنگس جي خاندان [[اينٽولوماٽيسيئي]] (Entolomataceae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ [[کمڀي]] (مشروم) آهي. هن نوع کي اصل ۾ 1972ع ۾ ڊيوڊ لارجنٽ ۽ [[هيري ٿيئرز]] پاران ''Nolanea holoconiota'' جي نالي سان [[نوع جي وضاحت|وضاحت]] ڪئي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;/&gt; [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ 2009ع ۾ ان کي ''[[اينٽولوما]] (Entoloma)'' [[جنس (جينس)|جنس]] ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;/&gt; هي نوع [[اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه واري حصي]] جي مخروطي ٻيلن ۾ ملي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن جي ٽوپي هلڪي ڀوري يا نارنگي مائل رنگ جي هوندي آهي ۽ ان جو قطر 2 کان 6 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=198|oclc=797915861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Co-David D, Langeveld D, Noordeloos ME |title=Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae |journal=Persoonia |year=2009 |volume=23 |pages=147–176 |url=http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |pmid=20198166 |doi=10.3767/003158509X480944 |pmc=2802732 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171858/http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-27 }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Largent DL, Thiers HD |title=Rhodophylloid fungi of the Pacific Coast (United States) II: new or interesting subgeneric taxa of ''Nolanea'' |journal=Northwest Science |year=1972 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=32–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=513658 |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Entoloma holoconiotum'' (Largent &amp; Thiers) Noordel. &amp; Co-David |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*{{IndexFungorum|513658}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3342881}}

[[زمرو:Entoloma|holoconiotum]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا فنگس]]
[[زمرو:1972ع ۾ بيان ڪيل فنگس]]
[[زمرو:هيري ڊيلبرٽ ٿيئرز جي نالي سان منسوب ٽيڪسا]]
[[زمرو:فنگس جون نوعون]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*{{IndexFungorum|513658}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3342881}}

[[زمرو:Entoloma|holoconiotum]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا فنگس]]
[[زمرو:1972ع ۾ بيان ڪيل فنگس]]
[[زمرو:هيري ڊيلبرٽ ٿيئرز جي نالي سان منسوب ٽيڪسا]]
[[زمرو:فنگس جون نوعون]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:14:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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{{Speciesbox
| image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg
| genus = Entoloma
| species = holoconiotum
| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم'''
 ('''''Entoloma
holoconiotum''''') فنگس جي خاندان [[اينٽولوماٽيسيئي]] (Entolomataceae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ [[کمڀي]] (مشروم) آهي. هن نوع کي اصل ۾ 1972ع ۾ ڊيوڊ لارجنٽ ۽ [[هيري ٿيئرز]] پاران ''Nolanea holoconiota'' جي نالي سان [[نوع جي وضاحت|وضاحت]] ڪئي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;/&gt; [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ 2009ع ۾ ان کي ''[[اينٽولوما]] (Entoloma)'' [[جنس (جينس)|جنس]] ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;/&gt; هي نوع [[اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه واري حصي]] جي مخروطي ٻيلن ۾ ملي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن جي ٽوپي هلڪي ڀوري يا نارنگي مائل رنگ جي هوندي آهي ۽ ان جو قطر 2 کان 6 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=198|oclc=797915861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==

{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Co-David D, Langeveld D, Noordeloos ME |title=Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae |journal=Persoonia |year=2009 |volume=23 |pages=147–176 |url=http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |pmid=20198166 |doi=10.3767/003158509X480944 |pmc=2802732 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171858/http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-27 }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Largent DL, Thiers HD |title=Rhodophylloid fungi of the Pacific Coast (United States) II: new or interesting subgeneric taxa of ''Nolanea'' |journal=Northwest Science |year=1972 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=32–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=513658 |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Entoloma holoconiotum'' (Largent &amp; Thiers) Noordel. &amp; Co-David |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}
== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*{{IndexFungorum|513658}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3342881}}

[[زمرو:Entoloma|holoconiotum]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا فنگس]]
[[زمرو:1972ع ۾ بيان ڪيل فنگس]]
[[زمرو:هيري ڊيلبرٽ ٿيئرز جي نالي سان منسوب ٽيڪسا]]
[[زمرو:فنگس جون نوعون]]

{{Agaricales-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>oxxi3tvzch9y7lp66s1i9nseht3q9w4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385547</id>
      <parentid>385545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* حوالا */</comment>
      <origin>385547</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3576" sha1="1mx6817egw8gtx4623833cya8offnml" xml:space="preserve">

{{Speciesbox
| image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg
| genus = Entoloma
| species = holoconiotum
| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم'''
 ('''''Entoloma
holoconiotum''''') فنگس جي خاندان [[اينٽولوماٽيسيئي]] (Entolomataceae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ [[کمڀي]] (مشروم) آهي. هن نوع کي اصل ۾ 1972ع ۾ ڊيوڊ لارجنٽ ۽ [[هيري ٿيئرز]] پاران ''Nolanea holoconiota'' جي نالي سان [[نوع جي وضاحت|وضاحت]] ڪئي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;/&gt; [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ 2009ع ۾ ان کي ''[[اينٽولوما]] (Entoloma)'' [[جنس (جينس)|جنس]] ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;/&gt; هي نوع [[اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه واري حصي]] جي مخروطي ٻيلن ۾ ملي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن جي ٽوپي هلڪي ڀوري يا نارنگي مائل رنگ جي هوندي آهي ۽ ان جو قطر 2 کان 6 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=198|oclc=797915861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Co-David D, Langeveld D, Noordeloos ME |title=Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae |journal=Persoonia |year=2009 |volume=23 |pages=147–176 |url=http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |pmid=20198166 |doi=10.3767/003158509X480944 |pmc=2802732 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171858/http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-27 }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Largent DL, Thiers HD |title=Rhodophylloid fungi of the Pacific Coast (United States) II: new or interesting subgeneric taxa of ''Nolanea'' |journal=Northwest Science |year=1972 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=32–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=513658 |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Entoloma holoconiotum'' (Largent &amp; Thiers) Noordel. &amp; Co-David |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*{{IndexFungorum|513658}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3342881}}

[[زمرو:Entoloma|holoconiotum]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا فنگس]]
[[زمرو:1972ع ۾ بيان ڪيل فنگس]]
[[زمرو:هيري ڊيلبرٽ ٿيئرز جي نالي سان منسوب ٽيڪسا]]
[[زمرو:فنگس جون نوعون]]

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{{Speciesbox
| image = Nolanea holoconiota.jpg
| genus = Entoloma
| species = holoconiotum
| authority = (Largent &amp; [[هيري ٿيئرز]]) [[نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ (2009)
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;/&gt;
| synonyms = *''Nolanea holoconiota'' &lt;small&gt;لارجنٽ ۽ ٿيئرز (1972)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''اينٽولوما هولوڪونيوٽم''' ('''''Entoloma
holoconiotum''''') فنگس جي خاندان [[اينٽولوماٽيسيئي]] (Entolomataceae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ [[کمڀي]] (مشروم) آهي. هن نوع کي اصل ۾ 1972ع ۾ ڊيوڊ لارجنٽ ۽ [[هيري ٿيئرز]] پاران ''Nolanea holoconiota'' جي نالي سان [[نوع جي وضاحت|وضاحت]] ڪئي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;/&gt; [[ماخيل نورڊيلوس]] ۽ ڪو-ڊيوڊ 2009ع ۾ ان کي ''[[اينٽولوما]] (Entoloma)'' [[جنس (جينس)|جنس]] ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;/&gt; هي نوع [[اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه واري حصي]] جي مخروطي ٻيلن ۾ ملي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Trudell|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC|title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest|last2=Ammirati|first2=Joe|publisher=Timber Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-88192-935-5|series=Timber Press Field Guides|location=Portland, OR|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن جي ٽوپي هلڪي ڀوري يا نارنگي مائل رنگ جي هوندي آهي ۽ ان جو قطر 2 کان 6 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=198|oclc=797915861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[Entoloma جي نوعن جي فهرست|''Entoloma'' جي نوعن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;Co-David 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Co-David D, Langeveld D, Noordeloos ME |title=Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae |journal=Persoonia |year=2009 |volume=23 |pages=147–176 |url=http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |pmid=20198166 |doi=10.3767/003158509X480944 |pmc=2802732 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171858/http://www.persoonia.org/Issue/23/11.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-27 }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Largent 1972&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Largent DL, Thiers HD |title=Rhodophylloid fungi of the Pacific Coast (United States) II: new or interesting subgeneric taxa of ''Nolanea'' |journal=Northwest Science |year=1972 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=32–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFungorum synonymy: Entoloma holoconiotum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=513658 |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Entoloma holoconiotum'' (Largent &amp; Thiers) Noordel. &amp; Co-David |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2016-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*{{IndexFungorum|513658}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3342881}}

[[زمرو:Entoloma|holoconiotum]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا فنگس]]
[[زمرو:1972ع ۾ بيان ڪيل فنگس]]
[[زمرو:هيري ڊيلبرٽ ٿيئرز جي نالي سان منسوب ٽيڪسا]]
[[زمرو:فنگس جون نوعون]]

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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|فنگس بادشاھت جي سڀني رسمي (سائنسي) نالن جي فهرست سازي لاءِ بين الاقوامي منصوبي}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Use British English|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox website | name           = انڊيڪس فنگورم | logo           = | url            = [https://www.indexfungorum.org/ IndexFungorum.org] | alexa          = | commercial     = نه | type           = [[ڊيٽابيس (Database)]...</comment>
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ (Landcare Research New Zealand Limited)]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز (Chinese Academy of Sciences)]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس (International Plant Names Index)|انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو (Correct name)|صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا (Synonyms)|هم معنيٰ نالا]] درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (nomenclatural repositories) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي (Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو (Pier Andrea Saccardo)]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ (Franz Petrak)]] جي ''Lists'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي (post-publication indexing) کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن (pre-publication registration) ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox website
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| logo           =
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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ (Landcare Research New Zealand Limited)]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز (Chinese Academy of Sciences)]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس (International Plant Names Index)|انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو (Correct name)|صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا (Synonyms)|هم معنيٰ نالا]] درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (nomenclatural repositories) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي (Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو (Pier Andrea Saccardo)]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ (Franz Petrak)]] جي ''Lists'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي (post-publication indexing) کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن (pre-publication registration) ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox website
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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ (Landcare Research New Zealand Limited)]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز (Chinese Academy of Sciences)]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس (International Plant Names Index)|انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو (Correct name)|صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا (Synonyms)|هم معنيٰ نالا]] درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (nomenclatural repositories) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي (Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو (Pier Andrea Saccardo)]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ (Franz Petrak)]] جي ''Lists'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي (post-publication indexing) کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن (pre-publication registration) ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;
== مواد ۽ دائرو ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو مقصد انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي هڪ جامع فهرست مهيا ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي ڪڏهن به [[درست نموني شايع ٿيل نالو (Validly published name)|درست نموني شايع]] ڪيا ويا هجن. ان ۾ اهي نالا پڻ شامل آهن جيڪي هاڻي تڪراري، متروڪ يا استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿي چڪا آهن. ڊيٽابيس ۾ نالياتي عملن (nomenclatural acts) جو هڪ وسيع سلسلو شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ خاندان کان مٿين درجن (suprafamilial) کان وٺي [[ذيلي نوع (Infraspecific)|ذيلي نوع]] تائين نوان ٽيڪسا، نوان [[متبادل نالا (Replacement name)|متبادل نالا]]، [[نئون ميلاپ (New combination)|نوان ميلاپ]] ۽ مختلف قسمن جون ٽائپيفڪيشنون شامل آهن. ان ۾ [[لائڪن (Lichen)]] ٺاهيندڙ فنگس جا نالا پڻ شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي تاريخي طور ڪڏهن ڪڏهن الڳ سمجهيا ويندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

1 جنوري 2019ع کان انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽيڪسن لاءِ نون قسم-مقررائن (type designations) کي پڻ رجسٽر ڪرڻ لڳو، جيڪي اڳ ۾ بيان ڪيا ويا هئا ۽ جن جو درجو نوع يا ان کان هيٺ هجي. ان ۾ ليڪٽوٽائپيفڪيشن (lectotypification)، نيوٽائپيفڪيشن (neotypification) ۽ ايپيٽائپيفڪيشن (epitypification) شامل آهن. اهڙن عملن کي رجسٽر ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (identifier) کي اشاعت ۾ درج ڪرڻ لازمي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو بنيادي حصو انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي عالمي فهرست آهي جيڪي ڪڏهن به درست نموني بيان ڪيا ويا آهن، پر انهن مان ڪيترائي نالا تڪراري يا غيرمستعمل آهن. ''Species Fungorum'' هڪ ويجهڙائي وارو منصوبو آهي، جيڪو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ [[ڪيبي آءِ (CABI)]] جي سهڪار سان هلندو آهي. ان جو مقصد انڊيڪس فنگورم ۾ موجود نالن مان اهڙو هم آهنگ ذيلي مجموعو تيار ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن کي موجوده وقت ۾ صحيح سمجهي سفارش ڪري سگهجي.

استعمال ڪندڙ انڊيڪس فنگورم يا Species Fungorum مان الڳ الڳ ڳولا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي نتيجن ۾ Species Fungorum ڏانهن [[حوالو ڳنڍ (Cross-reference)|حوالو ڳنڍ]] پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن اهڙو داخلا موجود هجي. جن نالن سان اهڙو حوالو موجود نه هجي، اهي عام طور رڳو تاريخي اهميت رکن ٿا ۽ موجوده استعمال لاءِ معتبر نه سمجهيا وڃن.&lt;ref name=IF&gt;See the pop-up &quot;Help with searching&quot; at {{cite web |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |title=Index Fungorum home page|work=Index Fungorum|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/ |title=''Species Fungorum'' home page|work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي جامع فهرست تيار ڪرڻ ڪيترن ئي چئلينجن سان ڀريل آهي. انهن ۾ متروڪ نالن سان واسطو رکڻ، دنيا جي مختلف رسالن ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ نون نالن جي ڳولا، ۽ هر سال بيان ٿيندڙ نون فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي سنڀالڻ شامل آهي. [[برقي ڊيٽابيس (Electronic database)|برقي ڊيٽابيسن]] جي ترقي انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، پر اهو ڪم اڃا به پيچيده ۽ جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

پنهنجي ڊيٽا جي بناوت کي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ ٻين نظامن سان هم آهنگي بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم [[ٽيڪسان ڪانسيپٽ اسڪيما (Taxon Concept Schema)]] کي نون نالن ۽ ٻين نالياتي عملن جي رجسٽريشن ۽ فهرست سازي لاءِ بنيادي معيار طور اختيار ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي فهرست سازي ۾ هڪ خاص مسئلو &quot;[[لانگ ٽيل (Long tail)|لانگ ٽيل]]&quot; سڏجي ٿو، جتي ڪيترائي نالا ننڍين ۽ گهٽ مشهور اشاعتن ۾ شايع ٿيندا آهن. ان ڪري خاص طور پراڻين اشاعتن لاءِ مڪمل ادبي احاطو حاصل ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox website
| name           = انڊيڪس فنگورم
| logo           =
| url            = [https://www.indexfungorum.org/ IndexFungorum.org]
| alexa          =
| commercial     = نه
| type           = [[ڊيٽابيس (Database)]]
| registration   = ضروري ناهي
| owner          = انڊيڪس فنگورم ڀائيواري
| author         = انڊيڪس فنگورم ڀائيواري
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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ (Landcare Research New Zealand Limited)]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز (Chinese Academy of Sciences)]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس (International Plant Names Index)|انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو (Correct name)|صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا (Synonyms)|هم معنيٰ نالا]] درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (nomenclatural repositories) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي (Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو (Pier Andrea Saccardo)]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ (Franz Petrak)]] جي ''Lists'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي (post-publication indexing) کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن (pre-publication registration) ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;
== مواد ۽ دائرو ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو مقصد انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي هڪ جامع فهرست مهيا ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي ڪڏهن به [[درست نموني شايع ٿيل نالو (Validly published name)|درست نموني شايع]] ڪيا ويا هجن. ان ۾ اهي نالا پڻ شامل آهن جيڪي هاڻي تڪراري، متروڪ يا استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿي چڪا آهن. ڊيٽابيس ۾ نالياتي عملن (nomenclatural acts) جو هڪ وسيع سلسلو شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ خاندان کان مٿين درجن (suprafamilial) کان وٺي [[ذيلي نوع (Infraspecific)|ذيلي نوع]] تائين نوان ٽيڪسا، نوان [[متبادل نالا (Replacement name)|متبادل نالا]]، [[نئون ميلاپ (New combination)|نوان ميلاپ]] ۽ مختلف قسمن جون ٽائپيفڪيشنون شامل آهن. ان ۾ [[لائڪن (Lichen)]] ٺاهيندڙ فنگس جا نالا پڻ شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي تاريخي طور ڪڏهن ڪڏهن الڳ سمجهيا ويندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

1 جنوري 2019ع کان انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽيڪسن لاءِ نون قسم-مقررائن (type designations) کي پڻ رجسٽر ڪرڻ لڳو، جيڪي اڳ ۾ بيان ڪيا ويا هئا ۽ جن جو درجو نوع يا ان کان هيٺ هجي. ان ۾ ليڪٽوٽائپيفڪيشن (lectotypification)، نيوٽائپيفڪيشن (neotypification) ۽ ايپيٽائپيفڪيشن (epitypification) شامل آهن. اهڙن عملن کي رجسٽر ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (identifier) کي اشاعت ۾ درج ڪرڻ لازمي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو بنيادي حصو انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي عالمي فهرست آهي جيڪي ڪڏهن به درست نموني بيان ڪيا ويا آهن، پر انهن مان ڪيترائي نالا تڪراري يا غيرمستعمل آهن. ''Species Fungorum'' هڪ ويجهڙائي وارو منصوبو آهي، جيڪو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ [[ڪيبي آءِ (CABI)]] جي سهڪار سان هلندو آهي. ان جو مقصد انڊيڪس فنگورم ۾ موجود نالن مان اهڙو هم آهنگ ذيلي مجموعو تيار ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن کي موجوده وقت ۾ صحيح سمجهي سفارش ڪري سگهجي.

استعمال ڪندڙ انڊيڪس فنگورم يا Species Fungorum مان الڳ الڳ ڳولا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي نتيجن ۾ Species Fungorum ڏانهن [[حوالو ڳنڍ (Cross-reference)|حوالو ڳنڍ]] پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن اهڙو داخلا موجود هجي. جن نالن سان اهڙو حوالو موجود نه هجي، اهي عام طور رڳو تاريخي اهميت رکن ٿا ۽ موجوده استعمال لاءِ معتبر نه سمجهيا وڃن.&lt;ref name=IF&gt;See the pop-up &quot;Help with searching&quot; at {{cite web |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |title=Index Fungorum home page|work=Index Fungorum|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/ |title=''Species Fungorum'' home page|work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي جامع فهرست تيار ڪرڻ ڪيترن ئي چئلينجن سان ڀريل آهي. انهن ۾ متروڪ نالن سان واسطو رکڻ، دنيا جي مختلف رسالن ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ نون نالن جي ڳولا، ۽ هر سال بيان ٿيندڙ نون فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي سنڀالڻ شامل آهي. [[برقي ڊيٽابيس (Electronic database)|برقي ڊيٽابيسن]] جي ترقي انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، پر اهو ڪم اڃا به پيچيده ۽ جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

پنهنجي ڊيٽا جي بناوت کي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ ٻين نظامن سان هم آهنگي بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم [[ٽيڪسان ڪانسيپٽ اسڪيما (Taxon Concept Schema)]] کي نون نالن ۽ ٻين نالياتي عملن جي رجسٽريشن ۽ فهرست سازي لاءِ بنيادي معيار طور اختيار ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي فهرست سازي ۾ هڪ خاص مسئلو &quot;[[لانگ ٽيل (Long tail)|لانگ ٽيل]]&quot; سڏجي ٿو، جتي ڪيترائي نالا ننڍين ۽ گهٽ مشهور اشاعتن ۾ شايع ٿيندا آهن. ان ڪري خاص طور پراڻين اشاعتن لاءِ مڪمل ادبي احاطو حاصل ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== خصوصيتون ۽ خدمتون ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس جي رڪارڊن لاءِ [[لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (Life Science Identifiers)|لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن (LSIDs)]] جي سهولت فراهم ڪري ٿو. هي خصوصيت مختلف ڊيٽابيسن ۽ علمي اشاعتن ۾ فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي منفرد سڃاڻپ ۽ حواله ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.

انڊيڪس فنگورم رجسٽريشن لاءِ [[ايڪس ايم ايل (XML)|XML]] تي ٻڌل [[مشين کان مشين (Machine-to-machine)|مشين کان مشين]] ڪم ڪار وارو نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي. هي خودڪار عمل اشاعتي ادارن جي نظامن سان گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن سان فنگسي نالن جي اشاعت کان اڳ رجسٽريشن وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻجي سگهي ٿي. هي نظام مختلف ٽيڪسانومي نالن جي رجسٽرين جي وچ ۾ هڪ معياري رجسٽريشن عمل قائم ڪرڻ جي وسيع ڪوشش جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ 2020ع تائين مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank) رجسٽريشن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام بڻجي ويو هو، جتي 97.7٪ نون بيان ڪيل ٽيڪسن رجسٽريشن نمبرن لاءِ ان جو استعمال ڪيو، تڏهن به انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن بابت عام نالياتي معلومات حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ اهم ۽ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام طور پنهنجو ڪردار برقرار رکيو آهي. ٻنهي ڊيٽابيسن جي اها تڪميلي لاڳاپي فنگس شناسي جي برادري جي مختلف ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendemer 2021&quot;/&gt;

فنگس لاءِ نالن جي رجسٽريشن جو تصور وقت سان گڏ ترقي ڪندو رهيو آهي. تازن سالن ۾ ان جي نتيجي ۾ مائيڪو بئنڪ جهڙا آن لائين رجسٽريشن نظام وجود ۾ آيا آهن، جيڪي انڊيڪس فنگورم سان گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا ته جيئن نون فنگسي نالن کي صحيح نموني رڪارڊ ڪري سائنسي برادري تائين پهچايو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس ۾ ڳولا ۽ رڪارڊ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[SOAP]] پروٽوڪول تي ٻڌل [[ويب سروس (Web service)|ويب سروس]] پڻ مهيا ڪري ٿو. انهن خدمتن جي وضاحت ڪندڙ [[ويب سروسز ڊسڪرپشن لئنگويج (Web Services Description Language)|WSDL]] فائيل پڻ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/IXFWebService/Fungus.asmx|title=Fungus Web Service|website=www.indexfungorum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم [[FAIR data|FAIR ڊيٽا]] جي اصولن (Findable، Accessible، Interoperable ۽ Reusable) تي عمل ڪري ٿو، جيڪي سائنسي ڊيٽا جي مؤثر ورهاست ۽ استعمال لاءِ ضروري آهن. هن وابستگي سبب هي ڊيٽابيس محققن لاءِ وڌيڪ ڪارآمد بڻجي ٿو ۽ حياتياتي تنوع بابت معلوماتي وسيلن سان ان جي هم آهنگي بهتر ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن جي ٽن سرڪاري رجسٽرين مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيون ٻه [[مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ بين الاقوامي نالياتي ڪاميٽي (International Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] پاران تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. اهي ٽيئي ذخيرا هر مهيني پنهنجو ڊيٽا هڪ ٻئي سان هم وقت (synchronize) ڪن ٿا ته جيئن مختلف پليٽفارمن تي معلومات ۾ يڪسانيت برقرار رهي. هي نظام فنگس شناسي برادري کي تازه ترين ۽ هم آهنگ نالياتي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو. انهن ذخيرن جي وچ ۾ تعاون فنگسي ناليات جي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ رسائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ ڏانهن هڪ اهم اڳڀرائي سمجهي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالياتي معلومات جي صحيح رڪارڊنگ ۽ حاصل ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم نمونن جي [[ميٽا ڊيٽا (Metadata)|ميٽا ڊيٽا]] بابت مخصوص معيارن جي سفارش ڪري ٿو. انهن ۾ گڏ ڪرڻ واري هنڌ، رهائشگاهه، [[سبسٽريٽ (Substrate)|سبسٽريٽ]]، گڏ ڪرڻ جي تاريخ ۽ ذخيرو ڪندڙ اداري بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ شامل آهي. اهي معيار انهي ڳالهه کي يقيني بڻائين ٿا ته ڊيٽابيس ٽيڪسانومسٽن ۽ ٻين محققن لاءِ جامع ۽ ڪارائتي معلومات مهيا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آسٽريليا جي ٻوٽن جي نالن جو اشاريه (Australian Plant Name Index)]]
* ''[[انڊيڪس ڪيوئينسس (Index Kewensis)]]''
* نظامي فنگس شناسي جي ڪتابيات

== حوالا ==</text>
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        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[Index Fungorum]] کي [[انڊيڪس فنگورم]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
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      <text bytes="15051" sha1="j2jxcrx0gzpw8oxeqd50flvdzyhek5c" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فنگس بادشاھت جي سڀني رسمي (سائنسي) نالن جي فهرست سازي لاءِ بين الاقوامي منصوبي}}

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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ (Landcare Research New Zealand Limited)]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز (Chinese Academy of Sciences)]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس (International Plant Names Index)|انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو (Correct name)|صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا (Synonyms)|هم معنيٰ نالا]] درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (nomenclatural repositories) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي (Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو (Pier Andrea Saccardo)]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ (Franz Petrak)]] جي ''Lists'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي (post-publication indexing) کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن (pre-publication registration) ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;
== مواد ۽ دائرو ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو مقصد انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي هڪ جامع فهرست مهيا ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي ڪڏهن به [[درست نموني شايع ٿيل نالو (Validly published name)|درست نموني شايع]] ڪيا ويا هجن. ان ۾ اهي نالا پڻ شامل آهن جيڪي هاڻي تڪراري، متروڪ يا استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿي چڪا آهن. ڊيٽابيس ۾ نالياتي عملن (nomenclatural acts) جو هڪ وسيع سلسلو شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ خاندان کان مٿين درجن (suprafamilial) کان وٺي [[ذيلي نوع (Infraspecific)|ذيلي نوع]] تائين نوان ٽيڪسا، نوان [[متبادل نالا (Replacement name)|متبادل نالا]]، [[نئون ميلاپ (New combination)|نوان ميلاپ]] ۽ مختلف قسمن جون ٽائپيفڪيشنون شامل آهن. ان ۾ [[لائڪن (Lichen)]] ٺاهيندڙ فنگس جا نالا پڻ شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي تاريخي طور ڪڏهن ڪڏهن الڳ سمجهيا ويندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

1 جنوري 2019ع کان انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽيڪسن لاءِ نون قسم-مقررائن (type designations) کي پڻ رجسٽر ڪرڻ لڳو، جيڪي اڳ ۾ بيان ڪيا ويا هئا ۽ جن جو درجو نوع يا ان کان هيٺ هجي. ان ۾ ليڪٽوٽائپيفڪيشن (lectotypification)، نيوٽائپيفڪيشن (neotypification) ۽ ايپيٽائپيفڪيشن (epitypification) شامل آهن. اهڙن عملن کي رجسٽر ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (identifier) کي اشاعت ۾ درج ڪرڻ لازمي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو بنيادي حصو انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي عالمي فهرست آهي جيڪي ڪڏهن به درست نموني بيان ڪيا ويا آهن، پر انهن مان ڪيترائي نالا تڪراري يا غيرمستعمل آهن. ''Species Fungorum'' هڪ ويجهڙائي وارو منصوبو آهي، جيڪو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ [[ڪيبي آءِ (CABI)]] جي سهڪار سان هلندو آهي. ان جو مقصد انڊيڪس فنگورم ۾ موجود نالن مان اهڙو هم آهنگ ذيلي مجموعو تيار ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن کي موجوده وقت ۾ صحيح سمجهي سفارش ڪري سگهجي.

استعمال ڪندڙ انڊيڪس فنگورم يا Species Fungorum مان الڳ الڳ ڳولا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي نتيجن ۾ Species Fungorum ڏانهن [[حوالو ڳنڍ (Cross-reference)|حوالو ڳنڍ]] پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن اهڙو داخلا موجود هجي. جن نالن سان اهڙو حوالو موجود نه هجي، اهي عام طور رڳو تاريخي اهميت رکن ٿا ۽ موجوده استعمال لاءِ معتبر نه سمجهيا وڃن.&lt;ref name=IF&gt;See the pop-up &quot;Help with searching&quot; at {{cite web |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |title=Index Fungorum home page|work=Index Fungorum|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/ |title=''Species Fungorum'' home page|work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي جامع فهرست تيار ڪرڻ ڪيترن ئي چئلينجن سان ڀريل آهي. انهن ۾ متروڪ نالن سان واسطو رکڻ، دنيا جي مختلف رسالن ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ نون نالن جي ڳولا، ۽ هر سال بيان ٿيندڙ نون فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي سنڀالڻ شامل آهي. [[برقي ڊيٽابيس (Electronic database)|برقي ڊيٽابيسن]] جي ترقي انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، پر اهو ڪم اڃا به پيچيده ۽ جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

پنهنجي ڊيٽا جي بناوت کي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ ٻين نظامن سان هم آهنگي بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم [[ٽيڪسان ڪانسيپٽ اسڪيما (Taxon Concept Schema)]] کي نون نالن ۽ ٻين نالياتي عملن جي رجسٽريشن ۽ فهرست سازي لاءِ بنيادي معيار طور اختيار ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي فهرست سازي ۾ هڪ خاص مسئلو &quot;[[لانگ ٽيل (Long tail)|لانگ ٽيل]]&quot; سڏجي ٿو، جتي ڪيترائي نالا ننڍين ۽ گهٽ مشهور اشاعتن ۾ شايع ٿيندا آهن. ان ڪري خاص طور پراڻين اشاعتن لاءِ مڪمل ادبي احاطو حاصل ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== خصوصيتون ۽ خدمتون ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس جي رڪارڊن لاءِ [[لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (Life Science Identifiers)|لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن (LSIDs)]] جي سهولت فراهم ڪري ٿو. هي خصوصيت مختلف ڊيٽابيسن ۽ علمي اشاعتن ۾ فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي منفرد سڃاڻپ ۽ حواله ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.

انڊيڪس فنگورم رجسٽريشن لاءِ [[ايڪس ايم ايل (XML)|XML]] تي ٻڌل [[مشين کان مشين (Machine-to-machine)|مشين کان مشين]] ڪم ڪار وارو نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي. هي خودڪار عمل اشاعتي ادارن جي نظامن سان گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن سان فنگسي نالن جي اشاعت کان اڳ رجسٽريشن وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻجي سگهي ٿي. هي نظام مختلف ٽيڪسانومي نالن جي رجسٽرين جي وچ ۾ هڪ معياري رجسٽريشن عمل قائم ڪرڻ جي وسيع ڪوشش جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ 2020ع تائين مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank) رجسٽريشن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام بڻجي ويو هو، جتي 97.7٪ نون بيان ڪيل ٽيڪسن رجسٽريشن نمبرن لاءِ ان جو استعمال ڪيو، تڏهن به انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن بابت عام نالياتي معلومات حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ اهم ۽ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام طور پنهنجو ڪردار برقرار رکيو آهي. ٻنهي ڊيٽابيسن جي اها تڪميلي لاڳاپي فنگس شناسي جي برادري جي مختلف ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendemer 2021&quot;/&gt;

فنگس لاءِ نالن جي رجسٽريشن جو تصور وقت سان گڏ ترقي ڪندو رهيو آهي. تازن سالن ۾ ان جي نتيجي ۾ مائيڪو بئنڪ جهڙا آن لائين رجسٽريشن نظام وجود ۾ آيا آهن، جيڪي انڊيڪس فنگورم سان گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا ته جيئن نون فنگسي نالن کي صحيح نموني رڪارڊ ڪري سائنسي برادري تائين پهچايو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس ۾ ڳولا ۽ رڪارڊ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[SOAP]] پروٽوڪول تي ٻڌل [[ويب سروس (Web service)|ويب سروس]] پڻ مهيا ڪري ٿو. انهن خدمتن جي وضاحت ڪندڙ [[ويب سروسز ڊسڪرپشن لئنگويج (Web Services Description Language)|WSDL]] فائيل پڻ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/IXFWebService/Fungus.asmx|title=Fungus Web Service|website=www.indexfungorum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم [[FAIR data|FAIR ڊيٽا]] جي اصولن (Findable، Accessible، Interoperable ۽ Reusable) تي عمل ڪري ٿو، جيڪي سائنسي ڊيٽا جي مؤثر ورهاست ۽ استعمال لاءِ ضروري آهن. هن وابستگي سبب هي ڊيٽابيس محققن لاءِ وڌيڪ ڪارآمد بڻجي ٿو ۽ حياتياتي تنوع بابت معلوماتي وسيلن سان ان جي هم آهنگي بهتر ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن جي ٽن سرڪاري رجسٽرين مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيون ٻه [[مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ بين الاقوامي نالياتي ڪاميٽي (International Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] پاران تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. اهي ٽيئي ذخيرا هر مهيني پنهنجو ڊيٽا هڪ ٻئي سان هم وقت (synchronize) ڪن ٿا ته جيئن مختلف پليٽفارمن تي معلومات ۾ يڪسانيت برقرار رهي. هي نظام فنگس شناسي برادري کي تازه ترين ۽ هم آهنگ نالياتي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو. انهن ذخيرن جي وچ ۾ تعاون فنگسي ناليات جي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ رسائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ ڏانهن هڪ اهم اڳڀرائي سمجهي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالياتي معلومات جي صحيح رڪارڊنگ ۽ حاصل ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم نمونن جي [[ميٽا ڊيٽا (Metadata)|ميٽا ڊيٽا]] بابت مخصوص معيارن جي سفارش ڪري ٿو. انهن ۾ گڏ ڪرڻ واري هنڌ، رهائشگاهه، [[سبسٽريٽ (Substrate)|سبسٽريٽ]]، گڏ ڪرڻ جي تاريخ ۽ ذخيرو ڪندڙ اداري بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ شامل آهي. اهي معيار انهي ڳالهه کي يقيني بڻائين ٿا ته ڊيٽابيس ٽيڪسانومسٽن ۽ ٻين محققن لاءِ جامع ۽ ڪارائتي معلومات مهيا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آسٽريليا جي ٻوٽن جي نالن جو اشاريه (Australian Plant Name Index)]]
* ''[[انڊيڪس ڪيوئينسس (Index Kewensis)]]''
* نظامي فنگس شناسي جي ڪتابيات

== حوالا ==</text>
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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو]] (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ نيوزيلينڊ لميٽيڊ]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو |صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا]] (Synonyms) درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (نامنڪليچر رپوزيٽريز) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي]] (نامنڪليچر ڪاميٽي فار فنجاء) تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ]] (MycoBank) ۽ [[فنگل نيمز]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو (Pier Andrea Saccardo)]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ (Franz Petrak)]] جي ''Lists'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي (post-publication indexing) کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن (pre-publication registration) ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;
== مواد ۽ دائرو ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو مقصد انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي هڪ جامع فهرست مهيا ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي ڪڏهن به [[درست نموني شايع ٿيل نالو (Validly published name)|درست نموني شايع]] ڪيا ويا هجن. ان ۾ اهي نالا پڻ شامل آهن جيڪي هاڻي تڪراري، متروڪ يا استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿي چڪا آهن. ڊيٽابيس ۾ نالياتي عملن (nomenclatural acts) جو هڪ وسيع سلسلو شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ خاندان کان مٿين درجن (suprafamilial) کان وٺي [[ذيلي نوع (Infraspecific)|ذيلي نوع]] تائين نوان ٽيڪسا، نوان [[متبادل نالا (Replacement name)|متبادل نالا]]، [[نئون ميلاپ (New combination)|نوان ميلاپ]] ۽ مختلف قسمن جون ٽائپيفڪيشنون شامل آهن. ان ۾ [[لائڪن (Lichen)]] ٺاهيندڙ فنگس جا نالا پڻ شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي تاريخي طور ڪڏهن ڪڏهن الڳ سمجهيا ويندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

1 جنوري 2019ع کان انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽيڪسن لاءِ نون قسم-مقررائن (type designations) کي پڻ رجسٽر ڪرڻ لڳو، جيڪي اڳ ۾ بيان ڪيا ويا هئا ۽ جن جو درجو نوع يا ان کان هيٺ هجي. ان ۾ ليڪٽوٽائپيفڪيشن (lectotypification)، نيوٽائپيفڪيشن (neotypification) ۽ ايپيٽائپيفڪيشن (epitypification) شامل آهن. اهڙن عملن کي رجسٽر ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (identifier) کي اشاعت ۾ درج ڪرڻ لازمي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو بنيادي حصو انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي عالمي فهرست آهي جيڪي ڪڏهن به درست نموني بيان ڪيا ويا آهن، پر انهن مان ڪيترائي نالا تڪراري يا غيرمستعمل آهن. ''Species Fungorum'' هڪ ويجهڙائي وارو منصوبو آهي، جيڪو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ [[ڪيبي آءِ (CABI)]] جي سهڪار سان هلندو آهي. ان جو مقصد انڊيڪس فنگورم ۾ موجود نالن مان اهڙو هم آهنگ ذيلي مجموعو تيار ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن کي موجوده وقت ۾ صحيح سمجهي سفارش ڪري سگهجي.

استعمال ڪندڙ انڊيڪس فنگورم يا Species Fungorum مان الڳ الڳ ڳولا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي نتيجن ۾ Species Fungorum ڏانهن [[حوالو ڳنڍ (Cross-reference)|حوالو ڳنڍ]] پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن اهڙو داخلا موجود هجي. جن نالن سان اهڙو حوالو موجود نه هجي، اهي عام طور رڳو تاريخي اهميت رکن ٿا ۽ موجوده استعمال لاءِ معتبر نه سمجهيا وڃن.&lt;ref name=IF&gt;See the pop-up &quot;Help with searching&quot; at {{cite web |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |title=Index Fungorum home page|work=Index Fungorum|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/ |title=''Species Fungorum'' home page|work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي جامع فهرست تيار ڪرڻ ڪيترن ئي چئلينجن سان ڀريل آهي. انهن ۾ متروڪ نالن سان واسطو رکڻ، دنيا جي مختلف رسالن ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ نون نالن جي ڳولا، ۽ هر سال بيان ٿيندڙ نون فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي سنڀالڻ شامل آهي. [[برقي ڊيٽابيس (Electronic database)|برقي ڊيٽابيسن]] جي ترقي انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، پر اهو ڪم اڃا به پيچيده ۽ جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

پنهنجي ڊيٽا جي بناوت کي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ ٻين نظامن سان هم آهنگي بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم [[ٽيڪسان ڪانسيپٽ اسڪيما (Taxon Concept Schema)]] کي نون نالن ۽ ٻين نالياتي عملن جي رجسٽريشن ۽ فهرست سازي لاءِ بنيادي معيار طور اختيار ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي فهرست سازي ۾ هڪ خاص مسئلو &quot;[[لانگ ٽيل (Long tail)|لانگ ٽيل]]&quot; سڏجي ٿو، جتي ڪيترائي نالا ننڍين ۽ گهٽ مشهور اشاعتن ۾ شايع ٿيندا آهن. ان ڪري خاص طور پراڻين اشاعتن لاءِ مڪمل ادبي احاطو حاصل ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== خصوصيتون ۽ خدمتون ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس جي رڪارڊن لاءِ [[لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (Life Science Identifiers)|لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن (LSIDs)]] جي سهولت فراهم ڪري ٿو. هي خصوصيت مختلف ڊيٽابيسن ۽ علمي اشاعتن ۾ فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي منفرد سڃاڻپ ۽ حواله ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.

انڊيڪس فنگورم رجسٽريشن لاءِ [[ايڪس ايم ايل (XML)|XML]] تي ٻڌل [[مشين کان مشين (Machine-to-machine)|مشين کان مشين]] ڪم ڪار وارو نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي. هي خودڪار عمل اشاعتي ادارن جي نظامن سان گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن سان فنگسي نالن جي اشاعت کان اڳ رجسٽريشن وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻجي سگهي ٿي. هي نظام مختلف ٽيڪسانومي نالن جي رجسٽرين جي وچ ۾ هڪ معياري رجسٽريشن عمل قائم ڪرڻ جي وسيع ڪوشش جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ 2020ع تائين مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank) رجسٽريشن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام بڻجي ويو هو، جتي 97.7٪ نون بيان ڪيل ٽيڪسن رجسٽريشن نمبرن لاءِ ان جو استعمال ڪيو، تڏهن به انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن بابت عام نالياتي معلومات حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ اهم ۽ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام طور پنهنجو ڪردار برقرار رکيو آهي. ٻنهي ڊيٽابيسن جي اها تڪميلي لاڳاپي فنگس شناسي جي برادري جي مختلف ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendemer 2021&quot;/&gt;

فنگس لاءِ نالن جي رجسٽريشن جو تصور وقت سان گڏ ترقي ڪندو رهيو آهي. تازن سالن ۾ ان جي نتيجي ۾ مائيڪو بئنڪ جهڙا آن لائين رجسٽريشن نظام وجود ۾ آيا آهن، جيڪي انڊيڪس فنگورم سان گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا ته جيئن نون فنگسي نالن کي صحيح نموني رڪارڊ ڪري سائنسي برادري تائين پهچايو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس ۾ ڳولا ۽ رڪارڊ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[SOAP]] پروٽوڪول تي ٻڌل [[ويب سروس (Web service)|ويب سروس]] پڻ مهيا ڪري ٿو. انهن خدمتن جي وضاحت ڪندڙ [[ويب سروسز ڊسڪرپشن لئنگويج (Web Services Description Language)|WSDL]] فائيل پڻ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/IXFWebService/Fungus.asmx|title=Fungus Web Service|website=www.indexfungorum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم [[FAIR data|FAIR ڊيٽا]] جي اصولن (Findable، Accessible، Interoperable ۽ Reusable) تي عمل ڪري ٿو، جيڪي سائنسي ڊيٽا جي مؤثر ورهاست ۽ استعمال لاءِ ضروري آهن. هن وابستگي سبب هي ڊيٽابيس محققن لاءِ وڌيڪ ڪارآمد بڻجي ٿو ۽ حياتياتي تنوع بابت معلوماتي وسيلن سان ان جي هم آهنگي بهتر ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن جي ٽن سرڪاري رجسٽرين مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيون ٻه [[مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ بين الاقوامي نالياتي ڪاميٽي (International Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] پاران تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. اهي ٽيئي ذخيرا هر مهيني پنهنجو ڊيٽا هڪ ٻئي سان هم وقت (synchronize) ڪن ٿا ته جيئن مختلف پليٽفارمن تي معلومات ۾ يڪسانيت برقرار رهي. هي نظام فنگس شناسي برادري کي تازه ترين ۽ هم آهنگ نالياتي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو. انهن ذخيرن جي وچ ۾ تعاون فنگسي ناليات جي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ رسائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ ڏانهن هڪ اهم اڳڀرائي سمجهي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالياتي معلومات جي صحيح رڪارڊنگ ۽ حاصل ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم نمونن جي [[ميٽا ڊيٽا (Metadata)|ميٽا ڊيٽا]] بابت مخصوص معيارن جي سفارش ڪري ٿو. انهن ۾ گڏ ڪرڻ واري هنڌ، رهائشگاهه، [[سبسٽريٽ (Substrate)|سبسٽريٽ]]، گڏ ڪرڻ جي تاريخ ۽ ذخيرو ڪندڙ اداري بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ شامل آهي. اهي معيار انهي ڳالهه کي يقيني بڻائين ٿا ته ڊيٽابيس ٽيڪسانومسٽن ۽ ٻين محققن لاءِ جامع ۽ ڪارائتي معلومات مهيا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آسٽريليا جي ٻوٽن جي نالن جو اشاريه (Australian Plant Name Index)]]
* ''[[انڊيڪس ڪيوئينسس (Index Kewensis)]]''
* نظامي فنگس شناسي جي ڪتابيات

== حوالا ==</text>
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      <text bytes="14814" sha1="5ia585abagvaoidjb70ev4zdo2xt14h" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فنگس بادشاھت جي سڀني رسمي (سائنسي) نالن جي فهرست سازي لاءِ بين الاقوامي منصوبي}}

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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو]] (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ نيوزيلينڊ لميٽيڊ]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو |صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا]] (Synonyms) درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (نامنڪليچر رپوزيٽريز) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي]] (نامنڪليچر ڪاميٽي فار فنجاء) تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ]] (MycoBank) ۽ [[فنگل نيمز]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ]] جي ''فھرستون'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

== مواد ۽ دائرو ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو مقصد انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي هڪ جامع فهرست مهيا ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي ڪڏهن به [[درست نموني شايع ٿيل نالو (Validly published name)|درست نموني شايع]] ڪيا ويا هجن. ان ۾ اهي نالا پڻ شامل آهن جيڪي هاڻي تڪراري، متروڪ يا استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿي چڪا آهن. ڊيٽابيس ۾ نالياتي عملن (nomenclatural acts) جو هڪ وسيع سلسلو شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ خاندان کان مٿين درجن (suprafamilial) کان وٺي [[ذيلي نوع (Infraspecific)|ذيلي نوع]] تائين نوان ٽيڪسا، نوان [[متبادل نالا (Replacement name)|متبادل نالا]]، [[نئون ميلاپ (New combination)|نوان ميلاپ]] ۽ مختلف قسمن جون ٽائپيفڪيشنون شامل آهن. ان ۾ [[لائڪن (Lichen)]] ٺاهيندڙ فنگس جا نالا پڻ شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي تاريخي طور ڪڏهن ڪڏهن الڳ سمجهيا ويندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

1 جنوري 2019ع کان انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽيڪسن لاءِ نون قسم-مقررائن (type designations) کي پڻ رجسٽر ڪرڻ لڳو، جيڪي اڳ ۾ بيان ڪيا ويا هئا ۽ جن جو درجو نوع يا ان کان هيٺ هجي. ان ۾ ليڪٽوٽائپيفڪيشن (lectotypification)، نيوٽائپيفڪيشن (neotypification) ۽ ايپيٽائپيفڪيشن (epitypification) شامل آهن. اهڙن عملن کي رجسٽر ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (identifier) کي اشاعت ۾ درج ڪرڻ لازمي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو بنيادي حصو انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي عالمي فهرست آهي جيڪي ڪڏهن به درست نموني بيان ڪيا ويا آهن، پر انهن مان ڪيترائي نالا تڪراري يا غيرمستعمل آهن. ''Species Fungorum'' هڪ ويجهڙائي وارو منصوبو آهي، جيڪو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]] ۾ [[ڪيبي آءِ (CABI)]] جي سهڪار سان هلندو آهي. ان جو مقصد انڊيڪس فنگورم ۾ موجود نالن مان اهڙو هم آهنگ ذيلي مجموعو تيار ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن کي موجوده وقت ۾ صحيح سمجهي سفارش ڪري سگهجي.

استعمال ڪندڙ انڊيڪس فنگورم يا Species Fungorum مان الڳ الڳ ڳولا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي نتيجن ۾ Species Fungorum ڏانهن [[حوالو ڳنڍ (Cross-reference)|حوالو ڳنڍ]] پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن اهڙو داخلا موجود هجي. جن نالن سان اهڙو حوالو موجود نه هجي، اهي عام طور رڳو تاريخي اهميت رکن ٿا ۽ موجوده استعمال لاءِ معتبر نه سمجهيا وڃن.&lt;ref name=IF&gt;See the pop-up &quot;Help with searching&quot; at {{cite web |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |title=Index Fungorum home page|work=Index Fungorum|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/ |title=''Species Fungorum'' home page|work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي جامع فهرست تيار ڪرڻ ڪيترن ئي چئلينجن سان ڀريل آهي. انهن ۾ متروڪ نالن سان واسطو رکڻ، دنيا جي مختلف رسالن ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ نون نالن جي ڳولا، ۽ هر سال بيان ٿيندڙ نون فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي سنڀالڻ شامل آهي. [[برقي ڊيٽابيس (Electronic database)|برقي ڊيٽابيسن]] جي ترقي انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، پر اهو ڪم اڃا به پيچيده ۽ جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

پنهنجي ڊيٽا جي بناوت کي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ ٻين نظامن سان هم آهنگي بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم [[ٽيڪسان ڪانسيپٽ اسڪيما (Taxon Concept Schema)]] کي نون نالن ۽ ٻين نالياتي عملن جي رجسٽريشن ۽ فهرست سازي لاءِ بنيادي معيار طور اختيار ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي فهرست سازي ۾ هڪ خاص مسئلو &quot;[[لانگ ٽيل (Long tail)|لانگ ٽيل]]&quot; سڏجي ٿو، جتي ڪيترائي نالا ننڍين ۽ گهٽ مشهور اشاعتن ۾ شايع ٿيندا آهن. ان ڪري خاص طور پراڻين اشاعتن لاءِ مڪمل ادبي احاطو حاصل ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== خصوصيتون ۽ خدمتون ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس جي رڪارڊن لاءِ [[لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (Life Science Identifiers)|لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن (LSIDs)]] جي سهولت فراهم ڪري ٿو. هي خصوصيت مختلف ڊيٽابيسن ۽ علمي اشاعتن ۾ فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي منفرد سڃاڻپ ۽ حواله ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.

انڊيڪس فنگورم رجسٽريشن لاءِ [[ايڪس ايم ايل (XML)|XML]] تي ٻڌل [[مشين کان مشين (Machine-to-machine)|مشين کان مشين]] ڪم ڪار وارو نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي. هي خودڪار عمل اشاعتي ادارن جي نظامن سان گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن سان فنگسي نالن جي اشاعت کان اڳ رجسٽريشن وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻجي سگهي ٿي. هي نظام مختلف ٽيڪسانومي نالن جي رجسٽرين جي وچ ۾ هڪ معياري رجسٽريشن عمل قائم ڪرڻ جي وسيع ڪوشش جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ 2020ع تائين مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank) رجسٽريشن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام بڻجي ويو هو، جتي 97.7٪ نون بيان ڪيل ٽيڪسن رجسٽريشن نمبرن لاءِ ان جو استعمال ڪيو، تڏهن به انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن بابت عام نالياتي معلومات حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ اهم ۽ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام طور پنهنجو ڪردار برقرار رکيو آهي. ٻنهي ڊيٽابيسن جي اها تڪميلي لاڳاپي فنگس شناسي جي برادري جي مختلف ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendemer 2021&quot;/&gt;

فنگس لاءِ نالن جي رجسٽريشن جو تصور وقت سان گڏ ترقي ڪندو رهيو آهي. تازن سالن ۾ ان جي نتيجي ۾ مائيڪو بئنڪ جهڙا آن لائين رجسٽريشن نظام وجود ۾ آيا آهن، جيڪي انڊيڪس فنگورم سان گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا ته جيئن نون فنگسي نالن کي صحيح نموني رڪارڊ ڪري سائنسي برادري تائين پهچايو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس ۾ ڳولا ۽ رڪارڊ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[SOAP]] پروٽوڪول تي ٻڌل [[ويب سروس (Web service)|ويب سروس]] پڻ مهيا ڪري ٿو. انهن خدمتن جي وضاحت ڪندڙ [[ويب سروسز ڊسڪرپشن لئنگويج (Web Services Description Language)|WSDL]] فائيل پڻ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/IXFWebService/Fungus.asmx|title=Fungus Web Service|website=www.indexfungorum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم [[FAIR data|FAIR ڊيٽا]] جي اصولن (Findable، Accessible، Interoperable ۽ Reusable) تي عمل ڪري ٿو، جيڪي سائنسي ڊيٽا جي مؤثر ورهاست ۽ استعمال لاءِ ضروري آهن. هن وابستگي سبب هي ڊيٽابيس محققن لاءِ وڌيڪ ڪارآمد بڻجي ٿو ۽ حياتياتي تنوع بابت معلوماتي وسيلن سان ان جي هم آهنگي بهتر ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن جي ٽن سرڪاري رجسٽرين مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيون ٻه [[مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ بين الاقوامي نالياتي ڪاميٽي (International Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] پاران تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. اهي ٽيئي ذخيرا هر مهيني پنهنجو ڊيٽا هڪ ٻئي سان هم وقت (synchronize) ڪن ٿا ته جيئن مختلف پليٽفارمن تي معلومات ۾ يڪسانيت برقرار رهي. هي نظام فنگس شناسي برادري کي تازه ترين ۽ هم آهنگ نالياتي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو. انهن ذخيرن جي وچ ۾ تعاون فنگسي ناليات جي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ رسائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ ڏانهن هڪ اهم اڳڀرائي سمجهي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالياتي معلومات جي صحيح رڪارڊنگ ۽ حاصل ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم نمونن جي [[ميٽا ڊيٽا (Metadata)|ميٽا ڊيٽا]] بابت مخصوص معيارن جي سفارش ڪري ٿو. انهن ۾ گڏ ڪرڻ واري هنڌ، رهائشگاهه، [[سبسٽريٽ (Substrate)|سبسٽريٽ]]، گڏ ڪرڻ جي تاريخ ۽ ذخيرو ڪندڙ اداري بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ شامل آهي. اهي معيار انهي ڳالهه کي يقيني بڻائين ٿا ته ڊيٽابيس ٽيڪسانومسٽن ۽ ٻين محققن لاءِ جامع ۽ ڪارائتي معلومات مهيا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آسٽريليا جي ٻوٽن جي نالن جو اشاريه (Australian Plant Name Index)]]
* ''[[انڊيڪس ڪيوئينسس (Index Kewensis)]]''
* نظامي فنگس شناسي جي ڪتابيات

== حوالا ==</text>
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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو]] (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ نيوزيلينڊ لميٽيڊ]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو |صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا]] (Synonyms) درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (نامنڪليچر رپوزيٽريز) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي]] (نامنڪليچر ڪاميٽي فار فنجاء) تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ]] (MycoBank) ۽ [[فنگل نيمز]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ]] جي ''فھرستون'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

== مواد ۽ دائرو ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو مقصد انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي هڪ جامع فهرست مهيا ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي ڪڏهن به [[درست نموني شايع ٿيل نالو (Validly published name)|درست نموني شايع]] ڪيا ويا هجن. ان ۾ اهي نالا پڻ شامل آهن جيڪي هاڻي تڪراري، متروڪ يا استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿي چڪا آهن. ڊيٽابيس ۾ نالياتي عملن جو هڪ وسيع سلسلو شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ خاندان کان مٿين درجن کان وٺي [[ذيلي نوع]] تائين نوان ٽيڪسا، نوان [[متبادل نالا ]]، [[نئون ميلاپ|نوان ميلاپ]] ۽ مختلف قسمن جون ٽائپيفڪيشنون شامل آهن. ان ۾ [[لائڪن]] (Lichen) ٺاهيندڙ فنگس جا نالا پڻ شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي تاريخي طور ڪڏهن ڪڏهن الڳ سمجهيا ويندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

1 جنوري 2019ع کان انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽيڪسن لاءِ نئين قسم-مقررائن (type designations) کي پڻ رجسٽر ڪرڻ لڳو، جيڪي اڳ ۾ بيان ڪيا ويا هئا ۽ جن جو درجو نوع يا ان کان هيٺ هجي. ان ۾ ليڪٽوٽائپيفڪيشن، نيوٽائپيفڪيشن ۽ ايپيٽائپيفڪيشن شامل آهن. اهڙن عملن کي رجسٽر ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ کي اشاعت ۾ درج ڪرڻ لازمي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو بنيادي حصو انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي عالمي فهرست آهي جيڪي ڪڏهن به درست نموني بيان ڪيا ويا آهن، پر انهن مان ڪيترائي نالا تڪراري يا غيرمستعمل آهن. ''Species Fungorum'' هڪ ويجهڙائي وارو منصوبو آهي، جيڪو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو]] ۾ [[ڪيبي آءِ]] (CABI) جي سهڪار سان هلندو آهي. ان جو مقصد انڊيڪس فنگورم ۾ موجود نالن مان اهڙو هم آهنگ ذيلي مجموعو تيار ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن کي موجوده وقت ۾ صحيح سمجهي سفارش ڪري سگهجي.

استعمال ڪندڙ انڊيڪس فنگورم يا Species Fungorum مان الڳ الڳ ڳولا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي نتيجن ۾ Species Fungorum ڏانهن [[حوالياتي ڳنڍ|ڪراس ريفرنس]] پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن اهڙو داخلا موجود هجي. جن نالن سان اهڙو حوالو موجود نه هجي، اهي عام طور رڳو تاريخي اهميت رکن ٿا ۽ موجوده استعمال لاءِ معتبر نه سمجهيا وڃن.&lt;ref name=IF&gt;See the pop-up &quot;Help with searching&quot; at {{cite web |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |title=Index Fungorum home page|work=Index Fungorum|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/ |title=''Species Fungorum'' home page|work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي جامع فهرست تيار ڪرڻ ڪيترن ئي چئلينجن سان ڀريل آهي. انهن ۾ متروڪ نالن سان واسطو رکڻ، دنيا جي مختلف رسالن ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ نون نالن جي ڳولا، ۽ هر سال بيان ٿيندڙ نون فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي سنڀالڻ شامل آهي. [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊيٽابيس]] جي ترقي انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، پر اهو ڪم اڃا به پيچيده ۽ جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

پنهنجي ڊيٽا جي بناوت کي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ ٻين نظامن سان هم آهنگي بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم [[ٽيڪسان ڪانسيپٽ اسڪيما]] (Taxon Concept Schema) کي نون نالن ۽ ٻين نالياتي عملن جي رجسٽريشن ۽ فهرست سازي لاءِ بنيادي معيار طور اختيار ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي فهرست سازي ۾ هڪ خاص مسئلو &quot;[[لانگ ٽيل]]&quot; سڏجي ٿو، جتي ڪيترائي نالا ننڍين ۽ گهٽ مشهور اشاعتن ۾ شايع ٿيندا آهن. ان ڪري خاص طور پراڻين اشاعتن لاءِ مڪمل ادبي احاطو حاصل ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== خصوصيتون ۽ خدمتون ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس جي رڪارڊن لاءِ [[لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ (Life Science Identifiers)|لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن (LSIDs)]] جي سهولت فراهم ڪري ٿو. هي خصوصيت مختلف ڊيٽابيسن ۽ علمي اشاعتن ۾ فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي منفرد سڃاڻپ ۽ حواله ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.

انڊيڪس فنگورم رجسٽريشن لاءِ [[ايڪس ايم ايل (XML)|XML]] تي ٻڌل [[مشين کان مشين (Machine-to-machine)|مشين کان مشين]] ڪم ڪار وارو نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي. هي خودڪار عمل اشاعتي ادارن جي نظامن سان گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن سان فنگسي نالن جي اشاعت کان اڳ رجسٽريشن وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻجي سگهي ٿي. هي نظام مختلف ٽيڪسانومي نالن جي رجسٽرين جي وچ ۾ هڪ معياري رجسٽريشن عمل قائم ڪرڻ جي وسيع ڪوشش جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ 2020ع تائين مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank) رجسٽريشن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام بڻجي ويو هو، جتي 97.7٪ نون بيان ڪيل ٽيڪسن رجسٽريشن نمبرن لاءِ ان جو استعمال ڪيو، تڏهن به انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن بابت عام نالياتي معلومات حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ اهم ۽ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام طور پنهنجو ڪردار برقرار رکيو آهي. ٻنهي ڊيٽابيسن جي اها تڪميلي لاڳاپي فنگس شناسي جي برادري جي مختلف ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendemer 2021&quot;/&gt;

فنگس لاءِ نالن جي رجسٽريشن جو تصور وقت سان گڏ ترقي ڪندو رهيو آهي. تازن سالن ۾ ان جي نتيجي ۾ مائيڪو بئنڪ جهڙا آن لائين رجسٽريشن نظام وجود ۾ آيا آهن، جيڪي انڊيڪس فنگورم سان گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا ته جيئن نون فنگسي نالن کي صحيح نموني رڪارڊ ڪري سائنسي برادري تائين پهچايو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس ۾ ڳولا ۽ رڪارڊ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[SOAP]] پروٽوڪول تي ٻڌل [[ويب سروس (Web service)|ويب سروس]] پڻ مهيا ڪري ٿو. انهن خدمتن جي وضاحت ڪندڙ [[ويب سروسز ڊسڪرپشن لئنگويج (Web Services Description Language)|WSDL]] فائيل پڻ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/IXFWebService/Fungus.asmx|title=Fungus Web Service|website=www.indexfungorum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم [[FAIR data|FAIR ڊيٽا]] جي اصولن (Findable، Accessible، Interoperable ۽ Reusable) تي عمل ڪري ٿو، جيڪي سائنسي ڊيٽا جي مؤثر ورهاست ۽ استعمال لاءِ ضروري آهن. هن وابستگي سبب هي ڊيٽابيس محققن لاءِ وڌيڪ ڪارآمد بڻجي ٿو ۽ حياتياتي تنوع بابت معلوماتي وسيلن سان ان جي هم آهنگي بهتر ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن جي ٽن سرڪاري رجسٽرين مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيون ٻه [[مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank)]] ۽ [[فنگل نيمز (Fungal Names)]] آهن، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ بين الاقوامي نالياتي ڪاميٽي (International Nomenclature Committee for Fungi)]] پاران تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. اهي ٽيئي ذخيرا هر مهيني پنهنجو ڊيٽا هڪ ٻئي سان هم وقت (synchronize) ڪن ٿا ته جيئن مختلف پليٽفارمن تي معلومات ۾ يڪسانيت برقرار رهي. هي نظام فنگس شناسي برادري کي تازه ترين ۽ هم آهنگ نالياتي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو. انهن ذخيرن جي وچ ۾ تعاون فنگسي ناليات جي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ رسائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ ڏانهن هڪ اهم اڳڀرائي سمجهي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالياتي معلومات جي صحيح رڪارڊنگ ۽ حاصل ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم نمونن جي [[ميٽا ڊيٽا (Metadata)|ميٽا ڊيٽا]] بابت مخصوص معيارن جي سفارش ڪري ٿو. انهن ۾ گڏ ڪرڻ واري هنڌ، رهائشگاهه، [[سبسٽريٽ (Substrate)|سبسٽريٽ]]، گڏ ڪرڻ جي تاريخ ۽ ذخيرو ڪندڙ اداري بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ شامل آهي. اهي معيار انهي ڳالهه کي يقيني بڻائين ٿا ته ڊيٽابيس ٽيڪسانومسٽن ۽ ٻين محققن لاءِ جامع ۽ ڪارائتي معلومات مهيا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آسٽريليا جي ٻوٽن جي نالن جو اشاريه (Australian Plant Name Index)]]
* ''[[انڊيڪس ڪيوئينسس (Index Kewensis)]]''
* نظامي فنگس شناسي جي ڪتابيات

== حوالا ==</text>
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      <text bytes="14260" sha1="k17vnvylslozcstz7bldlqk292l28zy" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فنگس بادشاھت جي سڀني رسمي (سائنسي) نالن جي فهرست سازي لاءِ بين الاقوامي منصوبي}}

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'''انڊيڪس فنگورم''' (''Index Fungorum'') فنگس جي [[بادشاھت (Kingdom)|بادشاھت]] اندر موجود سڀني رسمي [[سائنسي نالو (Scientific name)|سائنسي نالن]] جي فهرست سازي لاءِ هڪ بين الاقوامي منصوبو آهي. 2015ع تائين هي منصوبو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو]] (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) ۾ قائم هو، جيڪو هن منصوبي جي ٽن ڀائيوارن مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيا ڀائيوار [[لينڊ ڪيئر ريسرچ نيوزيلينڊ لميٽيڊ]] ۽ [[چائنيز اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز]] جو انسٽيٽيوٽ آف مائڪروبايولوجي آهن.

هي منصوبو ڪنهن حد تائين [[انٽرنيشنل پلانٽ نيمز انڊيڪس]] (IPNI) سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ پڻ رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز شامل آهي. فرق اهو آهي ته IPNI [[صحيح نالو |صحيح نالن]] جي نشاندهي نٿو ڪري، جڏهن ته انڊيڪس فنگورم هر نالي جي حيثيت ڏيکاري ٿو. سرچ نتيجن ۾ هن وقت صحيح سمجهيل نالو سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيا نالا نيري رنگ ۾ هوندا آهن (۽ ڪجهه غيرمعمولي استعمال ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن). سڀئي نالا اهڙن صفحن سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن جتي صحيح نالو ۽ ان جا [[هم معنيٰ نالا]] (Synonyms) درج هوندا آهن.

انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽن نالياتي ذخيرن (نامنڪليچر رپوزيٽريز) مان هڪ آهي، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ نالياتي ڪميٽي]] (نامنڪليچر ڪاميٽي فار فنجاء) تسليم ڪري ٿي. ٻيا ٻه ذخيرا [[مائڪوبينڪ]] (MycoBank) ۽ [[فنگل نيمز]] آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Redhead 2013&quot;/&gt; 2023ع تائين فنگس جي ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ نالن کي انهن ٽنهي ڊيٽابيسن ۾ لاڳاپيل اشاعتن جي مستقل سڃاڻپ ڪندڙن سان ڳنڍيو ويو هو، جنهن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم جو اهم ڪردار رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== تاريخ ۽ ترقي ==

فنگس جي نالن جي فهرست سازي جي تاريخ اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين پهچي ٿي. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي قيام کان اڳ ڪيترائي اهم مجموعا تيار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان هڪ ابتدائي ۽ جامع ڪوشش [[پيئر اينڊريا ساڪارڊو]] جو ''Sylloge Fungorum'' (1882–1931ع) هو، جنهن جو مقصد سڀني معلوم فنگس نالن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ هو. ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[فرانز پيٽراڪ]] جي ''فھرستون'' (1920–1939ع) هن روايت کي جاري رکيو ۽ نون فنگسي نالن ۽ ادبي ماخذن جي جامع فهرست فراهم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

تازن سالن ۾ انڊيڪس فنگورم اشاعت کان پوءِ واري فهرست سازي کان اشاعت کان اڳ واري رجسٽريشن ڏانهن منتقل ٿي رهيو آهي. هن تبديلي جو مقصد نون فنگسي نالن ۽ نالياتي عملن جي رڪارڊنگ کي وڌيڪ منظم بڻائڻ آهي. ان مقصد لاءِ انڊيڪس فنگورم ٻين وڏن حياتياتي نالن جي رجسٽرن سان گڏجي هڪ خودڪار رجسٽريشن-کان-اشاعت نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

== مواد ۽ دائرو ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو مقصد انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي هڪ جامع فهرست مهيا ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي ڪڏهن به [[درست نموني شايع ٿيل نالو (Validly published name)|درست نموني شايع]] ڪيا ويا هجن. ان ۾ اهي نالا پڻ شامل آهن جيڪي هاڻي تڪراري، متروڪ يا استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿي چڪا آهن. ڊيٽابيس ۾ نالياتي عملن جو هڪ وسيع سلسلو شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ خاندان کان مٿين درجن کان وٺي [[ذيلي نوع]] تائين نوان ٽيڪسا، نوان [[متبادل نالا ]]، [[نئون ميلاپ|نوان ميلاپ]] ۽ مختلف قسمن جون ٽائپيفڪيشنون شامل آهن. ان ۾ [[لائڪن]] (Lichen) ٺاهيندڙ فنگس جا نالا پڻ شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي تاريخي طور ڪڏهن ڪڏهن الڳ سمجهيا ويندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

1 جنوري 2019ع کان انڊيڪس فنگورم انهن ٽيڪسن لاءِ نئين قسم-مقررائن (type designations) کي پڻ رجسٽر ڪرڻ لڳو، جيڪي اڳ ۾ بيان ڪيا ويا هئا ۽ جن جو درجو نوع يا ان کان هيٺ هجي. ان ۾ ليڪٽوٽائپيفڪيشن، نيوٽائپيفڪيشن ۽ ايپيٽائپيفڪيشن شامل آهن. اهڙن عملن کي رجسٽر ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ کي اشاعت ۾ درج ڪرڻ لازمي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم جو بنيادي حصو انهن سڀني فنگسي نالن جي عالمي فهرست آهي جيڪي ڪڏهن به درست نموني بيان ڪيا ويا آهن، پر انهن مان ڪيترائي نالا تڪراري يا غيرمستعمل آهن. ''Species Fungorum'' هڪ ويجهڙائي وارو منصوبو آهي، جيڪو [[رائل بوٽينڪ گارڊنز، ڪيو]] ۾ [[ڪيبي آءِ]] (CABI) جي سهڪار سان هلندو آهي. ان جو مقصد انڊيڪس فنگورم ۾ موجود نالن مان اهڙو هم آهنگ ذيلي مجموعو تيار ڪرڻ آهي، جنهن کي موجوده وقت ۾ صحيح سمجهي سفارش ڪري سگهجي.

استعمال ڪندڙ انڊيڪس فنگورم يا Species Fungorum مان الڳ الڳ ڳولا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انڊيڪس فنگورم جي نتيجن ۾ Species Fungorum ڏانهن [[حوالياتي ڳنڍ|ڪراس ريفرنس]] پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، جيڪڏهن اهڙو داخلا موجود هجي. جن نالن سان اهڙو حوالو موجود نه هجي، اهي عام طور رڳو تاريخي اهميت رکن ٿا ۽ موجوده استعمال لاءِ معتبر نه سمجهيا وڃن.&lt;ref name=IF&gt;See the pop-up &quot;Help with searching&quot; at {{cite web |url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |title=Index Fungorum home page|work=Index Fungorum|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/ |title=''Species Fungorum'' home page|work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2016-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي جامع فهرست تيار ڪرڻ ڪيترن ئي چئلينجن سان ڀريل آهي. انهن ۾ متروڪ نالن سان واسطو رکڻ، دنيا جي مختلف رسالن ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ نون نالن جي ڳولا، ۽ هر سال بيان ٿيندڙ نون فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي سنڀالڻ شامل آهي. [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊيٽابيس]] جي ترقي انهن مان ڪجهه مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، پر اهو ڪم اڃا به پيچيده ۽ جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

پنهنجي ڊيٽا جي بناوت کي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ ٻين نظامن سان هم آهنگي بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم [[ٽيڪسان ڪانسيپٽ اسڪيما]] (Taxon Concept Schema) کي نون نالن ۽ ٻين نالياتي عملن جي رجسٽريشن ۽ فهرست سازي لاءِ بنيادي معيار طور اختيار ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالن جي فهرست سازي ۾ هڪ خاص مسئلو &quot;[[لانگ ٽيل]]&quot; سڏجي ٿو، جتي ڪيترائي نالا ننڍين ۽ گهٽ مشهور اشاعتن ۾ شايع ٿيندا آهن. ان ڪري خاص طور پراڻين اشاعتن لاءِ مڪمل ادبي احاطو حاصل ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Page 2023&quot;/&gt;

== خصوصيتون ۽ خدمتون ==

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس جي رڪارڊن لاءِ [[لائيف سائنس سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ]] (LSIDs) جي سهولت فراهم ڪري ٿو. هي خصوصيت مختلف ڊيٽابيسن ۽ علمي اشاعتن ۾ فنگسي ٽيڪسن جي منفرد سڃاڻپ ۽ حواله ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.

انڊيڪس فنگورم رجسٽريشن لاءِ [[ايڪس ايم ايل]] (XML) تي ٻڌل [[مشين کان مشين]] ڪم ڪار وارو نظام تيار ڪري رهيو آهي. هي خودڪار عمل اشاعتي ادارن جي نظامن سان گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن سان فنگسي نالن جي اشاعت کان اڳ رجسٽريشن وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻجي سگهي ٿي. هي نظام مختلف ٽيڪسانومي نالن جي رجسٽرين جي وچ ۾ هڪ معياري رجسٽريشن عمل قائم ڪرڻ جي وسيع ڪوشش جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penev et al. 2016&quot;/&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ 2020ع تائين مائيڪو بئنڪ (MycoBank) رجسٽريشن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام بڻجي ويو هو، جتي 97.7٪ نون بيان ڪيل ٽيڪسن رجسٽريشن نمبرن لاءِ ان جو استعمال ڪيو، تڏهن به انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن بابت عام نالياتي معلومات حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ اهم ۽ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ نظام طور پنهنجو ڪردار برقرار رکيو آهي. ٻنهي ڊيٽابيسن جي اها تڪميلي لاڳاپي فنگس شناسي جي برادري جي مختلف ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lendemer 2021&quot;/&gt;

فنگس لاءِ نالن جي رجسٽريشن جو تصور وقت سان گڏ ترقي ڪندو رهيو آهي. تازن سالن ۾ ان جي نتيجي ۾ مائيڪو بئنڪ جهڙا آن لائين رجسٽريشن نظام وجود ۾ آيا آهن، جيڪي انڊيڪس فنگورم سان گڏجي ڪم ڪن ٿا ته جيئن نون فنگسي نالن کي صحيح نموني رڪارڊ ڪري سائنسي برادري تائين پهچايو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petersen &amp; Hawksworth 2016&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم پنهنجي ڊيٽابيس ۾ ڳولا ۽ رڪارڊ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[SOAP]] پروٽوڪول تي ٻڌل [[ويب سروس]] پڻ مهيا ڪري ٿو. انهن خدمتن جي وضاحت ڪندڙ [[ويب سروسز ڊسڪرپشن لئنگويج]] (WSDL) فائيل پڻ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indexfungorum.org/IXFWebService/Fungus.asmx|title=Fungus Web Service|website=www.indexfungorum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم [[فيئر ڊيٽا]] جي اصولن (قابل تلاش، قابل رسائي، بين العمل ۽ قابل تجديد) تي عمل ڪري ٿو، جيڪي سائنسي ڊيٽا جي مؤثر ورهاست ۽ استعمال لاءِ ضروري آهن. هن وابستگي سبب هي ڊيٽابيس محققن لاءِ وڌيڪ ڪارآمد بڻجي ٿو ۽ حياتياتي تنوع بابت معلوماتي وسيلن سان ان جي هم آهنگي بهتر ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

انڊيڪس فنگورم فنگسي نالن جي ٽن سرڪاري رجسٽرين مان هڪ آهي؛ ٻيون ٻه [[مائيڪو بئنڪ]] (MycoBank) ۽ [[فنگل نالا]] آهن، جن کي [[فنگس لاءِ بين الاقوامي نالياتي ڪاميٽي]] پاران تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. اهي ٽيئي ذخيرا هر مهيني پنهنجو ڊيٽا هڪ ٻئي سان هم وقت (سنڪرونائيز) ڪن ٿا ته جيئن مختلف پليٽفارمن تي معلومات ۾ يڪسانيت برقرار رهي. هي نظام فنگس شناسي برادري کي تازه ترين ۽ هم آهنگ نالياتي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو. انهن ذخيرن جي وچ ۾ تعاون فنگسي ناليات جي معياري بڻائڻ ۽ رسائي کي بهتر ڪرڻ ڏانهن هڪ اهم اڳڀرائي سمجهي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang et al. 2023&quot;/&gt;

فنگسي نالياتي معلومات جي صحيح رڪارڊنگ ۽ حاصل ڪرڻ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ، انڊيڪس فنگورم نمونن جي [[ميٽا ڊيٽا]] بابت مخصوص معيارن جي سفارش ڪري ٿو. انهن ۾ گڏ ڪرڻ واري هنڌ، رهائشگاهه، [[سبسٽريٽ]] (Substrate)، گڏ ڪرڻ جي تاريخ ۽ ذخيرو ڪندڙ اداري بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ شامل آهي. اهي معيار انهي ڳالهه کي يقيني بڻائين ٿا ته ڊيٽابيس ٽيڪسانومسٽن ۽ ٻين محققن لاءِ جامع ۽ ڪارائتي معلومات مهيا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aime et al. 2021&quot;/&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آسٽريليا جي ٻوٽن جي نالن جو اشاريه (Australian Plant Name Index)]]
* ''[[انڊيڪس ڪيوئينسس (Index Kewensis)]]''
* نظامي فنگس شناسي جي ڪتابيات

== حوالا ==</text>
      <sha1>k17vnvylslozcstz7bldlqk292l28zy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index Fungorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98780</id>
    <redirect title="انڊيڪس فنگورم" />
    <revision>
      <id>385554</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:22:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[Index Fungorum]] کي [[انڊيڪس فنگورم]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>385554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="js2e0c7umo2w3f7eq1buyl49jg0rtkb" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[انڊيڪس فنگورم]]</text>
      <sha1>js2e0c7umo2w3f7eq1buyl49jg0rtkb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Taxonbar</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385561</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{#invoke:Taxonbar|authorityControlTaxon}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385561</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84" sha1="bb0pq98cawcgcf8lt7r49j1j9t3c466" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Taxonbar|authorityControlTaxon}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bb0pq98cawcgcf8lt7r49j1j9t3c466</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385567</id>
      <parentid>385561</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:07:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385567</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="144" sha1="ptq3ycy10slt1sad6vrxni9anifg02m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Taxonbar|main|page={{{1|{{{page|{{{entityId|{{{from|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ptq3ycy10slt1sad6vrxni9anifg02m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385570</id>
      <parentid>385567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:17:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="495" sha1="tg9m7vsip3gsk2mevraw4ohh0081hiq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;div class = &quot;taxon-box&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:Taxonbar
|t
|entityId={{{page|{{{entityId|{{{from|}}}}}}}}}
|list=&lt;!--*  مؤقت
{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata2|formatStatements|ent{{#if:{{{page|}}}|it}}yId={{{page|}}}|noref=yes|property=P627}}|
|{{معرفات الأصنوفة/وصلة|db=iucn|id={{#invoke:Wikidata2|ViewSomething|id={{{page|}}}|claims|P141|1|references|1|snaks|P627|1|datavalue|value}}|P=p627|from={{{page|}}}}}}}
--&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tg9m7vsip3gsk2mevraw4ohh0081hiq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385572</id>
      <parentid>385570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385572</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84" sha1="bb0pq98cawcgcf8lt7r49j1j9t3c466" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Taxonbar|authorityControlTaxon}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bb0pq98cawcgcf8lt7r49j1j9t3c466</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Taxonbar</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>98782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385562</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: require('strict')  local conf = require( 'Module:Taxonbar/conf' ) --configuration module local TaxonItalics = require( 'Module:TaxonItalics' ) --use a function to conditionally italicize taxon names  --[[==========================================================================]] --[[                             Local functions                              ]] --[[==========================================================================]]  local function isNilOrEmpty( thi...</comment>
      <origin>385562</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="30549" sha1="0ocqu5fvri03cy8px5uksg9g6fa6m0d" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

local conf = require( 'Module:Taxonbar/conf' ) --configuration module
local TaxonItalics = require( 'Module:TaxonItalics' ) --use a function to conditionally italicize taxon names

--[[==========================================================================]]
--[[                             Local functions                              ]]
--[[==========================================================================]]

local function isNilOrEmpty( thing )
	if thing == nil or thing == '' then
		return true
	end
	return nil
end

local function getIdFromWikidata( item, property )
	local id = nil
	if property == 'PWikispecies:$1' then
		local siteLinks = item.sitelinks
		if siteLinks then
			local speciesWiki = item.sitelinks.specieswiki
			if speciesWiki then
				id = speciesWiki.title
			end
		end
		return id
	elseif item.claims[property] == nil then
		return id
	end
	--[[ this code picks up deprecated values on wikidata; better to use getBestStatements
	for _, statement in pairs( item.claims[property] ) do
		if statement.mainsnak.datavalue then
			id = statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value
			break
		end
	end
	]]
	local statements = item:getBestStatements(property)[1] 
	if statements and
	   statements.mainsnak and
	   statements.mainsnak.datavalue and
	   statements.mainsnak.datavalue.value
	then
		id = statements.mainsnak.datavalue.value
	end

	return id
end

local function getLink( property, db, val )
	local link, returnVal = '', {}
	
	returnVal.isError = false
	
	if mw.ustring.find( val, '//' ) then
		link = val
	else
		if type(property) == 'number' and property &gt; 0 then
			local entityObject = mw.wikibase.getEntity('P'..property)
			local dataType
			
			if entityObject then dataType = entityObject.datatype
			else returnVal.isError = true end
			
			if dataType == 'external-id' then
				local formatterURL = nil
				if property == 3746 or --Wildflowers of Israel
				   property == 3795 or --Flora of Israel Online
				   property == 5397    --Tierstimmenarchiv
				then
					formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[2] --use 2nd formatterURL for English version
				end
				if formatterURL == nil then formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[1] end --default to [1]
				if formatterURL then
					if formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue and formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value then --nil check for ABA
						link = formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value
					end
				end
				if db == 'bow' then -- for birds of world which uses eBird identifier
					link = 'https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/$1'
				elseif db == 'speciesfungorum' then -- SpeciesFungorum uses Index Fungorum identifier
					link = 'https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=$1'
				elseif db == 'fossilworks' then 
					link = 'https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=$1'
				end
			elseif dataType == 'url' then
				local subjectItem = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1629')[1]
				if subjectItem then
					local officialWebsite = mw.wikibase.getEntity(subjectItem.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id):getBestStatements('P856')[1]
					if officialWebsite then	link = officialWebsite.mainsnak.datavalue.value end
				end
			elseif dataType == 'string' then
				local formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[1]
				if formatterURL then
					link = formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value
				else
					local subjectItem = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1629')[1]
					if subjectItem then
						local officialWebsite = mw.wikibase.getEntity(subjectItem.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id):getBestStatements('P856')[1]
						if officialWebsite then	link = officialWebsite.mainsnak.datavalue.value end
					end
				end
			else
				returnVal.isError = true
			end
		elseif type(property) == 'string' then
			link = property
		end
		
		--local valurl = val
		local valurl = mw.uri.encode( val, 'PATH' )
		valurl = string.gsub (valurl, '%%2F', '/') --escape '/' (e.g. issue with P5354); see wikidata T128078 and https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/Wikibase/+/664820/3/lib/includes/PropertyInfoSnakUrlExpander.php
		
		if type(property) == 'number' then
			--doublecheck language for Wildflowers of Israel ID
			if property == 3746 then link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '/hebrew/', '/english/') end
			--format spaces in PfaF binomials, e.g. &quot;Elaeagnus x ebbingei&quot;
			if property == 4301 then valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl, '%%20', '+') end
		end
		valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl,'%%','%%%%')
		link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '$1', valurl)
	end
	
	link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?)&amp;#58;//', 'http%1://') --fix wikidata URL
	val = mw.ustring.match(val, '([^=/]*)/?$') --get display name from end of URL
	if mw.ustring.find( link, '//' ) then
		returnVal.text = '['..link..' '..mw.text.encode(mw.uri.decode(val, 'PATH'),'%[%]')..']'
	elseif link == '' then
		returnVal.text = val
	else
		returnVal.text = '&lt;span class=&quot;external&quot;&gt;[['..link..'|'..val..']]&lt;/span&gt;'
	end
	return returnVal
end

local function createRow( id, label, rawValue, link, withUid )
	if link then
		local outStr = '*&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;'..label..' &lt;span'
		if withUid then outStr = outStr..' class=&quot;uid&quot;' end
		return outStr..'&gt;'..link..'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;\n'
	else
		return '* '..mw.text.tag('span', {class='error'}, 'The identifier '..id..' '..rawValue..' is not valid.')..'\n'
	end
end

local function copyTable(inTable)
	if type(inTable) ~= 'table' then return inTable end
	local outTable = setmetatable({}, getmetatable(inTable))
	for key, value in pairs (inTable) do outTable[copyTable(key)] = copyTable(value) end
	return outTable
end

local p = {}

--[[==========================================================================]]
--[[                                   Main                                   ]]
--[[==========================================================================]]

function p.authorityControlTaxon( frame )
	local resolveEntity = require( 'Module:ResolveEntityId' )
	local whitelist = require( 'Module:Taxonbar/whitelist' ).whitelist --to create acceptableInstanceOf_Strict &amp; acceptableInstanceOf_All
	local parentArgs = copyTable(frame:getParent().args)
	local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	local currentEntityId = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	
	local stringArgs = false
	local fromTitleCount, firstRow, rowCount = 1, 0, 0
	local outString, errors = '', ''
	local iFroms = 0 --integer size of tFroms, b/c Lua
	local tFroms = {} --non-sequential table of unique froms
	local tCats = {
		'[[Category:Taxonbars without from parameter]]',
		'[[Category:Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata]]',
		'', -- [3] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item]]
		'', -- [4] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]]
		'', -- [5] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with invalid from parameters]]
		'', -- [6] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with duplicate from parameters]]
		'', -- [7] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title]]
		'', -- [8] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title &amp; QID]]
		'', -- [9] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs]]
		'', --[10] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs identical to Wikidata]]
		'', --[11] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs differing from Wikidata]]
		'', --[12] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with unknown parameters]]
		'', --[13] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with unnamed parameters]]
		'', --[14] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with multiple manual Wikidata items]]
		'', --[15] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms]]
		'', --[16] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations]]
		'', --[17] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic species]]
		'', --[18] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic genera]]
		'', --[19] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikidata]]
		'', --[20] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikidata]]
		'', --[21] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs]]
		'', --[22] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs]]
		'', --[23] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[24] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 25–29 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[25] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[26] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 35–39 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[27] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 40–44 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[28] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs]]
		'', --[29] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikipedia]]
		'', --[30] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikipedia]]
	}
	local acceptableInstanceOf_Strict = whitelist{ args = { 'strict' } }
	local acceptableInstanceOf_All = whitelist{ args = { 'all' } }
	
	--monotypic flags for WP-side check
	local mono = nil
	local monoWPok = nil
	local monoGenus = nil
	local monoSpecies = nil
	local monoParent = nil --parent taxon name
	
	--Assess the page's relationship with Wikidata
	local currentItem = nil
	if currentTitle.namespace == 10 then --i.e. Module:Taxonbar/sandbox, Template:Taxonbar/doc, etc.
		if resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from']) then
			currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentArgs['from'])
		end
		if currentItem == nil then
			if resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from1']) then
				currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentArgs['from1'])
			end
		end
	elseif resolveEntity._id(currentEntityId) then
		currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(currentEntityId)
	else --currentEntityId == nil/unresolvable
		tCats[3] = '[[Category:Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item]]'
	end
	if currentItem then
		tCats[4] = '[[Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]]' --unset if acceptable found
		for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( currentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
			local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if acceptableInstanceOf_All[instanceOf] then
				tCats[4] = ''
				break
			end
		end
	end
	
	--Cleanup args
	for k, v in pairs( frame:getParent().args ) do
		if type(k) == 'string' then
			--make args case insensitive
			local lowerk = mw.ustring.lower(k)
			if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[lowerk] ) then
				parentArgs[k] = nil
				parentArgs[lowerk] = v
			end
			--remap abc to abc1
			if mw.ustring.find(lowerk,'%d$') == nil then --if no number at end of param
				if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[lowerk..'1'] ) then
					parentArgs[lowerk] = nil
					lowerk = lowerk..'1'
					parentArgs[lowerk] = v
				end
			end
			if v and v ~= '' then
				--remap 'for' to 'title'
				if mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,3) == 'for' then
					local forTitle = mw.ustring.gsub(lowerk,'^for','title',1)
					if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[forTitle] ) then
						parentArgs[lowerk] = nil
						lowerk = forTitle
						parentArgs[lowerk] = v
					end
				end
				--find highest from or title param
				if mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,4) == 'from' then
					local fromNumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,5,-1))
					if fromNumber and fromNumber &gt;= fromTitleCount then fromTitleCount = fromNumber end
					--look for duplicate froms while we're here
					if mw.ustring.find(v, '^Q%d') then
						if tFroms[v] then
							tCats[6] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with duplicate from parameters]]'
							tFroms[v] = tFroms[v] + 1
						else
							tFroms[v] = 1
							iFroms = iFroms + 1
						end
						if iFroms == 2 then
							tCats[14] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with multiple manual Wikidata items]]'
						end
					end
				elseif mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,5) == 'title' then
					local titleNumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,4,-1))
					if titleNumber and titleNumber &gt;= fromTitleCount then fromTitleCount = titleNumber end
				elseif mw.ustring.lower(v) ~= 'no' and  mw.ustring.lower(v) ~= 'yes' then
					stringArgs = true
					tCats[9] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs]]'
				end
			end
		end --if type(k) == 'string'
	end --for
	
	--Check for unknown parameters
	--create knowns list
	local acceptableArgs = { from = true, } --master list of l/c acceptable args
	for _, d in pairs( conf.databases ) do
		if d[1] ~= 'Wikidata' then --made obsolete by from
			acceptableArgs[mw.ustring.lower(d[1])] = true
		end
	end
	for _, a in pairs( conf.aliases ) do
		acceptableArgs[mw.ustring.lower(a[1])] = true
	end
	--create trimmed parents list
	local baseParentArgs = {} --condensed list of l/c parent args w/o trailing #s
	for k, _ in pairs( parentArgs ) do
		if type(k) == 'string' then
			local lowerk = mw.ustring.lower(k)
			local base = mw.ustring.gsub(lowerk, '[%d]*$', '')
			baseParentArgs[base] = true
		elseif type(k) == 'number' then
			tCats[13] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with unnamed parameters|'..k..']]'
		end
	end
	--compare lists and spit out unknowns
	local unknownParams = {}
	for k, _ in pairs( baseParentArgs ) do
		if acceptableArgs[k] == nil then
			tCats[12] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with unknown parameters|'..k..']]'
			unknownParams[#unknownParams + 1] = k
		end
	end
	--warn if unknown(s) present
	if #unknownParams &gt; 0 then
		local plural = 's'
		local itthem = 'them'
		if #unknownParams == 1 then
			plural = ''
			itthem = 'it'
		end
		errors = errors..require('Module:If preview')._warning({
			mw.ustring.format(
				'Unknown parameter%s &lt;code&gt;%s&lt;/code&gt;. Please correct %s or consider adding %s to Wikidata.',
				plural,
				table.concat(unknownParams, '&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;'),
				itthem,
				itthem
			)
		})
	end
	
	--Append basionym to arg list, if not already provided
	if currentItem then
		local currentBasState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P566')[1] --basionym
		if currentBasState then
			local datavalue = currentBasState.mainsnak.datavalue
			local basionymId = datavalue and datavalue.value.id
			if basionymId and resolveEntity._id(basionymId) and tFroms[basionymId] == nil then
				--check that basionym is a strict instance of taxon
				local basionymItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(basionymId)
				if basionymItem then
					for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( basionymItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
						local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
						if acceptableInstanceOf_Strict[instanceOf] then
							--housekeeping
							tFroms[basionymId] = 1
							iFroms = iFroms + 1
							fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
							--append basionym &amp; track
							parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = basionymId
							tCats[15] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms]]'
							break
	end	end	end	end	end	end
	
	--Append original combination to arg list, if not already provided
	if currentItem then
		local currentOCState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P1403')[1] --original combination
		if currentOCState then
			local orcoId = currentOCState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if orcoId and resolveEntity._id(orcoId) and tFroms[orcoId] == nil then
				--check that orco is a strict instance of taxon
				local orcoItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(orcoId)
				if orcoItem then
					for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( orcoItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
						local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
						if acceptableInstanceOf_Strict[instanceOf] then
							--housekeeping
							tFroms[orcoId] = 1
							iFroms = iFroms + 1
							fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
							--append orco &amp; track
							parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = orcoId
							tCats[16] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations]]'
							break
	end	end	end	end	end	end
	
	--Append monotypic genus/species to arg list of monotypic species/genus, if not already provided
	if currentItem then
		for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( currentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
			local taxonRank = nil
			local parentItem = nil
			local parentTaxon = nil
			local parentTaxonRank = nil
			local parentMonoGenus = nil --holy grail/tbd
			local childItem = nil
			local childTaxon = nil
			local childTaxonRank = nil
			local childMonoSpecies = nil --holy grail/tbd
			local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if instanceOf and (instanceOf == 'Q310890' or instanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon
				--find &amp; save monoParent for future WP-side check
				if monoParent == nil then
					mono = true
					local label = nil
					local taxonName = currentItem:getBestStatements('P225')[1] --taxon name
					if taxonName then
						local datavalue = taxonName.mainsnak.datavalue
						if datavalue then
							label = datavalue.value
						end
					end
					label = label or currentItem:getLabel()
					if label then
						monoParent = mw.ustring.gsub(label, ' .+', '')
					end
				end
				
				local missingP171orP427sortkey = '*'
				local taxonRankState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank
				if taxonRankState then taxonRank = taxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end
				
				if taxonRank and taxonRank == 'Q7432' then --species
					--is monotypic species; add genus
					monoSpecies = true
					local parentTaxonState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P171')[1] --parent taxon
					if parentTaxonState then
						parentTaxon = parentTaxonState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
					else
						tCats[19] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikidata|'..missingP171orP427sortkey..']]'
						break
					end
					--confirm parent taxon rank == genus &amp; monotypic
					if parentTaxon and resolveEntity._id(parentTaxon) then
						parentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentTaxon)
						if parentItem then
							local parentTaxonRankState = parentItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank
							if parentTaxonRankState then parentTaxonRank = parentTaxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end
							if parentTaxonRank and parentTaxonRank == 'Q34740' then --parent == genus
								for _, parentInstanceOfState in pairs ( parentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
									local parentInstanceOf = parentInstanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id 
									if parentInstanceOf and
									  (parentInstanceOf == 'Q310890' or parentInstanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon
										parentMonoGenus = parentTaxon --confirmed
										break
									end
								end
								if parentMonoGenus and tFroms[parentMonoGenus] == nil then
									--housekeeping
									tFroms[parentMonoGenus] = 1
									iFroms = iFroms + 1
									fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
									--append monotypic genus &amp; track
									parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = parentMonoGenus
									tCats[18] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic genera]]'
									break
					end	end	end	end
					if parentMonoGenus == nil or tFroms[parentMonoGenus] == nil then
						tCats[19] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikidata]]'
						break
					end
					
				elseif taxonRank and taxonRank == 'Q34740' then --genus
					--is monotypic genus; add species
					--(https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Property_proposal/child_monotypic_taxon unnecessary thanks to P427!)
					monoGenus = true
					local childTaxonState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P427')[1] --taxonomic type
					if childTaxonState then
						childTaxon = childTaxonState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
					else
						tCats[20] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikidata|'..missingP171orP427sortkey..']]'
						break
					end
					--confirm child taxon rank == species &amp; monotypic
					if childTaxon and resolveEntity._id(childTaxon) then
						childItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(childTaxon)
						if childItem then
							local childTaxonRankState = childItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank
							if childTaxonRankState then childTaxonRank = childTaxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end
							if childTaxonRank and childTaxonRank == 'Q7432' then --child == species
								for _, childInstanceOfState in pairs ( childItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
									local childInstanceOf = childInstanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id 
									if childInstanceOf and
									  (childInstanceOf == 'Q310890' or childInstanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon
										childMonoSpecies = childTaxon --confirmed
										break
									end
								end
								if childMonoSpecies and tFroms[childMonoSpecies] == nil then
									--housekeeping
									tFroms[childMonoSpecies] = 1
									iFroms = iFroms + 1
									fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
									--append monotypic species &amp; track
									parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = childMonoSpecies
									tCats[17] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic species]]'
									break
					end	end	end	end
					if childMonoSpecies == nil or tFroms[childMonoSpecies] == nil then
						tCats[20] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikidata]]'
						break
					end
				end --monotype searches
				
			end --monotype handling
		end --for
	end --if currentItem
	
	--Setup navbox
	local navboxParams = {
		name  = 'Taxonbar',
		bodyclass = 'hlist',
		listclass = '',
		groupstyle = 'text-align: left;',
	}
	
	for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1
	do
		local elements, title = {}, nil
		--cleanup parameters
		if parentArgs['from'..f] == '' then parentArgs['from'..f] = nil end
		if parentArgs['title'..f] == '' then parentArgs['title'..f] = nil end
		--remap aliases
		for _, a in pairs( conf.aliases ) do
			local alias, name = mw.ustring.lower(a[1]), mw.ustring.lower(a[2])
			if parentArgs[alias..f] and parentArgs[name..f] == nil then
				parentArgs[name..f] = parentArgs[alias..f]
				parentArgs[alias..f] = nil
			end
		end
		--Fetch Wikidata item
		local from = resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from'..f])
		local item = mw.wikibase.getEntity(from)
		local label = nil
		if type(item) == 'table' then
			local statements = item:getBestStatements('P225')[1] --taxon name
			if statements then
				local datavalue = statements.mainsnak.datavalue
				if datavalue then
					label = datavalue.value
				end
			end
			label = label or item:getLabel()
		else
			if parentArgs['from'..f] then
				tCats[1] = ''
				tCats[5] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with invalid from parameters]]'
				errors = errors..mw.text.tag('strong', {class='error'}, 'Error: &quot;'..
				         parentArgs['from'..f]..'&quot; is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.&lt;br /&gt;')				
			end
		end
		if label and label ~= '' then
			title = mw.title.new(label)
		end
		if title == nil and parentArgs['title'..f] then
			title = mw.title.new(parentArgs['title'..f])
		end
		if title == nil and f == 1 then
			title = currentTitle
		end
		
		if title then
			if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['wikidata'..f] ) and 
			   (title.namespace == 0) then
				if parentArgs['from'..f] then
					parentArgs['wikidata'..f] = parentArgs['from'..f]
				elseif item then
					parentArgs['wikidata'..f] = item.id
				end
			end
			if title.namespace == 0 or stringArgs then --only in mainspace or if manual overrides exist
				local sourceCount = 0
				for _, params in pairs( conf.databases ) do
					params[1] = mw.ustring.lower(params[1])
					local propId = params[3]
					--Wikidata fallback if requested
					if (item and item.claims) and
					   (type(propId) == 'string' or (type(propId) == 'number' and propId &gt; 0))
					then
						local wikidataId = getIdFromWikidata( item, 'P'..propId )
						local v = parentArgs[params[1]..f]
						if wikidataId then
							if isNilOrEmpty(v) then
								parentArgs[params[1]..f] = wikidataId
							else
								if v and v ~= 'no' and v ~= wikidataId then
									tCats[11] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs differing from Wikidata]]'
								elseif v and v == wikidataId then
									tCats[10] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs identical to Wikidata]]'
								end
							end
						end
					end
					if (item and item.claims) and
					   ( (type(propId) == 'number' and propId &lt; 0))
					then
						local wikidataId = getIdFromWikidata( item, 'P'..-propId )
						--mw.addWarning (&quot;propId=&quot; .. tostring(propId) .. &quot;; wikidata=&quot; .. tostring(wikidataId))
						local v = parentArgs[params[1]..f]
						if v == 'yes' then
							if wikidataId then
								parentArgs[params[1]..f] = wikidataId
							else
								parentArgs[params[1]..f] = nil  -- don't want to use 'yes' as id
							end
						end
					end
					local val = parentArgs[params[1]..f]
					if val and val ~= '' and mw.ustring.lower(val) ~= 'no' then
						if type(propId) == 'number' then
							if propId &lt; 0 then propId = -propId end --allow link
							if propId &gt; 0 then --link
								table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, getLink( propId, params[1], val ).text, true ) )
								if params[1] == 'fossilworks' then -- fossilworks being use to link to PBDB
									if elements[#elements] == elements[#elements-1] then -- check if identical PBDB entry already set
									    --mw.addWarning(&quot;item has both Fossilworks and PBDB identifers:&quot; .. val)
									    elements[#elements] = nil
								    end
								end
							else --propId == 0; no link
								table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, val, true ) )
							end
						else
							table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, getLink( propId, params[1], val ).text, true ) )
						end
						if params[1] ~= 'wikidata' and params[1] ~= 'wikispecies' then
							sourceCount = sourceCount + 1
						end
					end
				end --for _, params in pairs( conf.databases ) do
				
				if     sourceCount &gt;= 45 then tCats[28] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 40 then tCats[27] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 40–44 taxon IDs]]' --endashes
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 35 then tCats[26] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 35–39 taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 30 then tCats[25] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 25 then tCats[24] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 25–29 taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 20 then tCats[23] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs]]'
				end
				
				--Generate navbox title
				if sourceCount &gt; 0 then
					rowCount = rowCount + 1
					if firstRow == 0 then firstRow = f end
					--set title from wikidata if it doesn't exist
					if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then
						parentArgs['noTitle'..f] = true
						parentArgs['title'..f] = title.text
					end
					--if it exists now, set row heading to title
					if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then
						navboxParams['group'..f] = TaxonItalics.italicizeTaxonName(parentArgs['title'..f], false)
					else
						navboxParams['group'..f] = ''
					end
					navboxParams['list'..f] = table.concat( elements )
				elseif currentEntityId and (currentEntityId == parentArgs['from'..f] or fromTitleCount == 1) then
					tCats[21] = '[[Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs]]'
				else
					tCats[22] = '[[Category:Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs]]'
				end
				
				--Tracking cats
				if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['from'..f] ) then
					tCats[1] = '' --blank &quot;missing from&quot; if 'from' exists
					if parentArgs['from'..f] == currentEntityId then
						tCats[2] = '' --blank &quot;desynced&quot; if 'from' matches current page
					end
				end
				if tCats[1] ~= '' then
					tCats[2] = '' --cannot be &quot;desynced&quot; if no 'from' params
				end
				if mono and monoWPok == nil then
					if monoSpecies then
						if monoParent == label then
							monoWPok = true
							tCats[29] = ''
						else
							tCats[29] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikipedia]]'
						end
					end
					if monoGenus then
						local labelGenus = mw.ustring.gsub(label, ' .+', '')
						local labelIsBinomial = mw.ustring.match(label, '^[A-Z][a-z]+ [a-z]+')
						if labelIsBinomial and monoParent == labelGenus then
							monoWPok = true
							tCats[30] = ''
						else
							tCats[30] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikipedia]]'
						end
					end
				end
				
			end --if title.namespace == 0 or stringArgs
		end --if title
	end --for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1
	
	if rowCount &gt; 0 then
		local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox')
		if rowCount &gt; 1 then
			--remove duplicates and don't bother moving page title to top
			local rowIDs = {}
			for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1
			do
				if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then
					if rowIDs[parentArgs['wikidata'..f]] then --remove duplicate
						navboxParams['group'..f] = nil
						navboxParams['list'..f] = nil
					else
						rowIDs[parentArgs['wikidata'..f]] = true
					end
				end
			end
			if parentArgs['title'..2] and parentArgs['title'..2] == currentTitle.text then
				if currentItem and parentArgs['from'..2] == currentItem['id'] then
					tCats[8] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title &amp; QID]]'
				else
					tCats[7] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title]]'
				end
			end
			--adjust navbox for number of rows
			navboxParams['title'] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]'
			if rowCount &gt;= 4 then
				navboxParams['navbar'] = 'plain'
			else
				navboxParams['state'] = 'off'
				navboxParams['navbar'] = 'off'
			end
		elseif parentArgs['noTitle'..firstRow] then --show title &amp; taxon for 1-row taxonbars, per talk
			navboxParams['title'] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]'
			navboxParams['state'] = 'off'
			navboxParams['navbar'] = 'off'
		else
			navboxParams['group'..firstRow] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]&lt;br /&gt;'..navboxParams['group'..firstRow]
		end
		
		--return navbox
		outString = Navbox._navbox(navboxParams)
	end --if rowCount &gt; 0
	
	--Add categories
	if string.sub(currentTitle.subpageText,1,9) == 'testcases' then parentArgs['demo'] = true end
	if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['demo'] ) then
		outString = outString..mw.text.nowiki(table.concat(tCats))..'&lt;br /&gt;'
	elseif currentTitle.namespace == 0 then
		outString = outString..table.concat(tCats)
	end
	
	return outString..errors
end

function p.taxonbar(frame) return p.authorityControlTaxon( frame:newChild{title = frame:getTitle()} ) end

return p</text>
      <sha1>0ocqu5fvri03cy8px5uksg9g6fa6m0d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385569</id>
      <parentid>385562</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:13:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385569</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="30582" sha1="c9h1ydb5mav6hyfdysauq0f6jtxjyqx" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

local conf = require( 'Module:Taxonbar/conf' ) --configuration module
local TaxonItalics = require( 'Module:TaxonItalics' ) --use a function to conditionally italicize taxon names

--[[==========================================================================]]
--[[                             Local functions                              ]]
--[[==========================================================================]]

local function isNilOrEmpty( thing )
	if thing == nil or thing == '' then
		return true
	end
	return nil
end

local function getIdFromWikidata( item, property )
	local id = nil
	if property == 'PWikispecies:$1' then
		local siteLinks = item.sitelinks
		if siteLinks then
			local speciesWiki = item.sitelinks.specieswiki
			if speciesWiki then
				id = speciesWiki.title
			end
		end
		return id
	elseif item.claims[property] == nil then
		return id
	end
	--[[ this code picks up deprecated values on wikidata; better to use getBestStatements
	for _, statement in pairs( item.claims[property] ) do
		if statement.mainsnak.datavalue then
			id = statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value
			break
		end
	end
	]]
	local statements = item:getBestStatements(property)[1] 
	if statements and
	   statements.mainsnak and
	   statements.mainsnak.datavalue and
	   statements.mainsnak.datavalue.value
	then
		id = statements.mainsnak.datavalue.value
	end

	return id
end

local function getLink( property, db, val )
	local link, returnVal = '', {}
	
	returnVal.isError = false
	
	if mw.ustring.find( val, '//' ) then
		link = val
	else
		if type(property) == 'number' and property &gt; 0 then
			local entityObject = mw.wikibase.getEntity('P'..property)
			local dataType
			
			if entityObject then dataType = entityObject.datatype
			else returnVal.isError = true end
			
			if dataType == 'external-id' then
				local formatterURL = nil
				if property == 3746 or --Wildflowers of Israel
				   property == 3795 or --Flora of Israel Online
				   property == 5397    --Tierstimmenarchiv
				then
					formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[2] --use 2nd formatterURL for English version
				end
				if formatterURL == nil then formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[1] end --default to [1]
				if formatterURL then
					if formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue and formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value then --nil check for ABA
						link = formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value
					end
				end
				if db == 'bow' then -- for birds of world which uses eBird identifier
					link = 'https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/$1'
				elseif db == 'speciesfungorum' then -- SpeciesFungorum uses Index Fungorum identifier
					link = 'https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=$1'
				elseif db == 'fossilworks' then 
					link = 'https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=$1'
				end
			elseif dataType == 'url' then
				local subjectItem = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1629')[1]
				if subjectItem then
					local officialWebsite = mw.wikibase.getEntity(subjectItem.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id):getBestStatements('P856')[1]
					if officialWebsite then	link = officialWebsite.mainsnak.datavalue.value end
				end
			elseif dataType == 'string' then
				local formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[1]
				if formatterURL then
					link = formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value
				else
					local subjectItem = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1629')[1]
					if subjectItem then
						local officialWebsite = mw.wikibase.getEntity(subjectItem.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id):getBestStatements('P856')[1]
						if officialWebsite then	link = officialWebsite.mainsnak.datavalue.value end
					end
				end
			else
				returnVal.isError = true
			end
		elseif type(property) == 'string' then
			link = property
		end
		
		--local valurl = val
		local valurl = mw.uri.encode( val, 'PATH' )
		valurl = string.gsub (valurl, '%%2F', '/') --escape '/' (e.g. issue with P5354); see wikidata T128078 and https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/Wikibase/+/664820/3/lib/includes/PropertyInfoSnakUrlExpander.php
		
		if type(property) == 'number' then
			--doublecheck language for Wildflowers of Israel ID
			if property == 3746 then link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '/hebrew/', '/english/') end
			--format spaces in PfaF binomials, e.g. &quot;Elaeagnus x ebbingei&quot;
			if property == 4301 then valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl, '%%20', '+') end
		end
		valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl,'%%','%%%%')
		link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '$1', valurl)
	end
	
	link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?)&amp;#58;//', 'http%1://') --fix wikidata URL
	val = mw.ustring.match(val, '([^=/]*)/?$') --get display name from end of URL
	if mw.ustring.find( link, '//' ) then
		returnVal.text = '['..link..' '..mw.text.encode(mw.uri.decode(val, 'PATH'),'%[%]')..']'
	elseif link == '' then
		returnVal.text = val
	else
		returnVal.text = '&lt;span class=&quot;external&quot;&gt;[['..link..'|'..val..']]&lt;/span&gt;'
	end
	return returnVal
end

local function createRow( id, label, rawValue, link, withUid )
	if link then
		local outStr = '*&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;'..label..' &lt;span'
		if withUid then outStr = outStr..' class=&quot;uid&quot;' end
		return outStr..'&gt;'..link..'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;\n'
	else
		return '* '..mw.text.tag('span', {class='error'}, 'The identifier '..id..' '..rawValue..' is not valid.')..'\n'
	end
end

local function copyTable(inTable)
	if type(inTable) ~= 'table' then return inTable end
	local outTable = setmetatable({}, getmetatable(inTable))
	for key, value in pairs (inTable) do outTable[copyTable(key)] = copyTable(value) end
	return outTable
end

local p = {}

--[[==========================================================================]]
--[[                                   Main                                   ]]
--[[==========================================================================]]

function p.authorityControlTaxon( frame )
	local resolveEntity = require( 'Module:ResolveEntityId' )
	local whitelist = require( 'Module:Taxonbar/whitelist' ).whitelist --to create acceptableInstanceOf_Strict &amp; acceptableInstanceOf_All
	local parentArgs = copyTable(frame:getParent().args)
	local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	local currentEntityId = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	
	local stringArgs = false
	local fromTitleCount, firstRow, rowCount = 1, 0, 0
	local outString, errors = '', ''
	local iFroms = 0 --integer size of tFroms, b/c Lua
	local tFroms = {} --non-sequential table of unique froms
	local tCats = {
		'[[Category:Taxonbars without from parameter]]',
		'[[Category:Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata]]',
		'', -- [3] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item]]
		'', -- [4] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]]
		'', -- [5] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with invalid from parameters]]
		'', -- [6] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with duplicate from parameters]]
		'', -- [7] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title]]
		'', -- [8] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title &amp; QID]]
		'', -- [9] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs]]
		'', --[10] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs identical to Wikidata]]
		'', --[11] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs differing from Wikidata]]
		'', --[12] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with unknown parameters]]
		'', --[13] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with unnamed parameters]]
		'', --[14] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with multiple manual Wikidata items]]
		'', --[15] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms]]
		'', --[16] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations]]
		'', --[17] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic species]]
		'', --[18] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic genera]]
		'', --[19] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikidata]]
		'', --[20] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikidata]]
		'', --[21] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs]]
		'', --[22] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs]]
		'', --[23] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[24] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 25–29 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[25] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[26] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 35–39 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[27] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 40–44 taxon IDs]]
		'', --[28] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs]]
		'', --[29] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikipedia]]
		'', --[30] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikipedia]]
	}
	local acceptableInstanceOf_Strict = whitelist{ args = { 'strict' } }
	local acceptableInstanceOf_All = whitelist{ args = { 'all' } }
	
	--monotypic flags for WP-side check
	local mono = nil
	local monoWPok = nil
	local monoGenus = nil
	local monoSpecies = nil
	local monoParent = nil --parent taxon name
	
	--Assess the page's relationship with Wikidata
	local currentItem = nil
	if currentTitle.namespace == 10 then --i.e. Module:Taxonbar/sandbox, Template:Taxonbar/doc, etc.
		if resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from']) then
			currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentArgs['from'])
		end
		if currentItem == nil then
			if resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from1']) then
				currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentArgs['from1'])
			end
		end
	elseif resolveEntity._id(currentEntityId) then
		currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(currentEntityId)
	else --currentEntityId == nil/unresolvable
		tCats[3] = '[[Category:Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item]]'
	end
	if currentItem then
		tCats[4] = '[[Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]]' --unset if acceptable found
		for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( currentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
			local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if acceptableInstanceOf_All[instanceOf] then
				tCats[4] = ''
				break
			end
		end
	end
	
	--Cleanup args
	for k, v in pairs( frame:getParent().args ) do
		if type(k) == 'string' then
			--make args case insensitive
			local lowerk = mw.ustring.lower(k)
			if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[lowerk] ) then
				parentArgs[k] = nil
				parentArgs[lowerk] = v
			end
			--remap abc to abc1
			if mw.ustring.find(lowerk,'%d$') == nil then --if no number at end of param
				if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[lowerk..'1'] ) then
					parentArgs[lowerk] = nil
					lowerk = lowerk..'1'
					parentArgs[lowerk] = v
				end
			end
			if v and v ~= '' then
				--remap 'for' to 'title'
				if mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,3) == 'for' then
					local forTitle = mw.ustring.gsub(lowerk,'^for','title',1)
					if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[forTitle] ) then
						parentArgs[lowerk] = nil
						lowerk = forTitle
						parentArgs[lowerk] = v
					end
				end
				--find highest from or title param
				if mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,4) == 'from' then
					local fromNumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,5,-1))
					if fromNumber and fromNumber &gt;= fromTitleCount then fromTitleCount = fromNumber end
					--look for duplicate froms while we're here
					if mw.ustring.find(v, '^Q%d') then
						if tFroms[v] then
							tCats[6] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with duplicate from parameters]]'
							tFroms[v] = tFroms[v] + 1
						else
							tFroms[v] = 1
							iFroms = iFroms + 1
						end
						if iFroms == 2 then
							tCats[14] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with multiple manual Wikidata items]]'
						end
					end
				elseif mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,5) == 'title' then
					local titleNumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,4,-1))
					if titleNumber and titleNumber &gt;= fromTitleCount then fromTitleCount = titleNumber end
				elseif mw.ustring.lower(v) ~= 'no' and  mw.ustring.lower(v) ~= 'yes' then
					stringArgs = true
					tCats[9] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs]]'
				end
			end
		end --if type(k) == 'string'
	end --for
	
	--Check for unknown parameters
	--create knowns list
	local acceptableArgs = { from = true, } --master list of l/c acceptable args
	for _, d in pairs( conf.databases ) do
		if d[1] ~= 'Wikidata' then --made obsolete by from
			acceptableArgs[mw.ustring.lower(d[1])] = true
		end
	end
	for _, a in pairs( conf.aliases ) do
		acceptableArgs[mw.ustring.lower(a[1])] = true
	end
	--create trimmed parents list
	local baseParentArgs = {} --condensed list of l/c parent args w/o trailing #s
	for k, _ in pairs( parentArgs ) do
		if type(k) == 'string' then
			local lowerk = mw.ustring.lower(k)
			local base = mw.ustring.gsub(lowerk, '[%d]*$', '')
			baseParentArgs[base] = true
		elseif type(k) == 'number' then
			tCats[13] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with unnamed parameters|'..k..']]'
		end
	end
	--compare lists and spit out unknowns
	local unknownParams = {}
	for k, _ in pairs( baseParentArgs ) do
		if acceptableArgs[k] == nil then
			tCats[12] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with unknown parameters|'..k..']]'
			unknownParams[#unknownParams + 1] = k
		end
	end
	--warn if unknown(s) present
	if #unknownParams &gt; 0 then
		local plural = 's'
		local itthem = 'them'
		if #unknownParams == 1 then
			plural = ''
			itthem = 'it'
		end
		errors = errors..require('Module:If preview')._warning({
			mw.ustring.format(
				'Unknown parameter%s &lt;code&gt;%s&lt;/code&gt;. Please correct %s or consider adding %s to Wikidata.',
				plural,
				table.concat(unknownParams, '&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;'),
				itthem,
				itthem
			)
		})
	end
	
	--Append basionym to arg list, if not already provided
	if currentItem then
		local currentBasState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P566')[1] --basionym
		if currentBasState then
			local datavalue = currentBasState.mainsnak.datavalue
			local basionymId = datavalue and datavalue.value.id
			if basionymId and resolveEntity._id(basionymId) and tFroms[basionymId] == nil then
				--check that basionym is a strict instance of taxon
				local basionymItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(basionymId)
				if basionymItem then
					for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( basionymItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
						local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
						if acceptableInstanceOf_Strict[instanceOf] then
							--housekeeping
							tFroms[basionymId] = 1
							iFroms = iFroms + 1
							fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
							--append basionym &amp; track
							parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = basionymId
							tCats[15] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms]]'
							break
	end	end	end	end	end	end
	
	--Append original combination to arg list, if not already provided
	if currentItem then
		local currentOCState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P1403')[1] --original combination
		if currentOCState then
			local orcoId = currentOCState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if orcoId and resolveEntity._id(orcoId) and tFroms[orcoId] == nil then
				--check that orco is a strict instance of taxon
				local orcoItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(orcoId)
				if orcoItem then
					for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( orcoItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
						local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
						if acceptableInstanceOf_Strict[instanceOf] then
							--housekeeping
							tFroms[orcoId] = 1
							iFroms = iFroms + 1
							fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
							--append orco &amp; track
							parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = orcoId
							tCats[16] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations]]'
							break
	end	end	end	end	end	end
	
	--Append monotypic genus/species to arg list of monotypic species/genus, if not already provided
	if currentItem then
		for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( currentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
			local taxonRank = nil
			local parentItem = nil
			local parentTaxon = nil
			local parentTaxonRank = nil
			local parentMonoGenus = nil --holy grail/tbd
			local childItem = nil
			local childTaxon = nil
			local childTaxonRank = nil
			local childMonoSpecies = nil --holy grail/tbd
			local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
			if instanceOf and (instanceOf == 'Q310890' or instanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon
				--find &amp; save monoParent for future WP-side check
				if monoParent == nil then
					mono = true
					local label = nil
					local taxonName = currentItem:getBestStatements('P225')[1] --taxon name
					if taxonName then
						local datavalue = taxonName.mainsnak.datavalue
						if datavalue then
							label = datavalue.value
						end
					end
					label = label or currentItem:getLabel()
					if label then
						monoParent = mw.ustring.gsub(label, ' .+', '')
					end
				end
				
				local missingP171orP427sortkey = '*'
				local taxonRankState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank
				if taxonRankState then taxonRank = taxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end
				
				if taxonRank and taxonRank == 'Q7432' then --species
					--is monotypic species; add genus
					monoSpecies = true
					local parentTaxonState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P171')[1] --parent taxon
					if parentTaxonState then
						parentTaxon = parentTaxonState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
					else
						tCats[19] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikidata|'..missingP171orP427sortkey..']]'
						break
					end
					--confirm parent taxon rank == genus &amp; monotypic
					if parentTaxon and resolveEntity._id(parentTaxon) then
						parentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentTaxon)
						if parentItem then
							local parentTaxonRankState = parentItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank
							if parentTaxonRankState then parentTaxonRank = parentTaxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end
							if parentTaxonRank and parentTaxonRank == 'Q34740' then --parent == genus
								for _, parentInstanceOfState in pairs ( parentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
									local parentInstanceOf = parentInstanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id 
									if parentInstanceOf and
									  (parentInstanceOf == 'Q310890' or parentInstanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon
										parentMonoGenus = parentTaxon --confirmed
										break
									end
								end
								if parentMonoGenus and tFroms[parentMonoGenus] == nil then
									--housekeeping
									tFroms[parentMonoGenus] = 1
									iFroms = iFroms + 1
									fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
									--append monotypic genus &amp; track
									parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = parentMonoGenus
									tCats[18] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic genera]]'
									break
					end	end	end	end
					if parentMonoGenus == nil or tFroms[parentMonoGenus] == nil then
						tCats[19] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikidata]]'
						break
					end
					
				elseif taxonRank and taxonRank == 'Q34740' then --genus
					--is monotypic genus; add species
					--(https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Property_proposal/child_monotypic_taxon unnecessary thanks to P427!)
					monoGenus = true
					local childTaxonState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P427')[1] --taxonomic type
					if childTaxonState then
						childTaxon = childTaxonState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
					else
						tCats[20] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikidata|'..missingP171orP427sortkey..']]'
						break
					end
					--confirm child taxon rank == species &amp; monotypic
					if childTaxon and resolveEntity._id(childTaxon) then
						childItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(childTaxon)
						if childItem then
							local childTaxonRankState = childItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank
							if childTaxonRankState then childTaxonRank = childTaxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end
							if childTaxonRank and childTaxonRank == 'Q7432' then --child == species
								for _, childInstanceOfState in pairs ( childItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of
									local childInstanceOf = childInstanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id 
									if childInstanceOf and
									  (childInstanceOf == 'Q310890' or childInstanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon
										childMonoSpecies = childTaxon --confirmed
										break
									end
								end
								if childMonoSpecies and tFroms[childMonoSpecies] == nil then
									--housekeeping
									tFroms[childMonoSpecies] = 1
									iFroms = iFroms + 1
									fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1
									--append monotypic species &amp; track
									parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = childMonoSpecies
									tCats[17] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic species]]'
									break
					end	end	end	end
					if childMonoSpecies == nil or tFroms[childMonoSpecies] == nil then
						tCats[20] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikidata]]'
						break
					end
				end --monotype searches
				
			end --monotype handling
		end --for
	end --if currentItem
	
	--Setup navbox
	local navboxParams = {
		name  = 'Taxonbar',
		bodyclass = 'hlist',
		listclass = '',
		groupstyle = 'text-align: left;',
	}
	
	for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1
	do
		local elements, title = {}, nil
		--cleanup parameters
		if parentArgs['from'..f] == '' then parentArgs['from'..f] = nil end
		if parentArgs['title'..f] == '' then parentArgs['title'..f] = nil end
		--remap aliases
		for _, a in pairs( conf.aliases ) do
			local alias, name = mw.ustring.lower(a[1]), mw.ustring.lower(a[2])
			if parentArgs[alias..f] and parentArgs[name..f] == nil then
				parentArgs[name..f] = parentArgs[alias..f]
				parentArgs[alias..f] = nil
			end
		end
		--Fetch Wikidata item
		local from = resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from'..f])
		local item = mw.wikibase.getEntity(from)
		local label = nil
		if type(item) == 'table' then
			local statements = item:getBestStatements('P225')[1] --taxon name
			if statements then
				local datavalue = statements.mainsnak.datavalue
				if datavalue then
					label = datavalue.value
				end
			end
			label = label or item:getLabel()
		else
			if parentArgs['from'..f] then
				tCats[1] = ''
				tCats[5] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with invalid from parameters]]'
				errors = errors..mw.text.tag('strong', {class='error'}, 'Error: &quot;'..
				         parentArgs['from'..f]..'&quot; is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.&lt;br /&gt;')				
			end
		end
		if label and label ~= '' then
			title = mw.title.new(label)
		end
		if title == nil and parentArgs['title'..f] then
			title = mw.title.new(parentArgs['title'..f])
		end
		if title == nil and f == 1 then
			title = currentTitle
		end
		
		if title then
			if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['wikidata'..f] ) and 
			   (title.namespace == 0) then
				if parentArgs['from'..f] then
					parentArgs['wikidata'..f] = parentArgs['from'..f]
				elseif item then
					parentArgs['wikidata'..f] = item.id
				end
			end
			if title.namespace == 0 or stringArgs then --only in mainspace or if manual overrides exist
				local sourceCount = 0
				for _, params in pairs( conf.databases ) do
					params[1] = mw.ustring.lower(params[1])
					local propId = params[3]
					--Wikidata fallback if requested
					if (item and item.claims) and
					   (type(propId) == 'string' or (type(propId) == 'number' and propId &gt; 0))
					then
						local wikidataId = getIdFromWikidata( item, 'P'..propId )
						local v = parentArgs[params[1]..f]
						if wikidataId then
							if isNilOrEmpty(v) then
								parentArgs[params[1]..f] = wikidataId
							else
								if v and v ~= 'no' and v ~= wikidataId then
									tCats[11] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs differing from Wikidata]]'
								elseif v and v == wikidataId then
									tCats[10] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs identical to Wikidata]]'
								end
							end
						end
					end
					if (item and item.claims) and
					   ( (type(propId) == 'number' and propId &lt; 0))
					then
						local wikidataId = getIdFromWikidata( item, 'P'..-propId )
						--mw.addWarning (&quot;propId=&quot; .. tostring(propId) .. &quot;; wikidata=&quot; .. tostring(wikidataId))
						local v = parentArgs[params[1]..f]
						if v == 'yes' then
							if wikidataId then
								parentArgs[params[1]..f] = wikidataId
							else
								parentArgs[params[1]..f] = nil  -- don't want to use 'yes' as id
							end
						end
					end
					local val = parentArgs[params[1]..f]
					if val and val ~= '' and mw.ustring.lower(val) ~= 'no' then
						if type(propId) == 'number' then
							if propId &lt; 0 then propId = -propId end --allow link
							if propId &gt; 0 then --link
								table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, getLink( propId, params[1], val ).text, true ) )
								if params[1] == 'fossilworks' then -- fossilworks being use to link to PBDB
									if elements[#elements] == elements[#elements-1] then -- check if identical PBDB entry already set
									    --mw.addWarning(&quot;item has both Fossilworks and PBDB identifers:&quot; .. val)
									    elements[#elements] = nil
								    end
								end
							else --propId == 0; no link
								table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, val, true ) )
							end
						else
							table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, getLink( propId, params[1], val ).text, true ) )
						end
						if params[1] ~= 'wikidata' and params[1] ~= 'wikispecies' then
							sourceCount = sourceCount + 1
						end
					end
				end --for _, params in pairs( conf.databases ) do
				
				if     sourceCount &gt;= 45 then tCats[28] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 40 then tCats[27] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 40–44 taxon IDs]]' --endashes
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 35 then tCats[26] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 35–39 taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 30 then tCats[25] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 25 then tCats[24] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 25–29 taxon IDs]]'
				elseif sourceCount &gt;= 20 then tCats[23] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs]]'
				end
				
				--Generate navbox title
				if sourceCount &gt; 0 then
					rowCount = rowCount + 1
					if firstRow == 0 then firstRow = f end
					--set title from wikidata if it doesn't exist
					if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then
						parentArgs['noTitle'..f] = true
						parentArgs['title'..f] = title.text
					end
					--if it exists now, set row heading to title
					if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then
						navboxParams['group'..f] = TaxonItalics.italicizeTaxonName(parentArgs['title'..f], false)
					else
						navboxParams['group'..f] = ''
					end
					navboxParams['list'..f] = table.concat( elements )
				elseif currentEntityId and (currentEntityId == parentArgs['from'..f] or fromTitleCount == 1) then
					tCats[21] = '[[Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs]]'
				else
					tCats[22] = '[[Category:Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs]]'
				end
				
				--Tracking cats
				if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['from'..f] ) then
					tCats[1] = '' --blank &quot;missing from&quot; if 'from' exists
					if parentArgs['from'..f] == currentEntityId then
						tCats[2] = '' --blank &quot;desynced&quot; if 'from' matches current page
					end
				end
				if tCats[1] ~= '' then
					tCats[2] = '' --cannot be &quot;desynced&quot; if no 'from' params
				end
				if mono and monoWPok == nil then
					if monoSpecies then
						if monoParent == label then
							monoWPok = true
							tCats[29] = ''
						else
							tCats[29] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera on Wikipedia]]'
						end
					end
					if monoGenus then
						local labelGenus = mw.ustring.gsub(label, ' .+', '')
						local labelIsBinomial = mw.ustring.match(label, '^[A-Z][a-z]+ [a-z]+')
						if labelIsBinomial and monoParent == labelGenus then
							monoWPok = true
							tCats[30] = ''
						else
							tCats[30] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic genera missing species on Wikipedia]]'
						end
					end
				end
				
			end --if title.namespace == 0 or stringArgs
		end --if title
	end --for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1
	
	if rowCount &gt; 0 then
		local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox')
		if rowCount &gt; 1 then
			--remove duplicates and don't bother moving page title to top
			local rowIDs = {}
			for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1
			do
				if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then
					if rowIDs[parentArgs['wikidata'..f]] then --remove duplicate
						navboxParams['group'..f] = nil
						navboxParams['list'..f] = nil
					else
						rowIDs[parentArgs['wikidata'..f]] = true
					end
				end
			end
			if parentArgs['title'..2] and parentArgs['title'..2] == currentTitle.text then
				if currentItem and parentArgs['from'..2] == currentItem['id'] then
					tCats[8] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title &amp; QID]]'
				else
					tCats[7] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with from2 matching article title]]'
				end
			end
			--adjust navbox for number of rows
			navboxParams['title'] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]'
			if rowCount &gt;= 4 then
				navboxParams['navbar'] = 'plain'
			else
				navboxParams['state'] = 'off'
				navboxParams['navbar'] = 'off'
			end
		elseif parentArgs['noTitle'..firstRow] then --show title &amp; taxon for 1-row taxonbars, per talk
			navboxParams['title'] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]'
			navboxParams['state'] = 'off'
			navboxParams['navbar'] = 'off'
		else
			navboxParams['group'..firstRow] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]&lt;br /&gt;'..navboxParams['group'..firstRow]
		end
		
		--return navbox
		outString = Navbox._navbox(navboxParams)
	end --if rowCount &gt; 0
	
	--Add categories
	if string.sub(currentTitle.subpageText,1,9) == 'testcases' then parentArgs['demo'] = true end
	if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['demo'] ) then
		outString = outString..mw.text.nowiki(table.concat(tCats))..'&lt;br /&gt;'
	elseif currentTitle.namespace == 0 then
		outString = outString..table.concat(tCats)
	end
	
	return outString..errors
end

function p.taxonbar(frame) return p.authorityControlTaxon( frame:newChild{title = frame:getTitle()} ) end
p.main = p.authorityControlTaxon

return p</text>
      <sha1>c9h1ydb5mav6hyfdysauq0f6jtxjyqx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Taxonbar/conf</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>98783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385564</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:50:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: local p = {}  --Database entry format: { 'parameter name', 'label to display', propertyId in Wikidata or 'URL' } -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --| If propertyId is...    | then...                                                          | --|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------| --| a Wikidata property ID | it must be a number without quotes...</comment>
      <origin>385564</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="18105" sha1="qm6zzs5je5dyvxqh18ed6vfnpij6e9q" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

--Database entry format: { 'parameter name', 'label to display', propertyId in Wikidata or 'URL' }
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--| If propertyId is...    | then...                                                          |
--|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
--| a Wikidata property ID | it must be a number without quotes                               |
--| an external URL        | it must be in quotes and begin with http://, https://, or //     |
--|                        |   The ID should be represented by $1                             |
--|                        |   (e.g. 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$1')                      |
--| an interwiki URL       | put the interwiki name, a colon, and $1 in quotes (e.g. 'en:$1') |
--| set to 0               | that database won't show unless forced; taxon link suppressed    |
--| set to its negative    | that database won't show unless forced; taxon link allowed       |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p.databases = {
	{ 'Wikidata', '[[Wikidata]]', 'Wikidata:$1' }, --for ordering purposes: 1st
	{ 'Wikispecies', '[[Wikispecies]]', 'Wikispecies:$1' }, --for ordering purposes: 2nd (if available)
	
	--Wikidata properties for identifing taxa
	{ 'ABA', '[[American Birding Association|ABA]]', 4526 },
	{ 'ADW', '[[Animal Diversity Web|ADW]]', 4024 },
	{ 'AFD', '[[Australian Faunal Directory|AFD]]', 6039 },
	{ 'AfroMoths', 'AfroMoths', 6093 }, ---[[AfroMoths]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'AlgaeBase', '[[AlgaeBase]]', 1348 },
	{ 'AmphibiaWeb', '[[AmphibiaWeb]]', 5036 },
	{ 'AntWeb', '[[AntWeb]]', 5299 },
	{ 'AoI', 'AoI', 5003 }, ---[[Amphibians of India]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'AoFP', 'AoFP', 6159 }, ---[[Atlas of Florida Plants]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'APA', 'APA', 6137 }, ---[[Alabama Plant Atlas]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'APDB', 'APDB', 2036 }, ---[[African Plant Database]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Aphid Species File', 'Aphid Species File' , 12767}, ---[[Aphid Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'APNI', '[[Australian Plant Name Index|APNI]]', 5984 },
	{ 'APSA', 'APSA', 2809 }, ---[[Australasian Pollen and Spore Atlas]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Araneae', 'Araneae', 3594 }, ---[[]] DNE as of 2/2026
--	{ 'ARKive', '[[ARKive]]', 2833 }, --went dead in 2019; the archived links provided by Wikidata don't link to content
	{ 'ASW', '[[Amphibian Species of the World|ASW]]', 5354 },
--	{ 'ALA', '[[Atlas of Living Australia]]', 7051 },
	{ 'ATRF', '[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants|ATRF]]', 6904 },
	{ 'AusFungi', '[[Australian online fauna &amp; flora databases|AusFungi]]', 9076 },
	{ 'AusLichen', '[[Australian online fauna &amp; flora databases|AusLichen]]', 9093 },
	{ 'Avibase', '[[Avibase]]', 2026 },
	{ 'BacDive', '[[BacDive]]', 2946 },
	{ 'Bamona', 'BAMONA', 3398 }, ---[[Butterflies and Moths of North America]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'BHL', '[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]', 687 },
	{ 'BioLib', 'BioLib', 838 }, ---[[BioLib]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'BirdLife', '[[BirdLife International|BirdLife]]', 5257 },
	{ 'BirdLife-Australia', '[[BirdLife Australia|BirdLife-Australia]]', 6040 },
	{ 'BOLD', '[[Barcode of Life Data System|BOLD]]', 3606 },
	{ 'bow', '[[Birds of the World|BOW]]', 3444 }, --uses eBird identifier (a common identifier for all Cornell Ornithology Labs databases)
	{ 'BTO', '[[British Trust for Ornithology|BTO]]', 4798 }, --BTO Birds of Britain ID (links to page that includes the code)
--	{ 'BTO', '[[British Trust for Ornithology|BTO]]', 4567 }, --BTO five-letter code (no link)
	{ 'BugGuide', '[[BugGuide]]', 2464 },
	{ 'ButMoth', 'ButMoth', 3060 },
	{ 'Calflora', 'Calflora', 3420 }, ---[[Calflora]] DNE as of 2/2026, but [[Draft:Calflora]] available
	{ 'Cal-IPC', 'Cal-IPC', 6176 }, ---[[California Invasive Plant Council]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'CoL', '[[Catalogue of Life|CoL]]', 10585 },
	{ 'Center', '[[Center for Biological Diversity|Center]]', 6003 },
	{ 'CMS', '[[Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals|CMS]]', 6033 },
	{ 'CNPS', '[[California Native Plant Society|CNPS]]', 4194 },
	{ 'Cockroach Species File', 'Cockroach Species File (old)', 6052 }, ---[[Cockroach Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Cockroach Species File New', 'Cockroach Species File (new)', 12817 }, ---[[Cockroach Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Coleorrhyncha Species File', 'Coleorrhyncha Species File' , 12771}, ---[[Coleorrhyncha Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Conifers', 'Conifers.org', 1940 }, ---[[Conifers.org]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'COOL', 'COOL', 6408 }, ---[[Cercopoidea Organised On Line|COOL]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Coreoidea Species File', 'Coreoidea Species File', 6053 }, ---[[Coreoidea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Dermaptera Species File', 'Dermaptera Species File', 12750 }, ---[[Dermaptera Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'eBird', '[[eBird]]', 3444 },
	{ 'Ecocrop', '[[Ecocrop]]', 4753 },
	{ 'ECOS', 'ECOS', 6030 }, ---[[Environmental Conservation Online System]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'eFloraSA', '[[State Herbarium of South Australia|eFloraSA]]', 6933 },
	{ 'Embioptera Species File', 'Embioptera Species File', 12751 }, ---[[Embioptera Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'EoL', '[[Encyclopedia of Life|EoL]]', 830 },
	{ 'EPPO', '[[EPPO Code|EPPO]]', 3031 },
	{ 'EUNIS', '[[European Nature Information System|EUNIS]]', 6177 },
	{ 'EURING', '[[European Union for Bird Ringing|EURING]]', 3459 },
	{ 'Euro+Med PlantBase', 'Euro+Med PlantBase', 12380 }, ---[[Euro+Med PlantBase]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'FaunaEuropaea', '[[Fauna Europaea]]', 1895 },
	{ 'FaunaEuropaeaNew', '[[Fauna Europaea|Fauna Europaea (new)]]', 4807 },
	{ 'FEIS', 'FEIS', 6044 }, ---[[Fire Effects Information System]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Featherbase', 'Featherbase', 12589 }, ---[[Featherbase]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'FishBase', '[[FishBase]]', 938 },
	{ 'FloraBase', '[[FloraBase]]', 3101 },
	{ 'FLOW', 'FLOW', 6096 }, ---[[Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'FNA', '[[Flora of North America|FNA]]', 1727 },
	{ 'FoAO', '[[Flora of Australia|FoAO]]', 3100 }, --old
	{ 'FoAO2', '[[Flora of Australia|FoAO2]]', 6756 }, --new
	{ 'FoC', '[[Flora of China (series)|FoC]]', 1747 },
	{ 'FoIO', 'FoIO', 3795 }, ---[[Flora of Israel Online]] DNE as of 2/2026, he.wiki link interferes with display
--	{ 'Fossilworks', '[[Fossilworks]]', 842 }, --site dead (on 1 Apr 2024)
--	{ 'Freebase', '[[Freebase (database)|Freebase]]', 646 }, --closed in 2015
	{ 'GBIF', '[[Global Biodiversity Information Facility|GBIF]]', 846 },
	{ 'GISD', '[[Global Invasive Species Database|GISD]]', 5626 },
	{ 'GNAB', 'GNAB', 4715 }, ---[[Guide to North American Birds]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'GONIAT', 'GONIAT', 5216 }, ---[[GONIAT]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'GrassBase', '[[GrassBase]]', 1832 },
	{ 'GRIN', '[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]]', 1421 },
	{ 'Grylloblattodea Species File', 'Grylloblattodea Species File' , 12768}, ---[[Grylloblattodea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'IBC', '[[Handbook of the Birds of the World|IBC]]', 3099 },
--	{ 'ICTV', '[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]]', 1076 }, ---currently unavailable and a new wididata identifier will be needed for the new taxon id
	{ 'IFPNI', '[[International Fossil Plant Names Index|IFPNI]]', 6341 },
	{ 'iNaturalist', '[[iNaturalist]]', 3151 },
	{ 'IndexFungorum', '[[Index Fungorum|IndexFungorum]]', 1391 },
	{ 'Insecta.pro', 'Insecta.pro', 7224 }, ---[[Insects (Insecta) of the World]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'IPA', 'IPA', 6161 }, ---[[Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'IPNI', '[[International Plant Names Index|IPNI]]', 961 },
	{ 'IRMNG', '[[Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera|IRMNG]]', 5055 },
	{ 'ISC', '[[Invasive Species Compendium|ISC]]', 5698 },
	{ 'Isoptera Species File', 'Isoptera Species File', 12752 }, ---[[Isoptera Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'ITIS', '[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]]', 815 },
	{ 'IUCN', '[[IUCN Red List|IUCN]]', 627 },
	{ 'LepIndex', '[[The Global Lepidoptera Names Index|LepIndex]]', 3064 },
	{ 'LoB', 'LoB', 5862 }, ---[[Catalogue of Lepidoptera of Belgium]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'LPSN', '[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature|LPSN]]', 1991 },
	{ 'Lygaeoidea Species File', 'Lygaeoidea Species File (old)', 11311 }, ---[[Lygaeoidea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Lygaeoidea Species File New', 'Lygaeoidea Species File (new)', 12818 }, ---[[Lygaeoidea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Mantophasmatodea Species File', 'Mantophasmatodea Species File' , 12769}, ---[[Mantophasmatodea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Mantodea Species File', 'Mantodea Species File', 6055 }, ---[[Mantodea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'MDD', '[[American Society of Mammalogists#Mammal Diversity Database|MDD]]', 12560 },
	{ 'MichiganFlora', 'MichiganFlora', 6103 }, ---[[Michigan Flora]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'MoBotPF', '[[Missouri Botanical Garden|MoBotPF]]', 6034 },
	{ 'MoL', 'MoL', 6092 }, ---[[Map of Life]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'MNHN', '[[National Museum of Natural History, France|MNHN]]', 6046 },
	{ 'MilliBase', '[[MilliBase]]', 12271 },
	{ 'MONA', '[[MONA number|MONA]]', 4758 },
	{ 'MaBENA', 'MaBENA', 9608 }, ---[[Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'MSW', '[[Mammal Species of the World|MSW]]', 959 },
	{ 'MycoBank', '[[MycoBank]]', 962 },
	{ 'NAS', 'NAS', 6163 }, ---[[Nonindigenous Aquatic Species]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'NatureServe', '[[NatureServe]]', 10243 },
	{ 'NBN', '[[National Biodiversity Network|NBN]]', 3240 },
	{ 'NCBI', '[[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]', 685 },
	{ 'Neotropical', '[[Neotropical Birds Online|Neotropical]]', 6047 },
	{ 'NOAA', '[[National Marine Fisheries Service|NOAA]]', 6049 },
	{ 'NSWFlora', '[[NSWFlora]]', 3130 }, ---[[New South Wales Flora]]
	{ 'NTFlora', '[[FloraNT|NTFlora]]', 5953 }, ---inconsistent property name/link
	{ 'NZBO', 'NZBO', 6048 }, ---[[New Zealand Birds Online]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'NZOR', 'NZOR', 2752 }, ---[[New Zealand Organisms Register]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'NZPCN', '[[New Zealand Plant Conservation Network|NZPCN]]', 7496 },
	{ 'Observation.org', '[[Observation.org]]', 6105 },
	{ 'OBIS', '[[Ocean Biodiversity Information System|OBIS]]', 6754 },
	{ 'ODNR', '[[Ohio Department of Natural Resources|ODNR]]', 6289 },
	{ 'OTTOL', '[[Open Tree of Life]]', 9157 },
	{ 'Orthoptera Species File', 'Orthoptera Species File (old)', 6050 }, ---[[Orthoptera Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Orthoptera Species File New', 'Orthoptera Species File (new)', 12785 }, ---[[Orthoptera Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Paldat', 'PalDat', 4122 }, ---[[Palynological Database]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'PaleobioDB', '[[Paleobiology Database]]', 10907 },
	{ 'Fossilworks', '[[Paleobiology Database]]', 842 }, --will use to get identifier for PBDB if not already set
	{ 'Panarctic', 'Panarctic Flora', 2434 }, ---[[Panarctic Flora]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'PfaF', '[[Plants for a Future|PfaF]]', 4301 },
	{ 'PFI', 'PFI', 6114 }, ---[[Portal to the Flora of Italy]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Phasmida Species File', 'Phasmida Species File (old)', 4855 }, ---[[Phasmida Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Phasmida Species File New', 'Phasmida Species File (new)', 12819 }, ---[[Phasmida Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Plecoptera Species File', 'Plecoptera Species File' , 12770}, ---[[Plecoptera Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'PPE', 'PPE', 6061 }, ---[[Plant Parasites of Europe]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'PlantList', '[[The Plant List|Plant List]]', 1070 },
	{ 'PLANTS', '[[Natural Resources Conservation Service#Plants|PLANTS]]', 1772 },
	{ 'PlantZAfrica', '[[South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute#Management_of_biodiversity_resources|PlantZAfrica]]', 12645 },
	{ 'Plazi', '[[Plazi]]', 1992 },
	{ 'POWO', '[[Plants of the World Online|POWO]]', 5037 },
	{ 'Psocodea Species File', 'Psocodea Species File (old)', 8145 }, ---[[Psocodea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Psocodea Species File New', 'Psocodea Species File (new)', 12820 }, ---[[Psocodea Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ &quot;Psyl'list&quot;, &quot;Psyl'list&quot;, 6376 }, ---[[Psyl'list]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'RD', '[[Reptile Database|RD]]', 5473 },
	{ 'RHS', '[[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]]', 8765 },
	{ 'SANBI', '[[South African National Biodiversity Institute|SANBI]]', 6056 },
	{ 'ScaleNet', 'ScaleNet', 6516 }, ---[[ScaleNet]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'SCC', 'SCC', 6057 }, ---[[Systematic Catalog of Culicidae]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'SeaLifeBase', '[[SeaLifeBase]]', 6018 },
	{ 'SEINet', 'SEINet', 6209 }, ---[[SEINet]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'SeqCode Registry', 'SeqCode Registry', 13490 },
	{ 'Species+', '[[CITES|Species+]]', 2040 },
	{ 'SpeciesFungorum', '[[Index Fungorum|SpeciesFungorum]]', 1391 },
	{ 'SPRAT', '[[Species Profile and Threats Database|SPRAT]]', 2455 },
	{ 'StaphBase', 'StaphBase', 14477 },
	{ 'Steere', '[[New York Botanical Garden|Steere]]', 6035 },
	{ 'TaiCOL', '[[:zh:臺灣物種名錄|TaiCOL]]', 12218 }, ---closest match as of 2/2026 for Catalogue of Life in Taiwan ([[:d:Q26218155]])
	{ 'Taxonomicon', 'Taxonomicon', 7066 },
	{ 'Tree of Life', '[[Tree of Life Web Project|Tree of Life]]', 5221 },
	{ 'Tropicos', '[[Tropicos]]', 960 },
	{ 'TSA', '[[:de:Tierstimmenarchiv|TSA]]', 5397 }, ---closest match as of 2/2026 ([[:d:Q2432535]])
--	{ 'uBio', 'uBio', 4728 }, ---[[Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer]] DNE as of 2/2026 --defunct and dead link
	{ 'VASCAN', 'VASCAN', 1745 }, ---[[Vascular Plants of Canada]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'VicFlora', '[[National Herbarium of Victoria|VicFlora]]', 5945 }, ---closest match as of 2/2026
	{ 'Watson', 'Watson &amp; Dallwitz', 1761 }, ---[[]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'White-Files', 'White-Files', 6347 }, ---[[White-Files]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'World Arachnid Catalog', 'WAC', 11803 }, ---[[World Arachnid Catalog]] ([[:d:Q113675145]]) DNE as of 2/2026
--	{ 'WCSP', '[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|WCSP]]', 3591 }, --defunct and dead link (or redirects to POWO)
	{ 'WiO', 'WiO', 6285 }, ---[[Weeds in Ontario]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'WisFlora', 'WisFlora', 6227 }, ---[[Flora of Wisconsin]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'WoI', 'WoI', 3746 }, ---[[Wildflowers of Israel]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'WFO', '[[World Flora Online|WFO]]', 7715 },
	{ 'World Auchenorrhyncha DB', 'World Auchenorrhyncha DB', 12057 }, ---[[World Auchenorrhyncha Database]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'WoRMS', '[[World Register of Marine Species|WoRMS]]', 850 },
	{ 'WSC', '[[World Spider Catalog|WSC]]', 3288 },
	{ 'Xeno-canto', '[[Xeno-canto]]', 2426 },
	{ 'ZooBank', '[[ZooBank]]', 1746 },
	{ 'Zoraptera Species File', 'Zoraptera Species File', 12753 }, ---[[Zoraptera Species File]] DNE as of 2/2026
	
	--URLs (parameter must be manually specified on each Wikipedia article)
--	{ 'eMonocot', '[[eMonocot]]', 'http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:$1' }, --defunct and dead link (or redirects to POWO)
--	{ 'emonocotfamily', '[[eMonocot]]', 'http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:family:$1' }, --ditto
	{ 'WSC species', '[[World Spider Catalog]]', 'http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/search?sFamily=&amp;fMt=begin&amp;sGenus=&amp;gMt=begin&amp;sSpecies=&amp;sMt=begin&amp;mMt=exact&amp;multiPurpose=slsid&amp;sMulti=$1' },
	{ 'WSC genus', '[[World Spider Catalog]]', 'http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/search?sFamily=&amp;fMt=begin&amp;sGenus=&amp;gMt=begin&amp;sSpecies=&amp;sMt=begin&amp;mMt=exact&amp;multiPurpose=glsid&amp;sMulti=$1' },
	{ 'WSC family', '[[World Spider Catalog]]', 'http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/search?sFamily=&amp;fMt=begin&amp;sGenus=&amp;gMt=begin&amp;sSpecies=&amp;sMt=begin&amp;mMt=exact&amp;multiPurpose=flsid&amp;sMulti=$1' },
	
	--hidden by default (usually b/c !English, see [[Template:Taxonbar/doc#Excluded databases]])
	{ 'CoL-Taiwan', 'CoL-Taiwan', -3088 }, ---[[]] DNE as of 2/2026 (see [[:d:Property:P12218]] for new version)
	{ 'CONABIO', '[[CONABIO]]', -4902 },
	{ 'CzechNDOP', '[[:cs:Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR|CzechNDOP]]', -5263 }, ---closest match as of 2/2026 ([[:d:Q8183220]])
	{ 'DFCA', 'DFCA', -6115 }, ---[[Digital Flora of Central Africa]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'DORIS', &quot;[[:fr:DORIS (FFESSM)|DORIS]]&quot;, -4630 }, ---closest match as of 2/2026 ([[:d:Q3036834]])
	{ 'Dyntaxa', 'Dyntaxa', -1939 }, ---[[Dyntaxa]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'EEO', 'EEO', -6043 }, ---[[Espèces Envahissantes Outre-mer]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'FloraCatalana', 'FloraCatalana', -5179 }, ---[[FloraCatalana]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'FloraWeb', 'FloraWeb', -6094 }, ---[[FloraWeb]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'FOIH', '[[Flemish organization for Immovable Heritage, |FOIH]]', -4311 },
	{ 'GTIBMA', 'GTIBMA', -6054 }, ---[[Groupe de travail Invasions biologiques en milieux aquatiques]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Hepaticarum', 'Index Hepaticarum', -2794 }, ---[[Index Hepaticarum]] DNE; redirects to [[List of E. Schweizerbart serials]] as of 2/2026
	{ 'KNSL', '[[Korean National Species List]]', -13330 },
	{ 'Oiseaux', '[[:fr:Oiseaux.net|Oiseaux]]', -6025 }, ---closest match as of 2/2026 ([[:d:Q3349966]])
	{ 'Plantarium', 'Plantarium', -3102 }, ---[[Plantarium]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Soortenregister', '[[:nl:Nederlands Soortenregister|Soortenregister]]', -3405 }, ---closest match as of 2/2026 ([[:d:Q2246990]])
	{ 'TAXREF', 'TAXREF', -3186 }, ---[[TAXREF]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'TelaBotanica', '[[TelaBotanica]]', -3105 },
	{ 'Titan', 'Titan', -4125 }, ---[[]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Verspreidingsatlas', 'Verspreidingsatlas', -6142 }, ---[[Verspreidingsatlas]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'Vlinderstichting', 'Vlinderstichting', -3322 }, ---[[Vlinderstichting]] DNE as of 2/2026
	{ 'WikiAves', '[[WikiAves]]', -4664 },
}

--Alias entry format: { 'alias', 'parameter name in p.databases' }
p.aliases = {
	{ 'AlgeaBase', 'AlgaeBase' },
	{ 'FE', 'FaunaEuropaea' },
	{ 'FW', 'Fossilworks' },
	{ 'grinurl', 'GRIN' },
	{ 'indexfungorum', 'Fungorum' },
	{ 'NameBank', 'uBio' },
	{ 'PaleoDB', 'Fossilworks' },
	{ 'species', 'Species+' },
	{ 'TOL', 'Tree of Life'},
	{ 'WCSPF', 'WCSP' },
	{ 'wsc-gen', 'WSC genus' },
	{ 'wsc-fam', 'WSC family' },
	{ 'wsc-sp', 'WSC species'},
	{ 'Xenocanto', 'Xeno-canto' },
}

return p</text>
      <sha1>qm6zzs5je5dyvxqh18ed6vfnpij6e9q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Taxonbar/whitelist</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>98784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385565</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:51:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: local p = {}  --returns any combination of strict/lax/all acceptable instance-of's, --either as a table for use inside [[Module:Taxonbar]] or another module, --or as an ordered list for use in documentation. function p.whitelist( frame ) 	local listType = frame.args[1] 	local documentation = frame.args[2] 	local outList = {} 	local acceptableInstanceOf_Strict = { --table order == display order 		'Q16521',		--taxon 		'Q310890',		--monotypic taxon 		'Q47487597',	--monotypic...</comment>
      <origin>385565</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="2352" sha1="40qycyg4pq5dgwa2t859ci1hk9zyx1n" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

--returns any combination of strict/lax/all acceptable instance-of's,
--either as a table for use inside [[Module:Taxonbar]] or another module,
--or as an ordered list for use in documentation.
function p.whitelist( frame )
	local listType = frame.args[1]
	local documentation = frame.args[2]
	local outList = {}
	local acceptableInstanceOf_Strict = { --table order == display order
		'Q16521',		--taxon
		'Q310890',		--monotypic taxon
		'Q47487597',	--monotypic fossil taxon
		'Q2568288',		--ichnotaxon
		'Q23038290',	--fossil taxon
		'Q59278506',	--ootaxon
		'Q98961713',	--extinct taxon
		'Q58051350',	--paraphyletic group (subclass of taxon)
	}
	local acceptableInstanceOf_Lax = { --table order == display order
		'Q42621',		--hybrid
		'Q235536',		--incertae sedis
		'Q713623',		--clade
		'Q848328',		--serotype
		'Q857968',		--candidatus
		'Q17487588',	--unavailable combination
		'Q124477390',	--taxon hypothesis
	}
	
	if listType == 'strict'  then outList = acceptableInstanceOf_Strict
	elseif listType == 'lax' then outList = acceptableInstanceOf_Lax
	else --elseif listType == 'all' then --concatenate strict + lax IIF requested
		local acceptableInstanceOf_All = {}
		local i = 0
		for _, v in pairs( acceptableInstanceOf_Strict ) do
			i = i + 1
			acceptableInstanceOf_All[i] = v
		end
		for _, v in pairs( acceptableInstanceOf_Lax ) do
			i = i + 1
			acceptableInstanceOf_All[i] = v
		end
		outList = acceptableInstanceOf_All
	end
	
	if (documentation == nil) or --module only
	   (documentation and documentation == '')
	then
		local out = {}
		for k, v in pairs( outList ) do
			out[v] = k --output Q# as keys for easier searching within Module:Taxonbar
		end
		return out
		
	elseif (documentation == 'docdoc') then --self-documentation only
		local selfdocout = 'myWhitelist = {\n'
		for k, q in pairs( outList ) do
			selfdocout = selfdocout..'\t\''..q..'\' = '..k..',\n'
		end
		selfdocout = selfdocout..'}'
		local args = { ['lang'] = 'lua',
					   ['code'] = selfdocout }
		out = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Syntaxhighlight', args = args }
		return out
		
	else --normal documentation only
		local out = ''
		for _, q in pairs( outList ) do
			local Q = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Q', args = { q } }
			out = out..'# '..Q..'\n'
		end
		out = mw.ustring.gsub(out, '%s+$', '')
		return out
	end
	
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>40qycyg4pq5dgwa2t859ci1hk9zyx1n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Taxonbar/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385568</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:10:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{high-use}} {{further|Help:ٽيڪسا سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Taxonbar}} {{Uses Wikidata|section=ٽيڪسا سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ}} {{Lua sidebar}} {{TOC left}}  == وضاحت == هي ميٽاڊيٽا سانچو وڪيپيڊيا جي مقالن کي مختلف حياتياتي ۽ [[ٽيڪسوناميائي ڊيٽابيس]]ن سان ڳنڍي ٿو. ٽيڪسانبار (Taxonbar) انهن ڳنڍڻن کي مختصر صورت ۾ ڏيک...</comment>
      <origin>385568</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5032" sha1="6rrt8tuh4z3pmzw80ofmeyhvp5p3pwz" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
{{high-use}}
{{further|Help:ٽيڪسا سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ}}
{{Lua|ماڊيول:Taxonbar}}
{{Uses Wikidata|section=ٽيڪسا سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ}}
{{Lua sidebar}}
{{TOC left}}

== وضاحت ==
هي ميٽاڊيٽا سانچو وڪيپيڊيا جي مقالن کي مختلف حياتياتي ۽ [[ٽيڪسوناميائي ڊيٽابيس]]ن سان ڳنڍي ٿو. ٽيڪسانبار (Taxonbar) انهن ڳنڍڻن کي مختصر صورت ۾ ڏيکاري ٿو، جيڪي ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته هر ڊيٽابيس فهرست بندي جي مقصدن لاءِ ان ٽيڪسان کي ڪهڙو منفرد [[سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ]] (Identifier) ڏنو آهي.

هر ٽيڪسان جا ٽيڪسوناميائي سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ ان جي لاڳاپيل [[وڪيڊيٽا]] داخلا ۾ محفوظ ۽ اتان حاصل ڪيا ويندا آهن، پر انهن کي انفرادي مقالن ۾ مقامي طور داخل ڪيل انگن اکرن سان مٽائي به سگهجي ٿو. بهرحال، ڊيٽا کي وڪيڊيٽا ۾ شامل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ مناسب آهي.

هي منصوبو {{Tl|Authority Control}} ۽ [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taxonomy|وڪيڊيٽا: وڪي منصوبا ٽيڪسونامي]] جي ڪم تي ٻڌل آهي. جيڪڏهن توهان سانچا ايڊيٽر يا وڪيپيڊيا منتظم آهيو ته توهان '''[[ماڊيول:Taxonbar]]''' تي حصو وٺي سگهو ٿا. بهتري بابت خيالن ۽ تجويزن لاءِ [[Template:Taxonbar/talk]] تي بحث ڪريو.

[[File:Taxonbar layout placement on English Wikipedia - Cuckoo wasp.png|thumb|ٽيڪسانبار سڀني [[Wikipedia:Navigation template|نيويگيشن سانچن]] جي هيٺان رکيو ويندو آهي، سواءِ [[Wikipedia:Authority control|اتھارٽي ڪنٽرول]] جي (جيڪو هتي ڏيکاريل نه آهي).]]

== جڳھ ==
{{sh|WP:TAXONPOS}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}}

'''مهرباني ڪري ٽيڪسانبار کي صحيح جڳھ تي رکو.'''

ميٽاڊيٽا سانچي طور، ٽيڪسانبار کي هيٺين ترتيب سان رکڻ گهرجي:

{{columns-list|colwidth=60em|
* سڀني [[Wikipedia:References|حوالن]]، [[Wikipedia:Footnotes|حاشين]] ۽ [[Wikipedia:External links|خارجي ڳنڍڻن]] کان هيٺ.
* سڀني [[Wikipedia:Navigation template|نيويگيشن سانچن]] کان هيٺ — سواءِ اتھارٽي ڪنٽرول جي.
* [[Wikipedia:Authority control|اتھارٽي ڪنٽرول]] سانچي کان مٿي.
* ايڊيٽر ۾ سڀني [[Wikipedia:Categories|&lt;nowiki&gt;[[زمرو:]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]] ۽ اسٽب سانچن کان مٿي.
}}

== استعمال ==

مقالي ۾ ٽيڪسانبار شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ:

{{Block indent|left=0.1|1=&lt;nowiki /&gt;
# ماخذ ترميم (Source editing) واري موڊ ۾ &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Taxonbar|from=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; کي '''اتھارٽي ڪنٽرول کان سواءِ ٻين سڀني نيويگيشن سانچن کان هيٺ''' شامل ڪريو. بهتر آهي ته &lt;code&gt;from = QID&lt;/code&gt; پيرا ميٽر ضرور ڏنو وڃي، ڀلي صرف هڪ ئي وڪيڊيٽا شيءِ (item) مقالي سان ڳنڍيل هجي.
# جڳھ ۽ ڏيک جانچڻ لاءِ &quot;Show preview&quot; تي ڪلڪ ڪريو، ۽ ڏسو ته وڪيڊيٽا مان ڪهڙا ٽيڪسا سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ پاڻمرادو حاصل ٿين ٿا.
# جيڪڏهن وڌيڪ سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ شامل ڪرڻا هجن ته ترجيحي طور اهي مقالي جي وڪيڊيٽا شيءِ ۾ شامل ڪريو، جيئن سڀئي وڪيپيڊيا نسخا فائدو حاصل ڪري سگهن. وڪيڊيٽا ٽيڪسا جي جوڙجڪ يا نالن ۾ تبديلي ڪرڻ وقت احتياط ڪريو، جيستائين توهان [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taxonomy|وڪي منصوبا ٽيڪسونامي]] ۽ [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taxonomy/Tutorial|ان جي سبق]] کان واقف نه ٿي وڃو.
}}

بنيادي ڪوڊ:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Taxonbar|from=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== ٽيڪسان جو مثال ==

[[File:PileatedWoodpeckerFeedingonTree,_crop.jpg|thumb|left|'''[[Pileated woodpecker]] (''Dryocopus pileatus''), مترادف: ''Picus pileatus''''']]
{{clear|left}}

&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Taxonbar|from=Q930712}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

جڏهن [[Pileated woodpecker]] جي مقالي ۾ رکيو وڃي:

{{Taxonbar|from=Q930712}}

== بنيادي استعمال جا مثال ==
{{See also|Module:Taxonbar/sandbox|Template:Taxonbar/testcases}}

ٽيڪسانبار استعمال ڪندڙ مقالن جا مثال:

{{flatlist|
* ''[[Agaricus bisporus]]''
* ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''
* ''[[Bombus terrestris]]''
* ''[[Canis]]''
* [[Chordate]]
* [[Conifer]]
* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
* [[Eukaryote]]
* [[European robin]]
* [[Salicaceae]]
* [[Influenza A virus]]
* [[Insect]]
* [[Lambda phage]]
* ''[[Nitrosopumilus]]''
* ''[[Physcomitrella patens]]''
* ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''
* [[Protozoa]]
* [[Red algae]]
* [[Squamata]]
}}</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{asbox | image     = Mushroom (PSF).png | pix       = 40x30 | subject   = [[Agaricales]]-related  | qualifier =  | category  = Agaricales stubs | tempsort  =  * | name      = Template:Agaricales-stub }}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-semi-indef}} [[Category:Fungus stub templates]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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[[Category:Fungus stub templates]]
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|ڀارت جي سرڪاري تحقيقاتي تجربگاهه}}  {{Infobox organization | name = سي ايس آءِ آر - نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (NIIST) | formation = 1975 | native_name = നാഷണൽ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഫോർ ഇന്റർ ഡിസിപ്ലിനറി സയൻസ് ആൻഡ് ടെക്നോളജി...</comment>
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      <text bytes="7521" sha1="2lr8jwxrdfqqqiybhempm8zldnbw7m1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڀارت جي سرڪاري تحقيقاتي تجربگاهه}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = سي ايس آءِ آر - نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (NIIST)
| formation = 1975
| native_name = നാഷണൽ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഫോർ ഇന്റർ ഡിസിപ്ലിനറി സയൻസ് ആൻഡ് ടെക്നോളജി
| logo = File:Niist logo.png
| former_name = سي ايس آءِ آر - ترواننتاپورم ڪمپليڪس
(ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري)
| headquarters = انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ پي او، ترواننتاپورم، ڀارت
| leader_title = ڊائريڪٽر
| leader_name = ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن
| parent_organization = [[سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل]]
| website = https://www.niist.res.in/
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Rrlt.PNG|right]]

'''نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي''' (NIIST، اڳوڻو ''ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[ترواننتاپورم]]'') [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]]، [[ڀارت]] جي هڪ جزوي تجربگاهه آهي، جيڪا زرعي پروسيسنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي جرثومي عملن ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، موادي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، عمل انجنيئرنگ ۽ ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقياتي سرگرمين ۾ مصروف آهي. هن اداري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 سائنسدان ۽ 300 تحقيقي فيلو مختلف سائنسي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪن ٿا. اداري جا پروگرام بنيادي تحقيق، ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ۽ تجارتي استعمال جو ميلاپ آهن؛ انهن ۾ تحقيق جي جديد سرحدي شعبن، قومي مشن منصوبن، علائقائي وسيلن تي ٻڌل سرگرمين ۽ تحقيق ۽ ترقي – صنعت – علمي ادارن جي رابطن تي خاص ڌيان ڏنو وڃي ٿو. تجربگاهه جا وڏين قومي ۽ بين الاقوامي ادارن سان گڏيل پروگرام پڻ آهن. اداري جو موجوده ڊائريڪٽر ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India Science, Technology &amp; Innovation - ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/council-scientific-industrial-research-csir/csir-national-4 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-NIIST |url=https://indiabioscience.org/orgs/csir-niist |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=IndiaBioscience}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو 1975ع ۾ [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]] ڪمپليڪس طور قائم ڪيو ويو. 1978ع ۾ ان جو نالو ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري رکيو ويو ۽ بعد ۾ 2007ع ۾ ان جو نالو تبديل ڪري NIIST رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|title=CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) » About Us|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004043900/https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تحقيقي شعبا ==

NIIST جا اهم تحقيقي شعبا هي آهن:

ايڊوانسڊ فنڪشنل مٽيريلز ڊويزن (AFMD)

ايگرو اينڊ فوڊ پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (AFPTD)

مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ

حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن (BBD)

پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز (C-SET)

آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز

ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (CSTD)

اهم معدنيات ۽ ڌاتن جي ڊويزن (CMMD)

ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (ETD)

== زرعي ۽ خوراڪي پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن ==

هي ڊويزن تيل وارن ٻجن، مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ ٽيڪنالاجيون تيار ڪرڻ بابت تحقيق جي ذميوار آهي. هن ڊويزن جي بنيادي مهارت عملن ۽ شين جي ترقي ۽ انهن عملن کي مڪمل انجنيئر ڪيل ٽيڪنالاجي پيڪيجز ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ آهي ته جيئن انهن جو تجارتي استعمال ٿي سگهي. ڊويزن ڪيترين ئي رياستن ۾ تجارتي پلانٽ قائم ڪيا آهن ۽ سرڪاري ۽ غير سرڪاري ادارن کي لاڳاپيل شعبن ۾ پاليسي فيصلا ڪرڻ لاءِ فني ماهريت پڻ فراهم ڪئي آهي.

مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي شعبي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي بزنس انڪيوبيشن سينٽر (TBIC) جديد ٽيڪنالاجين جي ترقي ۾ حصو وٺي ٿو. اهم تحقيق ۾ [[پام آئل]] جي معيار ۾ بهتري، مصالحي جي تيل ۽ اوليوريزن، تازن ۽ سڪل مصالحن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ سوئنگ ٽيڪنالاجي، گرميءَ سان حساس مواد جي ريفريجريشن ايڊزورپشن ڊي هيوميڊيفائيڊ ڊرائينگ (RADD)، ادرڪ جي تيل جو استخراج ۽ غذائي صحت بابت مطالعا شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram (CSIR-NIIST) {{!}} Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research {{!}} CSIR {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.csir.res.in/gallery/national-institute-interdisciplinary-science-and-technology-niist-thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.csir.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ ==

سي ايس آءِ آر – نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (CSIR-NIIST) جو مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ يونٽ انگن اکرن تي ٻڌل ماڊلنگ، اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ تجزئي ۽ ذهين فيصلا ساز نظامن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي يونٽ پيچيده سائنسي ۽ صنعتي ڊيٽا جي تجزيي لاءِ مشين لرننگ ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت جا طريقا تيار ڪري ٿو.

هن يونٽ جون تحقيقي سرگرميون اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ ماڊلنگ، ڊيٽا بصري نمائش، تصويري تجزيو، ڊيٽا جي هم آهنگي ۽ اهڙا گڏيل ڪمپيوٽري طريقا شامل ڪن ٿيون جيڪي مصنوعي ذهانت کي رياضيائي ۽ نظامي متحرڪ ماڊلن سان ملائين ٿا.

هي يونٽ زراعت، خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، صحت، توانائي ۽ ماحولياتي سائنسن سميت مختلف شعبن ۾ بين الشعبائي استعمالن جي مدد ڪري ٿو. اهو تحقيق ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي لاءِ ڊيٽا سائنس ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل حلن جي ترقي ۾ پڻ حصو وٺي ٿو.</text>
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      <text bytes="7445" sha1="2opldhfvxeenq0koofw3zr7h0wjnrbh" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڀارت جي سرڪاري تحقيقاتي تجربگاهه}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = سي ايس آءِ آر - نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (NIIST)
| formation = 1975
| native_name = നാഷണൽ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഫോർ ഇന്റർ ഡിസിപ്ലിനറി സയൻസ് ആൻഡ് ടെക്നോളജി
| logo = File:Niist logo.png
| former_name = سي ايس آءِ آر - ترواننتاپورم ڪمپليڪس
(ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري)
| headquarters = انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ پي او، ترواننتاپورم، ڀارت
| leader_title = ڊائريڪٽر
| leader_name = ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن
| parent_organization = [[سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل]]
| website = https://www.niist.res.in/
}}

[[File:Rrlt.PNG|right]]

'''نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي''' (NIIST، اڳوڻو ''ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[ترواننتاپورم]]'') [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]]، [[ڀارت]] جي هڪ جزوي تجربگاهه آهي، جيڪا زرعي پروسيسنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي جرثومي عملن ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، موادي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، عمل انجنيئرنگ ۽ ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقياتي سرگرمين ۾ مصروف آهي. هن اداري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 سائنسدان ۽ 300 تحقيقي فيلو مختلف سائنسي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪن ٿا. اداري جا پروگرام بنيادي تحقيق، ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ۽ تجارتي استعمال جو ميلاپ آهن؛ انهن ۾ تحقيق جي جديد سرحدي شعبن، قومي مشن منصوبن، علائقائي وسيلن تي ٻڌل سرگرمين ۽ تحقيق ۽ ترقي – صنعت – علمي ادارن جي رابطن تي خاص ڌيان ڏنو وڃي ٿو. تجربگاهه جا وڏين قومي ۽ بين الاقوامي ادارن سان گڏيل پروگرام پڻ آهن. اداري جو موجوده ڊائريڪٽر ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India Science, Technology &amp; Innovation - ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/council-scientific-industrial-research-csir/csir-national-4 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-NIIST |url=https://indiabioscience.org/orgs/csir-niist |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=IndiaBioscience}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو 1975ع ۾ [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]] ڪمپليڪس طور قائم ڪيو ويو. 1978ع ۾ ان جو نالو ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري رکيو ويو ۽ بعد ۾ 2007ع ۾ ان جو نالو تبديل ڪري NIIST رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|title=CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) » About Us|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004043900/https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تحقيقي شعبا ==

NIIST جا اهم تحقيقي شعبا هي آهن:

ايڊوانسڊ فنڪشنل مٽيريلز ڊويزن (AFMD)

ايگرو اينڊ فوڊ پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (AFPTD)

مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ

حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن (BBD)

پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز (C-SET)

آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز

ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (CSTD)

اهم معدنيات ۽ ڌاتن جي ڊويزن (CMMD)

ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (ETD)

== زرعي ۽ خوراڪي پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن ==

هي ڊويزن تيل وارن ٻجن، مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ ٽيڪنالاجيون تيار ڪرڻ بابت تحقيق جي ذميوار آهي. هن ڊويزن جي بنيادي مهارت عملن ۽ شين جي ترقي ۽ انهن عملن کي مڪمل انجنيئر ڪيل ٽيڪنالاجي پيڪيجز ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ آهي ته جيئن انهن جو تجارتي استعمال ٿي سگهي. ڊويزن ڪيترين ئي رياستن ۾ تجارتي پلانٽ قائم ڪيا آهن ۽ سرڪاري ۽ غير سرڪاري ادارن کي لاڳاپيل شعبن ۾ پاليسي فيصلا ڪرڻ لاءِ فني ماهريت پڻ فراهم ڪئي آهي.

مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي شعبي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي بزنس انڪيوبيشن سينٽر (TBIC) جديد ٽيڪنالاجين جي ترقي ۾ حصو وٺي ٿو. اهم تحقيق ۾ [[پام آئل]] جي معيار ۾ بهتري، مصالحي جي تيل ۽ اوليوريزن، تازن ۽ سڪل مصالحن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ سوئنگ ٽيڪنالاجي، گرميءَ سان حساس مواد جي ريفريجريشن ايڊزورپشن ڊي هيوميڊيفائيڊ ڊرائينگ (RADD)، ادرڪ جي تيل جو استخراج ۽ غذائي صحت بابت مطالعا شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram (CSIR-NIIST) {{!}} Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research {{!}} CSIR {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.csir.res.in/gallery/national-institute-interdisciplinary-science-and-technology-niist-thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.csir.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ ==

سي ايس آءِ آر – نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (CSIR-NIIST) جو مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ يونٽ انگن اکرن تي ٻڌل ماڊلنگ، اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ تجزئي ۽ ذهين فيصلا ساز نظامن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي يونٽ پيچيده سائنسي ۽ صنعتي ڊيٽا جي تجزيي لاءِ مشين لرننگ ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت جا طريقا تيار ڪري ٿو.

هن يونٽ جون تحقيقي سرگرميون اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ ماڊلنگ، ڊيٽا بصري نمائش، تصويري تجزيو، ڊيٽا جي هم آهنگي ۽ اهڙا گڏيل ڪمپيوٽري طريقا شامل ڪن ٿيون جيڪي مصنوعي ذهانت کي رياضيائي ۽ نظامي متحرڪ ماڊلن سان ملائين ٿا.

هي يونٽ زراعت، خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، صحت، توانائي ۽ ماحولياتي سائنسن سميت مختلف شعبن ۾ بين الشعبائي استعمالن جي مدد ڪري ٿو. اهو تحقيق ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي لاءِ ڊيٽا سائنس ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل حلن جي ترقي ۾ پڻ حصو وٺي ٿو.</text>
      <sha1>2opldhfvxeenq0koofw3zr7h0wjnrbh</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>385578</id>
      <parentid>385577</parentid>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7455" sha1="in68k57pzxp3nc3txtzrv4qmgschcdo" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڀارت جي سرڪاري تحقيقاتي تجربگاهه}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = سي ايس آءِ آر - نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (NIIST)
| formation = 1975
| native_name = നാഷണൽ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഫോർ ഇന്റർ ഡിസിപ്ലിനറി സയൻസ് ആൻഡ് ടെക്നോളജി
| logo = File:Niist logo.png
| former_name = سي ايس آءِ آر - ترواننتاپورم ڪمپليڪس
(ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري)
| headquarters = انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ پي او، ترواننتاپورم، ڀارت
| leader_title = ڊائريڪٽر
| leader_name = ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن
| parent_organization = [[سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل]]
| website = https://www.niist.res.in/
}}

[[File:Rrlt.PNG|right]]
{{Clear}}

'''نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي''' (NIIST، اڳوڻو ''ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[ترواننتاپورم]]'') [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]]، [[ڀارت]] جي هڪ جزوي تجربگاهه آهي، جيڪا زرعي پروسيسنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي جرثومي عملن ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، موادي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، عمل انجنيئرنگ ۽ ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقياتي سرگرمين ۾ مصروف آهي. هن اداري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 سائنسدان ۽ 300 تحقيقي فيلو مختلف سائنسي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪن ٿا. اداري جا پروگرام بنيادي تحقيق، ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ۽ تجارتي استعمال جو ميلاپ آهن؛ انهن ۾ تحقيق جي جديد سرحدي شعبن، قومي مشن منصوبن، علائقائي وسيلن تي ٻڌل سرگرمين ۽ تحقيق ۽ ترقي – صنعت – علمي ادارن جي رابطن تي خاص ڌيان ڏنو وڃي ٿو. تجربگاهه جا وڏين قومي ۽ بين الاقوامي ادارن سان گڏيل پروگرام پڻ آهن. اداري جو موجوده ڊائريڪٽر ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India Science, Technology &amp; Innovation - ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/council-scientific-industrial-research-csir/csir-national-4 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-NIIST |url=https://indiabioscience.org/orgs/csir-niist |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=IndiaBioscience}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو 1975ع ۾ [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]] ڪمپليڪس طور قائم ڪيو ويو. 1978ع ۾ ان جو نالو ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري رکيو ويو ۽ بعد ۾ 2007ع ۾ ان جو نالو تبديل ڪري NIIST رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|title=CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) » About Us|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004043900/https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تحقيقي شعبا ==

NIIST جا اهم تحقيقي شعبا هي آهن:

ايڊوانسڊ فنڪشنل مٽيريلز ڊويزن (AFMD)

ايگرو اينڊ فوڊ پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (AFPTD)

مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ

حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن (BBD)

پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز (C-SET)

آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز

ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (CSTD)

اهم معدنيات ۽ ڌاتن جي ڊويزن (CMMD)

ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (ETD)

== زرعي ۽ خوراڪي پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن ==

هي ڊويزن تيل وارن ٻجن، مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ ٽيڪنالاجيون تيار ڪرڻ بابت تحقيق جي ذميوار آهي. هن ڊويزن جي بنيادي مهارت عملن ۽ شين جي ترقي ۽ انهن عملن کي مڪمل انجنيئر ڪيل ٽيڪنالاجي پيڪيجز ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ آهي ته جيئن انهن جو تجارتي استعمال ٿي سگهي. ڊويزن ڪيترين ئي رياستن ۾ تجارتي پلانٽ قائم ڪيا آهن ۽ سرڪاري ۽ غير سرڪاري ادارن کي لاڳاپيل شعبن ۾ پاليسي فيصلا ڪرڻ لاءِ فني ماهريت پڻ فراهم ڪئي آهي.

مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي شعبي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي بزنس انڪيوبيشن سينٽر (TBIC) جديد ٽيڪنالاجين جي ترقي ۾ حصو وٺي ٿو. اهم تحقيق ۾ [[پام آئل]] جي معيار ۾ بهتري، مصالحي جي تيل ۽ اوليوريزن، تازن ۽ سڪل مصالحن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ سوئنگ ٽيڪنالاجي، گرميءَ سان حساس مواد جي ريفريجريشن ايڊزورپشن ڊي هيوميڊيفائيڊ ڊرائينگ (RADD)، ادرڪ جي تيل جو استخراج ۽ غذائي صحت بابت مطالعا شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram (CSIR-NIIST) {{!}} Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research {{!}} CSIR {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.csir.res.in/gallery/national-institute-interdisciplinary-science-and-technology-niist-thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.csir.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ ==

سي ايس آءِ آر – نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (CSIR-NIIST) جو مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ يونٽ انگن اکرن تي ٻڌل ماڊلنگ، اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ تجزئي ۽ ذهين فيصلا ساز نظامن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي يونٽ پيچيده سائنسي ۽ صنعتي ڊيٽا جي تجزيي لاءِ مشين لرننگ ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت جا طريقا تيار ڪري ٿو.

هن يونٽ جون تحقيقي سرگرميون اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ ماڊلنگ، ڊيٽا بصري نمائش، تصويري تجزيو، ڊيٽا جي هم آهنگي ۽ اهڙا گڏيل ڪمپيوٽري طريقا شامل ڪن ٿيون جيڪي مصنوعي ذهانت کي رياضيائي ۽ نظامي متحرڪ ماڊلن سان ملائين ٿا.

هي يونٽ زراعت، خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، صحت، توانائي ۽ ماحولياتي سائنسن سميت مختلف شعبن ۾ بين الشعبائي استعمالن جي مدد ڪري ٿو. اهو تحقيق ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي لاءِ ڊيٽا سائنس ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل حلن جي ترقي ۾ پڻ حصو وٺي ٿو.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385579</id>
      <parentid>385578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:30:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13955" sha1="2zbqo9ggitw3nueivb4xfar5895kxee" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڀارت جي سرڪاري تحقيقاتي تجربگاهه}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = سي ايس آءِ آر - نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (NIIST)
| formation = 1975
| native_name = നാഷണൽ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഫോർ ഇന്റർ ഡിസിപ്ലിനറി സയൻസ് ആൻഡ് ടെക്നോളജി
| logo = File:Niist logo.png
| former_name = سي ايس آءِ آر - ترواننتاپورم ڪمپليڪس
(ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري)
| headquarters = انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ پي او، ترواننتاپورم، ڀارت
| leader_title = ڊائريڪٽر
| leader_name = ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن
| parent_organization = [[سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل]]
| website = https://www.niist.res.in/
}}

[[File:Rrlt.PNG|right]]
{{Clear}}

'''نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي''' (NIIST، اڳوڻو ''ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[ترواننتاپورم]]'') [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]]، [[ڀارت]] جي هڪ جزوي تجربگاهه آهي، جيڪا زرعي پروسيسنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي جرثومي عملن ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، موادي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، عمل انجنيئرنگ ۽ ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقياتي سرگرمين ۾ مصروف آهي. هن اداري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 سائنسدان ۽ 300 تحقيقي فيلو مختلف سائنسي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪن ٿا. اداري جا پروگرام بنيادي تحقيق، ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ۽ تجارتي استعمال جو ميلاپ آهن؛ انهن ۾ تحقيق جي جديد سرحدي شعبن، قومي مشن منصوبن، علائقائي وسيلن تي ٻڌل سرگرمين ۽ تحقيق ۽ ترقي – صنعت – علمي ادارن جي رابطن تي خاص ڌيان ڏنو وڃي ٿو. تجربگاهه جا وڏين قومي ۽ بين الاقوامي ادارن سان گڏيل پروگرام پڻ آهن. اداري جو موجوده ڊائريڪٽر ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India Science, Technology &amp; Innovation - ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/council-scientific-industrial-research-csir/csir-national-4 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-NIIST |url=https://indiabioscience.org/orgs/csir-niist |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=IndiaBioscience}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو 1975ع ۾ [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]] ڪمپليڪس طور قائم ڪيو ويو. 1978ع ۾ ان جو نالو ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري رکيو ويو ۽ بعد ۾ 2007ع ۾ ان جو نالو تبديل ڪري NIIST رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|title=CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) » About Us|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004043900/https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تحقيقي شعبا ==

NIIST جا اهم تحقيقي شعبا هي آهن:

ايڊوانسڊ فنڪشنل مٽيريلز ڊويزن (AFMD)

ايگرو اينڊ فوڊ پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (AFPTD)

مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ

حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن (BBD)

پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز (C-SET)

آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز

ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (CSTD)

اهم معدنيات ۽ ڌاتن جي ڊويزن (CMMD)

ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (ETD)

== زرعي ۽ خوراڪي پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن ==

هي ڊويزن تيل وارن ٻجن، مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ ٽيڪنالاجيون تيار ڪرڻ بابت تحقيق جي ذميوار آهي. هن ڊويزن جي بنيادي مهارت عملن ۽ شين جي ترقي ۽ انهن عملن کي مڪمل انجنيئر ڪيل ٽيڪنالاجي پيڪيجز ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ آهي ته جيئن انهن جو تجارتي استعمال ٿي سگهي. ڊويزن ڪيترين ئي رياستن ۾ تجارتي پلانٽ قائم ڪيا آهن ۽ سرڪاري ۽ غير سرڪاري ادارن کي لاڳاپيل شعبن ۾ پاليسي فيصلا ڪرڻ لاءِ فني ماهريت پڻ فراهم ڪئي آهي.

مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي شعبي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي بزنس انڪيوبيشن سينٽر (TBIC) جديد ٽيڪنالاجين جي ترقي ۾ حصو وٺي ٿو. اهم تحقيق ۾ [[پام آئل]] جي معيار ۾ بهتري، مصالحي جي تيل ۽ اوليوريزن، تازن ۽ سڪل مصالحن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ سوئنگ ٽيڪنالاجي، گرميءَ سان حساس مواد جي ريفريجريشن ايڊزورپشن ڊي هيوميڊيفائيڊ ڊرائينگ (RADD)، ادرڪ جي تيل جو استخراج ۽ غذائي صحت بابت مطالعا شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram (CSIR-NIIST) {{!}} Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research {{!}} CSIR {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.csir.res.in/gallery/national-institute-interdisciplinary-science-and-technology-niist-thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.csir.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ ==

سي ايس آءِ آر – نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (CSIR-NIIST) جو مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ يونٽ انگن اکرن تي ٻڌل ماڊلنگ، اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ تجزئي ۽ ذهين فيصلا ساز نظامن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي يونٽ پيچيده سائنسي ۽ صنعتي ڊيٽا جي تجزيي لاءِ مشين لرننگ ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت جا طريقا تيار ڪري ٿو.

هن يونٽ جون تحقيقي سرگرميون اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ ماڊلنگ، ڊيٽا بصري نمائش، تصويري تجزيو، ڊيٽا جي هم آهنگي ۽ اهڙا گڏيل ڪمپيوٽري طريقا شامل ڪن ٿيون جيڪي مصنوعي ذهانت کي رياضيائي ۽ نظامي متحرڪ ماڊلن سان ملائين ٿا.

هي يونٽ زراعت، خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، صحت، توانائي ۽ ماحولياتي سائنسن سميت مختلف شعبن ۾ بين الشعبائي استعمالن جي مدد ڪري ٿو. اهو تحقيق ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي لاءِ ڊيٽا سائنس ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل حلن جي ترقي ۾ پڻ حصو وٺي ٿو.

== حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن ==

حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن (BBD) جرثومي حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ان جي صنعتي عملن، خوراڪ ۽ غذائي اضافن جي پيداوار، حياتياتي توانائي ۽ پائيدار حياتياتي پيداوار ۾ استعمال بابت تحقيق ڪري ٿي. هي ڊويزن اينزائمن، حياتياتي ٻارڻن، حياتياتي ڪيميائي مرڪبن، حياتياتي مواد ۽ قابلِ تجديد وسيلن مان قدر وڌايل شين جي پيداوار لاءِ جرثومي ۽ خميرڪاري تي ٻڌل ٽيڪنالاجيون تيار ڪري ٿي.

تحقيقي سرگرمين ۾ لائگنو سيلولوزڪ بايو ريفائنريون، حياتياتي مادو جي تبديلي، صنعتي ڪيميائي مرڪبن ۽ حياتياتي پوليمرن جي جرثومي پيداوار، پروبائيوٽڪس ۽ غذائي اضافا، الجي حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي، فضلي جي قدر افزائي، ٻوٽن ۽ جراثيمن جا لاڳاپا، جرثومي جينومڪس ۽ نظامياتي حياتيات شامل آهن. ڊويزن زرعي استعمال، ماحولياتي پائيداري ۽ حياتياتي معيشت لاءِ جرثومي تنوع، ميٽابولڪ انجنيئرنگ، مصنوعي حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي عملن جي ترقي بابت پڻ تحقيق ڪري ٿي.

== پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز ==

پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز (C-SET) سي ايس آءِ آر – نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (CSIR-NIIST) ۾ 2023ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ته جيئن توانائي سان لاڳاپيل تحقيقي سرگرمين کي منظم ۽ وسيع بڻائي سگهجي. هن مرڪز جو افتتاح 28 جولاءِ 2023ع تي وجي ڪمار سرسوت پاران ڪيو ويو.

CSIR-NIIST توانائي جي تبديلي ۽ لاڳاپيل اوزارن واري شعبي لاءِ مرڪزي تجربگاهه طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، جيڪو سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل جي توانائي ۽ توانائي اوزارن (EED) موضوع جو هڪ ذيلي شعبو آهي.

C-SET قابلِ تجديد توانائي جي پيداوار، توانائي جي ذخيري ۽ توانائي جي انتظام واري ٽيڪنالاجين تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. ان جي تحقيق جي شعبن ۾ ٽئين نسل جي فوٽو وولٽائيڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون، ورهايل قابلِ تجديد توانائي نظام، ايگري وولٽائڪس، عمارتن سان مربوط فوٽو وولٽائڪس، سائي هائيڊروجن جي پيداوار، فيول سيل، سپر ڪيپيسيٽر، بيٽريون، ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر، سمارٽ ونڊوز، توانائي بچائيندڙ فوٽو ڊٽيڪٽر ۽ سالڊ اسٽيٽ روشني واريون ٽيڪنالاجيون شامل آهن.

== آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز ==

آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز (CEAR) هڪ تحقيقي مرڪز آهي جيڪو آيور ويد جي سائنسي مطالعي ۽ ترقي تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿو. هي مرڪز جديد تجزياتي ۽ بين الشعبائي طريقن جي ذريعي آيور ويدڪ دوائن، جڙي ٻوٽين جي شين، آيور آھارا ۽ غذائي اضافن جي معياري بڻائڻ، معيار جي جاچ ۽ جائزي بابت تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

CEAR جڙي ٻوٽين جي دوائن، معيار جي ضمانت، شين جي ترقي، ترجماني تحقيق ۽ ضابطي واري سائنس سان لاڳاپيل تحقيقي سرگرمين جي مدد ڪري ٿو. هي مرڪز روايتي آيور ويدڪ علمي نظامن ۽ جديد سائنسي طريقن جي وچ ۾ تعاون کي پڻ فروغ ڏئي ٿو ته جيئن آيور ويد ۽ جڙي ٻوٽين جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق، جدت ۽ صلاحيت سازي کي هٿي ملي.

== ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن ==

ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (ETD) ماحولياتي نگراني، آلودگي جي ضابطي، فضلي جي انتظام ۽ پائيدار ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجين بابت تحقيق ڪري ٿي. هي ڊويزن ماحولياتي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ عمل ۽ تجزياتي طريقا تيار ڪري ٿي ۽ صنعتي ۽ سرڪاري ادارن کي فني ۽ جاچ خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

تحقيقي سرگرميون هڪ گهڻ شعبائي ٽيم پاران سرانجام ڏنيون وڃن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ ماحولياتي انجنيئرنگ، ڪيميائي سائنس، حياتياتي جراثيميات، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ماحولياتي سائنس جا ماهر شامل آهن. هي ڊويزن منظور ٿيل تجزياتي تجربگاهون ۽ پائلٽ سطح جون تحقيقي سهولتون هلائي ٿي، جيڪي ماحولياتي جائزي، ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي ۽ ضابطن جي پيروي بابت مطالعي جي مدد ڪن ٿيون.

هن ڊويزن جون تجربگاهون خوراڪ، جانورن جي خوراڪ، پاڻي ۽ ماحولياتي نمونن ۾ آلودگين، بشمول مستقل حياتياتي آلودگين ۽ ڳرين ڌاتن، جي تجزيي لاءِ منظور ٿيل حيثيت رکن ٿيون.

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.niist.res.in/ NIIST جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]

{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science And Technology}}
[[زمرو:سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل]]
[[زمرو:ترواننتاپورم جا تحقيقي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:گهڻ شعبائي تحقيقي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ قائم سائنسي تنظيمون]]
[[زمرو:سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي مطالعي جون انجمنون]]
[[زمرو:ڪيرالا ۾ 1975ع جون قائم ٿيل تنظيمون]]
[[زمرو:1975ع ۾ قائم ٿيل تحقيقي ادارا]]</text>
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{{Infobox organization
| name = سي ايس آءِ آر - نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (NIIST)
| formation = 1975
| native_name = നാഷണൽ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഫോർ ഇന്റർ ഡിസിപ്ലിനറി സയൻസ് ആൻഡ് ടെക്നോളജി
| logo = File:Niist logo.png
| former_name = سي ايس آءِ آر - ترواننتاپورم ڪمپليڪس
(ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري)
| headquarters = انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ پي او، ترواننتاپورم، ڀارت
| leader_title = ڊائريڪٽر
| leader_name = ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن
| parent_organization = [[سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل]]
| website = https://www.niist.res.in/
}}

[[File:Rrlt.PNG|thumb|]]
{{Clear}}

'''نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي''' (NIIST، اڳوڻو ''ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[ترواننتاپورم]]'') [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]]، [[ڀارت]] جي هڪ جزوي تجربگاهه آهي، جيڪا زرعي پروسيسنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي جرثومي عملن ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، موادي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، عمل انجنيئرنگ ۽ ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقياتي سرگرمين ۾ مصروف آهي. هن اداري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 سائنسدان ۽ 300 تحقيقي فيلو مختلف سائنسي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪن ٿا. اداري جا پروگرام بنيادي تحقيق، ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ۽ تجارتي استعمال جو ميلاپ آهن؛ انهن ۾ تحقيق جي جديد سرحدي شعبن، قومي مشن منصوبن، علائقائي وسيلن تي ٻڌل سرگرمين ۽ تحقيق ۽ ترقي – صنعت – علمي ادارن جي رابطن تي خاص ڌيان ڏنو وڃي ٿو. تجربگاهه جا وڏين قومي ۽ بين الاقوامي ادارن سان گڏيل پروگرام پڻ آهن. اداري جو موجوده ڊائريڪٽر ڊاڪٽر سي. آنندراماڪرشنن آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India Science, Technology &amp; Innovation - ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/council-scientific-industrial-research-csir/csir-national-4 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CSIR-NIIST |url=https://indiabioscience.org/orgs/csir-niist |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=IndiaBioscience}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ادارو 1975ع ۾ [[سي ايس آءِ آر ڀارت|سي ايس آءِ آر]] ڪمپليڪس طور قائم ڪيو ويو. 1978ع ۾ ان جو نالو ريجنل ريسرچ ليبارٽري رکيو ويو ۽ بعد ۾ 2007ع ۾ ان جو نالو تبديل ڪري NIIST رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|title=CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) » About Us|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004043900/https://www.niist.res.in/english/about-us|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تحقيقي شعبا ==

NIIST جا اهم تحقيقي شعبا هي آهن:

ايڊوانسڊ فنڪشنل مٽيريلز ڊويزن (AFMD)

ايگرو اينڊ فوڊ پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (AFPTD)

مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ

حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن (BBD)

پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز (C-SET)

آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز

ڪيميائي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (CSTD)

اهم معدنيات ۽ ڌاتن جي ڊويزن (CMMD)

ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (ETD)

== زرعي ۽ خوراڪي پروسيسنگ ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن ==

هي ڊويزن تيل وارن ٻجن، مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ ٽيڪنالاجيون تيار ڪرڻ بابت تحقيق جي ذميوار آهي. هن ڊويزن جي بنيادي مهارت عملن ۽ شين جي ترقي ۽ انهن عملن کي مڪمل انجنيئر ڪيل ٽيڪنالاجي پيڪيجز ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ آهي ته جيئن انهن جو تجارتي استعمال ٿي سگهي. ڊويزن ڪيترين ئي رياستن ۾ تجارتي پلانٽ قائم ڪيا آهن ۽ سرڪاري ۽ غير سرڪاري ادارن کي لاڳاپيل شعبن ۾ پاليسي فيصلا ڪرڻ لاءِ فني ماهريت پڻ فراهم ڪئي آهي.

مصالحن ۽ قدرتي شين جي شعبي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي بزنس انڪيوبيشن سينٽر (TBIC) جديد ٽيڪنالاجين جي ترقي ۾ حصو وٺي ٿو. اهم تحقيق ۾ [[پام آئل]] جي معيار ۾ بهتري، مصالحي جي تيل ۽ اوليوريزن، تازن ۽ سڪل مصالحن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ سوئنگ ٽيڪنالاجي، گرميءَ سان حساس مواد جي ريفريجريشن ايڊزورپشن ڊي هيوميڊيفائيڊ ڊرائينگ (RADD)، ادرڪ جي تيل جو استخراج ۽ غذائي صحت بابت مطالعا شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram (CSIR-NIIST) {{!}} Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research {{!}} CSIR {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.csir.res.in/gallery/national-institute-interdisciplinary-science-and-technology-niist-thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.csir.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ (AI&amp;ML) يونٽ ==

سي ايس آءِ آر – نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (CSIR-NIIST) جو مصنوعي ذهانت ۽ مشين لرننگ يونٽ انگن اکرن تي ٻڌل ماڊلنگ، اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ تجزئي ۽ ذهين فيصلا ساز نظامن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي يونٽ پيچيده سائنسي ۽ صنعتي ڊيٽا جي تجزيي لاءِ مشين لرننگ ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت جا طريقا تيار ڪري ٿو.

هن يونٽ جون تحقيقي سرگرميون اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ ماڊلنگ، ڊيٽا بصري نمائش، تصويري تجزيو، ڊيٽا جي هم آهنگي ۽ اهڙا گڏيل ڪمپيوٽري طريقا شامل ڪن ٿيون جيڪي مصنوعي ذهانت کي رياضيائي ۽ نظامي متحرڪ ماڊلن سان ملائين ٿا.

هي يونٽ زراعت، خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، صحت، توانائي ۽ ماحولياتي سائنسن سميت مختلف شعبن ۾ بين الشعبائي استعمالن جي مدد ڪري ٿو. اهو تحقيق ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي لاءِ ڊيٽا سائنس ۽ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل حلن جي ترقي ۾ پڻ حصو وٺي ٿو.

== حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن ==

حياتياتي سائنس ۽ حياتياتي انجنيئرنگ ڊويزن (BBD) جرثومي حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ان جي صنعتي عملن، خوراڪ ۽ غذائي اضافن جي پيداوار، حياتياتي توانائي ۽ پائيدار حياتياتي پيداوار ۾ استعمال بابت تحقيق ڪري ٿي. هي ڊويزن اينزائمن، حياتياتي ٻارڻن، حياتياتي ڪيميائي مرڪبن، حياتياتي مواد ۽ قابلِ تجديد وسيلن مان قدر وڌايل شين جي پيداوار لاءِ جرثومي ۽ خميرڪاري تي ٻڌل ٽيڪنالاجيون تيار ڪري ٿي.

تحقيقي سرگرمين ۾ لائگنو سيلولوزڪ بايو ريفائنريون، حياتياتي مادو جي تبديلي، صنعتي ڪيميائي مرڪبن ۽ حياتياتي پوليمرن جي جرثومي پيداوار، پروبائيوٽڪس ۽ غذائي اضافا، الجي حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي، فضلي جي قدر افزائي، ٻوٽن ۽ جراثيمن جا لاڳاپا، جرثومي جينومڪس ۽ نظامياتي حياتيات شامل آهن. ڊويزن زرعي استعمال، ماحولياتي پائيداري ۽ حياتياتي معيشت لاءِ جرثومي تنوع، ميٽابولڪ انجنيئرنگ، مصنوعي حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي عملن جي ترقي بابت پڻ تحقيق ڪري ٿي.

== پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز ==

پائيدار توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين جو مرڪز (C-SET) سي ايس آءِ آر – نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار انٽرڊسيپلينري سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي (CSIR-NIIST) ۾ 2023ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ته جيئن توانائي سان لاڳاپيل تحقيقي سرگرمين کي منظم ۽ وسيع بڻائي سگهجي. هن مرڪز جو افتتاح 28 جولاءِ 2023ع تي وجي ڪمار سرسوت پاران ڪيو ويو.

CSIR-NIIST توانائي جي تبديلي ۽ لاڳاپيل اوزارن واري شعبي لاءِ مرڪزي تجربگاهه طور ڪم ڪري ٿو، جيڪو سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل جي توانائي ۽ توانائي اوزارن (EED) موضوع جو هڪ ذيلي شعبو آهي.

C-SET قابلِ تجديد توانائي جي پيداوار، توانائي جي ذخيري ۽ توانائي جي انتظام واري ٽيڪنالاجين تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. ان جي تحقيق جي شعبن ۾ ٽئين نسل جي فوٽو وولٽائيڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون، ورهايل قابلِ تجديد توانائي نظام، ايگري وولٽائڪس، عمارتن سان مربوط فوٽو وولٽائڪس، سائي هائيڊروجن جي پيداوار، فيول سيل، سپر ڪيپيسيٽر، بيٽريون، ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر، سمارٽ ونڊوز، توانائي بچائيندڙ فوٽو ڊٽيڪٽر ۽ سالڊ اسٽيٽ روشني واريون ٽيڪنالاجيون شامل آهن.

== آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز ==

آيور ويدڪ تحقيق ۾ مرڪزِ امتياز (CEAR) هڪ تحقيقي مرڪز آهي جيڪو آيور ويد جي سائنسي مطالعي ۽ ترقي تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿو. هي مرڪز جديد تجزياتي ۽ بين الشعبائي طريقن جي ذريعي آيور ويدڪ دوائن، جڙي ٻوٽين جي شين، آيور آھارا ۽ غذائي اضافن جي معياري بڻائڻ، معيار جي جاچ ۽ جائزي بابت تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

CEAR جڙي ٻوٽين جي دوائن، معيار جي ضمانت، شين جي ترقي، ترجماني تحقيق ۽ ضابطي واري سائنس سان لاڳاپيل تحقيقي سرگرمين جي مدد ڪري ٿو. هي مرڪز روايتي آيور ويدڪ علمي نظامن ۽ جديد سائنسي طريقن جي وچ ۾ تعاون کي پڻ فروغ ڏئي ٿو ته جيئن آيور ويد ۽ جڙي ٻوٽين جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق، جدت ۽ صلاحيت سازي کي هٿي ملي.

== ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن ==

ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ڊويزن (ETD) ماحولياتي نگراني، آلودگي جي ضابطي، فضلي جي انتظام ۽ پائيدار ماحولياتي ٽيڪنالاجين بابت تحقيق ڪري ٿي. هي ڊويزن ماحولياتي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ عمل ۽ تجزياتي طريقا تيار ڪري ٿي ۽ صنعتي ۽ سرڪاري ادارن کي فني ۽ جاچ خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

تحقيقي سرگرميون هڪ گهڻ شعبائي ٽيم پاران سرانجام ڏنيون وڃن ٿيون، جنهن ۾ ماحولياتي انجنيئرنگ، ڪيميائي سائنس، حياتياتي جراثيميات، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ماحولياتي سائنس جا ماهر شامل آهن. هي ڊويزن منظور ٿيل تجزياتي تجربگاهون ۽ پائلٽ سطح جون تحقيقي سهولتون هلائي ٿي، جيڪي ماحولياتي جائزي، ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي ۽ ضابطن جي پيروي بابت مطالعي جي مدد ڪن ٿيون.

هن ڊويزن جون تجربگاهون خوراڪ، جانورن جي خوراڪ، پاڻي ۽ ماحولياتي نمونن ۾ آلودگين، بشمول مستقل حياتياتي آلودگين ۽ ڳرين ڌاتن، جي تجزيي لاءِ منظور ٿيل حيثيت رکن ٿيون.

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
*[http://www.niist.res.in/ NIIST جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ]

{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science And Technology}}
[[زمرو:سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جي ڪائونسل]]
[[زمرو:ترواننتاپورم جا تحقيقي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:گهڻ شعبائي تحقيقي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ قائم سائنسي تنظيمون]]
[[زمرو:سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي مطالعي جون انجمنون]]
[[زمرو:ڪيرالا ۾ 1975ع جون قائم ٿيل تنظيمون]]
[[زمرو:1975ع ۾ قائم ٿيل تحقيقي ادارا]]</text>
      <sha1>mbyh5q38kn7xkwgf90k1a9e222g5pwh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>اسٽارووائيتوف (ذات)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385582</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:43:21Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|روسي ٻوليءَ جو خانداني نالو}}  '''اسٽارووائيتوف''' يا '''اسٽارووئيتوف''' ({{Langx|ru|Старовойтов}}) روسي ٻوليءَ جو هڪ خانداني نالو آهي؛ ان جو مؤنث روپ '''اسٽارووائيتووا''' يا '''اسٽارووئيتووا''' ({{Langx|ru|Старовойтова}}) آهي. هن خانداني نالي سان مشهور شخصيتن ۾ شامل آهن:  *...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1330" sha1="iu1y3y5ry2oqcw4wglb48kuwhj6voxt" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|روسي ٻوليءَ جو خانداني نالو}}

'''اسٽارووائيتوف''' يا '''اسٽارووئيتوف''' ({{Langx|ru|Старовойтов}}) روسي ٻوليءَ جو هڪ خانداني نالو آهي؛ ان جو مؤنث روپ '''اسٽارووائيتووا''' يا '''اسٽارووئيتووا''' ({{Langx|ru|Старовойтова}}) آهي. هن خانداني نالي سان مشهور شخصيتن ۾ شامل آهن:

* [[اليگزاندر اسٽارووائيتوف]] (1940ع–2021ع)، روسي سيڪيورٽي خدمتن جو آفيسر ۽ تعليمي ماهر
* [[اليگزينڊر اسٽارووئيتوف]] (پيدائش 1972ع)، روسي سياستدان
* [[اليونا اسٽارووائيتووا]] (پيدائش 1999ع)، روسي آئس هاڪي رانديگرياڻي
* [[اندري اسٽارووائيتوف]] (1915ع–1997ع)، سوويت آئس هاڪي منتظم، ريفري ۽ رانديگر
* [[گالينا اسٽارووائيتووا]] (1946ع–1998ع)، سوويت-روسي تعليمي ماهر، انساني حقن جي ڪارڪن ۽ سياستدان

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* {{intitle|Starovoytov}}
* {{intitle|Starovoitov}}
* [[اسٽارووئيت]]

{{surname}}

[[زمرو:اوڀر سلاوي ٻولين جا خانداني نالا]]</text>
      <sha1>iu1y3y5ry2oqcw4wglb48kuwhj6voxt</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>مورميڊيا</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T00:50:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|حقيقي جيتن جي هڪ جنس}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Mormidea lugens, U, Back, MD, PG County 2013-07-31-20.03.34 ZS PMax.jpg | image_caption = ''Mormidea lugens'' | taxon = Mormidea | authority = Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843 }}  '''''مورميڊيا (Mormidea)''''' بدبودار جيتن جي خاندان [[پينٽاٽوميڊي]] (Pentatomidae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ جنس آهي. ''مورميڊيا'' (Mormidea) ۾ لڳ ڀڳ پ...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4527" sha1="dynuuupg7ouu9cb1eehpxncpe5i8tjc" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|حقيقي جيتن جي هڪ جنس}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Mormidea lugens, U, Back, MD, PG County 2013-07-31-20.03.34 ZS PMax.jpg
| image_caption = ''Mormidea lugens''
| taxon = Mormidea
| authority = Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843
}}

'''''مورميڊيا (Mormidea)''''' بدبودار جيتن جي خاندان [[پينٽاٽوميڊي]] (Pentatomidae) سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ جنس آهي. ''مورميڊيا'' (Mormidea) ۾ لڳ ڀڳ پنج بيان ڪيل نوعون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=bugref&gt;
{{Cite web| title=''Mormidea'' Genus Information
| url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/4729
| website=BugGuide.net
| accessdate=2018-03-06
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=itis&gt;
{{Cite web| title=''Mormidea'' Report
| url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=108895
| website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System
| accessdate=2018-03-06
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=eol&gt;
{{Cite web| title=''Mormidea'' Overview
| url=http://eol.org/pages/74313/overview
| website=Encyclopedia of Life
| accessdate=2018-03-06
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=catlife&gt;
{{Cite web| title=Browse ''Mormidea''
| url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/90795f8ddfafd2bf70697cb00c7e9287
| website=Catalogue of Life
| accessdate=2018-03-06
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biologia Centrali-Americana - Mormidea pictiventris.jpg|thumb|''Mormidea pictiventris'']]

== نوعون ==

هيٺيون پنج نوعون جنس ''مورميڊيا'' (Mormidea) سان تعلق رکن ٿيون:&lt;ref name=itis /&gt;&lt;ref name=eol /&gt;&lt;ref name=catlife /&gt;

* ''[[مورميڊيا ڪيبروسا]] (Mormidea cubrosa)'' &lt;small&gt;Dallas، 1851&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[مورميڊيا لوجينس]] (Mormidea lugens)'' &lt;small&gt;(Fabricius، 1775)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[مورميڊيا پاما]] (Mormidea pama)'' &lt;small&gt;Rolston، 1978&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[مورميڊيا پڪٽيوينٽرس]] (Mormidea pictiventris)'' &lt;small&gt;Stål، 1862&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[مورميڊيا ايپسلون]] (Mormidea ypsilon)'' &lt;small&gt;(Linnaeus، 1758)&lt;/small&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book
| last1 = Arnett | first1 = Ross H. Jr.
| date = 2000
| title = American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico
| publisher = CRC Press
| volume = 2nd Edition
| isbn = 0-8493-0212-9
}}

* {{Cite book
| editor-last1 = Aukema | editor-first1 = Berend
| editor-last2 = Rieger | editor-first2 = Christian
| date = 2006
| title = Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region, vol. 5: Pentatomomorpha II
| publisher = The Netherlands Entomological Society
| isbn = 9071912280
}}

* {{Cite book
| last1 = Blatchley | first1 = W.S.
| date = 1926
| title = Heteroptera, or true bugs of eastern North America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida
| url = https://archive.org/details/heteropteraortru00blat
| publisher = Nature Publishing
| doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.6871
| doi-access = free
}}

* {{Cite book
| editor-last1 = Henry | editor-first1 = Thomas J.
| editor-last2 = Froeschner | editor-first2 = Richard C.
| date = 1988
| title = Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States
| publisher = E. J. Brill
| isbn = 0-916846-44-X
}}

* {{Cite book
| last1 = McPherson | first1 = J.E.
| date = 1982
| title = The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera) of Northeastern North America
| publisher = Southern Illinois University Press
}}

* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Paiero | first1 = S.M.
| last2 = Marshall | first2 = S.A.
| last3 = McPherson | first3 = J.E.
| last4 = Ma | first4 = M.S.
| title = Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and parent bugs (Acanthosomatidae) of Ontario and adjacent areas...
| journal = Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification
| volume = 24
| pages = 1–183
}}

* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Rider | first1 = David A.
| date = 2012
| title = The Heteroptera (Hemiptera) of North Dakota I: Pentatomorpha: Pentatomoidea
| journal = The Great Lakes Entomologist
| volume = 45
| issue = 3–4
| pages = 312–380
| issn = 0090-0222
}}

* {{Cite book
| last1 = Walker | first1 = Francis
| date = 1871
| title = Catalogue of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum, pt. IV
| publisher = British Museum
| doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.9254
| doi-access = free
}}

{{refend}}

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==

{{refbegin}}
* {{Commons-inline}}
{{refend}}

{{clear}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10589158}}

[[زمرو:پينٽاٽوميڊي جون جنسون]]
[[زمرو:پينٽاٽوميني]]

{{Pentatomidae-stub}}</text>
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{{Infobox person
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| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
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'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
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'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
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* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
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* ريپر}}
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  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;</text>
      <sha1>h5a4yiyp3vnpa0958rzs8sro2gftcb6</sha1>
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      <text bytes="28582" sha1="gp2oy99t1zkcr8lho3b8yq9ezr8br43" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="35713" sha1="3mq2qtggtfed1t1olrmdf2fglwcdl4m" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==سرگرمي==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#E5F1FE |quote=رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڊريگ ڪوئينز کي اسان جي اڇي نسل وارن هم منصبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ساراهيو ويندو آهي. پر اها ئي زندگي آهي؛ اسان کي اڌ سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيڻو محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. |salign= right |source= –شي ڪولي، رسالي ''بلبورڊ'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8289680/shangela-shea-coulee-aja-racism-drag-race-fandom|date=2019-04-05|magazine=بلبورڊ|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|title=Shangela, Shea Couleé &amp; Aja Discuss Racism in the 'Drag Race' Fandom}}&lt;/ref&gt; |align=right |width=33%}}

شي ڪولي چيو آهي ته انهن لاءِ اهو انتهائي اهم آهي ته هو ڊريگ ۾ پنهنجي پيشورانه زندگي کي ماڻهن لاءِ الهام جو ذريعو بڻائين. ''سيئٽل گي سين'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾ هنن چيو: &quot;مان چوندس ته ڪوئير برادري تي منهنجو اهو اثر هئڻ گهرجي ته ماڻهن کي—خاص طور تي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڪوئير ماڻهن کي—پنهنجي وجود ۽ سڃاڻپ سان مطمئن رهڻ جي همت ملي، اهي سمجهن ته هو خاص ۽ شاندار آهن، ۽ جيڪي به خواهشون يا خواب هو رکن ٿا، انهن جا حقدار آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlegayscene.com/2017/07/shes-coming-to-slay-interview-with-shea-coulee/|date=July 7, 2017|work=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en-US|title=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé &amp;#124; Seattle Gay Scene &amp;#124; Your Daily Gay in Seattle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو خاص طور تي نسلي برابري بابت کليل نموني ڳالهائيندا رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' جي مداحن ۽ ڊريگ برادري جي اندر. آڪٽوبر 2018ع ۾ شي ڪولي ''گي ٽائيمز'' جي برطانيه واري ڪاري تاريخي مهيني جي خاص اشاعت لاءِ ويڪسن سان آمريڪا ۾ نسل پرستي بابت گفتگو ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/113708/the-vixen-talks-to-shea-coulee-about-racist-drag-race-fans-and-life-in-trumps-america/|date=October 8, 2018|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=The Vixen talks to Shea Couleé about racist Drag Race fans and life in Trump's America}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''گي ٽائيمز'' سان هڪ ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه ۾ شي ڪولي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ٽرانس عورتن جي حمايت ۽ همٿ افزائي جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/122958/shea-coulee-snatched-interview/|date=June 5, 2019|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=Drag Race star Shea Couleé on why we should all be uplifting trans women of colour for Pride}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/dragworld-london-shea-coulee-trinity-the-tuck-jinkx-monsoon-politics-trump-elizabeth-warren-1207148.html|title=DragWorld 2019: RuPaul's Drag Race stars Trinity, Shea and Jinkx get political [EXCLUSIVE]|first=Daniel|last=Falconer|website=Female First|date=August 19, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي، ٽرمپ انتظاميا طرفان ٽرانس جينڊر ماڻهن جي قانوني سڃاڻپ ختم ڪرڻ واري ممڪن پاليسي جي ردعمل ۾ هنن لکيو:

{{Blockquote|&quot;پيارا ٽرمپ: توهان عورتن کي نٿا ٻڌائي سگهو ته هو پنهنجي جسم سان ڇا ڪن. توهان کي جنس يا صنف جي تعريف ڪرڻ جو ڪو حق ناهي. توهان وٽ ان لاءِ گهربل صلاحيتون ناهن. توهان وٽ همت ناهي. توهان کي حقيقتن جي ڄاڻ ناهي. اسان اها ڳالهه خاموشي سان قبول نه ڪنداسين. نومبر اچي رهيو آهي. ڏسو ته تون ڪيترو نارنگي لڳين ٿو، ڇوڪري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8480940/trump-transgender-recognition-rights-new-york-times-report-reactions|title=Cher, Laverne Cox &amp; More React to Trump Administration's Potential New Policy Eliminating Transgender Recognition|date=May 21, 2018|publisher=billboard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکندي، شي ڪولي صدارتي اميدوار ايلزبيٿ وارن جي حمايت ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president |title=Drag Race's Shea Couleé Endorses Elizabeth Warren For President |author=Nico Lang |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=Out|archive-date=July 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719024153/https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ ڪان نيو يارڪ سٽي ۾ وارن جي اسٽال تي تقرير پڻ ڪئي، جتي هنن ماڻهن کي 2020ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ وارن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/09/10/elizabeth-warren-rupauls-drag-con-shea-coulee/|title=Shantay, you stay. Elizabeth Warren makes surprise 'appearance' at RuPaul's DragCon|work=PinkNews|date=September 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنن لاس ويگاس پرائيڊ پريڊ ۾ پڻ وارن سان گڏ مارچ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/sisolak-elizabeth-warren-headline-political-presence-at-vegas-pride-parade-1868946/|title=Sisolak, Elizabeth Warren headline political presence at Vegas Pride parade|last=Appleton|first=Rory|work=ReviewJournal|access-date=October 12, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شي ڪولي بليڪ لائيوز ميٽر تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ منعقد ڪيل &quot;ڊريگ مارچ فار چينج&quot; ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ خطاب پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech|title=Watch, Read Shea Couleé's Moving Drag March for Change Speech |author=Mikelle Street |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |magazine=Out |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616014006/https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot;/&gt;

شي ڪولي فلسطيني عوام سان پنهنجي حمايت ۽ يڪجهتي جو اظهار پڻ ڪيو آهي ۽ غزه جي جنگ دوران آزاد فلسطين جي حمايت ۾ آواز اٿاريو آهي.</text>
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      <text bytes="41507" sha1="t7u5xv98i387uw33ow5txtensgqg73t" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==سرگرمي==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#E5F1FE |quote=رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڊريگ ڪوئينز کي اسان جي اڇي نسل وارن هم منصبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ساراهيو ويندو آهي. پر اها ئي زندگي آهي؛ اسان کي اڌ سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيڻو محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. |salign= right |source= –شي ڪولي، رسالي ''بلبورڊ'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8289680/shangela-shea-coulee-aja-racism-drag-race-fandom|date=2019-04-05|magazine=بلبورڊ|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|title=Shangela, Shea Couleé &amp; Aja Discuss Racism in the 'Drag Race' Fandom}}&lt;/ref&gt; |align=right |width=33%}}

شي ڪولي چيو آهي ته انهن لاءِ اهو انتهائي اهم آهي ته هو ڊريگ ۾ پنهنجي پيشورانه زندگي کي ماڻهن لاءِ الهام جو ذريعو بڻائين. ''سيئٽل گي سين'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾ هنن چيو: &quot;مان چوندس ته ڪوئير برادري تي منهنجو اهو اثر هئڻ گهرجي ته ماڻهن کي—خاص طور تي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڪوئير ماڻهن کي—پنهنجي وجود ۽ سڃاڻپ سان مطمئن رهڻ جي همت ملي، اهي سمجهن ته هو خاص ۽ شاندار آهن، ۽ جيڪي به خواهشون يا خواب هو رکن ٿا، انهن جا حقدار آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlegayscene.com/2017/07/shes-coming-to-slay-interview-with-shea-coulee/|date=July 7, 2017|work=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en-US|title=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé &amp;#124; Seattle Gay Scene &amp;#124; Your Daily Gay in Seattle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو خاص طور تي نسلي برابري بابت کليل نموني ڳالهائيندا رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' جي مداحن ۽ ڊريگ برادري جي اندر. آڪٽوبر 2018ع ۾ شي ڪولي ''گي ٽائيمز'' جي برطانيه واري ڪاري تاريخي مهيني جي خاص اشاعت لاءِ ويڪسن سان آمريڪا ۾ نسل پرستي بابت گفتگو ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/113708/the-vixen-talks-to-shea-coulee-about-racist-drag-race-fans-and-life-in-trumps-america/|date=October 8, 2018|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=The Vixen talks to Shea Couleé about racist Drag Race fans and life in Trump's America}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''گي ٽائيمز'' سان هڪ ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه ۾ شي ڪولي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ٽرانس عورتن جي حمايت ۽ همٿ افزائي جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/122958/shea-coulee-snatched-interview/|date=June 5, 2019|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=Drag Race star Shea Couleé on why we should all be uplifting trans women of colour for Pride}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/dragworld-london-shea-coulee-trinity-the-tuck-jinkx-monsoon-politics-trump-elizabeth-warren-1207148.html|title=DragWorld 2019: RuPaul's Drag Race stars Trinity, Shea and Jinkx get political [EXCLUSIVE]|first=Daniel|last=Falconer|website=Female First|date=August 19, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي، ٽرمپ انتظاميا طرفان ٽرانس جينڊر ماڻهن جي قانوني سڃاڻپ ختم ڪرڻ واري ممڪن پاليسي جي ردعمل ۾ هنن لکيو:

{{Blockquote|&quot;پيارا ٽرمپ: توهان عورتن کي نٿا ٻڌائي سگهو ته هو پنهنجي جسم سان ڇا ڪن. توهان کي جنس يا صنف جي تعريف ڪرڻ جو ڪو حق ناهي. توهان وٽ ان لاءِ گهربل صلاحيتون ناهن. توهان وٽ همت ناهي. توهان کي حقيقتن جي ڄاڻ ناهي. اسان اها ڳالهه خاموشي سان قبول نه ڪنداسين. نومبر اچي رهيو آهي. ڏسو ته تون ڪيترو نارنگي لڳين ٿو، ڇوڪري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8480940/trump-transgender-recognition-rights-new-york-times-report-reactions|title=Cher, Laverne Cox &amp; More React to Trump Administration's Potential New Policy Eliminating Transgender Recognition|date=May 21, 2018|publisher=billboard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکندي، شي ڪولي صدارتي اميدوار ايلزبيٿ وارن جي حمايت ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president |title=Drag Race's Shea Couleé Endorses Elizabeth Warren For President |author=Nico Lang |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=Out|archive-date=July 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719024153/https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ ڪان نيو يارڪ سٽي ۾ وارن جي اسٽال تي تقرير پڻ ڪئي، جتي هنن ماڻهن کي 2020ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ وارن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/09/10/elizabeth-warren-rupauls-drag-con-shea-coulee/|title=Shantay, you stay. Elizabeth Warren makes surprise 'appearance' at RuPaul's DragCon|work=PinkNews|date=September 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنن لاس ويگاس پرائيڊ پريڊ ۾ پڻ وارن سان گڏ مارچ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/sisolak-elizabeth-warren-headline-political-presence-at-vegas-pride-parade-1868946/|title=Sisolak, Elizabeth Warren headline political presence at Vegas Pride parade|last=Appleton|first=Rory|work=ReviewJournal|access-date=October 12, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شي ڪولي بليڪ لائيوز ميٽر تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ منعقد ڪيل &quot;ڊريگ مارچ فار چينج&quot; ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ خطاب پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech|title=Watch, Read Shea Couleé's Moving Drag March for Change Speech |author=Mikelle Street |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |magazine=Out |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616014006/https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot;/&gt;

شي ڪولي فلسطيني عوام سان پنهنجي حمايت ۽ يڪجهتي جو اظهار پڻ ڪيو آهي ۽ غزه جي جنگ دوران آزاد فلسطين جي حمايت ۾ آواز اٿاريو آهي.

==ذاتي زندگي==

ميريل هم جنس پرست ۽ [[غير دودو صنفي سڃاڻپ|غير دودو صنفي]] آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Windy City Times|date=January 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129234907/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html|archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=&quot;It's A True Gift&quot;: Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Them.us |date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064632/https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview|archive-date=November 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ کان ٻاهر [[واحد &quot;هو&quot; ضمير|واحد ''هو'' وارا ضمير]] استعمال ڪرڻ کي ترجيح ڏيندا آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970075322015199232|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=They/them|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ڊريگ جي ڪردار ۾ ''هوءَ'' ۽ ''سندس'' وارا ضمير استعمال ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970076817620160514|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=In drag: she/her|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

زندگي جي هڪ مرحلي ۾ ميريل [[بليميا نروسا]] (کاڌ خوراڪ جي هڪ نفسياتي بيماري) جو شڪار رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|title=The Queens Discuss Battling Eating Disorders {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} VH1|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 21, 2017|access-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320040602/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|archive-date=March 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ ميريل پنهنجي ڏندن جي سڌاري لاءِ جراحي علاج ڪرايو، جيڪو هو پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ جي ڏينهن کان ڪرائڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTTpPHP5l18|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي ٽي ڊريگ ڌيئرون اختيار ڪيون: ڪينزي ڪولي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://worldofwonder.net/transformationtuesday-qwerrrkout-feat-kenzie-couleeshea-coulees-daughter/ |title=#TransformationTuesday: QWERRRKOUT feat. Kenzie Couleé…Shea Couleé's Daughter |date=February 6, 2018 |work=The WOW Report |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; بيمبي-بينڪس ڪولي (2018ع کان)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw7SbSVHmhv/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bw7SbSVHmhv |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration |date=February 6, 2018 |work=Shea Couleé's verified Instagram page |access-date=June 6, 2019 |language=en-US |title=Shea Couleé on Instagram: &quot;My daughter @bambi.banks Couleé out here SLAYING my Wednesday morning with this Minnie Riperton inspired look shot by @adamouahmane&quot;}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪلوئي ڪولي، جن کي هنن 12 جون 2020ع تي عوامي طور پنهنجي نئين ڊريگ ڌيءَ طور متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBW4aFLnXCX/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBW4aFLnXCX |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|author=Couleé, Shea [@sheacoulee] |title=Verified &quot;Love the Skin You're In&quot; is a concept that took a long time for me to come to terms with. I've been told that I'm too dark, too nappy, too femme to be considered beautiful. That's why I wanted to fully embrace black beauty in this runway presentation. I also wanted to focus on my roots. I hope you like this recreation of Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus' but BLACK. Starring all the members of Maison Couleé. @kenziecoulee, @bambibankscoulee, @babycouleé, and introducing the NEWEST member of the Haus, my baby, @khloecoulee! Make sure you go and give her a follow! Photo: myself &amp; @danpolyak Art/Edit: @kindasupermario Body suit/Airbrushing: @troycford Stoning:@michaelbrambila using @crystalsbypreciosa Hair: @nathanjuergensen Nails: @bbygirlnails |via=[[انسٽاگرام]] |date=June 12, 2020 |type=Instagram post |access-date=June 13, 2020}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي، ڪينزي، بيمبي ۽ ڪلوئي گڏجي شي جي [[بال ڪلچر جو هائوس نظام|ڊريگ هائوس]] &quot;ميزون ڪولي&quot; جا موجوده رڪن آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/shea-coulee-reveals-deeper-meaning-behind-sickening-drag-race-all-stars-5-runway/|title=Shea Couleé reveals deeper meaning behind sickening Drag Race All Stars 5 runway|first=Sam|last=Damshenas|website=Gay Times|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot; /&gt;

شي ڪولي [[نائومي ڪيمپبيل]]، [[گريس جونز]]، [[بيونسے]]، [[مائيڪل جيڪسن]]، [[جوزفين بيڪر]]، [[ڊائنا راس]] ۽ [[اسٽيوي ونڊر]] کي پنهنجي ذاتي آدرشن ۽ اثرن طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Come Through Queens! Meet the Contestants Slaying Season 9 of 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|url=https://www.papermag.com/dragrace-contestants-2326900115.html?rebelltitem=20#rebelltitem20|last=White|first=Eric|date=March 24, 2017|magazine=[[پيپر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="52035" sha1="onwp2ko0e5lqq26uy17tho1mcdxfzq7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==سرگرمي==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#E5F1FE |quote=رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڊريگ ڪوئينز کي اسان جي اڇي نسل وارن هم منصبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ساراهيو ويندو آهي. پر اها ئي زندگي آهي؛ اسان کي اڌ سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيڻو محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. |salign= right |source= –شي ڪولي، رسالي ''بلبورڊ'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8289680/shangela-shea-coulee-aja-racism-drag-race-fandom|date=2019-04-05|magazine=بلبورڊ|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|title=Shangela, Shea Couleé &amp; Aja Discuss Racism in the 'Drag Race' Fandom}}&lt;/ref&gt; |align=right |width=33%}}

شي ڪولي چيو آهي ته انهن لاءِ اهو انتهائي اهم آهي ته هو ڊريگ ۾ پنهنجي پيشورانه زندگي کي ماڻهن لاءِ الهام جو ذريعو بڻائين. ''سيئٽل گي سين'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾ هنن چيو: &quot;مان چوندس ته ڪوئير برادري تي منهنجو اهو اثر هئڻ گهرجي ته ماڻهن کي—خاص طور تي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڪوئير ماڻهن کي—پنهنجي وجود ۽ سڃاڻپ سان مطمئن رهڻ جي همت ملي، اهي سمجهن ته هو خاص ۽ شاندار آهن، ۽ جيڪي به خواهشون يا خواب هو رکن ٿا، انهن جا حقدار آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlegayscene.com/2017/07/shes-coming-to-slay-interview-with-shea-coulee/|date=July 7, 2017|work=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en-US|title=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé &amp;#124; Seattle Gay Scene &amp;#124; Your Daily Gay in Seattle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو خاص طور تي نسلي برابري بابت کليل نموني ڳالهائيندا رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' جي مداحن ۽ ڊريگ برادري جي اندر. آڪٽوبر 2018ع ۾ شي ڪولي ''گي ٽائيمز'' جي برطانيه واري ڪاري تاريخي مهيني جي خاص اشاعت لاءِ ويڪسن سان آمريڪا ۾ نسل پرستي بابت گفتگو ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/113708/the-vixen-talks-to-shea-coulee-about-racist-drag-race-fans-and-life-in-trumps-america/|date=October 8, 2018|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=The Vixen talks to Shea Couleé about racist Drag Race fans and life in Trump's America}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''گي ٽائيمز'' سان هڪ ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه ۾ شي ڪولي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ٽرانس عورتن جي حمايت ۽ همٿ افزائي جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/122958/shea-coulee-snatched-interview/|date=June 5, 2019|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=Drag Race star Shea Couleé on why we should all be uplifting trans women of colour for Pride}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/dragworld-london-shea-coulee-trinity-the-tuck-jinkx-monsoon-politics-trump-elizabeth-warren-1207148.html|title=DragWorld 2019: RuPaul's Drag Race stars Trinity, Shea and Jinkx get political [EXCLUSIVE]|first=Daniel|last=Falconer|website=Female First|date=August 19, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي، ٽرمپ انتظاميا طرفان ٽرانس جينڊر ماڻهن جي قانوني سڃاڻپ ختم ڪرڻ واري ممڪن پاليسي جي ردعمل ۾ هنن لکيو:

{{Blockquote|&quot;پيارا ٽرمپ: توهان عورتن کي نٿا ٻڌائي سگهو ته هو پنهنجي جسم سان ڇا ڪن. توهان کي جنس يا صنف جي تعريف ڪرڻ جو ڪو حق ناهي. توهان وٽ ان لاءِ گهربل صلاحيتون ناهن. توهان وٽ همت ناهي. توهان کي حقيقتن جي ڄاڻ ناهي. اسان اها ڳالهه خاموشي سان قبول نه ڪنداسين. نومبر اچي رهيو آهي. ڏسو ته تون ڪيترو نارنگي لڳين ٿو، ڇوڪري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8480940/trump-transgender-recognition-rights-new-york-times-report-reactions|title=Cher, Laverne Cox &amp; More React to Trump Administration's Potential New Policy Eliminating Transgender Recognition|date=May 21, 2018|publisher=billboard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکندي، شي ڪولي صدارتي اميدوار ايلزبيٿ وارن جي حمايت ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president |title=Drag Race's Shea Couleé Endorses Elizabeth Warren For President |author=Nico Lang |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=Out|archive-date=July 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719024153/https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ ڪان نيو يارڪ سٽي ۾ وارن جي اسٽال تي تقرير پڻ ڪئي، جتي هنن ماڻهن کي 2020ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ وارن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/09/10/elizabeth-warren-rupauls-drag-con-shea-coulee/|title=Shantay, you stay. Elizabeth Warren makes surprise 'appearance' at RuPaul's DragCon|work=PinkNews|date=September 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنن لاس ويگاس پرائيڊ پريڊ ۾ پڻ وارن سان گڏ مارچ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/sisolak-elizabeth-warren-headline-political-presence-at-vegas-pride-parade-1868946/|title=Sisolak, Elizabeth Warren headline political presence at Vegas Pride parade|last=Appleton|first=Rory|work=ReviewJournal|access-date=October 12, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شي ڪولي بليڪ لائيوز ميٽر تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ منعقد ڪيل &quot;ڊريگ مارچ فار چينج&quot; ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ خطاب پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech|title=Watch, Read Shea Couleé's Moving Drag March for Change Speech |author=Mikelle Street |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |magazine=Out |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616014006/https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot;/&gt;

شي ڪولي فلسطيني عوام سان پنهنجي حمايت ۽ يڪجهتي جو اظهار پڻ ڪيو آهي ۽ غزه جي جنگ دوران آزاد فلسطين جي حمايت ۾ آواز اٿاريو آهي.

==ذاتي زندگي==

ميريل هم جنس پرست ۽ [[غير دودو صنفي سڃاڻپ|غير دودو صنفي]] آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Windy City Times|date=January 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129234907/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html|archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=&quot;It's A True Gift&quot;: Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Them.us |date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064632/https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview|archive-date=November 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ کان ٻاهر [[واحد &quot;هو&quot; ضمير|واحد ''هو'' وارا ضمير]] استعمال ڪرڻ کي ترجيح ڏيندا آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970075322015199232|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=They/them|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ڊريگ جي ڪردار ۾ ''هوءَ'' ۽ ''سندس'' وارا ضمير استعمال ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970076817620160514|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=In drag: she/her|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

زندگي جي هڪ مرحلي ۾ ميريل [[بليميا نروسا]] (کاڌ خوراڪ جي هڪ نفسياتي بيماري) جو شڪار رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|title=The Queens Discuss Battling Eating Disorders {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} VH1|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 21, 2017|access-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320040602/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|archive-date=March 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ ميريل پنهنجي ڏندن جي سڌاري لاءِ جراحي علاج ڪرايو، جيڪو هو پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ جي ڏينهن کان ڪرائڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTTpPHP5l18|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي ٽي ڊريگ ڌيئرون اختيار ڪيون: ڪينزي ڪولي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://worldofwonder.net/transformationtuesday-qwerrrkout-feat-kenzie-couleeshea-coulees-daughter/ |title=#TransformationTuesday: QWERRRKOUT feat. Kenzie Couleé…Shea Couleé's Daughter |date=February 6, 2018 |work=The WOW Report |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; بيمبي-بينڪس ڪولي (2018ع کان)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw7SbSVHmhv/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bw7SbSVHmhv |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration |date=February 6, 2018 |work=Shea Couleé's verified Instagram page |access-date=June 6, 2019 |language=en-US |title=Shea Couleé on Instagram: &quot;My daughter @bambi.banks Couleé out here SLAYING my Wednesday morning with this Minnie Riperton inspired look shot by @adamouahmane&quot;}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪلوئي ڪولي، جن کي هنن 12 جون 2020ع تي عوامي طور پنهنجي نئين ڊريگ ڌيءَ طور متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBW4aFLnXCX/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBW4aFLnXCX |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|author=Couleé, Shea [@sheacoulee] |title=Verified &quot;Love the Skin You're In&quot; is a concept that took a long time for me to come to terms with. I've been told that I'm too dark, too nappy, too femme to be considered beautiful. That's why I wanted to fully embrace black beauty in this runway presentation. I also wanted to focus on my roots. I hope you like this recreation of Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus' but BLACK. Starring all the members of Maison Couleé. @kenziecoulee, @bambibankscoulee, @babycouleé, and introducing the NEWEST member of the Haus, my baby, @khloecoulee! Make sure you go and give her a follow! Photo: myself &amp; @danpolyak Art/Edit: @kindasupermario Body suit/Airbrushing: @troycford Stoning:@michaelbrambila using @crystalsbypreciosa Hair: @nathanjuergensen Nails: @bbygirlnails |via=[[انسٽاگرام]] |date=June 12, 2020 |type=Instagram post |access-date=June 13, 2020}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي، ڪينزي، بيمبي ۽ ڪلوئي گڏجي شي جي [[بال ڪلچر جو هائوس نظام|ڊريگ هائوس]] &quot;ميزون ڪولي&quot; جا موجوده رڪن آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/shea-coulee-reveals-deeper-meaning-behind-sickening-drag-race-all-stars-5-runway/|title=Shea Couleé reveals deeper meaning behind sickening Drag Race All Stars 5 runway|first=Sam|last=Damshenas|website=Gay Times|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot; /&gt;

شي ڪولي [[نائومي ڪيمپبيل]]، [[گريس جونز]]، [[بيونسے]]، [[مائيڪل جيڪسن]]، [[جوزفين بيڪر]]، [[ڊائنا راس]] ۽ [[اسٽيوي ونڊر]] کي پنهنجي ذاتي آدرشن ۽ اثرن طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Come Through Queens! Meet the Contestants Slaying Season 9 of 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|url=https://www.papermag.com/dragrace-contestants-2326900115.html?rebelltitem=20#rebelltitem20|last=White|first=Eric|date=March 24, 2017|magazine=[[پيپر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==موسيقياتي ڪم==
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist       = شي ڪولي
| Studio       = 1
| EP           = 1
| Singles      = 10
}}

=== البم ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|8]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 24 فيبروري 2023ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: هائوس ڊائون
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/238461/9|title=Shea Couleé Announces Debut Album '8'|website=Stereoboard |access-date=February 10, 2023|date=February 9, 2023|first=Laura|last=Johnson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== اي پي ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 23 جون 2017ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: ذاتي طور جاري ڪيل
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|}

===سنگل===
====مرڪزي فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!گيت
!سال
!البم
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/993874502349189123|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=June 14, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{n/a|غير البمي سنگل}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;گيسولين&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gas&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;برانڊ نيو&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1098371953771962369|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8525645/shea-coulee-rewind-video-premiere|title=Shea Coulee Gets Vulnerable In Cinematic 'Rewind' Video: Premiere|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/collide-feat-mykki-blanco-single/1517274552|title=Collide (feat. Mykki Blanco) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ، [[مائيڪي بلانڪو]] جي شموليت سان)&lt;/small&gt;
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|''8'']]
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;يور نيم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|title=Your Name - Single|work=iTunes|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726035645/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2022
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;ليٽ گو&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|title=Madonna's saucy new collab, the Shea Couleé cinematic universe &amp; more: Your weekly bop roundup|date=August 5, 2022|first=Charlie|last=Grey|website=Queerty|access-date=August 5, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806003648/https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪرسمس ٽائيم&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{non-album singles}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;سلي مائي نيم&quot; {{small|(ري مڪس)&lt;br&gt;([[پريانڪا (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پريانڪا]]، [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]] ۽ [[ليمن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|ليمن]] سان گڏ)}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;مٽيريل&quot;
|2023
|''8''
|-
|}

====شريڪ فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:6em;&quot; | البم
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
|&quot;ڪيٽيگري اِز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[روپال]] ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس، سيزن 9 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2018
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldofwonder.net/gag-rupauls-drag-race-season-9s-category-is-is-now-available-on-itunes/|title=GAG!! RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9's 'Category Is' Is Now Available on iTunes|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=August 22, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;آر يو ميڊ (جان جي-سي ڪار ۽ بل ڪولمين مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(مائيڪل بلوم، شي ڪولي ۽ [[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]] سان گڏ)}}
|''سنسزم اينڊ سنسيرٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;youtube1&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha325ylB_8k|title=Michael Blume - R U Mad (John &quot;J-C&quot; Carr &amp; Bill Coleman Mix) ft. Shea Couleé and Peppermint (Audio)|work=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 7, 2018|access-date=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-n
|&quot;سمفني&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''پلاسٽڪ سٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8471810/gess-interview-plastic-city|title=Pride Profile: 10 Questions With Singer/Songwriter Gess|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;سنوز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(بگ ڊپر ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''ليٽ بلومر''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/2018/8/21/exclusive-big-dippers-lp-late-bloomer-queer-rap-its-finest|title=Exclusive: Big Dipper's LP Late Bloomer Is Queer Rap at Its Finest|date=August 21, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;روم، ڀاڱو 2&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(دي وڪسن ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8477414/the-vixen-shea-coulee-room-pt-2|title=The Vixen and Shea Couleé Trade Rap Bars On Vogue-y 'Room Pt. 2': Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بريڪ فاسٽ ايٽ ٽفنيز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[آجا (تفريحڪار)|آجا]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
|''[[باڪس آفيس (البم)|باڪس آفيس]]''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8497083/aja-box-office-album|title=Aja Teams Up with CupcakKe, Shea Couleé &amp; More on 'Box Office' Album: Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(شان هولنباخ ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;selfie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/let-shawn-hollenbach-and-shea-coulee-help-you-on-national-selfie-day/|title=Let Shawn Hollenbach and Shea Couleé Help You on National Selfie Day|work=Instinct|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;آءِ ايم اِن لو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/im-in-love-single/1517891221|title=I'm In Love - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪليپ بيڪ&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپال ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;
|-
|&quot;ونر ونر (چڪن ڊنر ري مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ايوي آڊلي]] ۽ براڊ ڪيمپ، [[بيبي زهارا بينيٽ]] ۽ شي ڪولي سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2021
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 24, 2021|title=NEW MUSIC – &quot;Winner Winner (Chicken Dinner Remix)&quot; by Yvie Oddly Featuring BeBe Zahara Benet and Shea Couleé|url=https://worldofwonder.net/new-music-winner-winner-chicken-dinner-remix-by-yvie-oddly-featuring-bebe-zahara-benet-and-shea-coulee/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=The WOW Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''بيڪ فار مور''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-juju-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1596330334?i=1596330826|title=bad juju (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ٽرنٽي روئنز ڪرسمس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/trinity-ruins-christmas-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1597198857?i=1597198860|title=Trinity Ruins Christmas (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ليجنڊز&quot; (ڪاسٽ نسخو)&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[روپال]] ۽ [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 Recap: Old MacDonald Had Some Winners|date=May 20, 2022|first=Samuel|last=Spencer|website=Newsweek|access-date=May 22, 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522153118/https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ٽائٽينڪ&quot; (ايم ايس ٽي آر)&lt;br&gt;{{small|( [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-6-review-1849079314|title=A Y2K TRL challenge and the Platinum Plunger unclog the tension on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars|date=June 17, 2022|first=Trae|last=DeLellis|website=AV Club|access-date=June 19, 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}</text>
      <sha1>onwp2ko0e5lqq26uy17tho1mcdxfzq7</sha1>
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      <id>385597</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:21:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="63247" sha1="bqcbshxwpjfpcjqyq0ihzrbt68iffb7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==سرگرمي==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#E5F1FE |quote=رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڊريگ ڪوئينز کي اسان جي اڇي نسل وارن هم منصبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ساراهيو ويندو آهي. پر اها ئي زندگي آهي؛ اسان کي اڌ سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيڻو محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. |salign= right |source= –شي ڪولي، رسالي ''بلبورڊ'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8289680/shangela-shea-coulee-aja-racism-drag-race-fandom|date=2019-04-05|magazine=بلبورڊ|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|title=Shangela, Shea Couleé &amp; Aja Discuss Racism in the 'Drag Race' Fandom}}&lt;/ref&gt; |align=right |width=33%}}

شي ڪولي چيو آهي ته انهن لاءِ اهو انتهائي اهم آهي ته هو ڊريگ ۾ پنهنجي پيشورانه زندگي کي ماڻهن لاءِ الهام جو ذريعو بڻائين. ''سيئٽل گي سين'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾ هنن چيو: &quot;مان چوندس ته ڪوئير برادري تي منهنجو اهو اثر هئڻ گهرجي ته ماڻهن کي—خاص طور تي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڪوئير ماڻهن کي—پنهنجي وجود ۽ سڃاڻپ سان مطمئن رهڻ جي همت ملي، اهي سمجهن ته هو خاص ۽ شاندار آهن، ۽ جيڪي به خواهشون يا خواب هو رکن ٿا، انهن جا حقدار آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlegayscene.com/2017/07/shes-coming-to-slay-interview-with-shea-coulee/|date=July 7, 2017|work=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en-US|title=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé &amp;#124; Seattle Gay Scene &amp;#124; Your Daily Gay in Seattle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو خاص طور تي نسلي برابري بابت کليل نموني ڳالهائيندا رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' جي مداحن ۽ ڊريگ برادري جي اندر. آڪٽوبر 2018ع ۾ شي ڪولي ''گي ٽائيمز'' جي برطانيه واري ڪاري تاريخي مهيني جي خاص اشاعت لاءِ ويڪسن سان آمريڪا ۾ نسل پرستي بابت گفتگو ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/113708/the-vixen-talks-to-shea-coulee-about-racist-drag-race-fans-and-life-in-trumps-america/|date=October 8, 2018|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=The Vixen talks to Shea Couleé about racist Drag Race fans and life in Trump's America}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''گي ٽائيمز'' سان هڪ ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه ۾ شي ڪولي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ٽرانس عورتن جي حمايت ۽ همٿ افزائي جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/122958/shea-coulee-snatched-interview/|date=June 5, 2019|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=Drag Race star Shea Couleé on why we should all be uplifting trans women of colour for Pride}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/dragworld-london-shea-coulee-trinity-the-tuck-jinkx-monsoon-politics-trump-elizabeth-warren-1207148.html|title=DragWorld 2019: RuPaul's Drag Race stars Trinity, Shea and Jinkx get political [EXCLUSIVE]|first=Daniel|last=Falconer|website=Female First|date=August 19, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي، ٽرمپ انتظاميا طرفان ٽرانس جينڊر ماڻهن جي قانوني سڃاڻپ ختم ڪرڻ واري ممڪن پاليسي جي ردعمل ۾ هنن لکيو:

{{Blockquote|&quot;پيارا ٽرمپ: توهان عورتن کي نٿا ٻڌائي سگهو ته هو پنهنجي جسم سان ڇا ڪن. توهان کي جنس يا صنف جي تعريف ڪرڻ جو ڪو حق ناهي. توهان وٽ ان لاءِ گهربل صلاحيتون ناهن. توهان وٽ همت ناهي. توهان کي حقيقتن جي ڄاڻ ناهي. اسان اها ڳالهه خاموشي سان قبول نه ڪنداسين. نومبر اچي رهيو آهي. ڏسو ته تون ڪيترو نارنگي لڳين ٿو، ڇوڪري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8480940/trump-transgender-recognition-rights-new-york-times-report-reactions|title=Cher, Laverne Cox &amp; More React to Trump Administration's Potential New Policy Eliminating Transgender Recognition|date=May 21, 2018|publisher=billboard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکندي، شي ڪولي صدارتي اميدوار ايلزبيٿ وارن جي حمايت ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president |title=Drag Race's Shea Couleé Endorses Elizabeth Warren For President |author=Nico Lang |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=Out|archive-date=July 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719024153/https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ ڪان نيو يارڪ سٽي ۾ وارن جي اسٽال تي تقرير پڻ ڪئي، جتي هنن ماڻهن کي 2020ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ وارن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/09/10/elizabeth-warren-rupauls-drag-con-shea-coulee/|title=Shantay, you stay. Elizabeth Warren makes surprise 'appearance' at RuPaul's DragCon|work=PinkNews|date=September 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنن لاس ويگاس پرائيڊ پريڊ ۾ پڻ وارن سان گڏ مارچ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/sisolak-elizabeth-warren-headline-political-presence-at-vegas-pride-parade-1868946/|title=Sisolak, Elizabeth Warren headline political presence at Vegas Pride parade|last=Appleton|first=Rory|work=ReviewJournal|access-date=October 12, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شي ڪولي بليڪ لائيوز ميٽر تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ منعقد ڪيل &quot;ڊريگ مارچ فار چينج&quot; ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ خطاب پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech|title=Watch, Read Shea Couleé's Moving Drag March for Change Speech |author=Mikelle Street |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |magazine=Out |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616014006/https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot;/&gt;

شي ڪولي فلسطيني عوام سان پنهنجي حمايت ۽ يڪجهتي جو اظهار پڻ ڪيو آهي ۽ غزه جي جنگ دوران آزاد فلسطين جي حمايت ۾ آواز اٿاريو آهي.

==ذاتي زندگي==

ميريل هم جنس پرست ۽ [[غير دودو صنفي سڃاڻپ|غير دودو صنفي]] آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Windy City Times|date=January 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129234907/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html|archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=&quot;It's A True Gift&quot;: Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Them.us |date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064632/https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview|archive-date=November 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ کان ٻاهر [[واحد &quot;هو&quot; ضمير|واحد ''هو'' وارا ضمير]] استعمال ڪرڻ کي ترجيح ڏيندا آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970075322015199232|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=They/them|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ڊريگ جي ڪردار ۾ ''هوءَ'' ۽ ''سندس'' وارا ضمير استعمال ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970076817620160514|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=In drag: she/her|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

زندگي جي هڪ مرحلي ۾ ميريل [[بليميا نروسا]] (کاڌ خوراڪ جي هڪ نفسياتي بيماري) جو شڪار رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|title=The Queens Discuss Battling Eating Disorders {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} VH1|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 21, 2017|access-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320040602/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|archive-date=March 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ ميريل پنهنجي ڏندن جي سڌاري لاءِ جراحي علاج ڪرايو، جيڪو هو پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ جي ڏينهن کان ڪرائڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTTpPHP5l18|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي ٽي ڊريگ ڌيئرون اختيار ڪيون: ڪينزي ڪولي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://worldofwonder.net/transformationtuesday-qwerrrkout-feat-kenzie-couleeshea-coulees-daughter/ |title=#TransformationTuesday: QWERRRKOUT feat. Kenzie Couleé…Shea Couleé's Daughter |date=February 6, 2018 |work=The WOW Report |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; بيمبي-بينڪس ڪولي (2018ع کان)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw7SbSVHmhv/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bw7SbSVHmhv |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration |date=February 6, 2018 |work=Shea Couleé's verified Instagram page |access-date=June 6, 2019 |language=en-US |title=Shea Couleé on Instagram: &quot;My daughter @bambi.banks Couleé out here SLAYING my Wednesday morning with this Minnie Riperton inspired look shot by @adamouahmane&quot;}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪلوئي ڪولي، جن کي هنن 12 جون 2020ع تي عوامي طور پنهنجي نئين ڊريگ ڌيءَ طور متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBW4aFLnXCX/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBW4aFLnXCX |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|author=Couleé, Shea [@sheacoulee] |title=Verified &quot;Love the Skin You're In&quot; is a concept that took a long time for me to come to terms with. I've been told that I'm too dark, too nappy, too femme to be considered beautiful. That's why I wanted to fully embrace black beauty in this runway presentation. I also wanted to focus on my roots. I hope you like this recreation of Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus' but BLACK. Starring all the members of Maison Couleé. @kenziecoulee, @bambibankscoulee, @babycouleé, and introducing the NEWEST member of the Haus, my baby, @khloecoulee! Make sure you go and give her a follow! Photo: myself &amp; @danpolyak Art/Edit: @kindasupermario Body suit/Airbrushing: @troycford Stoning:@michaelbrambila using @crystalsbypreciosa Hair: @nathanjuergensen Nails: @bbygirlnails |via=[[انسٽاگرام]] |date=June 12, 2020 |type=Instagram post |access-date=June 13, 2020}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي، ڪينزي، بيمبي ۽ ڪلوئي گڏجي شي جي [[بال ڪلچر جو هائوس نظام|ڊريگ هائوس]] &quot;ميزون ڪولي&quot; جا موجوده رڪن آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/shea-coulee-reveals-deeper-meaning-behind-sickening-drag-race-all-stars-5-runway/|title=Shea Couleé reveals deeper meaning behind sickening Drag Race All Stars 5 runway|first=Sam|last=Damshenas|website=Gay Times|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot; /&gt;

شي ڪولي [[نائومي ڪيمپبيل]]، [[گريس جونز]]، [[بيونسے]]، [[مائيڪل جيڪسن]]، [[جوزفين بيڪر]]، [[ڊائنا راس]] ۽ [[اسٽيوي ونڊر]] کي پنهنجي ذاتي آدرشن ۽ اثرن طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Come Through Queens! Meet the Contestants Slaying Season 9 of 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|url=https://www.papermag.com/dragrace-contestants-2326900115.html?rebelltitem=20#rebelltitem20|last=White|first=Eric|date=March 24, 2017|magazine=[[پيپر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==موسيقياتي ڪم==
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist       = شي ڪولي
| Studio       = 1
| EP           = 1
| Singles      = 10
}}

=== البم ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|8]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 24 فيبروري 2023ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: هائوس ڊائون
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/238461/9|title=Shea Couleé Announces Debut Album '8'|website=Stereoboard |access-date=February 10, 2023|date=February 9, 2023|first=Laura|last=Johnson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== اي پي ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 23 جون 2017ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: ذاتي طور جاري ڪيل
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|}

===سنگل===
====مرڪزي فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!گيت
!سال
!البم
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/993874502349189123|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=June 14, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{n/a|غير البمي سنگل}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;گيسولين&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gas&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;برانڊ نيو&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1098371953771962369|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8525645/shea-coulee-rewind-video-premiere|title=Shea Coulee Gets Vulnerable In Cinematic 'Rewind' Video: Premiere|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/collide-feat-mykki-blanco-single/1517274552|title=Collide (feat. Mykki Blanco) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ، [[مائيڪي بلانڪو]] جي شموليت سان)&lt;/small&gt;
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|''8'']]
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;يور نيم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|title=Your Name - Single|work=iTunes|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726035645/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2022
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;ليٽ گو&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|title=Madonna's saucy new collab, the Shea Couleé cinematic universe &amp; more: Your weekly bop roundup|date=August 5, 2022|first=Charlie|last=Grey|website=Queerty|access-date=August 5, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806003648/https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪرسمس ٽائيم&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{non-album singles}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;سلي مائي نيم&quot; {{small|(ري مڪس)&lt;br&gt;([[پريانڪا (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پريانڪا]]، [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]] ۽ [[ليمن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|ليمن]] سان گڏ)}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;مٽيريل&quot;
|2023
|''8''
|-
|}

====شريڪ فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:6em;&quot; | البم
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
|&quot;ڪيٽيگري اِز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[روپال]] ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس، سيزن 9 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2018
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldofwonder.net/gag-rupauls-drag-race-season-9s-category-is-is-now-available-on-itunes/|title=GAG!! RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9's 'Category Is' Is Now Available on iTunes|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=August 22, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;آر يو ميڊ (جان جي-سي ڪار ۽ بل ڪولمين مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(مائيڪل بلوم، شي ڪولي ۽ [[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]] سان گڏ)}}
|''سنسزم اينڊ سنسيرٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;youtube1&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha325ylB_8k|title=Michael Blume - R U Mad (John &quot;J-C&quot; Carr &amp; Bill Coleman Mix) ft. Shea Couleé and Peppermint (Audio)|work=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 7, 2018|access-date=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-n
|&quot;سمفني&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''پلاسٽڪ سٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8471810/gess-interview-plastic-city|title=Pride Profile: 10 Questions With Singer/Songwriter Gess|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;سنوز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(بگ ڊپر ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''ليٽ بلومر''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/2018/8/21/exclusive-big-dippers-lp-late-bloomer-queer-rap-its-finest|title=Exclusive: Big Dipper's LP Late Bloomer Is Queer Rap at Its Finest|date=August 21, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;روم، ڀاڱو 2&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(دي وڪسن ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8477414/the-vixen-shea-coulee-room-pt-2|title=The Vixen and Shea Couleé Trade Rap Bars On Vogue-y 'Room Pt. 2': Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بريڪ فاسٽ ايٽ ٽفنيز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[آجا (تفريحڪار)|آجا]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
|''[[باڪس آفيس (البم)|باڪس آفيس]]''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8497083/aja-box-office-album|title=Aja Teams Up with CupcakKe, Shea Couleé &amp; More on 'Box Office' Album: Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(شان هولنباخ ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;selfie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/let-shawn-hollenbach-and-shea-coulee-help-you-on-national-selfie-day/|title=Let Shawn Hollenbach and Shea Couleé Help You on National Selfie Day|work=Instinct|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;آءِ ايم اِن لو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/im-in-love-single/1517891221|title=I'm In Love - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪليپ بيڪ&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپال ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;
|-
|&quot;ونر ونر (چڪن ڊنر ري مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ايوي آڊلي]] ۽ براڊ ڪيمپ، [[بيبي زهارا بينيٽ]] ۽ شي ڪولي سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2021
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 24, 2021|title=NEW MUSIC – &quot;Winner Winner (Chicken Dinner Remix)&quot; by Yvie Oddly Featuring BeBe Zahara Benet and Shea Couleé|url=https://worldofwonder.net/new-music-winner-winner-chicken-dinner-remix-by-yvie-oddly-featuring-bebe-zahara-benet-and-shea-coulee/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=The WOW Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''بيڪ فار مور''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-juju-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1596330334?i=1596330826|title=bad juju (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ٽرنٽي روئنز ڪرسمس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/trinity-ruins-christmas-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1597198857?i=1597198860|title=Trinity Ruins Christmas (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ليجنڊز&quot; (ڪاسٽ نسخو)&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[روپال]] ۽ [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 Recap: Old MacDonald Had Some Winners|date=May 20, 2022|first=Samuel|last=Spencer|website=Newsweek|access-date=May 22, 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522153118/https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ٽائٽينڪ&quot; (ايم ايس ٽي آر)&lt;br&gt;{{small|( [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-6-review-1849079314|title=A Y2K TRL challenge and the Platinum Plunger unclog the tension on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars|date=June 17, 2022|first=Trae|last=DeLellis|website=AV Club|access-date=June 19, 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== فلمون ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!سال
!عنوان
!ڪردار
!نوٽس
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''لپ اسٽڪ سٽي''
| مسز ڪولي / شي
| ليکڪ / پروڊيوسر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''[[سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو|سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو، جلد 2]]''
| پاڻ
| فيشن خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;fenty&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ''
| پاڻ
| هڪ ڪلاڪ جو خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;nubiaamplified&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title=OUTtv USA Is the Latest LGBTQ Streamer, Full of Great Gay Series and Specials|date=April 3, 2021|first=Stephen|last=Horbelt|website=Hornet|access-date=May 28, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423043541/https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
=== ٽيليويزن ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | ڪردار
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015–16
| ''يو آر سو ٽيلينٽيڊ''
| شي
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast|title=Season 1 Cast|website=You're So Talented|access-date=June 20, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=July 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726095210/http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race season 9|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' (سيزن 9)]]
| مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot; /&gt;
|-
| ''[[Breakfast Television (Citytv Toronto)|بريڪ فاسٽ ٽيليويزن ٽورانٽو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finalists do the NickiMinajChallenge!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 22, 2017|access-date=September 21, 2019|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217000142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[ڊبليو جي اين-ٽي وي]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/|title=Shea Couleé on &quot;RuPaul's Drag Race and love for Chicago|first=A|last=Crossey|website=wgntv.com|date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031065023/https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|''[[هي ڪيوين!]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''[[ونڊي سٽي لائيو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/WindyCityLIVE/videos/2622592424480428/?v=2622592424480428|title=Shea Coulee has come to slay!|website=Facebook.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121184642/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FWindyCityLIVE%2Fvideos%2F2622592424480428%2F%3Fv%3D2622592424480428}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2020
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 5|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 5)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (فاتح)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 2)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Brings Back 'Untucked' Aftershow For Season 5 |author=Dino-Ray Ramos|date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 5, 2020|magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605143129/https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2021
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[واچ وٽ هيپنز لائيو وِد اينڊي ڪوهن]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|title='Drag Race's Shea Coulee says 'things are all good' with Valentina |author=Annie Martin|date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021|magazine=[[United Press International|UPI]] |archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217180940/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[ڊريگنگ دي ڪلاسڪس: دي بريڊي بنچ]]''
| [[List of The Brady Bunch characters#Marcia Brady|مارسيا بريڊي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;bradybunch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;draggingstheclassics&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''فينيس''
| ڪائزر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/|title=Watch the Trailer for &quot;Finesse&quot; — A Black Queer Love Letter to Sex, Chosen Family &amp; Chicago|date=May 26, 2021|first=Shelli|last=Nicole|website=[[Autostraddle]]|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526225512/https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[The Bachelorette (American TV series) season 17|''دي بيچلوريٽ'' (سيزن 17)]]
| مهمان
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/|title=One of Katie's 'Bachelorette' breakups brings the other men to tears|date=July 12, 2021|first=Jennifer|last=Matarese|website=ABC11|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132818/https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 6|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 6)]]
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2022
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ: دي سيريز''
| پينلسٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|title=Nubia Amplified Episode One Black Cultural Appropriation {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} OUTtv|publisher=OUTtv|date=March 1, 2022|access-date=August 7, 2022|archive-date=August 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807173832/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ڪيلي ڪلارڪسن شو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgVMYwm3mpI|title='Drag Race' Winners Monét X Change, Shea Couleé, Yvie Oddly &amp; Raja Gemini On Returning For All Stars|publisher=[[The Kelly Clarkson Show]]|date=April 27, 2022|access-date=April 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ويو (ٽاڪ شو)|دي ويو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|title=Shea Couleé Gave Whoopi Goldberg This Touching Gift Live on The View |author=Taylor Henderson|date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=May 16, 2022|magazine=Pride |archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195305/https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 7)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 4)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' to Feature All-Winner Cast for Season 7 |author=Adam B. Vary|date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=April 13, 2022|magazine=Variety |archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413170021/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''ڪائونٽ ڊائون ٽو آل اسٽارز 7: يو آر اي ونر بيبي''
| پاڻ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a39873102/how-to-watch-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winners/|title=How to Watch 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7'|date=May 2, 2022|first=KAYLEIGH|last=ROBERTS|website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|access-date=May 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2023
|''اِٽس اوڪي ٽو آسڪ ڪوئسچنز''
| خصوصي مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/its-ok-to-ask-questions-honest-and-open-conversations-with-lgbtqia-trailblazers-where-no-topic-is-off-limits/3157872/|title='It's OK to Ask Questions': Open conversations with LGBTQIA+ trailblazers with no topic off limits|date=June 9, 2023|website=[[WMAQ-TV|NBC Chicago]]|access-date=November 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024
|''[[ايبٽ ايليمينٽري]]''
| ليزا ڪانڊو
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;msp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=Charlie |title=Drag Race star's Abbott Elementary guest appearance sends fans wild: 'This is everything' |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/05/09/abbott-elementary-shea-coulee-guest-star/|website=Pink News |date=May 9, 2024|access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[ڪينيڊاز ڊريگ ريس]]''
| پاڻ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cdr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sim |first1=Bernardo |title=Orville Peck, Shea Couleé &amp; more to judge 'Canada's Drag Race' season 5|url=https://www.out.com/gay-tv-shows/canadas-drag-race-season-5-guest-judges-list|website=Out |date=November 1, 2024|access-date=November 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2025
| ''[[Ironheart (miniseries)|آئرن هارٽ]]''
| [[Slug (character)|سلگ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ironheart&quot; /&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>bqcbshxwpjfpcjqyq0ihzrbt68iffb7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385600</id>
      <parentid>385597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:21:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="69887" sha1="24eyl7ojphd86ov6th3wy2obsecrk90" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==سرگرمي==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#E5F1FE |quote=رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڊريگ ڪوئينز کي اسان جي اڇي نسل وارن هم منصبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ساراهيو ويندو آهي. پر اها ئي زندگي آهي؛ اسان کي اڌ سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيڻو محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. |salign= right |source= –شي ڪولي، رسالي ''بلبورڊ'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8289680/shangela-shea-coulee-aja-racism-drag-race-fandom|date=2019-04-05|magazine=بلبورڊ|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|title=Shangela, Shea Couleé &amp; Aja Discuss Racism in the 'Drag Race' Fandom}}&lt;/ref&gt; |align=right |width=33%}}

شي ڪولي چيو آهي ته انهن لاءِ اهو انتهائي اهم آهي ته هو ڊريگ ۾ پنهنجي پيشورانه زندگي کي ماڻهن لاءِ الهام جو ذريعو بڻائين. ''سيئٽل گي سين'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾ هنن چيو: &quot;مان چوندس ته ڪوئير برادري تي منهنجو اهو اثر هئڻ گهرجي ته ماڻهن کي—خاص طور تي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڪوئير ماڻهن کي—پنهنجي وجود ۽ سڃاڻپ سان مطمئن رهڻ جي همت ملي، اهي سمجهن ته هو خاص ۽ شاندار آهن، ۽ جيڪي به خواهشون يا خواب هو رکن ٿا، انهن جا حقدار آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlegayscene.com/2017/07/shes-coming-to-slay-interview-with-shea-coulee/|date=July 7, 2017|work=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en-US|title=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé &amp;#124; Seattle Gay Scene &amp;#124; Your Daily Gay in Seattle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو خاص طور تي نسلي برابري بابت کليل نموني ڳالهائيندا رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' جي مداحن ۽ ڊريگ برادري جي اندر. آڪٽوبر 2018ع ۾ شي ڪولي ''گي ٽائيمز'' جي برطانيه واري ڪاري تاريخي مهيني جي خاص اشاعت لاءِ ويڪسن سان آمريڪا ۾ نسل پرستي بابت گفتگو ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/113708/the-vixen-talks-to-shea-coulee-about-racist-drag-race-fans-and-life-in-trumps-america/|date=October 8, 2018|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=The Vixen talks to Shea Couleé about racist Drag Race fans and life in Trump's America}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''گي ٽائيمز'' سان هڪ ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه ۾ شي ڪولي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ٽرانس عورتن جي حمايت ۽ همٿ افزائي جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/122958/shea-coulee-snatched-interview/|date=June 5, 2019|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=Drag Race star Shea Couleé on why we should all be uplifting trans women of colour for Pride}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/dragworld-london-shea-coulee-trinity-the-tuck-jinkx-monsoon-politics-trump-elizabeth-warren-1207148.html|title=DragWorld 2019: RuPaul's Drag Race stars Trinity, Shea and Jinkx get political [EXCLUSIVE]|first=Daniel|last=Falconer|website=Female First|date=August 19, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي، ٽرمپ انتظاميا طرفان ٽرانس جينڊر ماڻهن جي قانوني سڃاڻپ ختم ڪرڻ واري ممڪن پاليسي جي ردعمل ۾ هنن لکيو:

{{Blockquote|&quot;پيارا ٽرمپ: توهان عورتن کي نٿا ٻڌائي سگهو ته هو پنهنجي جسم سان ڇا ڪن. توهان کي جنس يا صنف جي تعريف ڪرڻ جو ڪو حق ناهي. توهان وٽ ان لاءِ گهربل صلاحيتون ناهن. توهان وٽ همت ناهي. توهان کي حقيقتن جي ڄاڻ ناهي. اسان اها ڳالهه خاموشي سان قبول نه ڪنداسين. نومبر اچي رهيو آهي. ڏسو ته تون ڪيترو نارنگي لڳين ٿو، ڇوڪري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8480940/trump-transgender-recognition-rights-new-york-times-report-reactions|title=Cher, Laverne Cox &amp; More React to Trump Administration's Potential New Policy Eliminating Transgender Recognition|date=May 21, 2018|publisher=billboard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکندي، شي ڪولي صدارتي اميدوار ايلزبيٿ وارن جي حمايت ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president |title=Drag Race's Shea Couleé Endorses Elizabeth Warren For President |author=Nico Lang |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=Out|archive-date=July 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719024153/https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ ڪان نيو يارڪ سٽي ۾ وارن جي اسٽال تي تقرير پڻ ڪئي، جتي هنن ماڻهن کي 2020ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ وارن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/09/10/elizabeth-warren-rupauls-drag-con-shea-coulee/|title=Shantay, you stay. Elizabeth Warren makes surprise 'appearance' at RuPaul's DragCon|work=PinkNews|date=September 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنن لاس ويگاس پرائيڊ پريڊ ۾ پڻ وارن سان گڏ مارچ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/sisolak-elizabeth-warren-headline-political-presence-at-vegas-pride-parade-1868946/|title=Sisolak, Elizabeth Warren headline political presence at Vegas Pride parade|last=Appleton|first=Rory|work=ReviewJournal|access-date=October 12, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شي ڪولي بليڪ لائيوز ميٽر تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ منعقد ڪيل &quot;ڊريگ مارچ فار چينج&quot; ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ خطاب پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech|title=Watch, Read Shea Couleé's Moving Drag March for Change Speech |author=Mikelle Street |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |magazine=Out |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616014006/https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot;/&gt;

شي ڪولي فلسطيني عوام سان پنهنجي حمايت ۽ يڪجهتي جو اظهار پڻ ڪيو آهي ۽ غزه جي جنگ دوران آزاد فلسطين جي حمايت ۾ آواز اٿاريو آهي.

==ذاتي زندگي==

ميريل هم جنس پرست ۽ [[غير دودو صنفي سڃاڻپ|غير دودو صنفي]] آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Windy City Times|date=January 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129234907/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html|archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=&quot;It's A True Gift&quot;: Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Them.us |date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064632/https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview|archive-date=November 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ کان ٻاهر [[واحد &quot;هو&quot; ضمير|واحد ''هو'' وارا ضمير]] استعمال ڪرڻ کي ترجيح ڏيندا آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970075322015199232|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=They/them|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ڊريگ جي ڪردار ۾ ''هوءَ'' ۽ ''سندس'' وارا ضمير استعمال ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970076817620160514|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=In drag: she/her|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

زندگي جي هڪ مرحلي ۾ ميريل [[بليميا نروسا]] (کاڌ خوراڪ جي هڪ نفسياتي بيماري) جو شڪار رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|title=The Queens Discuss Battling Eating Disorders {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} VH1|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 21, 2017|access-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320040602/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|archive-date=March 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ ميريل پنهنجي ڏندن جي سڌاري لاءِ جراحي علاج ڪرايو، جيڪو هو پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ جي ڏينهن کان ڪرائڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTTpPHP5l18|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي ٽي ڊريگ ڌيئرون اختيار ڪيون: ڪينزي ڪولي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://worldofwonder.net/transformationtuesday-qwerrrkout-feat-kenzie-couleeshea-coulees-daughter/ |title=#TransformationTuesday: QWERRRKOUT feat. Kenzie Couleé…Shea Couleé's Daughter |date=February 6, 2018 |work=The WOW Report |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; بيمبي-بينڪس ڪولي (2018ع کان)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw7SbSVHmhv/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bw7SbSVHmhv |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration |date=February 6, 2018 |work=Shea Couleé's verified Instagram page |access-date=June 6, 2019 |language=en-US |title=Shea Couleé on Instagram: &quot;My daughter @bambi.banks Couleé out here SLAYING my Wednesday morning with this Minnie Riperton inspired look shot by @adamouahmane&quot;}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪلوئي ڪولي، جن کي هنن 12 جون 2020ع تي عوامي طور پنهنجي نئين ڊريگ ڌيءَ طور متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBW4aFLnXCX/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBW4aFLnXCX |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|author=Couleé, Shea [@sheacoulee] |title=Verified &quot;Love the Skin You're In&quot; is a concept that took a long time for me to come to terms with. I've been told that I'm too dark, too nappy, too femme to be considered beautiful. That's why I wanted to fully embrace black beauty in this runway presentation. I also wanted to focus on my roots. I hope you like this recreation of Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus' but BLACK. Starring all the members of Maison Couleé. @kenziecoulee, @bambibankscoulee, @babycouleé, and introducing the NEWEST member of the Haus, my baby, @khloecoulee! Make sure you go and give her a follow! Photo: myself &amp; @danpolyak Art/Edit: @kindasupermario Body suit/Airbrushing: @troycford Stoning:@michaelbrambila using @crystalsbypreciosa Hair: @nathanjuergensen Nails: @bbygirlnails |via=[[انسٽاگرام]] |date=June 12, 2020 |type=Instagram post |access-date=June 13, 2020}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي، ڪينزي، بيمبي ۽ ڪلوئي گڏجي شي جي [[بال ڪلچر جو هائوس نظام|ڊريگ هائوس]] &quot;ميزون ڪولي&quot; جا موجوده رڪن آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/shea-coulee-reveals-deeper-meaning-behind-sickening-drag-race-all-stars-5-runway/|title=Shea Couleé reveals deeper meaning behind sickening Drag Race All Stars 5 runway|first=Sam|last=Damshenas|website=Gay Times|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot; /&gt;

شي ڪولي [[نائومي ڪيمپبيل]]، [[گريس جونز]]، [[بيونسے]]، [[مائيڪل جيڪسن]]، [[جوزفين بيڪر]]، [[ڊائنا راس]] ۽ [[اسٽيوي ونڊر]] کي پنهنجي ذاتي آدرشن ۽ اثرن طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Come Through Queens! Meet the Contestants Slaying Season 9 of 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|url=https://www.papermag.com/dragrace-contestants-2326900115.html?rebelltitem=20#rebelltitem20|last=White|first=Eric|date=March 24, 2017|magazine=[[پيپر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==موسيقياتي ڪم==
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist       = شي ڪولي
| Studio       = 1
| EP           = 1
| Singles      = 10
}}

=== البم ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|8]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 24 فيبروري 2023ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: هائوس ڊائون
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/238461/9|title=Shea Couleé Announces Debut Album '8'|website=Stereoboard |access-date=February 10, 2023|date=February 9, 2023|first=Laura|last=Johnson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== اي پي ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 23 جون 2017ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: ذاتي طور جاري ڪيل
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|}

===سنگل===
====مرڪزي فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!گيت
!سال
!البم
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/993874502349189123|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=June 14, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{n/a|غير البمي سنگل}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;گيسولين&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gas&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;برانڊ نيو&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1098371953771962369|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8525645/shea-coulee-rewind-video-premiere|title=Shea Coulee Gets Vulnerable In Cinematic 'Rewind' Video: Premiere|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/collide-feat-mykki-blanco-single/1517274552|title=Collide (feat. Mykki Blanco) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ، [[مائيڪي بلانڪو]] جي شموليت سان)&lt;/small&gt;
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|''8'']]
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;يور نيم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|title=Your Name - Single|work=iTunes|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726035645/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2022
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;ليٽ گو&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|title=Madonna's saucy new collab, the Shea Couleé cinematic universe &amp; more: Your weekly bop roundup|date=August 5, 2022|first=Charlie|last=Grey|website=Queerty|access-date=August 5, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806003648/https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪرسمس ٽائيم&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{non-album singles}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;سلي مائي نيم&quot; {{small|(ري مڪس)&lt;br&gt;([[پريانڪا (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پريانڪا]]، [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]] ۽ [[ليمن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|ليمن]] سان گڏ)}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;مٽيريل&quot;
|2023
|''8''
|-
|}

====شريڪ فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:6em;&quot; | البم
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
|&quot;ڪيٽيگري اِز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[روپال]] ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس، سيزن 9 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2018
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldofwonder.net/gag-rupauls-drag-race-season-9s-category-is-is-now-available-on-itunes/|title=GAG!! RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9's 'Category Is' Is Now Available on iTunes|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=August 22, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;آر يو ميڊ (جان جي-سي ڪار ۽ بل ڪولمين مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(مائيڪل بلوم، شي ڪولي ۽ [[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]] سان گڏ)}}
|''سنسزم اينڊ سنسيرٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;youtube1&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha325ylB_8k|title=Michael Blume - R U Mad (John &quot;J-C&quot; Carr &amp; Bill Coleman Mix) ft. Shea Couleé and Peppermint (Audio)|work=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 7, 2018|access-date=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-n
|&quot;سمفني&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''پلاسٽڪ سٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8471810/gess-interview-plastic-city|title=Pride Profile: 10 Questions With Singer/Songwriter Gess|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;سنوز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(بگ ڊپر ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''ليٽ بلومر''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/2018/8/21/exclusive-big-dippers-lp-late-bloomer-queer-rap-its-finest|title=Exclusive: Big Dipper's LP Late Bloomer Is Queer Rap at Its Finest|date=August 21, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;روم، ڀاڱو 2&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(دي وڪسن ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8477414/the-vixen-shea-coulee-room-pt-2|title=The Vixen and Shea Couleé Trade Rap Bars On Vogue-y 'Room Pt. 2': Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بريڪ فاسٽ ايٽ ٽفنيز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[آجا (تفريحڪار)|آجا]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
|''[[باڪس آفيس (البم)|باڪس آفيس]]''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8497083/aja-box-office-album|title=Aja Teams Up with CupcakKe, Shea Couleé &amp; More on 'Box Office' Album: Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(شان هولنباخ ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;selfie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/let-shawn-hollenbach-and-shea-coulee-help-you-on-national-selfie-day/|title=Let Shawn Hollenbach and Shea Couleé Help You on National Selfie Day|work=Instinct|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;آءِ ايم اِن لو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/im-in-love-single/1517891221|title=I'm In Love - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪليپ بيڪ&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپال ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;
|-
|&quot;ونر ونر (چڪن ڊنر ري مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ايوي آڊلي]] ۽ براڊ ڪيمپ، [[بيبي زهارا بينيٽ]] ۽ شي ڪولي سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2021
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 24, 2021|title=NEW MUSIC – &quot;Winner Winner (Chicken Dinner Remix)&quot; by Yvie Oddly Featuring BeBe Zahara Benet and Shea Couleé|url=https://worldofwonder.net/new-music-winner-winner-chicken-dinner-remix-by-yvie-oddly-featuring-bebe-zahara-benet-and-shea-coulee/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=The WOW Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''بيڪ فار مور''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-juju-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1596330334?i=1596330826|title=bad juju (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ٽرنٽي روئنز ڪرسمس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/trinity-ruins-christmas-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1597198857?i=1597198860|title=Trinity Ruins Christmas (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ليجنڊز&quot; (ڪاسٽ نسخو)&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[روپال]] ۽ [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 Recap: Old MacDonald Had Some Winners|date=May 20, 2022|first=Samuel|last=Spencer|website=Newsweek|access-date=May 22, 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522153118/https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ٽائٽينڪ&quot; (ايم ايس ٽي آر)&lt;br&gt;{{small|( [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-6-review-1849079314|title=A Y2K TRL challenge and the Platinum Plunger unclog the tension on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars|date=June 17, 2022|first=Trae|last=DeLellis|website=AV Club|access-date=June 19, 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== فلمون ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!سال
!عنوان
!ڪردار
!نوٽس
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''لپ اسٽڪ سٽي''
| مسز ڪولي / شي
| ليکڪ / پروڊيوسر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''[[سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو|سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو، جلد 2]]''
| پاڻ
| فيشن خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;fenty&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ''
| پاڻ
| هڪ ڪلاڪ جو خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;nubiaamplified&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title=OUTtv USA Is the Latest LGBTQ Streamer, Full of Great Gay Series and Specials|date=April 3, 2021|first=Stephen|last=Horbelt|website=Hornet|access-date=May 28, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423043541/https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
=== ٽيليويزن ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | ڪردار
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015–16
| ''يو آر سو ٽيلينٽيڊ''
| شي
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast|title=Season 1 Cast|website=You're So Talented|access-date=June 20, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=July 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726095210/http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race season 9|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' (سيزن 9)]]
| مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot; /&gt;
|-
| ''[[Breakfast Television (Citytv Toronto)|بريڪ فاسٽ ٽيليويزن ٽورانٽو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finalists do the NickiMinajChallenge!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 22, 2017|access-date=September 21, 2019|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217000142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[ڊبليو جي اين-ٽي وي]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/|title=Shea Couleé on &quot;RuPaul's Drag Race and love for Chicago|first=A|last=Crossey|website=wgntv.com|date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031065023/https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|''[[هي ڪيوين!]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''[[ونڊي سٽي لائيو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/WindyCityLIVE/videos/2622592424480428/?v=2622592424480428|title=Shea Coulee has come to slay!|website=Facebook.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121184642/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FWindyCityLIVE%2Fvideos%2F2622592424480428%2F%3Fv%3D2622592424480428}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2020
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 5|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 5)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (فاتح)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 2)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Brings Back 'Untucked' Aftershow For Season 5 |author=Dino-Ray Ramos|date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 5, 2020|magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605143129/https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2021
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[واچ وٽ هيپنز لائيو وِد اينڊي ڪوهن]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|title='Drag Race's Shea Coulee says 'things are all good' with Valentina |author=Annie Martin|date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021|magazine=[[United Press International|UPI]] |archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217180940/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[ڊريگنگ دي ڪلاسڪس: دي بريڊي بنچ]]''
| [[List of The Brady Bunch characters#Marcia Brady|مارسيا بريڊي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;bradybunch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;draggingstheclassics&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''فينيس''
| ڪائزر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/|title=Watch the Trailer for &quot;Finesse&quot; — A Black Queer Love Letter to Sex, Chosen Family &amp; Chicago|date=May 26, 2021|first=Shelli|last=Nicole|website=[[Autostraddle]]|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526225512/https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[The Bachelorette (American TV series) season 17|''دي بيچلوريٽ'' (سيزن 17)]]
| مهمان
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/|title=One of Katie's 'Bachelorette' breakups brings the other men to tears|date=July 12, 2021|first=Jennifer|last=Matarese|website=ABC11|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132818/https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 6|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 6)]]
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2022
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ: دي سيريز''
| پينلسٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|title=Nubia Amplified Episode One Black Cultural Appropriation {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} OUTtv|publisher=OUTtv|date=March 1, 2022|access-date=August 7, 2022|archive-date=August 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807173832/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ڪيلي ڪلارڪسن شو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgVMYwm3mpI|title='Drag Race' Winners Monét X Change, Shea Couleé, Yvie Oddly &amp; Raja Gemini On Returning For All Stars|publisher=[[The Kelly Clarkson Show]]|date=April 27, 2022|access-date=April 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ويو (ٽاڪ شو)|دي ويو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|title=Shea Couleé Gave Whoopi Goldberg This Touching Gift Live on The View |author=Taylor Henderson|date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=May 16, 2022|magazine=Pride |archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195305/https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 7)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 4)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' to Feature All-Winner Cast for Season 7 |author=Adam B. Vary|date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=April 13, 2022|magazine=Variety |archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413170021/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''ڪائونٽ ڊائون ٽو آل اسٽارز 7: يو آر اي ونر بيبي''
| پاڻ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a39873102/how-to-watch-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winners/|title=How to Watch 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7'|date=May 2, 2022|first=KAYLEIGH|last=ROBERTS|website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|access-date=May 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2023
|''اِٽس اوڪي ٽو آسڪ ڪوئسچنز''
| خصوصي مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/its-ok-to-ask-questions-honest-and-open-conversations-with-lgbtqia-trailblazers-where-no-topic-is-off-limits/3157872/|title='It's OK to Ask Questions': Open conversations with LGBTQIA+ trailblazers with no topic off limits|date=June 9, 2023|website=[[WMAQ-TV|NBC Chicago]]|access-date=November 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024
|''[[ايبٽ ايليمينٽري]]''
| ليزا ڪانڊو
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;msp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=Charlie |title=Drag Race star's Abbott Elementary guest appearance sends fans wild: 'This is everything' |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/05/09/abbott-elementary-shea-coulee-guest-star/|website=Pink News |date=May 9, 2024|access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[ڪينيڊاز ڊريگ ريس]]''
| پاڻ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cdr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sim |first1=Bernardo |title=Orville Peck, Shea Couleé &amp; more to judge 'Canada's Drag Race' season 5|url=https://www.out.com/gay-tv-shows/canadas-drag-race-season-5-guest-judges-list|website=Out |date=November 1, 2024|access-date=November 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2025
| ''[[Ironheart (miniseries)|آئرن هارٽ]]''
| [[Slug (character)|سلگ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ironheart&quot; /&gt;
|}

===موسيقي وڊيوز===
==== مرڪزي فنڪار طور ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | نوٽس
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017
|&quot;ڪاڪي&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[دي وڪسن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|دي وڪسن]] ۽ [[لائلا اسٽار]] سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;فيلنگ سو&quot;
| 
|-
|&quot;رائيڊ&quot;
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
|&quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l-4C276ILY|title=Shea Couleé - Crème Brûlée (explicit)|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=May 8, 2018|access-date=August 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;
|شان هولنباخ سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shawn Hollenbach |date=June 21, 2019 |title=''&quot;Double Filter Face (feat. Shea Coulee) Official Music Video&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX5pAHhzklo |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028142029/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX5pAHhzklo |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/2019/01/31/rupauls-drag-race-queen-music-videos/ |title=A fabulous collection of the ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' queens' best music videos |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Meredith Corporation |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609100626/https://ew.com/tv/2019/01/31/rupauls-drag-race-queen-music-videos/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
|&quot;روم&quot;
|[[دي وڪسن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|دي وڪسن]] سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[The Vixen (drag queen)|The Vixen]] |date=May 21, 2020|title=''&quot;ROOM by The Vixen ft. Shea Couleé&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lhyK14ujKg&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626045327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lhyK14ujKg&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;
|اونلي فينز لاءِ خاص
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/shea-coulee-collide-music-video-fashion|title=Drag Star Shea Couleé on Crafting Her New Music Video's Futuristic Looks |date=October 30, 2020|first=Christian|last=Allair|website=[[ووگ (رسالو)|ووگ]]|access-date=October 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2022
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;
|[[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.edgemedianetwork.com/story.php?ch=entertainment&amp;sc=celebrities&amp;id=317888&amp;watch:_rupauls_drag_race_favs_peppermint_and_jujubee_set_november_tour|title=Watch: 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Favs Peppermint and Jujubee Set November Tour|date=August 6, 2022|website=Edge Media Network|access-date=August 6, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806200919/https://www.edgemedianetwork.com/story.php?ch=entertainment&amp;sc=celebrities&amp;id=317888&amp;watch:_rupauls_drag_race_favs_peppermint_and_jujubee_set_november_tour|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ليٽ گو اينڊ يور نيم&quot;
|هدايتڪار پڻ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://shadowandact.com/rupauls-drag-race-star-shea-coulee-drops-video-janet-jackson-inspired-music-video-for-let-go-your-name|title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Star Shea Couleé Drops Video Janet Jackson-Inspired Music Video For 'Let Go &amp; Your Name'|date=August 5, 2022|first=Bre|last=Williams|website=Shadow and Act|access-date=August 6, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806160853/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2b1befbea3a1424bb94efd70105dfa52.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fshadowandact.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== شريڪ ۽ مختصر ظاهري ڪردار ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
!فنڪار
!ڪردار
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2017
|&quot;ٽو فنڪي&quot;
|[[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]]
|مختصر ظاهري ڪردار
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2019
| [[سيلي واڪر (گيت)|&quot;سيلي واڪر&quot;]]
| [[اگي ازيليا]] 
|خصوصي شموليت
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| &quot;آلويز&quot;
| [[ويز اينڊ اوڊيسي]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |مختصر ظاهري ڪردار
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[جارج مائيڪل]]|date=May 21, 2020 |title=''&quot;Always (Drag Stars Official Video)&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Qm-TQVjrA |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522010006/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Qm-TQVjrA |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ڪم&quot;
| [[بروڪ ڪينڊي]] ۽ اگي ازيليا
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/music/2020/12/23/aquaria-francois-sagat-bring-sex-brooke-candys-music-video |title=Aquaria, Francois Sagat Bring The Sex in Brooke Candy's Music Video |last=Rude |first=Mey |date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=December 26, 2020 |magazine=Out.com|archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223182032/https://www.out.com/music/2020/12/23/aquaria-francois-sagat-bring-sex-brooke-candys-music-video }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2021
| &quot;ببلگم برين&quot;
|ايلس
|خصوصي شموليت
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Ellise-Shares-New-Single-Bubblegum-Brain-20210205 |title=Ellise Shares New Single 'Bubblegum Brain' |author=TV News Desk |date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=[[براڊ وي ورلڊ]]|archive-date=February 5, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205220606/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Ellise-Shares-New-Single-Bubblegum-Brain-20210205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>24eyl7ojphd86ov6th3wy2obsecrk90</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>385602</id>
      <parentid>385600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:24:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="89106" sha1="bkfo6eipr5iwo7rq66o3ba18n5quubd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==سرگرمي==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#E5F1FE |quote=رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڊريگ ڪوئينز کي اسان جي اڇي نسل وارن هم منصبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ساراهيو ويندو آهي. پر اها ئي زندگي آهي؛ اسان کي اڌ سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيڻو محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. |salign= right |source= –شي ڪولي، رسالي ''بلبورڊ'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8289680/shangela-shea-coulee-aja-racism-drag-race-fandom|date=2019-04-05|magazine=بلبورڊ|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|title=Shangela, Shea Couleé &amp; Aja Discuss Racism in the 'Drag Race' Fandom}}&lt;/ref&gt; |align=right |width=33%}}

شي ڪولي چيو آهي ته انهن لاءِ اهو انتهائي اهم آهي ته هو ڊريگ ۾ پنهنجي پيشورانه زندگي کي ماڻهن لاءِ الهام جو ذريعو بڻائين. ''سيئٽل گي سين'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾ هنن چيو: &quot;مان چوندس ته ڪوئير برادري تي منهنجو اهو اثر هئڻ گهرجي ته ماڻهن کي—خاص طور تي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڪوئير ماڻهن کي—پنهنجي وجود ۽ سڃاڻپ سان مطمئن رهڻ جي همت ملي، اهي سمجهن ته هو خاص ۽ شاندار آهن، ۽ جيڪي به خواهشون يا خواب هو رکن ٿا، انهن جا حقدار آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlegayscene.com/2017/07/shes-coming-to-slay-interview-with-shea-coulee/|date=July 7, 2017|work=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en-US|title=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé &amp;#124; Seattle Gay Scene &amp;#124; Your Daily Gay in Seattle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو خاص طور تي نسلي برابري بابت کليل نموني ڳالهائيندا رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' جي مداحن ۽ ڊريگ برادري جي اندر. آڪٽوبر 2018ع ۾ شي ڪولي ''گي ٽائيمز'' جي برطانيه واري ڪاري تاريخي مهيني جي خاص اشاعت لاءِ ويڪسن سان آمريڪا ۾ نسل پرستي بابت گفتگو ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/113708/the-vixen-talks-to-shea-coulee-about-racist-drag-race-fans-and-life-in-trumps-america/|date=October 8, 2018|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=The Vixen talks to Shea Couleé about racist Drag Race fans and life in Trump's America}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''گي ٽائيمز'' سان هڪ ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه ۾ شي ڪولي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ٽرانس عورتن جي حمايت ۽ همٿ افزائي جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/122958/shea-coulee-snatched-interview/|date=June 5, 2019|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=Drag Race star Shea Couleé on why we should all be uplifting trans women of colour for Pride}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/dragworld-london-shea-coulee-trinity-the-tuck-jinkx-monsoon-politics-trump-elizabeth-warren-1207148.html|title=DragWorld 2019: RuPaul's Drag Race stars Trinity, Shea and Jinkx get political [EXCLUSIVE]|first=Daniel|last=Falconer|website=Female First|date=August 19, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي، ٽرمپ انتظاميا طرفان ٽرانس جينڊر ماڻهن جي قانوني سڃاڻپ ختم ڪرڻ واري ممڪن پاليسي جي ردعمل ۾ هنن لکيو:

{{Blockquote|&quot;پيارا ٽرمپ: توهان عورتن کي نٿا ٻڌائي سگهو ته هو پنهنجي جسم سان ڇا ڪن. توهان کي جنس يا صنف جي تعريف ڪرڻ جو ڪو حق ناهي. توهان وٽ ان لاءِ گهربل صلاحيتون ناهن. توهان وٽ همت ناهي. توهان کي حقيقتن جي ڄاڻ ناهي. اسان اها ڳالهه خاموشي سان قبول نه ڪنداسين. نومبر اچي رهيو آهي. ڏسو ته تون ڪيترو نارنگي لڳين ٿو، ڇوڪري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8480940/trump-transgender-recognition-rights-new-york-times-report-reactions|title=Cher, Laverne Cox &amp; More React to Trump Administration's Potential New Policy Eliminating Transgender Recognition|date=May 21, 2018|publisher=billboard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکندي، شي ڪولي صدارتي اميدوار ايلزبيٿ وارن جي حمايت ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president |title=Drag Race's Shea Couleé Endorses Elizabeth Warren For President |author=Nico Lang |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=Out|archive-date=July 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719024153/https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ ڪان نيو يارڪ سٽي ۾ وارن جي اسٽال تي تقرير پڻ ڪئي، جتي هنن ماڻهن کي 2020ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ وارن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/09/10/elizabeth-warren-rupauls-drag-con-shea-coulee/|title=Shantay, you stay. Elizabeth Warren makes surprise 'appearance' at RuPaul's DragCon|work=PinkNews|date=September 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنن لاس ويگاس پرائيڊ پريڊ ۾ پڻ وارن سان گڏ مارچ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/sisolak-elizabeth-warren-headline-political-presence-at-vegas-pride-parade-1868946/|title=Sisolak, Elizabeth Warren headline political presence at Vegas Pride parade|last=Appleton|first=Rory|work=ReviewJournal|access-date=October 12, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شي ڪولي بليڪ لائيوز ميٽر تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ منعقد ڪيل &quot;ڊريگ مارچ فار چينج&quot; ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ خطاب پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech|title=Watch, Read Shea Couleé's Moving Drag March for Change Speech |author=Mikelle Street |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |magazine=Out |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616014006/https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot;/&gt;

شي ڪولي فلسطيني عوام سان پنهنجي حمايت ۽ يڪجهتي جو اظهار پڻ ڪيو آهي ۽ غزه جي جنگ دوران آزاد فلسطين جي حمايت ۾ آواز اٿاريو آهي.

==ذاتي زندگي==

ميريل هم جنس پرست ۽ [[غير دودو صنفي سڃاڻپ|غير دودو صنفي]] آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Windy City Times|date=January 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129234907/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html|archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=&quot;It's A True Gift&quot;: Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Them.us |date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064632/https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview|archive-date=November 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ کان ٻاهر [[واحد &quot;هو&quot; ضمير|واحد ''هو'' وارا ضمير]] استعمال ڪرڻ کي ترجيح ڏيندا آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970075322015199232|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=They/them|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ڊريگ جي ڪردار ۾ ''هوءَ'' ۽ ''سندس'' وارا ضمير استعمال ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970076817620160514|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=In drag: she/her|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

زندگي جي هڪ مرحلي ۾ ميريل [[بليميا نروسا]] (کاڌ خوراڪ جي هڪ نفسياتي بيماري) جو شڪار رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|title=The Queens Discuss Battling Eating Disorders {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} VH1|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 21, 2017|access-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320040602/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|archive-date=March 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ ميريل پنهنجي ڏندن جي سڌاري لاءِ جراحي علاج ڪرايو، جيڪو هو پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ جي ڏينهن کان ڪرائڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTTpPHP5l18|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي ٽي ڊريگ ڌيئرون اختيار ڪيون: ڪينزي ڪولي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://worldofwonder.net/transformationtuesday-qwerrrkout-feat-kenzie-couleeshea-coulees-daughter/ |title=#TransformationTuesday: QWERRRKOUT feat. Kenzie Couleé…Shea Couleé's Daughter |date=February 6, 2018 |work=The WOW Report |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; بيمبي-بينڪس ڪولي (2018ع کان)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw7SbSVHmhv/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bw7SbSVHmhv |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration |date=February 6, 2018 |work=Shea Couleé's verified Instagram page |access-date=June 6, 2019 |language=en-US |title=Shea Couleé on Instagram: &quot;My daughter @bambi.banks Couleé out here SLAYING my Wednesday morning with this Minnie Riperton inspired look shot by @adamouahmane&quot;}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪلوئي ڪولي، جن کي هنن 12 جون 2020ع تي عوامي طور پنهنجي نئين ڊريگ ڌيءَ طور متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBW4aFLnXCX/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBW4aFLnXCX |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|author=Couleé, Shea [@sheacoulee] |title=Verified &quot;Love the Skin You're In&quot; is a concept that took a long time for me to come to terms with. I've been told that I'm too dark, too nappy, too femme to be considered beautiful. That's why I wanted to fully embrace black beauty in this runway presentation. I also wanted to focus on my roots. I hope you like this recreation of Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus' but BLACK. Starring all the members of Maison Couleé. @kenziecoulee, @bambibankscoulee, @babycouleé, and introducing the NEWEST member of the Haus, my baby, @khloecoulee! Make sure you go and give her a follow! Photo: myself &amp; @danpolyak Art/Edit: @kindasupermario Body suit/Airbrushing: @troycford Stoning:@michaelbrambila using @crystalsbypreciosa Hair: @nathanjuergensen Nails: @bbygirlnails |via=[[انسٽاگرام]] |date=June 12, 2020 |type=Instagram post |access-date=June 13, 2020}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي، ڪينزي، بيمبي ۽ ڪلوئي گڏجي شي جي [[بال ڪلچر جو هائوس نظام|ڊريگ هائوس]] &quot;ميزون ڪولي&quot; جا موجوده رڪن آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/shea-coulee-reveals-deeper-meaning-behind-sickening-drag-race-all-stars-5-runway/|title=Shea Couleé reveals deeper meaning behind sickening Drag Race All Stars 5 runway|first=Sam|last=Damshenas|website=Gay Times|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot; /&gt;

شي ڪولي [[نائومي ڪيمپبيل]]، [[گريس جونز]]، [[بيونسے]]، [[مائيڪل جيڪسن]]، [[جوزفين بيڪر]]، [[ڊائنا راس]] ۽ [[اسٽيوي ونڊر]] کي پنهنجي ذاتي آدرشن ۽ اثرن طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Come Through Queens! Meet the Contestants Slaying Season 9 of 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|url=https://www.papermag.com/dragrace-contestants-2326900115.html?rebelltitem=20#rebelltitem20|last=White|first=Eric|date=March 24, 2017|magazine=[[پيپر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==موسيقياتي ڪم==
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist       = شي ڪولي
| Studio       = 1
| EP           = 1
| Singles      = 10
}}

=== البم ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|8]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 24 فيبروري 2023ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: هائوس ڊائون
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/238461/9|title=Shea Couleé Announces Debut Album '8'|website=Stereoboard |access-date=February 10, 2023|date=February 9, 2023|first=Laura|last=Johnson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== اي پي ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 23 جون 2017ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: ذاتي طور جاري ڪيل
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|}

===سنگل===
====مرڪزي فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!گيت
!سال
!البم
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/993874502349189123|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=June 14, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{n/a|غير البمي سنگل}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;گيسولين&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gas&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;برانڊ نيو&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1098371953771962369|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8525645/shea-coulee-rewind-video-premiere|title=Shea Coulee Gets Vulnerable In Cinematic 'Rewind' Video: Premiere|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/collide-feat-mykki-blanco-single/1517274552|title=Collide (feat. Mykki Blanco) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ، [[مائيڪي بلانڪو]] جي شموليت سان)&lt;/small&gt;
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|''8'']]
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;يور نيم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|title=Your Name - Single|work=iTunes|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726035645/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2022
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;ليٽ گو&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|title=Madonna's saucy new collab, the Shea Couleé cinematic universe &amp; more: Your weekly bop roundup|date=August 5, 2022|first=Charlie|last=Grey|website=Queerty|access-date=August 5, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806003648/https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪرسمس ٽائيم&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{non-album singles}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;سلي مائي نيم&quot; {{small|(ري مڪس)&lt;br&gt;([[پريانڪا (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پريانڪا]]، [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]] ۽ [[ليمن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|ليمن]] سان گڏ)}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;مٽيريل&quot;
|2023
|''8''
|-
|}

====شريڪ فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:6em;&quot; | البم
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
|&quot;ڪيٽيگري اِز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[روپال]] ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس، سيزن 9 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2018
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldofwonder.net/gag-rupauls-drag-race-season-9s-category-is-is-now-available-on-itunes/|title=GAG!! RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9's 'Category Is' Is Now Available on iTunes|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=August 22, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;آر يو ميڊ (جان جي-سي ڪار ۽ بل ڪولمين مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(مائيڪل بلوم، شي ڪولي ۽ [[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]] سان گڏ)}}
|''سنسزم اينڊ سنسيرٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;youtube1&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha325ylB_8k|title=Michael Blume - R U Mad (John &quot;J-C&quot; Carr &amp; Bill Coleman Mix) ft. Shea Couleé and Peppermint (Audio)|work=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 7, 2018|access-date=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-n
|&quot;سمفني&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''پلاسٽڪ سٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8471810/gess-interview-plastic-city|title=Pride Profile: 10 Questions With Singer/Songwriter Gess|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;سنوز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(بگ ڊپر ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''ليٽ بلومر''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/2018/8/21/exclusive-big-dippers-lp-late-bloomer-queer-rap-its-finest|title=Exclusive: Big Dipper's LP Late Bloomer Is Queer Rap at Its Finest|date=August 21, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;روم، ڀاڱو 2&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(دي وڪسن ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8477414/the-vixen-shea-coulee-room-pt-2|title=The Vixen and Shea Couleé Trade Rap Bars On Vogue-y 'Room Pt. 2': Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بريڪ فاسٽ ايٽ ٽفنيز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[آجا (تفريحڪار)|آجا]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
|''[[باڪس آفيس (البم)|باڪس آفيس]]''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8497083/aja-box-office-album|title=Aja Teams Up with CupcakKe, Shea Couleé &amp; More on 'Box Office' Album: Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(شان هولنباخ ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;selfie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/let-shawn-hollenbach-and-shea-coulee-help-you-on-national-selfie-day/|title=Let Shawn Hollenbach and Shea Couleé Help You on National Selfie Day|work=Instinct|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;آءِ ايم اِن لو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/im-in-love-single/1517891221|title=I'm In Love - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪليپ بيڪ&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپال ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;
|-
|&quot;ونر ونر (چڪن ڊنر ري مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ايوي آڊلي]] ۽ براڊ ڪيمپ، [[بيبي زهارا بينيٽ]] ۽ شي ڪولي سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2021
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 24, 2021|title=NEW MUSIC – &quot;Winner Winner (Chicken Dinner Remix)&quot; by Yvie Oddly Featuring BeBe Zahara Benet and Shea Couleé|url=https://worldofwonder.net/new-music-winner-winner-chicken-dinner-remix-by-yvie-oddly-featuring-bebe-zahara-benet-and-shea-coulee/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=The WOW Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''بيڪ فار مور''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-juju-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1596330334?i=1596330826|title=bad juju (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ٽرنٽي روئنز ڪرسمس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/trinity-ruins-christmas-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1597198857?i=1597198860|title=Trinity Ruins Christmas (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ليجنڊز&quot; (ڪاسٽ نسخو)&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[روپال]] ۽ [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 Recap: Old MacDonald Had Some Winners|date=May 20, 2022|first=Samuel|last=Spencer|website=Newsweek|access-date=May 22, 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522153118/https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ٽائٽينڪ&quot; (ايم ايس ٽي آر)&lt;br&gt;{{small|( [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-6-review-1849079314|title=A Y2K TRL challenge and the Platinum Plunger unclog the tension on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars|date=June 17, 2022|first=Trae|last=DeLellis|website=AV Club|access-date=June 19, 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== فلمون ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!سال
!عنوان
!ڪردار
!نوٽس
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''لپ اسٽڪ سٽي''
| مسز ڪولي / شي
| ليکڪ / پروڊيوسر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''[[سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو|سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو، جلد 2]]''
| پاڻ
| فيشن خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;fenty&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ''
| پاڻ
| هڪ ڪلاڪ جو خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;nubiaamplified&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title=OUTtv USA Is the Latest LGBTQ Streamer, Full of Great Gay Series and Specials|date=April 3, 2021|first=Stephen|last=Horbelt|website=Hornet|access-date=May 28, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423043541/https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
=== ٽيليويزن ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | ڪردار
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015–16
| ''يو آر سو ٽيلينٽيڊ''
| شي
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast|title=Season 1 Cast|website=You're So Talented|access-date=June 20, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=July 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726095210/http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race season 9|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' (سيزن 9)]]
| مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot; /&gt;
|-
| ''[[Breakfast Television (Citytv Toronto)|بريڪ فاسٽ ٽيليويزن ٽورانٽو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finalists do the NickiMinajChallenge!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 22, 2017|access-date=September 21, 2019|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217000142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[ڊبليو جي اين-ٽي وي]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/|title=Shea Couleé on &quot;RuPaul's Drag Race and love for Chicago|first=A|last=Crossey|website=wgntv.com|date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031065023/https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|''[[هي ڪيوين!]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''[[ونڊي سٽي لائيو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/WindyCityLIVE/videos/2622592424480428/?v=2622592424480428|title=Shea Coulee has come to slay!|website=Facebook.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121184642/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FWindyCityLIVE%2Fvideos%2F2622592424480428%2F%3Fv%3D2622592424480428}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2020
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 5|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 5)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (فاتح)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 2)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Brings Back 'Untucked' Aftershow For Season 5 |author=Dino-Ray Ramos|date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 5, 2020|magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605143129/https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2021
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[واچ وٽ هيپنز لائيو وِد اينڊي ڪوهن]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|title='Drag Race's Shea Coulee says 'things are all good' with Valentina |author=Annie Martin|date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021|magazine=[[United Press International|UPI]] |archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217180940/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[ڊريگنگ دي ڪلاسڪس: دي بريڊي بنچ]]''
| [[List of The Brady Bunch characters#Marcia Brady|مارسيا بريڊي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;bradybunch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;draggingstheclassics&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''فينيس''
| ڪائزر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/|title=Watch the Trailer for &quot;Finesse&quot; — A Black Queer Love Letter to Sex, Chosen Family &amp; Chicago|date=May 26, 2021|first=Shelli|last=Nicole|website=[[Autostraddle]]|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526225512/https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[The Bachelorette (American TV series) season 17|''دي بيچلوريٽ'' (سيزن 17)]]
| مهمان
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/|title=One of Katie's 'Bachelorette' breakups brings the other men to tears|date=July 12, 2021|first=Jennifer|last=Matarese|website=ABC11|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132818/https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 6|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 6)]]
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2022
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ: دي سيريز''
| پينلسٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|title=Nubia Amplified Episode One Black Cultural Appropriation {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} OUTtv|publisher=OUTtv|date=March 1, 2022|access-date=August 7, 2022|archive-date=August 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807173832/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ڪيلي ڪلارڪسن شو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgVMYwm3mpI|title='Drag Race' Winners Monét X Change, Shea Couleé, Yvie Oddly &amp; Raja Gemini On Returning For All Stars|publisher=[[The Kelly Clarkson Show]]|date=April 27, 2022|access-date=April 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ويو (ٽاڪ شو)|دي ويو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|title=Shea Couleé Gave Whoopi Goldberg This Touching Gift Live on The View |author=Taylor Henderson|date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=May 16, 2022|magazine=Pride |archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195305/https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 7)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 4)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' to Feature All-Winner Cast for Season 7 |author=Adam B. Vary|date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=April 13, 2022|magazine=Variety |archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413170021/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''ڪائونٽ ڊائون ٽو آل اسٽارز 7: يو آر اي ونر بيبي''
| پاڻ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a39873102/how-to-watch-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winners/|title=How to Watch 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7'|date=May 2, 2022|first=KAYLEIGH|last=ROBERTS|website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|access-date=May 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2023
|''اِٽس اوڪي ٽو آسڪ ڪوئسچنز''
| خصوصي مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/its-ok-to-ask-questions-honest-and-open-conversations-with-lgbtqia-trailblazers-where-no-topic-is-off-limits/3157872/|title='It's OK to Ask Questions': Open conversations with LGBTQIA+ trailblazers with no topic off limits|date=June 9, 2023|website=[[WMAQ-TV|NBC Chicago]]|access-date=November 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024
|''[[ايبٽ ايليمينٽري]]''
| ليزا ڪانڊو
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;msp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=Charlie |title=Drag Race star's Abbott Elementary guest appearance sends fans wild: 'This is everything' |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/05/09/abbott-elementary-shea-coulee-guest-star/|website=Pink News |date=May 9, 2024|access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[ڪينيڊاز ڊريگ ريس]]''
| پاڻ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cdr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sim |first1=Bernardo |title=Orville Peck, Shea Couleé &amp; more to judge 'Canada's Drag Race' season 5|url=https://www.out.com/gay-tv-shows/canadas-drag-race-season-5-guest-judges-list|website=Out |date=November 1, 2024|access-date=November 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2025
| ''[[Ironheart (miniseries)|آئرن هارٽ]]''
| [[Slug (character)|سلگ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ironheart&quot; /&gt;
|}

===موسيقي وڊيوز===
==== مرڪزي فنڪار طور ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | نوٽس
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017
|&quot;ڪاڪي&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[دي وڪسن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|دي وڪسن]] ۽ [[لائلا اسٽار]] سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;فيلنگ سو&quot;
| 
|-
|&quot;رائيڊ&quot;
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
|&quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l-4C276ILY|title=Shea Couleé - Crème Brûlée (explicit)|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=May 8, 2018|access-date=August 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;
|شان هولنباخ سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shawn Hollenbach |date=June 21, 2019 |title=''&quot;Double Filter Face (feat. Shea Coulee) Official Music Video&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX5pAHhzklo |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028142029/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX5pAHhzklo |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/2019/01/31/rupauls-drag-race-queen-music-videos/ |title=A fabulous collection of the ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' queens' best music videos |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Meredith Corporation |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609100626/https://ew.com/tv/2019/01/31/rupauls-drag-race-queen-music-videos/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
|&quot;روم&quot;
|[[دي وڪسن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|دي وڪسن]] سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[The Vixen (drag queen)|The Vixen]] |date=May 21, 2020|title=''&quot;ROOM by The Vixen ft. Shea Couleé&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lhyK14ujKg&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626045327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lhyK14ujKg&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;
|اونلي فينز لاءِ خاص
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/shea-coulee-collide-music-video-fashion|title=Drag Star Shea Couleé on Crafting Her New Music Video's Futuristic Looks |date=October 30, 2020|first=Christian|last=Allair|website=[[ووگ (رسالو)|ووگ]]|access-date=October 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2022
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;
|[[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.edgemedianetwork.com/story.php?ch=entertainment&amp;sc=celebrities&amp;id=317888&amp;watch:_rupauls_drag_race_favs_peppermint_and_jujubee_set_november_tour|title=Watch: 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Favs Peppermint and Jujubee Set November Tour|date=August 6, 2022|website=Edge Media Network|access-date=August 6, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806200919/https://www.edgemedianetwork.com/story.php?ch=entertainment&amp;sc=celebrities&amp;id=317888&amp;watch:_rupauls_drag_race_favs_peppermint_and_jujubee_set_november_tour|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ليٽ گو اينڊ يور نيم&quot;
|هدايتڪار پڻ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://shadowandact.com/rupauls-drag-race-star-shea-coulee-drops-video-janet-jackson-inspired-music-video-for-let-go-your-name|title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Star Shea Couleé Drops Video Janet Jackson-Inspired Music Video For 'Let Go &amp; Your Name'|date=August 5, 2022|first=Bre|last=Williams|website=Shadow and Act|access-date=August 6, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806160853/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2b1befbea3a1424bb94efd70105dfa52.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fshadowandact.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== شريڪ ۽ مختصر ظاهري ڪردار ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
!فنڪار
!ڪردار
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2017
|&quot;ٽو فنڪي&quot;
|[[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]]
|مختصر ظاهري ڪردار
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2019
| [[سيلي واڪر (گيت)|&quot;سيلي واڪر&quot;]]
| [[اگي ازيليا]] 
|خصوصي شموليت
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| &quot;آلويز&quot;
| [[ويز اينڊ اوڊيسي]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |مختصر ظاهري ڪردار
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[جارج مائيڪل]]|date=May 21, 2020 |title=''&quot;Always (Drag Stars Official Video)&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Qm-TQVjrA |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522010006/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Qm-TQVjrA |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ڪم&quot;
| [[بروڪ ڪينڊي]] ۽ اگي ازيليا
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/music/2020/12/23/aquaria-francois-sagat-bring-sex-brooke-candys-music-video |title=Aquaria, Francois Sagat Bring The Sex in Brooke Candy's Music Video |last=Rude |first=Mey |date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=December 26, 2020 |magazine=Out.com|archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223182032/https://www.out.com/music/2020/12/23/aquaria-francois-sagat-bring-sex-brooke-candys-music-video }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2021
| &quot;ببلگم برين&quot;
|ايلس
|خصوصي شموليت
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Ellise-Shares-New-Single-Bubblegum-Brain-20210205 |title=Ellise Shares New Single 'Bubblegum Brain' |author=TV News Desk |date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=[[براڊ وي ورلڊ]]|archive-date=February 5, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205220606/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Ellise-Shares-New-Single-Bubblegum-Brain-20210205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== انٽرنيٽ سيريز ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | ڪردار
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | پروڊيوسر
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
| ''[[Transformations: with James St. James|جيمز سينٽ جيمز ٽرانسفارميشنز]]''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | مهمان
| [[ورلڊ آف ونڊر (ڪمپني)|ورلڊ آف ونڊر]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;tjsj&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=WOWPresents |date=November 17, 2015 |title=Shea Couleé &amp; James St. James - Transformations |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyd4c0S3UmQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223060954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyd4c0S3UmQ|archive-date=February 23, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪڪنگ وِد ڊريگ ڪوئينز''
|[[فيسٽ آف فن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;fof&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=feastoffun |date=May 13, 2015 |title=Cooking w/ Drag Queens - Shea Coulee - Pulled Pork Enchiladas w/ Salsa Verde |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XyfXTVgkCI&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103162149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XyfXTVgkCI&amp;t|archive-date=November 3, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2017
|''پي ايم بي''
|[[ولم بيلي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Willam Belli|willam belli]]|date=April 28, 2017 |title=PMB: w/ Shea Coulee &amp; WILLAM (feat. Jackie Beat) |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6jCAXXruXg&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130000748/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6jCAXXruXg&amp;t=|archive-date=January 30, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪارپول''
|مهمان، ميزبان [[روپال]]
|[[لوگو ٽي وي|لوگو]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;dqc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newnownext.com/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-carpool-videos/03/2017/|title=Watch The &quot;Drag Race&quot; Season 9 Queens Carpool Around L.A. With RuPaul |last=Rudolph |first=Christopher |date=March 27, 2017 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=NewNowNext |publisher=Logo TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915050427/http://www.newnownext.com/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-carpool-videos/03/2017/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race#Untucked|اَن ٽڪڊ]]''
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |مهمان
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ورلڊ آف ونڊر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[World of Wonder (company)|WOWPresents]]|date=March 25, 2017 |title=UNTUCKED: RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 Episode 1 &quot;Oh. My. Gaga.&quot; |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWcZeYvJ0D0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122081945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWcZeYvJ0D0|archive-date=January 22, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪائونٽ ڊائون ٽو دي ڪرائون''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[World of Wonder (company)|WOWPresents]]|date=June 19, 2017 |title=&quot;Catchphrases&quot; COUNTDOWN TO THE CROWN: RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 30, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0l7SXoSk8g&amp;t|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130162400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0l7SXoSk8g&amp;t=|archive-date=January 30, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''شاٽ وِد سوجو''
|ڊي ايس شن
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Soju (drag queen)|Seoul Train TV]]|date=June 22, 2017 |title=Shea Couleé From the RuPaul's DRAG RACE Season 9 - Shot with Soju Ep.17|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xBbaRPmccE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626045335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xBbaRPmccE|archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[واچا پيڪن]]''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |لوگو
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Logo TV|Logo]]|date=June 30, 2017 |title=Whatcha Packin' w/ Michelle Visage &amp; Shea Couleé {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race (Season 9 Finale)|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3LJ0bT5OSE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108195711/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3LJ0bT5OSE&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en|archive-date=November 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪوئين ٽو ڪوئين''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Logo TV|Logo]]|date=June 23, 2017 |title=Queen To Queen: Shea Couleé &amp; Sasha Velour {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} Now on VH1|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQ10Tddd6xA&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201045131/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQ10Tddd6xA&amp;t=|archive-date=February 1, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڊريگ ميڪ اپ ٽيوٽوريل''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Logo TV|Logo]]|date=June 30, 2017 |title=Drag Makeup Tutorial: Shea Couleé's Melanin Goddess {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} Now on VH1|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL5pjipD7Rw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113053438/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL5pjipD7Rw|archive-date=January 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ٽاڪنگ وِد دي ٽڪ''
|[[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Trinity the Tuck]]|date=September 24, 2017 |title=INTERVIEW WITH SEASON 9 QUEENS - TALKING WITH THE TUCK|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rzLzd1739M&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201181159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rzLzd1739M&amp;t=|archive-date=February 1, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2018
| ''ڪال مي ڪولي''
| اسٽار
|جارڊن فيلپس، ونسنٽ مارٽيل
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''ڪائوٽڪ ڪري ايٽو''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |مهمان
|زين ميگجي
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDS0icpyaFs|title=Shea Couleé on the Business of Being a Drag Queen|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 10, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''جيسمين ماسٽر ڪلاس''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ورلڊ آف ونڊر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;jmc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8455732/rupauls-dragcon-2018-jasmine-masters-master-reading-panel |title=RuPaul's DragCon: 5 Things We Learned From Jasmine Masters' Master Reading Class Panel |date=June 6, 2018 |author=Patrick Crowley |access-date=December 1, 2019 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201221733/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8455732/rupauls-dragcon-2018-jasmine-masters-master-reading-panel |archive-date=December 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[فيشن فوٽو ريويو]]''
| خاص مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXxQXRACN4&amp;t=895s|title=FASHION PHOTO RUVIEW: DragCon Looks with Monet X Change and Shea Coulee|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=October 19, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''اسپلن دي ٽي''
|مهمان
|[[بلبورڊ (رسالو)|بلبورڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;stt&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8459486/drag-race-jasmine-masters-miz-cracker-tammie-brown-spillin-tea |title='Drag Race' Queens Talk Drag's Future in Pop Culture, Importance of Supporting Local Talent: Watch |date=June 6, 2018 |author=Rebecca Schiller |access-date=October 28, 2019 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612201504/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8459486/drag-race-jasmine-masters-miz-cracker-tammie-brown-spillin-tea |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪاسمو ڪوئينز''
|مهمان اسٽار
|[[ڪاسموپوليٽن (رسالو)|ڪاسموپوليٽن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cq&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
|''[[هدا باس]]''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |مهمان
|ماري هائٽڪن
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.facebook.com/hudabossshow/videos/374353443483192/|title=Huda Boss S2:E4 - Episode 4: How Does Huda Find Her Inner Ho?|publisher=[[فيسبوڪ]]|date=August 28, 2019|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2020
|''بوبن ارائونڊ''
|[[باب دي ڊريگ ڪوئين|ڪالڊويل ٽيڊيڪيو]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfWR-qJPD6o|title=Bobbin' Around!-Nubia|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=March 8, 2020|access-date=March 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''سروڊ!''
|[[ايم ٽي وي]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSacJYPmdAw|title=Shea Couleé: Rainbow Realness {{!}} Served! With Jade Thirlwall Episode 4|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=June 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''دي ايڪس چينج ريٽ''
|[[مونيٽ ايڪس چينج]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=BUILD Series |date=July 30, 2020 |title=The X Change Rate: Hailie Sahar &amp; Shea Couleé |medium=YouTube video |access-date=July 30, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_vZw7a8D9s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730212942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_vZw7a8D9s|archive-date=July 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''لوليئزبو''
|لوليئزبو پروڊڪشنز
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNPuClwPeio&amp;feature=youtu.be|title=Loleezbo the Show - Episode 2|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=August 9, 2020|access-date=August 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[لَو فار دي آرٽس]]''
|مهمان جج
| ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Street|first=Mikelle|title=Trinity the Tuck Has A New Drag Competition Starting this Week|url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/8/03/trinity-tuck-has-new-drag-competition-starting-week|work=Out.com|access-date=August 19, 2020|date=August 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''پيپ ٽاڪس''
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |مهمان
|[[پيپرمنٽ (تفريحڪار)|پيپرمنٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;pepptalks&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Miss Peppermint |date=October 14, 2020 |title=''&quot;Pepp Talks Episode 2: American Gangster with Shea Couleé&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=January 6, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8-g8F72RB0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106060259/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8-g8F72RB0 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2021
| ''دي پٽ اسٽاپ''
| وي ايڇ ون
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqCzdJvamb4|title=The Pit Stop S13 E1 {{!}} Trixie Mattel &amp; Shea Couleé Recap the Premiere {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=January 2, 2021|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''هوموفيليا''
| واو پوڊڪاسٽ نيٽ ورڪ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Matt McConkey and Dave Holmes|2021|loc=9:38}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''بيمبي بيڪس''
| موونگ اسٽينڊرڊ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/bambi-bakes-banks-coulee/Content?oid=89380401|title=Get baked with Bambi Banks-Couleé |date=June 9, 2021|first=Salem|last=Collo-Julin|website=Chicago Reader|access-date=June 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''ڊريگ ڪوئينز ري ايڪٽ''
|ورلڊ آف ونڊر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaEBl0_NVZI&amp;t|title=Drag Queens React: RESPECT movie trailer starring Jennifer Hudson as Aretha Franklin|publisher=WOWPresents|date=June 4, 2021|access-date=June 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''بنج''
|''[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]]''
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/ew-binge-podcast/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-recap-shea-coulee-jujubee-blair-st-clair/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 5 queens spill untold tea on that 'campaign' against Shea|date=July 28, 2021|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=July 28, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''بيوٽيفل پيپل''
|يوٿ ٽو دي پيپل
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.youthtothepeople.com/blogs/to-the-people/beautiful-people-shea-coulee-all-star-drag-queen-dreamer|title=BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE Shea Couleé, All-Star Drag Queen + Dreamer|date=December 18, 2021|first=Alyssa|last=Shapiro|website=Youth to the People|access-date=February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022
|''ارائونڊ دي ٽيبل''
| [[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=April 26, 2022|title=Around the Table With 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7' {{!}} Around the Table {{!}} Entertainment Weekly|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-E3Ivekc3kI|access-date=April 30, 2022|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''بزفيڊ سيليب''
| بزفيڊ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2022|title=The Queens Of &quot;RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7&quot; Play Who's Who|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xj-0uc7EnmM|access-date=May 25, 2022|website=BuzzFeed Celeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''فرينڊشپ ٽيسٽ''
| [[گليمر (رسالو)|گليمر]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2022|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Take a Friendship Test {{!}} Glamour|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQUrq2CSkhc|access-date=June 11, 2022|website=Youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''آئوٽ اينڊ آئوٽ''
| خصوصي مهمان
| [[اي ايس او ايس (پرچون فروش)|اي ايس او ايس]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=ASOS |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Star Shea Couleé Gets Ready For Her New Music Video {{!}} Out &amp; Out|medium=YouTube video |access-date=July 1, 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPpX1na6QQI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701150856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPpX1na6QQI |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڊرپ آر ڊراپ؟''
|مهمان
| [[ڪاسموپوليٽن (رسالو)|ڪاسموپوليٽن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2022|title=Ru Paul's Drag Race All Stars Rating Looks From Other Queens *ICONIC* {{!}} Drip Or Drop? {{!}} Cosmopolitan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSnlRp-SBaA|access-date=July 1, 2022|website=Youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''پورٽريٽ آف اي ڪوئين''
|خصوصي مهمان
|ورلڊ آف ونڊر
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-portrait-of-a-queen-trailer-as7-cast/|title=All Stars 7 queens get raw and real as Portrait of a Queen docuseries returns|date=July 26, 2022|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726161852/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-portrait-of-a-queen-trailer-as7-cast/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''اِٽس گِونگ فيشن''
|ميزبان
| [[سوني ميوزڪ|سوني پوڊڪاسٽ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.papermag.com/shea-coulee-fashion-podcast-2659307540.html#rebelltitem3|title=Shea Couleé Is Launching a Messy New Podcast About Fashion|date=January 25, 2023|first=Mario|last=Abad|magazine=Paper Magazine|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726161852/https://www.papermag.com/shea-coulee-fashion-podcast-2659307540.html#rebelltitem3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''گو فيڪٽ يور سيلف''
|ماهر
|[[ميڪسمم فن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 6, 2023|title=Ep. 135: Jason Pargin &amp; Joyelle Nicole Johnson|url=https://maximumfun.org/episodes/go-fact-yourself/ep-135-jason-pargin-joyelle-nicole-johnson/|access-date=November 12, 2023|website=[[Maximum Fun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|''ڊريگ مي ٽو دي موويز''
|مختلف
|ورلڊ آف ونڊر
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharpe |first=Josh |title=Video: Watch Trailer for DRAG ME TO THE MOVIES Featuring Ginger Minj, Jujubee, &amp; More |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Video-Watch-Trailer-for-DRAG-ME-TO-THE-MOVIES-Featuring-Ginger-Minj-Jujubee-More-20240429 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430160801/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Video-Watch-Trailer-for-DRAG-ME-TO-THE-MOVIES-Featuring-Ginger-Minj-Jujubee-More-20240429 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Joel |date=2024-04-29 |title=First 'Drag Me to The Movies' Trailer Takes Drag Race Royalty on a Parody Extravaganza [Exclusive] |url=https://collider.com/drag-me-to-the-movies-trailer/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Collider |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503005456/https://collider.com/drag-me-to-the-movies-trailer/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== ٿيٽر ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! سال
! پيشڪش
! ڪردار
! جڳهه
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
| 2019
| ''ڪولي وِد اي &quot;سي&quot;''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | پاڻ
| [[لاري بيچمين ٿيٽر]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cwac&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2019
|''دي ناٽي ٽور''
| [[ابراهم شاويز ٿيٽر]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/entertainment/2019/09/10/rupauls-drag-queen-contestants-return-el-paso-naughty-tour/2277294001/|title=A drag queen Christmas: 'The Naughty Tour' to return to El Paso|date=September 19, 2019|first=Maria|last=Cortes Gonzales|website=Socialite Life|access-date=April 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2020
| ''اي مڊسمر سلي: دي سليڪول!''
| [[Palace Theatre (Albany, New York)|پيلس ٿيٽر]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=[[Palace Theatre (Albany, New York)|پيلس الباني]]|title=A Midsummer SLAY! (In The Spring) - NEW DATE!|url=https://www.palacealbany.org/events/detail/a-midsummer-slay|access-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155808/http://www.palacealbany.org/events/detail/a-midsummer-slay|archive-date=November 26, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}</text>
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      <id>385603</id>
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      <text bytes="93398" sha1="2o52puzgylhbelzecnof4sonyh4kt09" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|آمريڪي تفريحڪار (ڄم: 1989)}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = شيا ڪولي
| image              = File:Dragcon Friday 2024 -779.jpg
| caption            = شيا ڪولي [[روپالز ڊريگ ڪان ايل اي]]، 2024ع ۾
| birth_name         = جيرن ڪيئي ميريل
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1989|2|8}}
| birth_place        = [[وارسا، انڊيانا]]، آمريڪا
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| years_active       = 2012–موجوده
| education          = [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] (بيچلر آف فائن آرٽس)
| occupation         = {{Flatlist|

* [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
* ڳائڻي
* ناچڻ واري
* پوڊڪاسٽر
* ريپر}}
  | known_for          = {{ubl |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' (نائون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (پنجون سيزن) |''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' (ستون سيزن)}}
  | website            = {{URL|sheacoulee.com}}
  | module             = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
  | background         = solo_singer
  | instrument         = آواز
  | genre              = {{hlist |[[پاپ موسيقي]] |[[آر اينڊ بي موسيقي]]}}
  | associated_acts    = {{hlist |[[آجا]] |گيس |[[دي وڪسن]]}}
  | label              = Haus Down}}
  }}

'''جيرن ڪيئي ميريل''' (ڄائو: 8 فيبروري 1989ع)،&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |author=SheaCoulee |number=1093879712772952064 |date=February 8, 2019 |title=I'm officially 30|archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064/https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1093879712772952064 |access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا پيشاوراڻي طور '''شيا ڪولي''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ آمريڪي [[ڊريگ ڪوئين]]، ڳائڻي، ريپر، اداڪار، پوڊڪاسٽر ۽ [[شڪاگو]] جي رات جي تفريحي منظرنامي جي نمايان شخصيت آهي. هوءَ [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ ڄائي ۽ 2012ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊريگ ڪيريئر جي شروعات ڪيائين. 2017ع ۾ شيا ڪولي کي بين الاقوامي شهرت تڏهن ملي جڏهن هن ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس]]'' جي نائين سيزن ۾ مقابلو ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|work=NewNowNext}}&lt;/ref&gt; جتي هوءَ آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greene|first1=Morgan |title=Shea Coulee does not slay 'RuPaul's Drag Race' finale|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]]|date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015407/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-rupaul-drag-race-finale-20170623-story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيزن جي فاتح بڻجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Moves Back to VH1 From Showtime, Reveals Cast |author=Adam B. Vary |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |magazine=[[ويرائٽي]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508164145/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-vh1-cast-reveal-1234601593/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 crowns a winner: See who won here |author=Joey Nolfi |date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021143/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-winner/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شيا ڪولي 2022ع ۾ ٻيهر ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي ستين سيزن ۾ موٽي آئي، جيڪو صرف اڳوڻن فاتحن لاءِ مخصوص سيزن هو، ۽ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر آخري چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن ۾ شامل رهي.

2016ع ۾ شيا ڪولي ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار، ليکڪ ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي. 2017ع ۾ هن پنهنجو پهريون [[اي پي]] ''[[Couleé-D]]'' جاري ڪيو، جنهن سان گڏ موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. ان کان پوءِ شيا ڪولي پنهنجي موسيقي واري ڪيريئر کي جاري رکيو، پنهنجي [[ويب سيريز]] ۽ پوڊڪاسٽ ۾ ڪم ڪيو، ۽ ملڪي توڙي بين الاقوامي دورن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ [[ورق دي ورلڊ]]، [[هيٽرز روسٽ]] ۽ [[اي ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪرسمس]] شامل آهن.

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ تعليم ==

ميريل [[وارسا، انڊيانا]] ۾ وليم ۽ مارلن ايلين ميريل جي گهر ڄائو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=1289264523912781824 |title=Awww! Marilyn is my moms name! 💖}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=SheaCoulee |number=608641759510441985 |title=My #WCW goes to this woman right here, Marilyn Elaine Merrell. Happy Birthday mamma! Words cannot…}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite instagram |user=sheacoulee |postid=DFf_sXgPUVC |title=This was my dad William. |date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[پلين فيلڊ، الينوئي]] ۾ وڏو ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Evan Ross Katz|2020|loc=42:23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|title=Welcome to Shea Couleé's Wonderful World of Wigs|date=January 14, 2021|first=Kayla|last=Greaves|website=[[ان اسٽائل]]|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=February 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015408/https://www.instyle.com/beauty/shea-coulee-wigs-interview|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنجن ٻارن مان سڀ کان ننڍو، سندن ماءُ هڪ مذهبي وزير هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[هي ڪوئين!]] |date=July 30, 2018 |title=SHEA COULEE on Hey Qween! - Part 2 {{!}} Hey Qween|medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028191154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PX1qNXu2fnU&amp;t= |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fl2&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=The Finish Line Show |date=May 1, 2014 |title=''&quot;The Finish Line: Episode 11; Ru Paul's Drag Race Ep. 611&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tk-jttASl6g |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن پيءُ 31 جنوري 2017ع تي وفات ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;/&gt;

ميريل نون ورهين جي عمر کان ٿيٽر ۾ پرفارم ڪندو رهيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPXOlX9leZo&amp;t=2232s|title=The Read: It Takes Two feat. Shea Couleé|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن 2011ع ۾ [[ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو]] مان ڪاسٽيوم ڊيزائن ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/18th-annual-30-Under-30-Awards-on-Wed-June-21/59542.html|title=18th annual 30 Under 30 Awards on Wed., June 21 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive - Windy City Times|first=Windy City|last=Times|website=Windy City Times|date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي سوفومور سال دوران، کيس ''Ten Square'' ۾ ڪاسٽ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weareo.tv/community/spotlight-on-shea-coulee|title=spotlight on shea coulee|first=Diandian|last=Gao|website=Wearo.tv|date=June 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪولمبيا ۾ پنهنجي آخري سال دوران، هو شيڪسپيئر جي ''[[سياري جي ڪهاڻي]]'' لاءِ مرڪزي ڊيزائنر هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blogs.colum.edu/demomagazine/2017/07/28/shea-coulee-slay-queen/|title=Shea Coulee, Slay Queen|first=Wendy |last=Kirby|website=blogs.colum.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پيشوَرانه زندگي ==
=== ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس ]]'' ===

[[File:Shea Couleé at RuPaul's Dragcon 2017 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|شي ڪولي 2017ع ۾|274x274px]]

ڊريگ پرفارمنس شروع ڪرڻ کان پوءِ لڳاتار پنجن سالن تائين آڊيشن ڏيڻ کان پوءِ،&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-michelle-visage-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/06/2017/|title=&quot;Drag Race&quot; Wasn't The First Time Michelle Visage Judged Shea Couleé|publisher=NewNowNext.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس (RuPaul's Drag Race)]]'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس سيزن 9 (RuPaul's Drag Race season 9)|نائين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪندڙ 14 راڻين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newnownext.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |title=If It Smells Fishy in Here, It's Because RuPaul's Drag Race Announced Its Season 9 Cast |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=February 2, 2017 |newspaper=Vulture|access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826021829/https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-cast.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[سنيچ گيم (Snatch Game)]] چئلينج دوران نائومي ڪيمپبل جو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، نائومي ڪيمپبل شي ڪولي جي تعريف ۾ ٽوئيٽ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=NaomiCampbell |author=NaomiCampbell |number=858117822584696834 |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Loving RuPaulsDragRace go SheaCoulee love 😍😍😍👊🏾|archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://twitter.com/naomicampbell/status/858117822584696834?lang=en|access-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين فتح چوٿين قسط ۾ حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-4-good-morning-bitches/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 4, &quot;Good Morning Bitches&quot;|date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=SlantMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط ۾ هن ٻيهر فتح حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن ''Kardashians: The Musical'' ۾ [[بليڪ چائنا (Blac Chyna)]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/blac-chyna-drag-queen-steals-the-show-in-rupauls-kardashian-musical-w478322/|title=Blac Chyna Drag Queen Steals the Show in RuPaul's Kardashian Musical|date=April 23, 2017|publisher=USMagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نائين قسط &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي ٻيهر [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] سان گڏ چئلينج کٽي ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/05/19/25154988/rupauls-drag-race-recap-your-pilots-on-fire-reminds-us-rupaul-is-savage-and-no-one-is-safe|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: &quot;Your Pilot's On Fire&quot; Reminds Us RuPaul Is Savage and No One Is Safe|newspaper=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اڳين قسط &quot;Makeover: Crew Better Work&quot; ۾ شي ڪولي [[نينا بو نينا برائون (Nina Bo'nina Brown)]] جي مقابلي ۾ لپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ [[ڊيمي لوواٽو (Demi Lovato)]] جي گيت ''[[ڪول فار دي سمر (Cool for the Summer)]]'' تي پرفارم ڪندي کيس مقابلي مان ٻاهر ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-recap-season-9-episode-10-makeovers-crew-better-work/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race Recap: Season 9, Episode 10, &quot;Makeovers: Crew Better Work&quot;|magazine=Slant Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; چئلينج دوران، [[وليج پيپل (Village People)]] جي &quot;Construction Worker&quot; کان متاثر لباس تيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شي ڪولي هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر فاتح قرار ڏني وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race throws the &quot;Gayest Ball Ever&quot; with mixed results |author=Oliver Sava |date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |magazine=AVClub|archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117044202/https://tv.avclub.com/rupaul-s-drag-race-throws-the-gayest-ball-ever-with-m-1798191490}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سيزن جي فائنل ۾ آخري چارئي مقابلي ڪندڙن &quot;Lip Sync for the Crown&quot; نالي نئين فارميٽ ۾ حصو ورتو. شي ڪولي کي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي مقابلي ۾ [[وٽني هوسٽن (Whitney Houston)]] جي گيت ''[[سو ايموشنل (So Emotional)]]'' تي لپ سنڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، پر هوءَ مقابلو هارائي ويئي. آخرڪار هوءَ گڏيل طور ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/recap/rupauls-drag-race-finale-season-9-winner/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finale: The winner of season 9 is...|publisher=Ew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/drag-race-delivers-an-exceptional-finale-by-focusing-on-1798191652|title=Drag Race delivers an exceptional finale by focusing on the final four|newspaper=AV Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي جي شڪست تي تڪرار پيدا ٿيو، ۽ ڪيترن مداحن جو خيال هو ته تاج کيس ملڻ گهرجي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/44656/1/eight-times-queens-robbed-rupauls-drag-race-shea-coulee-shangela|title=Eight times queens were robbed on RuPaul's Drag Race|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Dazed Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پاڻ به ان تڪرار تي ردعمل ڏيندي [[ساشا ويلور (Sasha Velour)]] جي فتح جو دفاع ڪيو ۽ چيو ته: &quot;آخرڪار ساشا مون ۽ ٻين مقابلي ڪندڙن کان وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهي.&quot;

8 مئي 2020ع تي شي ڪولي کي ''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جي پنجين سيريز جي مقابلي ڪندڙ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot;/&gt; هن ٻئي قسط کٽي، جتي هن پنهنجي ميراث لاءِ لِپ سنڪ اسيسن [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]] خلاف [[دي پوائنٽر سسٽرز]] جي ''[[نيوٽرون ڊانس]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي، جنهن سان کيس 20,000 آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقد انعام مليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/|title=Shocking elimination rocks RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars 5 episode 2|author=Joey Nolfi |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]] |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721083455/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-episode-2-recap/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنجين قسط ۾ [[سنيچ گيم|سنيچ گيم آف لو]] چئلينج دوران، [[فليور فليو]] جو ڪردار ادا ڪندي، ٻيهر ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. هن [[وينيسا وينجي ميٽيو]] خلاف [[مڊونا]] جي گيت ''[[اوپن يور هارٽ]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪيو ۽ کٽي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;as5e5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Recap: Et Tu, BRute?|author=Paul McCallion |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |magazine=Vulture |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114259/https://www.vulture.com/article/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-recap-season-5-episode-5-snatch-game-of-love.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گرينڊ فائنل قسط ۾، شي ڪولي ساٿي فائنلسٽن [[جوجوبي]] ۽ [[مز ڪريڪر]] سان گڏ روپال جي &quot;Clapback&quot; ۾ هڪ مصرعو رڪارڊ ڪيو، ناچ ڪيو ۽ پرفارم ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪوريوگرافي ٽوڊرڪ هال ڪئي هئي. [[جينيل موني]] جي گيت ''[[ميڪ مي فيل]]'' تي لِپ سنڪ ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، شي ڪولي کي آل اسٽارز 5 جي فاتح طور اعلان ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;

اپريل 2022ع ۾، شي ڪولي کي انهن اٺن واپس ايندڙ فاتحن مان هڪ طور اعلان ڪيو ويو جيڪي ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' جي [[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز سيزن 7|ستين سيزن]] ۾ مقابلو ڪرڻ وارا هئا، جيڪو ''ڊريگ ريس'' جو پهريون مڪمل طور اڳوڻن فاتحن وارو سيزن هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄي مقابلي دوران، هن پهريون ۽ يارهون چئلينج کٽيو، ۽ آخرڪار ٽئين/چوٿين پوزيشن تي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Samuel |date=2022-05-20 |title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 recap: Old MacDonald had some winners |url=https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as8ep11&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Monét X Change and Trinity The Tuck lead another Drag Race tie as RuPaul reveals dramatic All Stars 7 twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/monet-tie-break-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-twist/ |access-date=July 23, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;as7finale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earp |first=Catherine |date=July 29, 2022 |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7 series announces winner |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-us|archive-date=July 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162052/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a40752407/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winner/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== موسيقي ۽ جاري پيشوَرانه زندگي ===

2016ع ۾ شي ڪولي جي تصوير ''Glossed and Found'' رسالي لاءِ ڪڍي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ur4HSDc28k|title=G&amp;F Feature: Sister Act Drag Beauty!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 2017ع ۾، شي ڪولي ورق دي ورلڊ 2017ع ٽور جو حصو طور پرفارم ڪيو. [[بيانڪا ڊيل ريو]] ۽ [[مشيل ويزاج]] جي ميزباني هيٺ، هن ٽور ۾ ڊريگ ڪوئينز [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]]، [[اليسا ايڊورڊز]]، [[ڊيٽوڪس]]، [[لٽريس رائل]] ۽ [[وائليٽ چاچڪي]] شامل هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crowley&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Werq the World Tour: Kim Chi and Alyssa Edwards Talk Crazy Fan Moments &amp; Unusual Gifts |date=May 26, 2017 |last=Crowley |first=Patrick |magazine=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820055157/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/7809451/rupauls-drag-race-werq-the-world-tour-kim-chi-alyssa-edwards-interview |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي جولاءِ 2017ع ۾ پنهنجي فلم ''Lipstick City'' جي گڏيل پروڊيوسر، هدايتڪار ۽ مرڪزي اداڪار رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |title=The Queen is Never Early: Logan Screens a Queer Cult Gem |last=Talbott La Vega |first=Kenneth |date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=Chicago Maroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029055529/https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/1/27/queen-never-early-logan-screens-queer-cult-gem/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; شي ڪولي پنهنجي پهرين اي پي، ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''، جي واڌاري لاءِ ٽي موسيقي وڊيوز پڻ جاري ڪيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |title=Premiere: Drag Race Finalist Shea Couleé Drops Three Surprise Music Videos |last=Dommu |first=Rose |date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=Out.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917203858/https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2017/6/22/premiere-drag-race-finalist-shea-coulee-drops-three-surprise-music-videos |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن موسيقي وڊيوز جي گڏيل هدايتڪاري ڪئي ۽ اي پي جي گڏيل پيداوار پڻ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html|title=Will Chicago queen Shea Coulee slay on 'Drag Race' finale?|first=Morgan|last=Greene|website=[[شڪاگو ٽربيون]] |date=June 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629192029/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-shea-coulee-drag-race-final-ent-0622-20170621-story.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/|title=Shea Couleé Drops Not One, Not Two, But THREE New Videos|first=Christopher|last=Rudolph|archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111215550/http://www.newnownext.com/shea-coulee-music-video-drag-race/06/2017/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ازاليا بينڪس]] ۽ شي ڪولي هڪ اسٽوڊيو گڏيل ڪم جاري ڪرڻ جا منصوبا اعلان ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|title=Azealia Banks and Shea Couleé Announce Studio Collaboration|date=July 5, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513100839/https://www.papermag.com/azealia-banks-shea-coulee-collaboration-2453898190.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو گڏيل ڪم ڪڏهن به مڪمل نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته بينڪس شي ڪولي سان رابطو ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Trinity the Tuck|2019|loc=36:11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rupaul Dragcon 2018-151 (41356432614).jpg|thumb|left|شي ڪولي 2018ع ۾|310x310px]]

هڪ وقت تي، کيس برليسڪ شو &quot;Jeezy's Juke Joint&quot; ۾ ناچڻي طور پرفارم ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو ويو. اي ميل جي هڪ غلطي کان پوءِ، هوءَ ان شو لاءِ سولو ايڪٽ پرفارم ڪرڻ تي پهتي، جيڪو ڊريگ ۾ سندس پهريون پرفارمنس هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|title=Smooth As Butter: Chicagoan Shea CouleÃ© Competes On New Season Of RuPaul's Drag Race|date=March 20, 2017|first=Tony|last=Peregrin|website=Chicagoist|access-date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223812/https://chicagoist.com/2017/03/20/smooth_as_butter_polished_performer.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن شڪاگو جي ڪيترن هنڌن تي پرفارم ڪيو آهي، جن ۾ Roscoe's، Berlin، [[ڊبل ڊور]] ۽ Hydrate شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/chicagos-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race/|title=Chicago's Shea Coulee finally gets her chance to 'Race'|date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164159/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/3/24/18321810/chicago-s-shea-coulee-finally-gets-her-chance-to-race|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن Smart Bar ۾ رهائشي ميزبان طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو،&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|title=Can Chicago's Shea CouleÃ© Become America's Next Drag Superstar?|date=March 15, 2017|publisher=dnainfo.com|access-date=August 21, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821153024/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170315/lakeview/shea-coule-rupauls-drag-race-season-9/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ٽوني سوٽو شو جي گڏيل ميزبان به رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;wearo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://design.newcity.com/2016/04/06/shea-coulee-her-life-in-drag/|title=Her Life in Drag|date=April 6, 2016|publisher=design.newcity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ وقت تي، شي ڪولي مس Roscoe's پيجنٽ ۾ پڻ مقابلو ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnainfo.com&quot;/&gt;

مڪمل وقت ڊريگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ، شي ڪولي هڪ بالغن جي دڪان Tulip ۾ جزوي وقت سيلز ايسوسيئيٽ ۽ ڪسٽمر سروس نمائندي طور به ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|title=In the Life: Jaren Kyei Merrell|date=January 14, 2015|publisher=windycitymediagroup.com|archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718223810/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/In-the-Life-Jaren-Kyei-Merrell/50221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل ۾، شي ڪولي [[پيپرمنٽ]] جي ''Too Funky'' موسيقي وڊيو ۾ نظر آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video-7760314/ |title=Peppermint Leads 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Queens In Recreation of George Michael's 'Too Funky' Video: Exclusive |last=Lynch |first=Joe |date=April 14, 2017 |newspaper=[[بلبورڊ]] |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325200951/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7760314/peppermint-rupauls-drag-race-too-funky-george-michael-video |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2018ع ۾، شي ڪولي ''Call Me Couleé'' جاري ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ ويب سيريز هئي ۽ ''Drag Race'' کان پوءِ سندس زندگي کي دستاويزي انداز ۾ ڏيکاريندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shea Couleé |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé [Trailer] |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031233656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK6ywJ1qcKM |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي سيريز ڇهن قسطن تي مشتمل رهي ۽ 18 آڪٽوبر 2018ع تي ختم ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Shea Couleé|title=Shea Couleé - Call Me Couleé: Episode 6|date=October 1, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-34yQIFJJ2Y&amp;t=23s|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==سرگرمي==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#E5F1FE |quote=رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڊريگ ڪوئينز کي اسان جي اڇي نسل وارن هم منصبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ساراهيو ويندو آهي. پر اها ئي زندگي آهي؛ اسان کي اڌ سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيڻو محنت ڪرڻي پوي ٿي. |salign= right |source= –شي ڪولي، رسالي ''بلبورڊ'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8289680/shangela-shea-coulee-aja-racism-drag-race-fandom|date=2019-04-05|magazine=بلبورڊ|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|title=Shangela, Shea Couleé &amp; Aja Discuss Racism in the 'Drag Race' Fandom}}&lt;/ref&gt; |align=right |width=33%}}

شي ڪولي چيو آهي ته انهن لاءِ اهو انتهائي اهم آهي ته هو ڊريگ ۾ پنهنجي پيشورانه زندگي کي ماڻهن لاءِ الهام جو ذريعو بڻائين. ''سيئٽل گي سين'' سان هڪ انٽرويو ۾ هنن چيو: &quot;مان چوندس ته ڪوئير برادري تي منهنجو اهو اثر هئڻ گهرجي ته ماڻهن کي—خاص طور تي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ڪوئير ماڻهن کي—پنهنجي وجود ۽ سڃاڻپ سان مطمئن رهڻ جي همت ملي، اهي سمجهن ته هو خاص ۽ شاندار آهن، ۽ جيڪي به خواهشون يا خواب هو رکن ٿا، انهن جا حقدار آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlegayscene.com/2017/07/shes-coming-to-slay-interview-with-shea-coulee/|date=July 7, 2017|work=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en-US|title=She's Coming to Slay: Interview with Shea Couleé &amp;#124; Seattle Gay Scene &amp;#124; Your Daily Gay in Seattle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو خاص طور تي نسلي برابري بابت کليل نموني ڳالهائيندا رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري ''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' جي مداحن ۽ ڊريگ برادري جي اندر. آڪٽوبر 2018ع ۾ شي ڪولي ''گي ٽائيمز'' جي برطانيه واري ڪاري تاريخي مهيني جي خاص اشاعت لاءِ ويڪسن سان آمريڪا ۾ نسل پرستي بابت گفتگو ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/113708/the-vixen-talks-to-shea-coulee-about-racist-drag-race-fans-and-life-in-trumps-america/|date=October 8, 2018|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=The Vixen talks to Shea Couleé about racist Drag Race fans and life in Trump's America}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''گي ٽائيمز'' سان هڪ ٻي ڳالهه ٻولهه ۾ شي ڪولي رنگين نسلن سان تعلق رکندڙ ٽرانس عورتن جي حمايت ۽ همٿ افزائي جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/122958/shea-coulee-snatched-interview/|date=June 5, 2019|work=Gay Times UK|access-date=December 12, 2019|language=en-US|title=Drag Race star Shea Couleé on why we should all be uplifting trans women of colour for Pride}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ جي پاليسين جي مخالفت ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/features/dragworld-london-shea-coulee-trinity-the-tuck-jinkx-monsoon-politics-trump-elizabeth-warren-1207148.html|title=DragWorld 2019: RuPaul's Drag Race stars Trinity, Shea and Jinkx get political [EXCLUSIVE]|first=Daniel|last=Falconer|website=Female First|date=August 19, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي، ٽرمپ انتظاميا طرفان ٽرانس جينڊر ماڻهن جي قانوني سڃاڻپ ختم ڪرڻ واري ممڪن پاليسي جي ردعمل ۾ هنن لکيو:

{{Blockquote|&quot;پيارا ٽرمپ: توهان عورتن کي نٿا ٻڌائي سگهو ته هو پنهنجي جسم سان ڇا ڪن. توهان کي جنس يا صنف جي تعريف ڪرڻ جو ڪو حق ناهي. توهان وٽ ان لاءِ گهربل صلاحيتون ناهن. توهان وٽ همت ناهي. توهان کي حقيقتن جي ڄاڻ ناهي. اسان اها ڳالهه خاموشي سان قبول نه ڪنداسين. نومبر اچي رهيو آهي. ڏسو ته تون ڪيترو نارنگي لڳين ٿو، ڇوڪري.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8480940/trump-transgender-recognition-rights-new-york-times-report-reactions|title=Cher, Laverne Cox &amp; More React to Trump Administration's Potential New Policy Eliminating Transgender Recognition|date=May 21, 2018|publisher=billboard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکندي، شي ڪولي صدارتي اميدوار ايلزبيٿ وارن جي حمايت ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president |title=Drag Race's Shea Couleé Endorses Elizabeth Warren For President |author=Nico Lang |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=Out|archive-date=July 19, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719024153/https://www.out.com/election/2019/10/10/drag-races-shea-coulee-endorses-elizabeth-warren-president}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ ڪان نيو يارڪ سٽي ۾ وارن جي اسٽال تي تقرير پڻ ڪئي، جتي هنن ماڻهن کي 2020ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ وارن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/09/10/elizabeth-warren-rupauls-drag-con-shea-coulee/|title=Shantay, you stay. Elizabeth Warren makes surprise 'appearance' at RuPaul's DragCon|work=PinkNews|date=September 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هنن لاس ويگاس پرائيڊ پريڊ ۾ پڻ وارن سان گڏ مارچ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/sisolak-elizabeth-warren-headline-political-presence-at-vegas-pride-parade-1868946/|title=Sisolak, Elizabeth Warren headline political presence at Vegas Pride parade|last=Appleton|first=Rory|work=ReviewJournal|access-date=October 12, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2020ع ۾ شي ڪولي بليڪ لائيوز ميٽر تحريڪ جي حمايت ۾ منعقد ڪيل &quot;ڊريگ مارچ فار چينج&quot; ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ خطاب پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech|title=Watch, Read Shea Couleé's Moving Drag March for Change Speech |author=Mikelle Street |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |magazine=Out |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616014006/https://www.out.com/drag/2020/6/15/watch-read-shea-coulees-moving-drag-march-change-speech |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot;/&gt;

شي ڪولي فلسطيني عوام سان پنهنجي حمايت ۽ يڪجهتي جو اظهار پڻ ڪيو آهي ۽ غزه جي جنگ دوران آزاد فلسطين جي حمايت ۾ آواز اٿاريو آهي.

==ذاتي زندگي==

ميريل هم جنس پرست ۽ [[غير دودو صنفي سڃاڻپ|غير دودو صنفي]] آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=THE Q LIST Shea Coulee's drag revolution will be televised|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Windy City Times|date=January 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129234907/https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/THE-Q-LIST-Shea-Coulees-drag-revolution-will-be-televised/45856.html|archive-date=January 29, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lang|first1=Nico |title=&quot;It's A True Gift&quot;: Shea Couleé Opens Up About Embracing Their Non-Binary Identity |url=https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview |access-date=January 5, 2021 |work=Them.us |date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064632/https://www.them.us/story/shea-coulee-interview|archive-date=November 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڊريگ کان ٻاهر [[واحد &quot;هو&quot; ضمير|واحد ''هو'' وارا ضمير]] استعمال ڪرڻ کي ترجيح ڏيندا آهن،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970075322015199232|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=They/them|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ڊريگ جي ڪردار ۾ ''هوءَ'' ۽ ''سندس'' وارا ضمير استعمال ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|number=970076817620160514|user=SheaCoulee|date=March 3, 2018|title=In drag: she/her|last=Couleé|first=Shea}}&lt;/ref&gt;

زندگي جي هڪ مرحلي ۾ ميريل [[بليميا نروسا]] (کاڌ خوراڪ جي هڪ نفسياتي بيماري) جو شڪار رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|title=The Queens Discuss Battling Eating Disorders {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} VH1|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 21, 2017|access-date=August 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320040602/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yylwydTpZyM|archive-date=March 20, 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ ميريل پنهنجي ڏندن جي سڌاري لاءِ جراحي علاج ڪرايو، جيڪو هو پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ جي ڏينهن کان ڪرائڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTTpPHP5l18|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي ڪولي ٽي ڊريگ ڌيئرون اختيار ڪيون: ڪينزي ڪولي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://worldofwonder.net/transformationtuesday-qwerrrkout-feat-kenzie-couleeshea-coulees-daughter/ |title=#TransformationTuesday: QWERRRKOUT feat. Kenzie Couleé…Shea Couleé's Daughter |date=February 6, 2018 |work=The WOW Report |access-date=June 14, 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; بيمبي-بينڪس ڪولي (2018ع کان)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw7SbSVHmhv/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bw7SbSVHmhv |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration |date=February 6, 2018 |work=Shea Couleé's verified Instagram page |access-date=June 6, 2019 |language=en-US |title=Shea Couleé on Instagram: &quot;My daughter @bambi.banks Couleé out here SLAYING my Wednesday morning with this Minnie Riperton inspired look shot by @adamouahmane&quot;}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪلوئي ڪولي، جن کي هنن 12 جون 2020ع تي عوامي طور پنهنجي نئين ڊريگ ڌيءَ طور متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBW4aFLnXCX/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBW4aFLnXCX |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|author=Couleé, Shea [@sheacoulee] |title=Verified &quot;Love the Skin You're In&quot; is a concept that took a long time for me to come to terms with. I've been told that I'm too dark, too nappy, too femme to be considered beautiful. That's why I wanted to fully embrace black beauty in this runway presentation. I also wanted to focus on my roots. I hope you like this recreation of Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus' but BLACK. Starring all the members of Maison Couleé. @kenziecoulee, @bambibankscoulee, @babycouleé, and introducing the NEWEST member of the Haus, my baby, @khloecoulee! Make sure you go and give her a follow! Photo: myself &amp; @danpolyak Art/Edit: @kindasupermario Body suit/Airbrushing: @troycford Stoning:@michaelbrambila using @crystalsbypreciosa Hair: @nathanjuergensen Nails: @bbygirlnails |via=[[انسٽاگرام]] |date=June 12, 2020 |type=Instagram post |access-date=June 13, 2020}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شي، ڪينزي، بيمبي ۽ ڪلوئي گڏجي شي جي [[بال ڪلچر جو هائوس نظام|ڊريگ هائوس]] &quot;ميزون ڪولي&quot; جا موجوده رڪن آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/shea-coulee-reveals-deeper-meaning-behind-sickening-drag-race-all-stars-5-runway/|title=Shea Couleé reveals deeper meaning behind sickening Drag Race All Stars 5 runway|first=Sam|last=Damshenas|website=Gay Times|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esqure&quot; /&gt;

شي ڪولي [[نائومي ڪيمپبيل]]، [[گريس جونز]]، [[بيونسے]]، [[مائيڪل جيڪسن]]، [[جوزفين بيڪر]]، [[ڊائنا راس]] ۽ [[اسٽيوي ونڊر]] کي پنهنجي ذاتي آدرشن ۽ اثرن طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;instyle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;White&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Come Through Queens! Meet the Contestants Slaying Season 9 of 'RuPaul's Drag Race'|url=https://www.papermag.com/dragrace-contestants-2326900115.html?rebelltitem=20#rebelltitem20|last=White|first=Eric|date=March 24, 2017|magazine=[[پيپر]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==موسيقياتي ڪم==
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist       = شي ڪولي
| Studio       = 1
| EP           = 1
| Singles      = 10
}}

=== البم ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|8]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 24 فيبروري 2023ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: هائوس ڊائون
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/238461/9|title=Shea Couleé Announces Debut Album '8'|website=Stereoboard |access-date=February 10, 2023|date=February 9, 2023|first=Laura|last=Johnson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== اي پي ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| عنوان
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot;| تفصيل
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[ڪولي-ڊي]]''
|
* جاري ٿيو: 23 جون 2017ع
* رڪارڊ ليبل: ذاتي طور جاري ڪيل
* صورتون: [[ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ|ڊيجيٽل ڊائون لوڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|}

===سنگل===
====مرڪزي فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!گيت
!سال
!البم
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/993874502349189123|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=June 14, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{n/a|غير البمي سنگل}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;گيسولين&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gas&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;برانڊ نيو&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SheaCoulee/status/1098371953771962369|title=Shea Couleé on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8525645/shea-coulee-rewind-video-premiere|title=Shea Coulee Gets Vulnerable In Cinematic 'Rewind' Video: Premiere|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/collide-feat-mykki-blanco-single/1517274552|title=Collide (feat. Mykki Blanco) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس سان گڏ، [[مائيڪي بلانڪو]] جي شموليت سان)&lt;/small&gt;
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[8 (شي ڪولي البم)|''8'']]
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;يور نيم&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|title=Your Name - Single|work=iTunes|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726035645/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/your-name/1635829935?i=1635830476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2022
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;|&quot;ليٽ گو&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|title=Madonna's saucy new collab, the Shea Couleé cinematic universe &amp; more: Your weekly bop roundup|date=August 5, 2022|first=Charlie|last=Grey|website=Queerty|access-date=August 5, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806003648/https://www.queerty.com/madonnas-saucy-new-collab-shea-coulee-cinematic-universe-weekly-bop-roundup-20220805|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;ڪرسمس ٽائيم&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{non-album singles}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;سلي مائي نيم&quot; {{small|(ري مڪس)&lt;br&gt;([[پريانڪا (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پريانڪا]]، [[الاسڪا ٿنڊرفڪ]] ۽ [[ليمن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|ليمن]] سان گڏ)}}
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;مٽيريل&quot;
|2023
|''8''
|-
|}

====شريڪ فنڪار طور====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot;  style=&quot;width:6em;&quot; | البم
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
|&quot;ڪيٽيگري اِز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[روپال]] ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس، سيزن 9 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2018
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldofwonder.net/gag-rupauls-drag-race-season-9s-category-is-is-now-available-on-itunes/|title=GAG!! RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9's 'Category Is' Is Now Available on iTunes|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=August 22, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;آر يو ميڊ (جان جي-سي ڪار ۽ بل ڪولمين مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;{{small|(مائيڪل بلوم، شي ڪولي ۽ [[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]] سان گڏ)}}
|''سنسزم اينڊ سنسيرٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;youtube1&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha325ylB_8k|title=Michael Blume - R U Mad (John &quot;J-C&quot; Carr &amp; Bill Coleman Mix) ft. Shea Couleé and Peppermint (Audio)|work=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 7, 2018|access-date=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-n
|&quot;سمفني&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(جيس ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''پلاسٽڪ سٽي''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8471810/gess-interview-plastic-city|title=Pride Profile: 10 Questions With Singer/Songwriter Gess|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;سنوز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(بگ ڊپر ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''ليٽ بلومر''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/entertainment/2018/8/21/exclusive-big-dippers-lp-late-bloomer-queer-rap-its-finest|title=Exclusive: Big Dipper's LP Late Bloomer Is Queer Rap at Its Finest|date=August 21, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;روم، ڀاڱو 2&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(دي وڪسن ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8477414/the-vixen-shea-coulee-room-pt-2|title=The Vixen and Shea Couleé Trade Rap Bars On Vogue-y 'Room Pt. 2': Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بريڪ فاسٽ ايٽ ٽفنيز&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[آجا (تفريحڪار)|آجا]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
|''[[باڪس آفيس (البم)|باڪس آفيس]]''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8497083/aja-box-office-album|title=Aja Teams Up with CupcakKe, Shea Couleé &amp; More on 'Box Office' Album: Listen|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(شان هولنباخ ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;selfie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/let-shawn-hollenbach-and-shea-coulee-help-you-on-national-selfie-day/|title=Let Shawn Hollenbach and Shea Couleé Help You on National Selfie Day|work=Instinct|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;آءِ ايم اِن لو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/im-in-love-single/1517891221|title=I'm In Love - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪليپ بيڪ&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(روپال ۽ روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 5 جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;winner&quot;/&gt;
|-
|&quot;ونر ونر (چڪن ڊنر ري مڪس)&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ايوي آڊلي]] ۽ براڊ ڪيمپ، [[بيبي زهارا بينيٽ]] ۽ شي ڪولي سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2021
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 24, 2021|title=NEW MUSIC – &quot;Winner Winner (Chicken Dinner Remix)&quot; by Yvie Oddly Featuring BeBe Zahara Benet and Shea Couleé|url=https://worldofwonder.net/new-music-winner-winner-chicken-dinner-remix-by-yvie-oddly-featuring-bebe-zahara-benet-and-shea-coulee/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=The WOW Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|''بيڪ فار مور''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-juju-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1596330334?i=1596330826|title=bad juju (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ٽرنٽي روئنز ڪرسمس&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]] ۽ شي ڪولي)&lt;/small&gt;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{N/A|غير البمي سنگل}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/trinity-ruins-christmas-feat-shea-coule%C3%A9/1597198857?i=1597198860|title=Trinity Ruins Christmas (feat. Shea Couleé) - Single|work=iTunes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ليجنڊز&quot; (ڪاسٽ نسخو)&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[روپال]] ۽ [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Season 7, Episode 1 Recap: Old MacDonald Had Some Winners|date=May 20, 2022|first=Samuel|last=Spencer|website=Newsweek|access-date=May 22, 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522153118/https://www.newsweek.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-1-recap-s07e01-1708534}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ٽائٽينڪ&quot; (ايم ايس ٽي آر)&lt;br&gt;{{small|( [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز، سيزن 7]] جي فنڪارن سان گڏ)}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-season-7-episode-6-review-1849079314|title=A Y2K TRL challenge and the Platinum Plunger unclog the tension on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars|date=June 17, 2022|first=Trae|last=DeLellis|website=AV Club|access-date=June 19, 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== فلمون ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!سال
!عنوان
!ڪردار
!نوٽس
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref|حوالو}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''لپ اسٽڪ سٽي''
| مسز ڪولي / شي
| ليکڪ / پروڊيوسر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ls&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''[[سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو|سيويج ايڪس فينٽي شو، جلد 2]]''
| پاڻ
| فيشن خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;fenty&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ''
| پاڻ
| هڪ ڪلاڪ جو خصوصي پروگرام
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;nubiaamplified&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/|title=OUTtv USA Is the Latest LGBTQ Streamer, Full of Great Gay Series and Specials|date=April 3, 2021|first=Stephen|last=Horbelt|website=Hornet|access-date=May 28, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423043541/https://hornet.com/stories/outtv-usa-launch/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
=== ٽيليويزن ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | سال
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | ڪردار
! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015–16
| ''يو آر سو ٽيلينٽيڊ''
| شي
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast|title=Season 1 Cast|website=You're So Talented|access-date=June 20, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=July 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726095210/http://www.youresotalented.net/season1cast}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race season 9|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس'' (سيزن 9)]]
| مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;vul&quot; /&gt;
|-
| ''[[Breakfast Television (Citytv Toronto)|بريڪ فاسٽ ٽيليويزن ٽورانٽو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8|title=RuPaul's Drag Race finalists do the NickiMinajChallenge!|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 22, 2017|access-date=September 21, 2019|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217000142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2ePzIyl5b8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[ڊبليو جي اين-ٽي وي]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/|title=Shea Couleé on &quot;RuPaul's Drag Race and love for Chicago|first=A|last=Crossey|website=wgntv.com|date=June 24, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031065023/https://wgntv.com/2017/06/24/shea-coulee-on-rupauls-drag-race-and-love-for-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018
|''[[هي ڪيوين!]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;hq&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''[[ونڊي سٽي لائيو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/WindyCityLIVE/videos/2622592424480428/?v=2622592424480428|title=Shea Coulee has come to slay!|website=Facebook.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121184642/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FWindyCityLIVE%2Fvideos%2F2622592424480428%2F%3Fv%3D2622592424480428}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2020
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 5|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 5)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (فاتح)
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;as5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 2)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' Brings Back 'Untucked' Aftershow For Season 5 |author=Dino-Ray Ramos|date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 5, 2020|magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605143129/https://deadline.com/2020/06/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-untucked-season-5-vh1-lgtbq-1202951656/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2021
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[واچ وٽ هيپنز لائيو وِد اينڊي ڪوهن]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|title='Drag Race's Shea Coulee says 'things are all good' with Valentina |author=Annie Martin|date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021|magazine=[[United Press International|UPI]] |archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217180940/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2021/02/17/Drag-Races-Shea-Coulee-says-things-are-all-good-with-Valentina/6171613572381/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[ڊريگنگ دي ڪلاسڪس: دي بريڊي بنچ]]''
| [[List of The Brady Bunch characters#Marcia Brady|مارسيا بريڊي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;bradybunch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;draggingstheclassics&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''فينيس''
| ڪائزر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/|title=Watch the Trailer for &quot;Finesse&quot; — A Black Queer Love Letter to Sex, Chosen Family &amp; Chicago|date=May 26, 2021|first=Shelli|last=Nicole|website=[[Autostraddle]]|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526225512/https://www.autostraddle.com/watch-the-trailer-for-finesse-a-black-queer-love-letter-to-sex-chosen-family-chicago/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[The Bachelorette (American TV series) season 17|''دي بيچلوريٽ'' (سيزن 17)]]
| مهمان
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/|title=One of Katie's 'Bachelorette' breakups brings the other men to tears|date=July 12, 2021|first=Jennifer|last=Matarese|website=ABC11|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132818/https://abc11.com/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-connor-hunter/10882993/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 6|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 6)]]
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2022
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''نوبيا ايمپلي فائيڊ: دي سيريز''
| پينلسٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|title=Nubia Amplified Episode One Black Cultural Appropriation {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} OUTtv|publisher=OUTtv|date=March 1, 2022|access-date=August 7, 2022|archive-date=August 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807173832/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCmJ6akKB7c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ڪيلي ڪلارڪسن شو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgVMYwm3mpI|title='Drag Race' Winners Monét X Change, Shea Couleé, Yvie Oddly &amp; Raja Gemini On Returning For All Stars|publisher=[[The Kelly Clarkson Show]]|date=April 27, 2022|access-date=April 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[دي ويو (ٽاڪ شو)|دي ويو]]''
| مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|title=Shea Couleé Gave Whoopi Goldberg This Touching Gift Live on The View |author=Taylor Henderson|date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=May 16, 2022|magazine=Pride |archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195305/https://www.pride.com/celebrities/2022/5/13/shea-coulee-gave-whoopi-goldberg-touching-gift-live-view|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 7|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز'' (سيزن 7)]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | مقابلي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ (ٽيون نمبر)
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;as7&quot;/&gt;
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked|''روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز: اَن ٽڪڊ'' (سيزن 4)]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|title='RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' to Feature All-Winner Cast for Season 7 |author=Adam B. Vary|date=April 13, 2022 |access-date=April 13, 2022|magazine=Variety |archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413170021/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-all-winner-contestants-season-7-1235231932/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''ڪائونٽ ڊائون ٽو آل اسٽارز 7: يو آر اي ونر بيبي''
| پاڻ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a39873102/how-to-watch-rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-winners/|title=How to Watch 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7'|date=May 2, 2022|first=KAYLEIGH|last=ROBERTS|website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|access-date=May 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2023
|''اِٽس اوڪي ٽو آسڪ ڪوئسچنز''
| خصوصي مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/its-ok-to-ask-questions-honest-and-open-conversations-with-lgbtqia-trailblazers-where-no-topic-is-off-limits/3157872/|title='It's OK to Ask Questions': Open conversations with LGBTQIA+ trailblazers with no topic off limits|date=June 9, 2023|website=[[WMAQ-TV|NBC Chicago]]|access-date=November 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024
|''[[ايبٽ ايليمينٽري]]''
| ليزا ڪانڊو
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;msp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=Charlie |title=Drag Race star's Abbott Elementary guest appearance sends fans wild: 'This is everything' |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/05/09/abbott-elementary-shea-coulee-guest-star/|website=Pink News |date=May 9, 2024|access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[ڪينيڊاز ڊريگ ريس]]''
| پاڻ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cdr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sim |first1=Bernardo |title=Orville Peck, Shea Couleé &amp; more to judge 'Canada's Drag Race' season 5|url=https://www.out.com/gay-tv-shows/canadas-drag-race-season-5-guest-judges-list|website=Out |date=November 1, 2024|access-date=November 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2025
| ''[[Ironheart (miniseries)|آئرن هارٽ]]''
| [[Slug (character)|سلگ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;ironheart&quot; /&gt;
|}

===موسيقي وڊيوز===
==== مرڪزي فنڪار طور ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | نوٽس
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017
|&quot;ڪاڪي&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[دي وڪسن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|دي وڪسن]] ۽ [[لائلا اسٽار]] سان گڏ)&lt;/small&gt;
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cd&quot; /&gt;
|-
|&quot;فيلنگ سو&quot;
| 
|-
|&quot;رائيڊ&quot;
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
|&quot;ڪريم برولي&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l-4C276ILY|title=Shea Couleé - Crème Brûlée (explicit)|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=May 8, 2018|access-date=August 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019
|&quot;ڊبل فلٽر فيس&quot;
|شان هولنباخ سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Shawn Hollenbach |date=June 21, 2019 |title=''&quot;Double Filter Face (feat. Shea Coulee) Official Music Video&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX5pAHhzklo |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028142029/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX5pAHhzklo |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ريوائنڊ&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ew.com/tv/2019/01/31/rupauls-drag-race-queen-music-videos/ |title=A fabulous collection of the ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' queens' best music videos |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Meredith Corporation |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609100626/https://ew.com/tv/2019/01/31/rupauls-drag-race-queen-music-videos/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
|&quot;روم&quot;
|[[دي وڪسن (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|دي وڪسن]] سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[The Vixen (drag queen)|The Vixen]] |date=May 21, 2020|title=''&quot;ROOM by The Vixen ft. Shea Couleé&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lhyK14ujKg&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626045327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lhyK14ujKg&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ڪولائيڊ&quot;
|اونلي فينز لاءِ خاص
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/shea-coulee-collide-music-video-fashion|title=Drag Star Shea Couleé on Crafting Her New Music Video's Futuristic Looks |date=October 30, 2020|first=Christian|last=Allair|website=[[ووگ (رسالو)|ووگ]]|access-date=October 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2022
|&quot;بيڊ جوجو&quot;
|[[جوجوبي (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|جوجوبي]] سان گڏ گڏيل ڪريڊٽ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.edgemedianetwork.com/story.php?ch=entertainment&amp;sc=celebrities&amp;id=317888&amp;watch:_rupauls_drag_race_favs_peppermint_and_jujubee_set_november_tour|title=Watch: 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Favs Peppermint and Jujubee Set November Tour|date=August 6, 2022|website=Edge Media Network|access-date=August 6, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806200919/https://www.edgemedianetwork.com/story.php?ch=entertainment&amp;sc=celebrities&amp;id=317888&amp;watch:_rupauls_drag_race_favs_peppermint_and_jujubee_set_november_tour|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;ليٽ گو اينڊ يور نيم&quot;
|هدايتڪار پڻ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;letgo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://shadowandact.com/rupauls-drag-race-star-shea-coulee-drops-video-janet-jackson-inspired-music-video-for-let-go-your-name|title='RuPaul's Drag Race' Star Shea Couleé Drops Video Janet Jackson-Inspired Music Video For 'Let Go &amp; Your Name'|date=August 5, 2022|first=Bre|last=Williams|website=Shadow and Act|access-date=August 6, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806160853/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2b1befbea3a1424bb94efd70105dfa52.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fshadowandact.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== شريڪ ۽ مختصر ظاهري ڪردار ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
!فنڪار
!ڪردار
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2017
|&quot;ٽو فنڪي&quot;
|[[پيپرمنٽ (ڊريگ ڪوئين)|پيپرمنٽ]]
|مختصر ظاهري ڪردار
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;tf&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2019
| [[سيلي واڪر (گيت)|&quot;سيلي واڪر&quot;]]
| [[اگي ازيليا]] 
|خصوصي شموليت
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020
| &quot;آلويز&quot;
| [[ويز اينڊ اوڊيسي]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |مختصر ظاهري ڪردار
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[جارج مائيڪل]]|date=May 21, 2020 |title=''&quot;Always (Drag Stars Official Video)&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Qm-TQVjrA |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522010006/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Qm-TQVjrA |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &quot;ڪم&quot;
| [[بروڪ ڪينڊي]] ۽ اگي ازيليا
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.out.com/music/2020/12/23/aquaria-francois-sagat-bring-sex-brooke-candys-music-video |title=Aquaria, Francois Sagat Bring The Sex in Brooke Candy's Music Video |last=Rude |first=Mey |date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=December 26, 2020 |magazine=Out.com|archive-date=December 23, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223182032/https://www.out.com/music/2020/12/23/aquaria-francois-sagat-bring-sex-brooke-candys-music-video }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2021
| &quot;ببلگم برين&quot;
|ايلس
|خصوصي شموليت
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Ellise-Shares-New-Single-Bubblegum-Brain-20210205 |title=Ellise Shares New Single 'Bubblegum Brain' |author=TV News Desk |date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=[[براڊ وي ورلڊ]]|archive-date=February 5, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205220606/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Ellise-Shares-New-Single-Bubblegum-Brain-20210205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== انٽرنيٽ سيريز ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|+
!سال
!عنوان
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | ڪردار
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | پروڊيوسر
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
| ''[[Transformations: with James St. James|جيمز سينٽ جيمز ٽرانسفارميشنز]]''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | مهمان
| [[ورلڊ آف ونڊر (ڪمپني)|ورلڊ آف ونڊر]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;tjsj&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=WOWPresents |date=November 17, 2015 |title=Shea Couleé &amp; James St. James - Transformations |medium=YouTube video |access-date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyd4c0S3UmQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223060954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyd4c0S3UmQ|archive-date=February 23, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪڪنگ وِد ڊريگ ڪوئينز''
|[[فيسٽ آف فن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;fof&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=feastoffun |date=May 13, 2015 |title=Cooking w/ Drag Queens - Shea Coulee - Pulled Pork Enchiladas w/ Salsa Verde |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XyfXTVgkCI&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103162149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XyfXTVgkCI&amp;t|archive-date=November 3, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2017
|''پي ايم بي''
|[[ولم بيلي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Willam Belli|willam belli]]|date=April 28, 2017 |title=PMB: w/ Shea Coulee &amp; WILLAM (feat. Jackie Beat) |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6jCAXXruXg&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130000748/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6jCAXXruXg&amp;t=|archive-date=January 30, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڊريگ ڪوئين ڪارپول''
|مهمان، ميزبان [[روپال]]
|[[لوگو ٽي وي|لوگو]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;dqc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newnownext.com/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-carpool-videos/03/2017/|title=Watch The &quot;Drag Race&quot; Season 9 Queens Carpool Around L.A. With RuPaul |last=Rudolph |first=Christopher |date=March 27, 2017 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=NewNowNext |publisher=Logo TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915050427/http://www.newnownext.com/rupauls-drag-race-season-9-carpool-videos/03/2017/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race#Untucked|اَن ٽڪڊ]]''
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |مهمان
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ورلڊ آف ونڊر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[World of Wonder (company)|WOWPresents]]|date=March 25, 2017 |title=UNTUCKED: RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 Episode 1 &quot;Oh. My. Gaga.&quot; |medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWcZeYvJ0D0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122081945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWcZeYvJ0D0|archive-date=January 22, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪائونٽ ڊائون ٽو دي ڪرائون''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[World of Wonder (company)|WOWPresents]]|date=June 19, 2017 |title=&quot;Catchphrases&quot; COUNTDOWN TO THE CROWN: RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 30, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0l7SXoSk8g&amp;t|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130162400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0l7SXoSk8g&amp;t=|archive-date=January 30, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''شاٽ وِد سوجو''
|ڊي ايس شن
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Soju (drag queen)|Seoul Train TV]]|date=June 22, 2017 |title=Shea Couleé From the RuPaul's DRAG RACE Season 9 - Shot with Soju Ep.17|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xBbaRPmccE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626045335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xBbaRPmccE|archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[واچا پيڪن]]''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |لوگو
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Logo TV|Logo]]|date=June 30, 2017 |title=Whatcha Packin' w/ Michelle Visage &amp; Shea Couleé {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race (Season 9 Finale)|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3LJ0bT5OSE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108195711/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3LJ0bT5OSE&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en|archive-date=November 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪوئين ٽو ڪوئين''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Logo TV|Logo]]|date=June 23, 2017 |title=Queen To Queen: Shea Couleé &amp; Sasha Velour {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} Now on VH1|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQ10Tddd6xA&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201045131/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQ10Tddd6xA&amp;t=|archive-date=February 1, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڊريگ ميڪ اپ ٽيوٽوريل''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Logo TV|Logo]]|date=June 30, 2017 |title=Drag Makeup Tutorial: Shea Couleé's Melanin Goddess {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9 {{!}} Now on VH1|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL5pjipD7Rw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113053438/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL5pjipD7Rw|archive-date=January 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ٽاڪنگ وِد دي ٽڪ''
|[[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=[[Trinity the Tuck]]|date=September 24, 2017 |title=INTERVIEW WITH SEASON 9 QUEENS - TALKING WITH THE TUCK|medium=YouTube video |access-date=August 20, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rzLzd1739M&amp;t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201181159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rzLzd1739M&amp;t=|archive-date=February 1, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2018
| ''ڪال مي ڪولي''
| اسٽار
|جارڊن فيلپس، ونسنٽ مارٽيل
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cmc&quot; /&gt;
|-
|''ڪائوٽڪ ڪري ايٽو''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |مهمان
|زين ميگجي
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDS0icpyaFs|title=Shea Couleé on the Business of Being a Drag Queen|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=April 10, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''جيسمين ماسٽر ڪلاس''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ورلڊ آف ونڊر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;jmc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8455732/rupauls-dragcon-2018-jasmine-masters-master-reading-panel |title=RuPaul's DragCon: 5 Things We Learned From Jasmine Masters' Master Reading Class Panel |date=June 6, 2018 |author=Patrick Crowley |access-date=December 1, 2019 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201221733/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8455732/rupauls-dragcon-2018-jasmine-masters-master-reading-panel |archive-date=December 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[فيشن فوٽو ريويو]]''
| خاص مهمان
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXxQXRACN4&amp;t=895s|title=FASHION PHOTO RUVIEW: DragCon Looks with Monet X Change and Shea Coulee|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=October 19, 2018|access-date=August 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''اسپلن دي ٽي''
|مهمان
|[[بلبورڊ (رسالو)|بلبورڊ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;stt&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8459486/drag-race-jasmine-masters-miz-cracker-tammie-brown-spillin-tea |title='Drag Race' Queens Talk Drag's Future in Pop Culture, Importance of Supporting Local Talent: Watch |date=June 6, 2018 |author=Rebecca Schiller |access-date=October 28, 2019 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612201504/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8459486/drag-race-jasmine-masters-miz-cracker-tammie-brown-spillin-tea |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڪاسمو ڪوئينز''
|مهمان اسٽار
|[[ڪاسموپوليٽن (رسالو)|ڪاسموپوليٽن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cq&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
|''[[هدا باس]]''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |مهمان
|ماري هائٽڪن
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.facebook.com/hudabossshow/videos/374353443483192/|title=Huda Boss S2:E4 - Episode 4: How Does Huda Find Her Inner Ho?|publisher=[[فيسبوڪ]]|date=August 28, 2019|access-date=August 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2020
|''بوبن ارائونڊ''
|[[باب دي ڊريگ ڪوئين|ڪالڊويل ٽيڊيڪيو]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfWR-qJPD6o|title=Bobbin' Around!-Nubia|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=March 8, 2020|access-date=March 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''سروڊ!''
|[[ايم ٽي وي]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSacJYPmdAw|title=Shea Couleé: Rainbow Realness {{!}} Served! With Jade Thirlwall Episode 4|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=June 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''دي ايڪس چينج ريٽ''
|[[مونيٽ ايڪس چينج]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=BUILD Series |date=July 30, 2020 |title=The X Change Rate: Hailie Sahar &amp; Shea Couleé |medium=YouTube video |access-date=July 30, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_vZw7a8D9s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730212942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_vZw7a8D9s|archive-date=July 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''لوليئزبو''
|لوليئزبو پروڊڪشنز
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNPuClwPeio&amp;feature=youtu.be|title=Loleezbo the Show - Episode 2|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=August 9, 2020|access-date=August 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[لَو فار دي آرٽس]]''
|مهمان جج
| ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Street|first=Mikelle|title=Trinity the Tuck Has A New Drag Competition Starting this Week|url=https://www.out.com/drag/2020/8/03/trinity-tuck-has-new-drag-competition-starting-week|work=Out.com|access-date=August 19, 2020|date=August 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''پيپ ٽاڪس''
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |مهمان
|[[پيپرمنٽ (تفريحڪار)|پيپرمنٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;pepptalks&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |author=Miss Peppermint |date=October 14, 2020 |title=''&quot;Pepp Talks Episode 2: American Gangster with Shea Couleé&quot;'' |medium=YouTube video |access-date=January 6, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8-g8F72RB0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106060259/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8-g8F72RB0 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2021
| ''دي پٽ اسٽاپ''
| وي ايڇ ون
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqCzdJvamb4|title=The Pit Stop S13 E1 {{!}} Trixie Mattel &amp; Shea Couleé Recap the Premiere {{!}} RuPaul's Drag Race|publisher=[[يوٽيوب]]|date=January 2, 2021|access-date=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''هوموفيليا''
| واو پوڊڪاسٽ نيٽ ورڪ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Matt McConkey and Dave Holmes|2021|loc=9:38}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''بيمبي بيڪس''
| موونگ اسٽينڊرڊ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/bambi-bakes-banks-coulee/Content?oid=89380401|title=Get baked with Bambi Banks-Couleé |date=June 9, 2021|first=Salem|last=Collo-Julin|website=Chicago Reader|access-date=June 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''ڊريگ ڪوئينز ري ايڪٽ''
|ورلڊ آف ونڊر
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaEBl0_NVZI&amp;t|title=Drag Queens React: RESPECT movie trailer starring Jennifer Hudson as Aretha Franklin|publisher=WOWPresents|date=June 4, 2021|access-date=June 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''بنج''
|''[[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]]''
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/ew-binge-podcast/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-5-recap-shea-coulee-jujubee-blair-st-clair/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 5 queens spill untold tea on that 'campaign' against Shea|date=July 28, 2021|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=July 28, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''بيوٽيفل پيپل''
|يوٿ ٽو دي پيپل
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.youthtothepeople.com/blogs/to-the-people/beautiful-people-shea-coulee-all-star-drag-queen-dreamer|title=BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE Shea Couleé, All-Star Drag Queen + Dreamer|date=December 18, 2021|first=Alyssa|last=Shapiro|website=Youth to the People|access-date=February 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022
|''ارائونڊ دي ٽيبل''
| [[انٽرٽينمينٽ ويڪلي]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=April 26, 2022|title=Around the Table With 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7' {{!}} Around the Table {{!}} Entertainment Weekly|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-E3Ivekc3kI|access-date=April 30, 2022|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''بزفيڊ سيليب''
| بزفيڊ
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2022|title=The Queens Of &quot;RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 7&quot; Play Who's Who|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xj-0uc7EnmM|access-date=May 25, 2022|website=BuzzFeed Celeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''فرينڊشپ ٽيسٽ''
| [[گليمر (رسالو)|گليمر]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2022|title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Take a Friendship Test {{!}} Glamour|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQUrq2CSkhc|access-date=June 11, 2022|website=Youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''آئوٽ اينڊ آئوٽ''
| خصوصي مهمان
| [[اي ايس او ايس (پرچون فروش)|اي ايس او ايس]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |author=ASOS |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Star Shea Couleé Gets Ready For Her New Music Video {{!}} Out &amp; Out|medium=YouTube video |access-date=July 1, 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPpX1na6QQI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701150856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPpX1na6QQI |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''ڊرپ آر ڊراپ؟''
|مهمان
| [[ڪاسموپوليٽن (رسالو)|ڪاسموپوليٽن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2022|title=Ru Paul's Drag Race All Stars Rating Looks From Other Queens *ICONIC* {{!}} Drip Or Drop? {{!}} Cosmopolitan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSnlRp-SBaA|access-date=July 1, 2022|website=Youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''پورٽريٽ آف اي ڪوئين''
|خصوصي مهمان
|ورلڊ آف ونڊر
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-portrait-of-a-queen-trailer-as7-cast/|title=All Stars 7 queens get raw and real as Portrait of a Queen docuseries returns|date=July 26, 2022|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726161852/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-portrait-of-a-queen-trailer-as7-cast/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''اِٽس گِونگ فيشن''
|ميزبان
| [[سوني ميوزڪ|سوني پوڊڪاسٽ]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.papermag.com/shea-coulee-fashion-podcast-2659307540.html#rebelltitem3|title=Shea Couleé Is Launching a Messy New Podcast About Fashion|date=January 25, 2023|first=Mario|last=Abad|magazine=Paper Magazine|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726161852/https://www.papermag.com/shea-coulee-fashion-podcast-2659307540.html#rebelltitem3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''گو فيڪٽ يور سيلف''
|ماهر
|[[ميڪسمم فن]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 6, 2023|title=Ep. 135: Jason Pargin &amp; Joyelle Nicole Johnson|url=https://maximumfun.org/episodes/go-fact-yourself/ep-135-jason-pargin-joyelle-nicole-johnson/|access-date=November 12, 2023|website=[[Maximum Fun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|''ڊريگ مي ٽو دي موويز''
|مختلف
|ورلڊ آف ونڊر
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharpe |first=Josh |title=Video: Watch Trailer for DRAG ME TO THE MOVIES Featuring Ginger Minj, Jujubee, &amp; More |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Video-Watch-Trailer-for-DRAG-ME-TO-THE-MOVIES-Featuring-Ginger-Minj-Jujubee-More-20240429 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430160801/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Video-Watch-Trailer-for-DRAG-ME-TO-THE-MOVIES-Featuring-Ginger-Minj-Jujubee-More-20240429 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Joel |date=2024-04-29 |title=First 'Drag Me to The Movies' Trailer Takes Drag Race Royalty on a Parody Extravaganza [Exclusive] |url=https://collider.com/drag-me-to-the-movies-trailer/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Collider |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503005456/https://collider.com/drag-me-to-the-movies-trailer/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== ٿيٽر ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! سال
! پيشڪش
! ڪردار
! جڳهه
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|حوالو}}
|-
| 2019
| ''ڪولي وِد اي &quot;سي&quot;''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | پاڻ
| [[لاري بيچمين ٿيٽر]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;cwac&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2019
|''دي ناٽي ٽور''
| [[ابراهم شاويز ٿيٽر]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/entertainment/2019/09/10/rupauls-drag-queen-contestants-return-el-paso-naughty-tour/2277294001/|title=A drag queen Christmas: 'The Naughty Tour' to return to El Paso|date=September 19, 2019|first=Maria|last=Cortes Gonzales|website=Socialite Life|access-date=April 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2020
| ''اي مڊسمر سلي: دي سليڪول!''
| [[Palace Theatre (Albany, New York)|پيلس ٿيٽر]]
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=[[Palace Theatre (Albany, New York)|پيلس الباني]]|title=A Midsummer SLAY! (In The Spring) - NEW DATE!|url=https://www.palacealbany.org/events/detail/a-midsummer-slay|access-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155808/http://www.palacealbany.org/events/detail/a-midsummer-slay|archive-date=November 26, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== انعام ۽ نامزدگيون ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; &lt;!-- Do not center --&gt;
|- &lt;!-- Never add unnecessary background colors --&gt;
! سال
! انعام ڏيندڙ اداري
! زمرو
! ڪم
! نتيجو
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2023
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|[[ڪويرٽي|ڪويرٽي ايوارڊز]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|[[ڪويرٽي|بهترين موسيقي وڊيو]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|&quot;ليٽ گو اينڊ يور نيم&quot;
| {{nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Music Video Nominees |url=https://www.queerty.com/queerties/vote?category_id=2311 |website=The Queerties |access-date=25 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*[[شڪاگو ۾ ايل جي بي ٽي ڪيو ثقافت]]

== حوالا ==

=== حوالا جات ===
{{Reflist}}

=== صوتي ۽ بصري ذريعا ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite podcast|url=https://www.buzzsprout.com/689974/2008206-werk-bonus-episode-ft-shea-coulee|title=WERK Bonus Episode Ft. Shea Coulee|website=Buzzsprout|host=Trinity the Tuck |author-link=Trinity the Tuck |date=November 7, 2019|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229032921/https://www.buzzsprout.com/689974/2008206-werk-bonus-episode-ft-shea-coulee|archive-date=December 29, 2019|url-status=live}}
*{{cite podcast|url=https://play.acast.com/s/shut-up-evan/sheacoulee |title=Shea Couleé|website=Acast|host=Evan Ross Katz|date=September 29, 2020|access-date=September 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929163724/https://play.acast.com/s/shut-up-evan/sheacoulee|archive-date=September 29, 2020|url-status=live}}
*{{cite podcast|url=https://www.audacy.com/podcasts/homophilia-34757/shea-coulee-357369365|title=Shea Couleé|website=Audacy|host=Matt McConkey and Dave Holmes|date=March 15, 2021|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327025015/https://www.radio.com/podcasts/homophilia-34757/shea-coulee-357369365|archive-date=March 27, 2021|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons category|Shea Couleé}}
* {{Official website|https://sheacoulee.com}}
* {{YouTube|c=UC5FNUnf7QdFYxTvK9vFZMlg|Shea Couleé}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7584612}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | title=''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز]]'' جو فاتح | before=[[مونيٽ ايڪس چينج]]&lt;br&gt;[[ٽرنٽي دي ٽڪ]]| years=''[[روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز (سيزن 5)|آمريڪي آل اسٽارز 5]]''| after=[[ڪائلي سونيڪ لوو]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{RuPaul's Drag Race}}
{{RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars}}
{{Portal bar|سوانح عمري|ايل جي بي ٽي ڪيو|شڪاگو}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ڪولي، شي}}

[[زمرو:1989ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جا آمريڪي ايل جي بي ٽي ڪيو ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ول ڪائونٽي، ايلينائوس جا اداڪار]]
[[زمرو:آفريقي-آمريڪي ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
[[زمرو:آفريقي-آمريڪي ايل جي بي ٽي ڪيو ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪي نسل پرستي مخالف ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪي ڊريگ ڪوئين]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪي ايل جي بي ٽي ڪيو ڳائڻا]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪي نان بائنري موسيقار]]
[[زمرو:ڪولمبيا ڪاليج شڪاگو جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:شڪاگو جا ڊريگ فنڪار]]
[[زمرو:انڊيانا جا ڊريگ فنڪار]]
[[زمرو:ايلينائوس جا ايل جي بي ٽي ڪيو ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:انڊيانا جا ايل جي بي ٽي ڪيو ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نان بائنري ڊريگ فنڪار]]
[[زمرو:نان بائنري هم جنس پرست ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نان بائنري ڳائڻا]]
[[زمرو:اونلي فينز مواد ٺاهيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:پلينفيلڊ، ايلينائوس جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:وارسا، انڊيانا جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:روپالز ڊريگ ريس آل اسٽارز جا فاتح|شي ڪولي]]
[[زمرو:روپالز ڊريگ ريس جا مقابلي ڪندڙ|شي ڪولي]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪي هم جنس پرست ڳائڻا]]
]</text>
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    <title>سانچو:Infobox artist discography</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98791</id>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
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| abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|{{{Abovestyle|}}}}}}
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| caption    = {{{image caption|{{{Image caption|{{{Caption|}}}}}}}}}
| label1 = اسٽوڊيو البم
| data1 = {{{Studio|}}}
| label2 = لائيو البم
| data2 = {{{Live|}}}
| label3 = گڏيل البم
| data3 = {{{Compilation|}}}
| label4 = انٽرنيٽ البم
| data4 = {{{Internet|}}}
| label5 = وڊيو البم
| data5 = {{{Video|}}}
| label6 = موسيقي وڊيوز
| data6 = {{{Music videos|}}}
| label7 = اي پي
| data7 = {{{EP|}}}
| label8 = سنگل
| data8 = {{{Singles|}}}
| label9 = بي-سائيڊز
| data9 = {{{B-sides|}}}
| label10 = سائونڊ ٽريڪ البم
| data10 = {{{Soundtrack|}}}
| label11 = خراج تحسين البم
| data11 = {{{Tribute|}}}

| label20    = {{{Option name|}}}
| data20     = {{{Option|}}}
| label21    = {{{1Option name|}}}
| data21     = {{{1Option|}}}
| label22    = {{{2Option name|}}}
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{{دستاويز}}&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي ۾ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻا وڪيڊيٽا تي رکو --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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| caption    = {{{image caption|{{{Image caption|{{{Caption|}}}}}}}}}
| label1 = اسٽوڊيو البم
| data1 = {{{Studio|}}}
| label2 = لائيو البم
| data2 = {{{Live|}}}
| label3 = گڏيل البم
| data3 = {{{Compilation|}}}
| label4 = انٽرنيٽ البم
| data4 = {{{Internet|}}}
| label5 = وڊيو البم
| data5 = {{{Video|}}}
| label6 = موسيقي وڊيوز
| data6 = {{{Music videos|}}}
| label7 = اي پي
| data7 = {{{EP|}}}
| label8 = سنگل
| data8 = {{{Singles|}}}
| label9 = بي-سائيڊز
| data9 = {{{B-sides|}}}
| label10 = سائونڊ ٽريڪ البم
| data10 = {{{Soundtrack|}}}
| label11 = خراج تحسين البم
| data11 = {{{Tribute|}}}

| label20    = {{{Option name|}}}
| data20     = {{{Option|}}}
| label21    = {{{1Option name|}}}
| data21     = {{{1Option|}}}
| label22    = {{{2Option name|}}}
| data22     = {{{2Option|}}}
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{{دستاويز}}&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي ۾ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻا وڪيڊيٽا تي رکو --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Infobox artist discography/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385596</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Documentation  subpage}} {{High-use}} &lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --&gt; {{Lua|ماڊيول:Infobox|ماڊيول:InfoboxImage|ماڊيول:Check for unknown parameters}} {{TOC right}}  '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Infobox artist discography}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' موسيقياتي فهرستن (Discography) بابت مقالن لاءِ معياري معلومات خانو آهي، ۽ اهو وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي منصوبو البم|و...</comment>
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{{High-use}}
&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --&gt;
{{Lua|ماڊيول:Infobox|ماڊيول:InfoboxImage|ماڊيول:Check for unknown parameters}}
{{TOC right}}

'''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Infobox artist discography}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' موسيقياتي فهرستن (Discography) بابت مقالن لاءِ معياري معلومات خانو آهي، ۽ اهو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي منصوبو البم|وڪي منصوبو البم]] جي دائري ۾ اچي ٿو. هن سانچي ۾ وڏيون تبديليون ڪرڻ کان اڳ مهرباني ڪري [[سانچو بحث:Infobox artist discography|بحث واري صفحي]] تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪريو.

هي سانچو [[:زمرو:موسيقياتي فهرستون|موسيقياتي فهرستن]] سان لاڳاپيل مقالن ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو ڪنهن فنڪار يا موسيقي گروهه جي [[اسٽوڊيو البم|اسٽوڊيو البمن]]، [[لائيو البم|لائيو البمن]]، [[گڏيل البم|گڏيل البمن]]، [[سنگل (موسيقي)|سنگلن]]، [[وڊيو سنگل|وڊيو جاريڪرين]]، [[ايڪسٽينڊڊ پلي|اي پيز]] ۽ ٻين موسيقياتي جاريڪرين جو تعداد ڏيکاري ٿو.</text>
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    <title>سانچو:Infobox person/doc</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:33:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}}  &lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --&gt;{{Lua|ماڊيول:Infobox|ماڊيول:InfoboxImage|ماڊيول:Check for unknown parameters|ماڊيول:Check for conflicting parameters|ماڊيول:Person date}} {{Tracks Wikidata|P18|cat=مقامي تصوير موجود ناهي پر وڪي ڊيٽا تي تصوير موجود آهي}}  &lt;!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ سانچي جي دستاو...</comment>
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{{High-use}}

&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --&gt;{{Lua|ماڊيول:Infobox|ماڊيول:InfoboxImage|ماڊيول:Check for unknown parameters|ماڊيول:Check for conflicting parameters|ماڊيول:Person date}}
{{Tracks Wikidata|P18|cat=مقامي تصوير موجود ناهي پر وڪي ڊيٽا تي تصوير موجود آهي}}

&lt;!-- هن لڪير کان هيٺ سانچي جي دستاويزن ۾ ترميم ڪريو --&gt;{{tl|Infobox person}} ڪنهن شخص بابت بنيادي معلومات جو خلاصو پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو عام طور تي مضمون جي مٿئين حصي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي.

== رخ موڪلڻ وارا صفحا ۽ سڏ ==
گهٽ ۾ گهٽ {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Templates calling Infobox person}} ٻيا [[:Category:Templates calling Infobox person|سانچا هن سانچي کي سڏين ٿا]] ۽ ڪيترائي سانچا {{Querylink|Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Infobox_person|qs=namespace=10&amp;hidetrans=1&amp;hidelinks=1|هتي رخ موڪلين ٿا}}.

== ماڊيول ==
هيٺيان سانچا هن سانچي ۾ &quot;ماڊيول&quot; طور استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ مناسب آهن:

* [[:Category:Biographical templates usable as a module|حياتياتي سانچا جيڪي ماڊيول طور استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا]]
* {{tl|Listen}}
* {{tl|Infobox Chinese}}

== استعمال ==
معلومات خانو هيٺ ڏيکاريل نموني سانچي کي مضمون ۾ شامل ڪري ۽ پوءِ گهربل خانا ڀري استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جيڪي پيرا ميٽر خالي ڇڏيا ويندا يا شامل نه ڪيا ويندا، اهي ظاهر نه ٿيندا.

=== بنيادي پيرا ميٽرن سان خالي سانچو ===

{{Infobox person
| name          = ''نالو''
| image         = example-serious.jpg
| alt           = متبادل متن
| caption       = ''وضاحت''
| birth_name    = ''پيدائشي نالو''
| birth_date    = ''پيدائش جي تاريخ''
| birth_place   = ''پيدائش جو هنڌ''
| death_date    = ''وفات جي تاريخ''
| death_place   = ''وفات جو هنڌ''
| other_names   = ''ٻيا نالا''
| occupation    = ''پيشو''
| years_active  = ''سرگرم سال''
| known_for     = ''سبب شهرت''
| notable_works = ''نمايان ڪم''
}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em;&quot; copy=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
{{Infobox person
| name          = &lt;!-- خالي ڇڏڻ تي مضمون جو عنوان استعمال ٿيندو --&gt;
| image         = &lt;!-- صرف فائل جو نالو، File: يا Image: نه لکو --&gt;
| alt           = &lt;!-- متن کي آواز ۾ پڙهندڙ سافٽويئر لاءِ وضاحتي متن --&gt;
| caption       =
| birth_name    = &lt;!-- رڳو تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن نالي کان مختلف هجي --&gt;
| birth_date    =
| birth_place   =
| death_date    =
| death_place   =
| other_names   =
| occupation    =
| years_active  =
| known_for     =
| notable_works =
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;=== سڀني پيرا ميٽرن سان خالي سانچو ===

صرف اهم معلومات شامل ڪئي وڃي. غير استعمال ٿيل پيرا ميٽر هٽايا وڃن، ۽ غير ضروري معلومات سان خانو ڀرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو وڃي.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto; line-height:1.2em&quot; copy=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = اعزازي اڳياڙو
| name               = نالو
| honorific_suffix   = اعزازي پڇاڙي
| native_name        = مقامي نالو
| native_name_lang   = مقامي ٻولي
| image              = تصوير
| image_upright      = تصوير جي اوچائي
| landscape          = افقي تصوير
| alt                = متبادل متن
| caption            = وضاحت
| pronunciation      = اچار
| birth_name         = پيدائشي نالو
| birth_date         = پيدائش جي تاريخ
| birth_place        = پيدائش جو هنڌ
| baptised           = بپتسما
| disappeared_date   = گمشدگي جي تاريخ
| disappeared_place  = گمشدگي جو هنڌ
| disappeared_status = گمشدگي جي حالت
| death_date         = وفات جي تاريخ
| death_place        = وفات جو هنڌ
| death_cause        = وفات جو سبب
| body_discovered    = لاش ملڻ جو هنڌ
| resting_place      = آرام گاهه
| resting_place_coordinates =
| burial_place       = تدفين جو هنڌ
| burial_coordinates =
| monuments          = يادگارون
| other_names        = ٻيا نالا
| siglum             = مخفف
| citizenship        = شهريت
| education          = تعليم
| alma_mater         = مادر علمي ادارو
| occupation         = پيشو
| years_active       = سرگرم سال
| era                = دور
| employer           = ملازمت ڏيندڙ
| organization       = تنظيم
| agent              = نمائندو
| known_for          = سبب شهرت
| notable_works      = نمايان ڪم
| style              = اسلوب
| television         = ٽيليويزن
| height             = قد
| title              = لقب
| term               = مدو
| predecessor        = اڳوڻو
| successor          = جانشين
| political_party    = سياسي جماعت
| other_party        = ٻي جماعت
| movement           = تحريڪ
| opponents          = مخالف
| boards             = بورڊ
| criminal_charges   = فوجداري الزام
| criminal_penalty   = سزا
| criminal_status    = قانوني حيثيت
| spouse             = زال/مڙس
| partner            = ساٿي
| children           = اولاد
| parents            = والدين
| mother             = ماءُ
| father             = پيءُ
| relatives          = مائٽ
| family             = خاندان
| callsign           = سڏ سڃاڻپ
| awards             = انعام
| website            = ويب سائيٽ
| module             = ماڊيول
| module2            = ماڊيول 2
| module3            = ماڊيول 3
| module4            = ماڊيول 4
| module5            = ماڊيول 5
| module6            = ماڊيول 6
| signature          = صحي
| signature_type     = صحي جو قسم
| signature_size     = صحي جي ماپ
| signature_alt      = صحي لاءِ متبادل متن
| footnotes          = حاشيا
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ڪااپور (ماڻھون)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T02:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  {{Infobox ethnic group | group            = ڪااپور | image            = Ka'apor.png | image_caption    = 1951ع ۾ [[ڊارسي ريبيرو]] پاران ورتل تصوير، جنهن ۾ ڪااپور ماڻهو ڏيکاريل آهن | population       = لڳ ڀڳ 800 | popplace         = {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[برازيل]] ([[مارانهاؤ]]) | languages        = [[ڪااپور ٻولي|ڪااپور]]، [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]] (سموري براد...</comment>
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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = ڪااپور
| image            = Ka'apor.png
| image_caption    = 1951ع ۾ [[ڊارسي ريبيرو]] پاران ورتل تصوير، جنهن ۾ ڪااپور ماڻهو ڏيکاريل آهن
| population       = لڳ ڀڳ 800
| popplace         = {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[برازيل]] ([[مارانهاؤ]])
| languages        = [[ڪااپور ٻولي|ڪااپور]]، [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]] (سموري برادري)، ڪجهه [[پورچوگالي ٻولي|پورچوگالي]]
| religions        = [[شمنيت]]، [[اباڻي بزرگن جي پوڄا]]
| related          =
}}
{{Commons category}}

'''ڪااپور''' [[برازيل]] جا هڪ [[برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهو]] آهن. اهي [[مارانهاؤ]] رياست ۾ واقع هڪ محفوظ علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا. انهن بابت بشريات جي ماهر ڊاڪٽر [[وليم بالي]] هڪ تفصيلي ڪتاب لکيو، جنهن ۾ سندن [[نسلي نباتيات]] سان لاڳاپيل طرزِ زندگي ۽ هن علائقي جي [[تاريخي ماحوليات]] جو جائزو ورتو ويو، جتي اهي هن وقت آباد آهن.

اهي پري-ايميزون ٻيلن جي هڪ اهڙي علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا، جتي وڏي پيماني تي [[ٻيلن جي واڍي]] ٿي چڪي آهي، پر انهن پنهنجي مخصوص محفوظ علائقي اندر ٻيلن کي بچائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaʼapor - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil |url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka'apor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124042930/https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka%27apor |archive-date=2020-11-24 |access-date= |website=pib.socioambiental.org |publisher=Instituto Socioambiental}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪااپور ماڻهن ۾ پيدائشي ٻوڙائپ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، تنهنڪري ٻڌڻ جي صلاحيت رکندڙ برادري جا اڪثر ماڻهو پڻ [[اشاري ٻولي]] ڄاڻن ٿا. (ڏسو: [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]])

انهن جي ٻيلائي محفوظ علائقي تي غيرقانوني ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جو دٻاءُ آهي. سيپٽمبر 2014ع ۾ قبيلي پاڻ ڪارروائي ڪندي ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جي هڪ ٽولي تي حملو ڪيو، انهن کي ٻڌي رکيو، کين ذليل ڪيو، ٻيلن مان ڪڍيل ڪاٺ کي تباهه ڪيو ۽ انهن جي ٽرڪ کي ساڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ آخرڪار کين آزاد ڪري ڇڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html|title = Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نوٽس ==
{{reflist}}

== حوالا ==

* Balée, William. 1994. ''Footprints of the Forest: Kaʼapor Ethnobotany—the Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People.'' نيو يارڪ: ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس.
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers]، دي ٽيليگراف

{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ڪااپور}}
[[زمرو:برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ايميزون جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ڪااپور]]

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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = ڪااپور
| image            = Ka'apor.png
| image_caption    = 1951ع ۾ [[ڊارسي ريبيرو]] پاران ورتل تصوير، جنهن ۾ ڪااپور ماڻهو ڏيکاريل آهن
| population       = لڳ ڀڳ 800
| popplace         = {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[برازيل]] ([[مارانهاؤ]])
| languages        = [[ڪااپور ٻولي|ڪااپور]]، [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]] (سموري برادري)، ڪجهه [[پورچوگالي ٻولي|پورچوگالي]]
| religions        = [[شمنيت]]، [[اباڻي بزرگن جي پوڄا]]
| related          =
}}
{{Commons category}}

'''ڪااپور''' [[برازيل]] جا ڪجھ [[برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهو]] آهن. اهي [[مارانهاؤ]] رياست ۾ واقع هڪ محفوظ علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا. انهن بابت بشريات جي ماهر ڊاڪٽر [[وليم بالي]] هڪ تفصيلي ڪتاب لکيو، جنهن ۾ سندن [[نسلي نباتيات]] سان لاڳاپيل طرزِ زندگي ۽ هن علائقي جي [[تاريخي ماحوليات]] جو جائزو ورتو ويو، جتي اهي هن وقت آباد آهن.

اهي پري-ايميزون ٻيلن جي هڪ اهڙي علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا، جتي وڏي پيماني تي [[ٻيلن جي واڍي]] ٿي چڪي آهي، پر انهن پنهنجي مخصوص محفوظ علائقي اندر ٻيلن کي بچائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaʼapor - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil |url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka'apor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124042930/https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka%27apor |archive-date=2020-11-24 |access-date= |website=pib.socioambiental.org |publisher=Instituto Socioambiental}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪااپور ماڻهن ۾ پيدائشي ٻوڙائپ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، تنهنڪري ٻڌڻ جي صلاحيت رکندڙ برادري جا اڪثر ماڻهو پڻ [[اشاري ٻولي]] ڄاڻن ٿا. (ڏسو: [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]])

انهن جي ٻيلائي محفوظ علائقي تي غيرقانوني ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جو دٻاءُ آهي. سيپٽمبر 2014ع ۾ قبيلي پاڻ ڪارروائي ڪندي ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جي هڪ ٽولي تي حملو ڪيو، انهن کي ٻڌي رکيو، کين ذليل ڪيو، ٻيلن مان ڪڍيل ڪاٺ کي تباهه ڪيو ۽ انهن جي ٽرڪ کي ساڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ آخرڪار کين آزاد ڪري ڇڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html|title = Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نوٽس ==
{{reflist}}

== حوالا ==

* Balée, William. 1994. ''Footprints of the Forest: Kaʼapor Ethnobotany—the Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People.'' نيو يارڪ: ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس.
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers]، دي ٽيليگراف

{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ڪااپور}}
[[زمرو:برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ايميزون جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ڪااپور]]

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| image_caption    = 1951ع ۾ [[ڊارسي ريبيرو]] پاران ورتل تصوير، جنهن ۾ ڪااپور ماڻهو ڏيکاريل آهن
| population       = لڳ ڀڳ 800
| popplace         = {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[برازيل]] ([[مارانهاؤ]])
| languages        = [[ڪااپور ٻولي|ڪااپور]]، [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]] (سموري برادري)، ڪجهه [[پورچوگالي ٻولي|پورچوگالي]]
| religions        = [[شمنيت]]، [[اباڻي بزرگن جي پوڄا]]
| related          =
}}
{{Commons category}}

'''ڪااپور''' (Kaʼapor) [[برازيل]] جا ڪجھ [[برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهو]] آهن. اهي [[مارانهاؤ]] رياست ۾ واقع هڪ محفوظ علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا. انهن بابت بشريات جي ماهر ڊاڪٽر [[وليم بالي]] هڪ تفصيلي ڪتاب لکيو، جنهن ۾ سندن [[نسلي نباتيات]] سان لاڳاپيل طرزِ زندگي ۽ هن علائقي جي [[تاريخي ماحوليات]] جو جائزو ورتو ويو، جتي اهي هن وقت آباد آهن.

اهي پري-ايميزون ٻيلن جي هڪ اهڙي علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا، جتي وڏي پيماني تي [[ٻيلن جي واڍي]] ٿي چڪي آهي، پر انهن پنهنجي مخصوص محفوظ علائقي اندر ٻيلن کي بچائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaʼapor - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil |url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka'apor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124042930/https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka%27apor |archive-date=2020-11-24 |access-date= |website=pib.socioambiental.org |publisher=Instituto Socioambiental}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪااپور ماڻهن ۾ پيدائشي ٻوڙائپ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، تنهنڪري ٻڌڻ جي صلاحيت رکندڙ برادري جا اڪثر ماڻهو پڻ [[اشاري ٻولي]] ڄاڻن ٿا. (ڏسو: [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]])

انهن جي ٻيلائي محفوظ علائقي تي غيرقانوني ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جو دٻاءُ آهي. سيپٽمبر 2014ع ۾ قبيلي پاڻ ڪارروائي ڪندي ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جي هڪ ٽولي تي حملو ڪيو، انهن کي ٻڌي رکيو، کين ذليل ڪيو، ٻيلن مان ڪڍيل ڪاٺ کي تباهه ڪيو ۽ انهن جي ٽرڪ کي ساڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ آخرڪار کين آزاد ڪري ڇڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html|title = Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نوٽس ==
{{reflist}}

== حوالا ==

* Balée, William. 1994. ''Footprints of the Forest: Kaʼapor Ethnobotany—the Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People.'' نيو يارڪ: ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس.
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers]، دي ٽيليگراف

{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ڪااپور}}
[[زمرو:برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ايميزون جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ڪااپور]]

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| image_caption    = 1951ع ۾ [[ڊارسي ريبيرو]] پاران ورتل تصوير، جنهن ۾ ڪااپور ماڻهو ڏيکاريل آهن
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| related          =
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{{Commons category}}

'''ڪااپور''' (Kaʼapor) [[برازيل]] جا ڪجھ [[برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهو]] آهن. اهي [[مارانھائو]] رياست ۾ واقع هڪ محفوظ علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا. انهن بابت بشريات جي ماهر ڊاڪٽر [[وليم بالي]] هڪ تفصيلي ڪتاب لکيو، جنهن ۾ سندن [[نسلي نباتيات]] سان لاڳاپيل طرزِ زندگي ۽ هن علائقي جي [[تاريخي ماحوليات]] جو جائزو ورتو ويو، جتي اهي هن وقت آباد آهن.

اهي پري-ايميزون ٻيلن جي هڪ اهڙي علائقي ۾ رهن ٿا، جتي وڏي پيماني تي [[ٻيلن جي واڍي]] ٿي چڪي آهي، پر انهن پنهنجي مخصوص محفوظ علائقي اندر ٻيلن کي بچائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaʼapor - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil |url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka'apor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124042930/https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Ka%27apor |archive-date=2020-11-24 |access-date= |website=pib.socioambiental.org |publisher=Instituto Socioambiental}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪااپور ماڻهن ۾ پيدائشي ٻوڙائپ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، تنهنڪري ٻڌڻ جي صلاحيت رکندڙ برادري جا اڪثر ماڻهو پڻ [[اشاري ٻولي]] ڄاڻن ٿا. (ڏسو: [[ڪااپور اشاري ٻولي]])

انهن جي ٻيلائي محفوظ علائقي تي غيرقانوني ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جو دٻاءُ آهي. سيپٽمبر 2014ع ۾ قبيلي پاڻ ڪارروائي ڪندي ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙن جي هڪ ٽولي تي حملو ڪيو، انهن کي ٻڌي رکيو، کين ذليل ڪيو، ٻيلن مان ڪڍيل ڪاٺ کي تباهه ڪيو ۽ انهن جي ٽرڪ کي ساڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ آخرڪار کين آزاد ڪري ڇڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html|title = Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نوٽس ==
{{reflist}}

== حوالا ==

* Balée, William. 1994. ''Footprints of the Forest: Kaʼapor Ethnobotany—the Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People.'' نيو يارڪ: ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس.
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/11077106/Kaapor-warriors-in-the-Amazon-confront-illegal-loggers.html Kaʼapor warriors in the Amazon confront illegal loggers]، دي ٽيليگراف

{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ڪااپور}}
[[زمرو:برازيل جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ايميزون جا مقامي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ڪااپور]]

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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Infobox settlement | official_name            = پورٽو مورٽينيو | native_name              = | settlement_type          = [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] | image_shield             = | image_flag               = Band_Porto_Murtinho.png | image_skyline            = | image_caption            = | image_map                = MatoGrossodoSul Municip PortoMurtinho.svg | map_caption              = ماتو گروسو دو س...</comment>
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| native_name              =
| settlement_type          = [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]]
| image_shield             =
| image_flag               = Band_Porto_Murtinho.png
| image_skyline            =
| image_caption            =
| image_map                = MatoGrossodoSul Municip PortoMurtinho.svg
| map_caption              = [[ماتو گروسو دو سول]] رياست ۾ جڳھ
| pushpin_map              = Brazil
| pushpin_map_caption      = برازيل ۾ جڳھ
| coordinates              = {{coord|21|41|56|S|57|52|58|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = ملڪ
| subdivision_name         = [[برازيل]]
| subdivision_type1        = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[برازيل جو مرڪزي-اولهه علائقو|مرڪزي-اولهه]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[ماتو گروسو دو سول]]
| subdivision_type3        = [[برازيل جا ميسوريجن|ميسوريجن]]
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| subdivision_type4        = [[برازيل جو مائڪرو ريجن|مائڪرو ريجن]]
| subdivision_name4        =
| subdivision_type5        = [[ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو#برازيل|ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]]
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| leader_party             =
| leader_title             = [[ميئر]]
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| area_total_km2           = 17,735
| area_metro_km2           =
| population_footnotes     =
| population_total         = 17,298
| population_as_of         = 2020 &lt;ref&gt;[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ms/porto-murtinho/panorama IBGE 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_metro         =
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_demonym       =
| blank_name_sec1          = [[انساني ترقي اشاريو|انساني ترقي اشاريو]]
| blank_info_sec1          =
| timezone1                = [[برازيل ۾ وقت|AMT]]
| utc_offset1              = −4
| timezone1_DST            =
| utc_offset1_DST          =
| postal_code_type         = [[برازيل جا پوسٽل ڪوڊ|پوسٽل ڪوڊ]]
| postal_code              =
| area_code_type           = [[برازيل جا ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|علائقائي ڪوڊ]]
| area_code                =
| website                  =
}}

'''پورٽو مورٽينيو''' (Porto Murtinho) [[برازيل]] جي [[ماتو گروسو دو سول]] رياست ۾ واقع هڪ [[ماتو گروسو دو سول جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. ان جي آبادي 17,298 (2020ع) هئي ۽ ان جو پکيڙ {{cvt|17735|km2}} آهي.

== آبهوا ==
15 نومبر 2023ع تي پورٽو مورٽينيو ۾ {{convert|43.0|°C}} جو وڌ ۾ وڌ گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=86833&amp;ano=2023&amp;mes=11&amp;day=17&amp;hora=1&amp;min=0&amp;ndays=30|title=86833: Porto Murtinho (Brazil)|date=15 November 2023|website=ogimet.com|publisher=OGIMET|access-date=16 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== قونصلر نمائندگي ==
[[پيراگوئي]] جو هڪ قونصل خانو پورٽو مورٽينيو ۾ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/representaciones/consulados-del-paraguay-en-el-mundo/en-el-brasil|title=Representaciones, Consulados del Paraguay, en el Brasil|website=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores|language=es|access-date=26 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* [http://www.pantanalescapes.com/locations/portomurtinho.html Pantanal Escapes - Travel Guide and Tourism in Porto Murtinho]

{{Municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul}}

[[زمرو:ماتو گروسو دو سول جون ميونسپالٽيون]]

{{MatoGrossodoSul-geo-stub}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4065" sha1="sl6zndu2w6rdeounasz1px9qnayrqb3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name            = پورٽو مورٽينيو
| native_name              =
| settlement_type          = [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]]
| image_shield             =
| image_flag               = 
| image_skyline            =Band_Porto_Murtinho.png
| image_caption            =
| image_map                = MatoGrossodoSul Municip PortoMurtinho.svg
| map_caption              = [[ماتو گروسو دو سول]] رياست ۾ جڳھ
| pushpin_map              = Brazil
| pushpin_map_caption      = برازيل ۾ جڳھ
| coordinates              = {{coord|21|41|56|S|57|52|58|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = ملڪ
| subdivision_name         = [[برازيل]]
| subdivision_type1        = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[برازيل جو مرڪزي-اولهه علائقو|مرڪزي-اولهه]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[ماتو گروسو دو سول]]
| subdivision_type3        = [[برازيل جا ميسوريجن|ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_name3        =
| subdivision_type4        = [[برازيل جو مائڪرو ريجن|مائڪرو ريجن]]
| subdivision_name4        =
| subdivision_type5        = [[ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو#برازيل|ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]]
| subdivision_name5        =
| established_title        =
| established_date         =
| leader_party             =
| leader_title             = [[ميئر]]
| leader_name              =
| elevation_m              =
| area_footnotes           =
| area_total_km2           = 17,735
| area_metro_km2           =
| population_footnotes     =
| population_total         = 17,298
| population_as_of         = 2020 &lt;ref&gt;[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ms/porto-murtinho/panorama IBGE 2020]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_metro         =
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_demonym       =
| blank_name_sec1          = [[انساني ترقي اشاريو|انساني ترقي اشاريو]]
| blank_info_sec1          =
| timezone1                = [[برازيل ۾ وقت|AMT]]
| utc_offset1              = −4
| timezone1_DST            =
| utc_offset1_DST          =
| postal_code_type         = [[برازيل جا پوسٽل ڪوڊ|پوسٽل ڪوڊ]]
| postal_code              =
| area_code_type           = [[برازيل جا ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|علائقائي ڪوڊ]]
| area_code                =
| website                  =
}}

'''پورٽو مورٽينيو''' (Porto Murtinho) [[برازيل]] جي [[ماتو گروسو دو سول]] رياست ۾ واقع هڪ [[ماتو گروسو دو سول جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. ان جي آبادي 17,298 (2020ع) هئي ۽ ان جو پکيڙ {{cvt|17735|km2}} آهي.

== آبهوا ==
15 نومبر 2023ع تي پورٽو مورٽينيو ۾ {{convert|43.0|°C}} جو وڌ ۾ وڌ گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=86833&amp;ano=2023&amp;mes=11&amp;day=17&amp;hora=1&amp;min=0&amp;ndays=30|title=86833: Porto Murtinho (Brazil)|date=15 November 2023|website=ogimet.com|publisher=OGIMET|access-date=16 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== قونصلر نمائندگي ==
[[پيراگوئي]] جو هڪ قونصل خانو پورٽو مورٽينيو ۾ موجود آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/representaciones/consulados-del-paraguay-en-el-mundo/en-el-brasil|title=Representaciones, Consulados del Paraguay, en el Brasil|website=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores|language=es|access-date=26 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* [http://www.pantanalescapes.com/locations/portomurtinho.html Pantanal Escapes - Travel Guide and Tourism in Porto Murtinho]

{{Municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul}}

[[زمرو:ماتو گروسو دو سول جون ميونسپالٽيون]]

{{MatoGrossodoSul-geo-stub}}</text>
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    <title>سولڪان</title>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو:  {{Infobox settlement |official_name          = سولڪان |other_name             = |native_name            = |nickname               = |settlement_type        = |motto                  = |image_skyline          = Solkan1.JPG |imagesize              = 250px |image_caption          = |image_flag             = |flag_size              = |image_seal             = |seal_size              = |image_shield           = |shield_size            = |image_blank_emblem     = |blank_...</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = سولڪان
|other_name             =
|native_name            =
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        =
|motto                  =
|image_skyline          = Solkan1.JPG
|imagesize              = 250px
|image_caption          =
|image_flag             =
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             =
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           =
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|image_map1             =
|mapsize1               =
|map_caption1           =
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Slovenia
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption    = سلووينيا ۾ جڳھ
|subdivision_type       = ملڪ
|subdivision_name       = [[Image:Flag of Slovenia.svg|25px]] [[سلووينيا]]
|subdivision_type1      = روايتي علائقو
|subdivision_name1      = [[سلووينين لِٽورل]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[سلووينيا جا شمارياتي علائقا|شمارياتي علائقو]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[گوريزيا شمارياتي علائقو|گوريزيا]]
|subdivision_type3      = [[سلووينيا جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]]
|subdivision_name3      = [[نووا گوريتسا جي شهري ميونسپالٽي|نووا گوريتسا]]
|area_total_km2         = 4.2
|population_as_of       = 2015
|population_total       = 3227
|population_blank1_title= نسلي گروھ
|population_blank2_title= مذهب
|coordinates            = {{coord|45|58|10.19|N|13|38|43.77|E|region:SI|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m            = 94.3
|footnotes              = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp سلووينيا جي جمهوريه جو شمارياتي دفتر]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''سولڪان''' ({{IPA|sl|ˈsoːu̯kan|pron}} يا {{IPA|sl|sɔu̯ˈkan|}}؛ {{langx|it|سالڪانو}}، {{langx|de|link=no|زولِنگن}} يا ''سالڪانو'') اولهه [[سلووينيا]] جي [[گوريزيا]] علائقي ۾، [[اٽلي]] جي سرحد تي واقع [[نووا گوريتسا جي ميونسپالٽي]] ۾ هڪ آبادي آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اڄ اهو [[نووا گوريتسا]] شهر سان گڏيل شهري علائقو ٺاهي ٿو، پر پنهنجي تاريخ ۽ رهواسين جي مضبوط مقامي سڃاڻپ سبب ان کي الڳ شهري آباديءَ جي حيثيت حاصل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nova-gorica.si/ نووا گوريتسا ميونسپالٽي جي ويب سائيٽ]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن آباديءَ جو [[پارش گرجاگھر]] [[سينٽ اسٽيفن]] جي نالي سان منسوب آهي ۽ [[ڪوپر جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائوسس|ڪوپر ڊائوسس]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://skofija-koper.si/zupnije/ ڪوپر جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائوسس – گرجائن جي فهرست، مارچ 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==

[[File:Solkanski-most-1906 vir SŽ ŽM Tiri in čas 10-1998.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[سولڪان پل]]، جيڪا 1916ع ۾ [[آئيسونزو جون جنگيون]] دوران تباهه ٿي وئي ۽ 1927ع ۾ ٻيهر تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

سولڪان جو پهريون ذڪر 1001ع ۾ ملي ٿو، ساڳئي دستاويز ۾ پاڙيسري شهر [[گوريتسا]] (هاڻي اٽلي ۾) جو به ذڪر آهي، جيڪو ان وقت هڪ ڳوٺ هو. وچئين دور ۾ [[گوريتسا جا ڪائونٽ]] حڪمران هئا. ان دور ۾ گوريتسا هڪ اهم شهري مرڪز بڻجي ويو، جڏهن ته سولڪان گهڻو ڪري ڳوٺاڻو علائقو رهيو.

18هين صديءَ دوران سولڪان آهستي آهستي گوريتسا جي شهري علائقي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لڳو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪيترن مقامي امير خاندانن هتي پنهنجون رهائشگاهون تعمير ڪيون. 19هين صديءَ جي ٻئي اڌ ۾ اهو فرنيچر صنعت جو اهم مرڪز بڻيو. ويجهي گوريتسا جي واڌ سبب سولڪان آهستي آهستي ان جو مضافاتي علائقو بڻجي ويو.

1910ع جي آخري [[آسٽرو-هنگيرين سلطنت|آسٽريائي]] مردم شماري مطابق سولڪان جي آبادي 3075 هئي، جن مان 90.3 سيڪڙو سلووين هئا، جڏهن ته باقي گهڻو ڪري جرمن ڳالهائيندڙ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spezialortsrepertorium der Österreichischen länder|language=de|url=http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?urn=SISTORY:ID:836}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ڳوٺ تقريباً مڪمل طور [[آئيسونزو جون جنگيون|آئيسونزو جي جنگين]] ۾ تباهه ٿي ويو. 1918ع ۾ [[آسٽرو-هنگيرين سلطنت]] جي خاتمي کان پوءِ اهو [[اٽلي جي بادشاهت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران سولڪان [[يوگوسلاو پارٽيزن]] مزاحمت جي اهم مرڪزن مان هڪ هو.

1947ع ۾ سولڪان [[يوگوسلاويا جي سوشلسٽ وفاقي جمهوريه]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته گوريتسا اٽلي ۾ رهي. ساڳئي سال [[نووا گوريتسا]] شهر جي تعمير شروع ٿي. 1952ع ۾ نووا گوريتسا شهر قائم ٿيو ۽ سولڪان ان ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو، پر مقامي سڃاڻپ برقرار رهي.

== ٻولي، نسل ۽ ثقافت ==

[[Image:Soca-predHE-Solkan.jpg|220px|right|thumb|سولڪان ڀرسان [[سوچا درياھ]]]]

سولڪان گهڻو ڪري سلووين آباديءَ وارو علائقو رهيو آهي. وچئين دور کان ڪيترائي [[فريولي]] ماڻهو به هتي آباد هئا، پر وقت سان گڏ گهڻو ڪري ضم ٿي ويا. 1947ع کان پوءِ گهڻا اطالوي رهواسي اٽلي منتقل ٿي ويا.

اڄ سلووين آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 90 سيڪڙو آهي، جڏهن ته باقي 10 سيڪڙو ۾ [[سرب]]، [[ڪروئيٽ]]، [[بوسنيائي]]، اطالوي ۽ [[البانوي]] شامل آهن.

1991ع جي مردم شماري مطابق 91 سيڪڙو آبادي جي پهرين ٻولي سلووين هئي، جڏهن ته [[سربو-ڪروئيشي]] ٻئي نمبر تي هئي.

مقامي ثقافت تي پاڙيسري اطالوي علائقي [[فريولي]] جو گهرو اثر رهيو آهي، جيڪو کاڌي، ٻولي، رسمن ۽ روايتن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿو.

سولڪان جي سڀ کان مشهور يادگار [[سولڪان پل]] آهي، جيڪا 1904ع ۽ 1905ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿي. اها [[سوچا درياھ]] تي ٺهيل ريلوي پل آهي. ان جي ڪل ڊيگهه 220 ميٽر آهي ۽ وچ وارو محراب 85 ميٽر ڊگهو آهي، جيڪو دنيا ۾ درياهه تي سڀ کان ڊگهي پٿريلي محرابي پل ۽ سڀ کان ڊگهي پٿريلي محرابي ريلوي پل شمار ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.slovenia.info/?arhitekturne_znamenitosti=3810 سلووينيا سياحت بورڊ]&lt;/ref&gt;

== شخصيتون ==

سولڪان ۾ ڄاول يا رهندڙ مشهور ماڻهن ۾ شامل آهن:

* [[جوري فرانڪو]]، اسڪي رانديگر
* [[ايوو هواليتسا]]، سياستدان
* [[ڪليمينٽ يوگ]]، فلسفي ۽ جبل چاڙهيندڙ
* [[بورس ڪالين]]، مجسمه ساز
* [[زدينڪو ڪالين]]، مجسمه ساز
* [[ميلان ڪليمينچيچ]]، سلووين پتلي بازي جو فنڪار
* [[اندري ڪوميل سوچيبران]]، فوجي آفيسر
* [[برانڪو ماروشيچ]]، مؤرخ
* [[فيديا ماروشيچ]]، ڪاياڪ چيمپيئن
* [[فرانس ماروشيچ]]، طبيب
* [[فرانس لانڪو ماروشيچ]]، لسانيات دان
* [[ايوان يانيز ماروشيچ]]، منظرنگاري معمار
* [[توماژ ماروشيچ]]، سياستدان
* [[انتون ميهيليچ]]، اعصابي حياتيات جو ماهر
* [[دوشان پيريوويتس اهاچ]]، فلسفي
* [[مارڪو انتون پلينچيچ]]، جديد جراثيميات جو اڳواڻ
* [[يوسيپ سريبَرنيچ]]، الهيات دان ۽ بشپ
* [[يوژه سريبَرنيچ]]، سياستدان
* [[بوشتيان ووگا]]، معمار
* [[لوتسيان ووگا]]، انجنيئر ۽ موجد
* [[دانيلو زاورتانيڪ]]، سائنسدان
* [[پاويل بوني]]، ڪاياڪ عالمي تمغا يافته
* [[ٽوني پرييون]]، ڪاياڪ عالمي چيمپيئن
* [[دومين ماريچيچ]]، موسيقار

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Solkan}}
* [https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:2232_x1519645.2961122752_y5777248.646554422_s14_b2345 Geopedia تي سولڪان]
* [http://www.zupnija-solkan.si سولڪان جي ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر جي ويب سائيٽ]

{{Nova Gorica}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:نووا گوريتسا جي شهري ميونسپالٽي جون آباديون]]
[[زمرو:اٽلي–سلووينيا سرحدي گذرگاهون]]
[[زمرو:سوچا ماٿري جون آباديون]]
[[زمرو:1988ع ۾ سلووينيا ۾ قائم ٿيل ادارا]]هي ترجمو مقامي نالن جي اصل سلَويني، اطالوي ۽ جرمن اچارن کي نظر ۾ رکي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ وڪي ڪوڊ/سانچن کي نه ٽوڙيو ويو آهي.</text>
      <sha1>g81zzwzaulgeajxaw7578ip5ouchyfl</sha1>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: return { 	name = 'سلووينيا', 	top = 47.1, 	bottom = 45.2, 	left = 13.2, 	right = 16.8, 	image = 'Slovenia_location_map.svg', 	image1 = 'Slovenia relief map.png' }</comment>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|ايراني فوجي انٽيليجنس ادارو (1926–1979)}} {{Infobox government agency | agency_name     = ٻيون بيورو | native_name_a   = {{lang|fa|رکن دوم|rtl=yes}} | nativename_r    = {{Transliteration|fa|Rokn-e-Dovvom}} | logo            = | logo_caption    = انٽيليجنس وزارت جو جهنڊو | seal            = | formed          = {{start date and age|1926|df=yes}} | preceding1      = | preceding2      = | dissol...</comment>
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      <text bytes="7491" sha1="l7wrxbfspp0421d1kwj6qe0tl7btlwk" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ايراني فوجي انٽيليجنس ادارو (1926–1979)}}
{{Infobox government agency
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| native_name_a   = {{lang|fa|رکن دوم|rtl=yes}}
| nativename_r    = {{Transliteration|fa|Rokn-e-Dovvom}}
| logo            =
| logo_caption    = انٽيليجنس وزارت جو جهنڊو
| seal            =
| formed          = {{start date and age|1926|df=yes}}
| preceding1      =
| preceding2      =
| dissolved       = {{End date and age|1979|}}
| superseding     = [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جي انٽيليجنس تحفظ تنظيم]]&lt;br&gt;اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جو نائب انٽيليجنس دفتر
| jurisdiction    = [[پهلوي ايران|ايران جي حڪومت]]
| headquarters    = [[تهران]]، [[پهلوي ايران|ايران]]
| employees       =
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| minister1_name  =
| minister1_pfo   =
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'''[[شاهي ايراني فوج]] جو ٻيون بيورو''' ({{langx|fa|رکن دوم}}؛ ''Rokn-e-Dovvom'') 1926ع کان 1979ع تائين [[پھلوي خاندان]] جي دور ۾ هڪ ايراني فوجي [[انٽيليجنس ادارو]] هو.

== قيام ۽ جوڙجڪ ==
ٻيون بيورو فوج ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ چئن مکيه بيوروز مان هڪ هو. پهريون بيورو انساني وسيلن، ٽيون بيورو آپريشنز ۽ چوٿون بيورو لاجسٽڪس جو ذميوار هو. اهو [[رضا شاهه]] جي دور کان سرگرم هو ۽ هدف ملڪن ۾ موجود [[فوجي اتاشي]]ن کان معلومات حاصل ڪندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardust&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dareini|first1=Ali Akbar|date=1998|title=The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust|series=History and Culture Series|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=8120816420|pages=25–26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٻيئم بيورو]] جي نموني تي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Abrahamian|first1=Ervand|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|date=1999|title=Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|isbn=0520922905|page=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي فرانسيسي اشرافيه آفيسر، جيڪي [[جنگي يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[امام علي آفيسرز اڪيڊمي|آفيسرز اسڪول]] ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ پڙهائيندا هئا، ايران جي فوجي انٽيليجنس سروس جا باني هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardust&quot;/&gt; بعد ۾ هن اداري ۾ [[فوجي انٽيليجنس ڊائريڪٽوريٽ (برطانيا)|برطانوي ڳجهن ادارن]] جو به حصو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardust&quot;/&gt;

7 سيپٽمبر 1955ع تي &quot;شاهي ايراني فوج جي هيڊڪوارٽرز جو انٽيليجنس بيورو&quot; ({{langx|fa|اداره اطلاعات ستاد ارتش شاهنشاهی ایران}}) قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarikh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|date=1999|access-date=1 June 2016|url=http://www.tarikhirani.ir/fa/events/3/EventsList?Page=&amp;Lang=fa&amp;EventsId=285&amp;Action=EventsDetail|title=Intelligence Bureau of Imperial Iranian Army Headquarters was founded|publisher=Tarikh-e-Irani|language=Persian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[محمد رضا شاهه]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ هي ادارو سڌو سنئون کيس رپورٽ ڪندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;/&gt;

== ڪردار ==
فوج جي [[فوجي انٽيليجنس]] نظام طور ڪم ڪرڻ ۽ [[جوابي انٽيليجنس]] ڪارروائين سان گڏ، اهو فوجي اهلڪارن ۽ عام شهرين سان لاڳاپيل [[داخلي سلامتي]] ۽ [[نگراني]] جي ڪم جو به ذميوار هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;/&gt;

هن يونٽ جون ڪارروايون [[شهرباني]] ۽ [[گهرو وزارت (ايران)|گهرو وزارت]] جي ڪاررواين سان متوازي هلنديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;/&gt; [[1953ع واري ايراني بغاوت]] تائين، ان کي ايران جو واحد انٽيليجنس ادارو سمجھيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarikh&quot;/&gt;

[[ساواڪ|انٽيليجنس ۽ قومي سلامتي تنظيم]] (ساواڪ) جي قيام کان پوءِ، ان جا فوج سان ويجها لاڳاپا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Carlisle|first1=Rodney|date=2015|title=Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence|publisher=[[روٽليج]]|isbn=1317471776|pages=324–325}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ فوجي انٽيليجنس جا ڪجهه آفيسر ساواڪ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيا ويا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Naraghi|first1=Ehsan|author-link=Ehsan Naraghi|date=1999|title=From Palace to Prison: Inside the Iranian Revolution|publisher=[[آءِ. بي. ٽاورس]]|isbn=1860644945|page=176}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪجهه ساڳئي وقت ٻنهي ادارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا رهيا؛&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;/&gt; تنهن هوندي به ٻنهي ادارن وچ ۾ [[بين الخدمتي رقابت]] پيدا ٿي، جيڪا ماڻهن لاءِ به کليل راز بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarikh&quot;/&gt;

== ڊائريڪٽر ==

* عبدالرضا افخم ابراهيمي (1932 – 1934)
* محسن ديبا (1934 – ؟)
* عباسقلي اسفندياري (؟)
* {{ill|علي رياضي|fa|علی ریاضی}} (لڳ ڀڳ 1941)
* [[حسن ارفع]] (1942 – ؟)
* حبيب الله ديهيمي (؟)
* [[حسن اخوي]] (؟ – 1945)
* ڪرنل ثقفي (1945 – 1946)
* بيژن گيلانشاهه (1946 – ؟)
* علي اشرف مطهري (1950 – ؟)
* حسين سياسي (؟ – 1953)
* [[حسن پاڪروان]] (1953 – 1954)
* {{ill|مصطفيٰ امجدي|fa|مصطفی امجدی}} (1954)
* [[محمد ولي قرني]] (1954 – 1956)
* {{ill|حاج علي ڪيا|fa|حاج‌علی کیا}} (1956 – 17 مارچ 1961)
* {{ill|عزيز الله ڪمال|fa|عزیزالله کمال}} (17 مارچ 1961–؟)
* {{ill|عزيز الله پالِيزبان|fa|عزیزالله پالیزبان}} (؟ – 19 اپريل 1973)
* [[ناصر مقدم]] (19 اپريل 1973 – 7 جون 1978)
* ناصر قلي برومند جزي (7 جون 1978 – 1978)
* [[پرويز اميني افشار]] (1978 – 11 فيبروري 1979)

اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جي گڏيل اسٽاف جي ٻي ڊائريڪٽوريٽ جو سربراهه

* هدايت الله حاتمي (24 فيبروري 1979–1980)
* محمد مهدي ڪتيبه (1980–1986)
* ڪرنل شاهوردين (؟)
* [[محمد حسن نامي]] (؟)

اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جو نائب سربراهه انٽيليجنس

* [[امير حاتمي]] (1998 – 2005)
* عباس علي منصوري آراني (؟)
* سيد حميدرضا طباطبائي (؟)
* عباس جعفرينيا (؟)

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{Portal|ايران}}

* [[ساواڪ]]

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:شاهي ايراني هٿياربند فوجون]]
[[زمرو:ختم ٿيل ايراني انٽيليجنس ادارا]]
[[زمرو:ايراني سلامتي تنظيمون]]
[[زمرو:فوجي انٽيليجنس ادارا]]

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      <text bytes="7429" sha1="i97l5fjolfhdizgbiquumhrueb0eofq" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ايراني فوجي انٽيليجنس ادارو (1926–1979)}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name     = ٻيون بيورو
| native_name_a   = {{lang|fa|رکن دوم|rtl=yes}}
| nativename_r    = {{Transliteration|fa|Rokn-e-Dovvom}}
| logo            =
| logo_caption    = انٽيليجنس وزارت جو جهنڊو
| seal            =
| formed          = {{start date and age|1926|df=yes}}
| dissolved       = 1979
| superseding     = [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جي انٽيليجنس تحفظ تنظيم]]&lt;br&gt;اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جو نائب انٽيليجنس دفتر
| jurisdiction    = [[پهلوي ايران|ايران جي حڪومت]]
| headquarters    = [[تهران]]، [[پهلوي ايران|ايران]]
| employees       =
| budget          =
| minister1_name  =
| minister1_pfo   =
| minister2_name  =
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| chief1_name     = [[پرويز اميني افشار]]
| chief1_position = ڊائريڪٽر
| chief2_name     =
| chief2_position =
| parent_agency   =
| child1_agency   =
| child2_agency   =
| website         =
| footnotes       =
}}

'''[[شاهي ايراني فوج]] جو ٻيون بيورو''' ({{langx|fa|رکن دوم}}؛ ''Rokn-e-Dovvom'') 1926ع کان 1979ع تائين [[پھلوي خاندان]] جي دور ۾ هڪ ايراني فوجي [[انٽيليجنس ادارو]] هو.

== قيام ۽ جوڙجڪ ==
ٻيون بيورو فوج ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ چئن مکيه بيوروز مان هڪ هو. پهريون بيورو انساني وسيلن، ٽيون بيورو آپريشنز ۽ چوٿون بيورو لاجسٽڪس جو ذميوار هو. اهو [[رضا شاهه]] جي دور کان سرگرم هو ۽ هدف ملڪن ۾ موجود [[فوجي اتاشي]]ن کان معلومات حاصل ڪندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardust&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dareini|first1=Ali Akbar|date=1998|title=The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust|series=History and Culture Series|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=8120816420|pages=25–26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٻيئم بيورو]] جي نموني تي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Abrahamian|first1=Ervand|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|date=1999|title=Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran|publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]]|isbn=0520922905|page=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي فرانسيسي اشرافيه آفيسر، جيڪي [[جنگي يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[امام علي آفيسرز اڪيڊمي|آفيسرز اسڪول]] ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ پڙهائيندا هئا، ايران جي فوجي انٽيليجنس سروس جا باني هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardust&quot;/&gt; بعد ۾ هن اداري ۾ [[فوجي انٽيليجنس ڊائريڪٽوريٽ (برطانيا)|برطانوي ڳجهن ادارن]] جو به حصو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardust&quot;/&gt;

7 سيپٽمبر 1955ع تي &quot;شاهي ايراني فوج جي هيڊڪوارٽرز جو انٽيليجنس بيورو&quot; ({{langx|fa|اداره اطلاعات ستاد ارتش شاهنشاهی ایران}}) قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarikh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|date=1999|access-date=1 June 2016|url=http://www.tarikhirani.ir/fa/events/3/EventsList?Page=&amp;Lang=fa&amp;EventsId=285&amp;Action=EventsDetail|title=Intelligence Bureau of Imperial Iranian Army Headquarters was founded|publisher=Tarikh-e-Irani|language=Persian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[محمد رضا شاهه]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ هي ادارو سڌو سنئون کيس رپورٽ ڪندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;/&gt;

== ڪردار ==
فوج جي [[فوجي انٽيليجنس]] نظام طور ڪم ڪرڻ ۽ [[جوابي انٽيليجنس]] ڪارروائين سان گڏ، اهو فوجي اهلڪارن ۽ عام شهرين سان لاڳاپيل [[داخلي سلامتي]] ۽ [[نگراني]] جي ڪم جو به ذميوار هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;/&gt;

هن يونٽ جون ڪارروايون [[شهرباني]] ۽ [[گهرو وزارت (ايران)|گهرو وزارت]] جي ڪاررواين سان متوازي هلنديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Confessions&quot;/&gt; [[1953ع واري ايراني بغاوت]] تائين، ان کي ايران جو واحد انٽيليجنس ادارو سمجھيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarikh&quot;/&gt;

[[ساواڪ|انٽيليجنس ۽ قومي سلامتي تنظيم]] (ساواڪ) جي قيام کان پوءِ، ان جا فوج سان ويجها لاڳاپا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Carlisle|first1=Rodney|date=2015|title=Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence|publisher=[[روٽليج]]|isbn=1317471776|pages=324–325}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ فوجي انٽيليجنس جا ڪجهه آفيسر ساواڪ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيا ويا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Naraghi|first1=Ehsan|author-link=Ehsan Naraghi|date=1999|title=From Palace to Prison: Inside the Iranian Revolution|publisher=[[آءِ. بي. ٽاورس]]|isbn=1860644945|page=176}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ڪجهه ساڳئي وقت ٻنهي ادارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا رهيا؛&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;/&gt; تنهن هوندي به ٻنهي ادارن وچ ۾ [[بين الخدمتي رقابت]] پيدا ٿي، جيڪا ماڻهن لاءِ به کليل راز بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarikh&quot;/&gt;

== ڊائريڪٽر ==

* عبدالرضا افخم ابراهيمي (1932 – 1934)
* محسن ديبا (1934 – ؟)
* عباسقلي اسفندياري (؟)
* {{ill|علي رياضي|fa|علی ریاضی}} (لڳ ڀڳ 1941)
* [[حسن ارفع]] (1942 – ؟)
* حبيب الله ديهيمي (؟)
* [[حسن اخوي]] (؟ – 1945)
* ڪرنل ثقفي (1945 – 1946)
* بيژن گيلانشاهه (1946 – ؟)
* علي اشرف مطهري (1950 – ؟)
* حسين سياسي (؟ – 1953)
* [[حسن پاڪروان]] (1953 – 1954)
* {{ill|مصطفيٰ امجدي|fa|مصطفی امجدی}} (1954)
* [[محمد ولي قرني]] (1954 – 1956)
* {{ill|حاج علي ڪيا|fa|حاج‌علی کیا}} (1956 – 17 مارچ 1961)
* {{ill|عزيز الله ڪمال|fa|عزیزالله کمال}} (17 مارچ 1961–؟)
* {{ill|عزيز الله پالِيزبان|fa|عزیزالله پالیزبان}} (؟ – 19 اپريل 1973)
* [[ناصر مقدم]] (19 اپريل 1973 – 7 جون 1978)
* ناصر قلي برومند جزي (7 جون 1978 – 1978)
* [[پرويز اميني افشار]] (1978 – 11 فيبروري 1979)

اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جي گڏيل اسٽاف جي ٻي ڊائريڪٽوريٽ جو سربراهه

* هدايت الله حاتمي (24 فيبروري 1979–1980)
* محمد مهدي ڪتيبه (1980–1986)
* ڪرنل شاهوردين (؟)
* [[محمد حسن نامي]] (؟)

اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي فوج جو نائب سربراهه انٽيليجنس

* [[امير حاتمي]] (1998 – 2005)
* عباس علي منصوري آراني (؟)
* سيد حميدرضا طباطبائي (؟)
* عباس جعفرينيا (؟)

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{Portal|ايران}}

* [[ساواڪ]]

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:شاهي ايراني هٿياربند فوجون]]
[[زمرو:ختم ٿيل ايراني انٽيليجنس ادارا]]
[[زمرو:ايراني سلامتي تنظيمون]]
[[زمرو:فوجي انٽيليجنس ادارا]]

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      <comment>نئون صفحو:  {{Infobox musical artist | image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg | image_size = | landscape = | alt = | caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي | birth_name = شابير تبري عالم | birth_place = [[سنگاپور]] | genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]] | instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]...</comment>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=&amp;quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&amp;quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس اسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.

==ڊسڪوگرافي==

===پس منظر گلوڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! سال !! عنوان !! ٻولي !! گيت |- | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013 || ''[[واتيڪچي]]'' || تامل || &quot;اما ويڪ مي اَپ&quot; ۽ &quot;آري اُنائي&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار |- | ''پرانم ڪوسم'' || تيلگو || &quot;ايروگارا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار |- | 2014 || ''[[اريما نمبي]]'' || تامل || &quot;يارو يار اوَل&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار |- | 2016 || ''[[بابو بنگارم]]'' || تيلگو || ''بابو بنگارم ٿيم'' لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار |- | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019 || ''[[ڪدارم ڪنڊن]]'' || تامل || &quot;ڪدارم ڪنڊن&quot; گيت لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ ريپ جا لفظ |- | ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]'' || تامل || &quot;نينجمُنڊو&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار |- | 2021 || ''[[مارا]]'' || تامل || &quot;پگاڊا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ شاعر |- | 2022 || ''آلامبنا'' || تامل || &quot;اوروڪلا پدوسا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار |- | 2023 || ''[[ٿُنيوُ]]'' || تامل || &quot;گينگسٽا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار، گيتڪار ۽ شاعر |}

===فلمي موسيقار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! سال !! عنوان !! ٻولي !! نوٽ |- | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017 || ''ٽوگيڌر اپارٽ، دي مينيفيسٽ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|title=Project Lapis Sagu - Updates|website=Project Lapis Sagu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144719/https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; || انگريزي || |- | ''[[سانگو چڪرم]]'' || تامل || |- | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2019 || ''[[ساگا]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[نييا 2]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[راجو گاري گاڌي 3]]'' || تيلگو || ''ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2'' جو نئون نسخو |- | 2021 || ''مافڪن ماڪ'' || ملئي || |- | 2022 || ''[[سِنام (2022ع جي فلم)|سِنام]]'' || تامل || |}

===آزاد فنڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! سال !! عنوان !! ٻولي !! نوٽ |- | 2006 || ''الائيپائوتهي'' || تامل || |- | 2008 || ''ٽرافيڪ'' || تامل || |- | 2012 || ''سنگائي ناڊو'' || تامل || |- | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014 || ''مي بي'' || تامل / هندي || |- | ''اونجالاڊم'' || تامل || |- | ''بومي اٿيرم'' || تامل || |- | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2020 || ''آئيزھائي'' || تامل / انگريزي || |- | ''ايزهوووم'' || تامل || |- | ''ٽوگيڌر'' || تامل || |- | 2021 || ''ٿنيمائي'' || تامل || |- | 2022 || ''رباعيات ڪويتا'' || تامل / انگريزي || |- | 2023 || ''وِن مِن'' || تامل / انگريزي || پرٿيوي سان گڏ |}

===فلمي ڪارڪردگي===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! سال !! عنوان !! ڪردار !! نوٽ |- | 2011 || ''[[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]]'' || نانٿا || پرڌانا وِزها ايوارڊز 2011ع ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو |- | 2021 || ''دس لينڊ اِز مائين'' || ميجر حبيب الله خان || بهترين معاون اداڪار لاءِ ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ نامزدگي |- | 2022 || ''نام 2'' || ويٽائيان || |}</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.

== ڊسڪوگرافي ==

=== پس منظر گلوڪار طور ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ٻولي
! گيت
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013
| ''[[واتيڪچي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;اما ويڪ مي اَپ&quot; ۽ &quot;آري اُنائي&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| ''پرانم ڪوسم''
| تيلگو
| &quot;ايروگارا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2014
| ''[[اريما نمبي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;يارو يار اوَل&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2016
| ''[[بابو بنگارم]]''
| تيلگو
| ''بابو بنگارم ٿيم'' لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ڪدارم ڪنڊن]]''
| تامل
| &quot;ڪدارم ڪنڊن&quot; گيت لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ ريپ ٻول
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;نينجمُنڊو&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2021
| ''[[مارا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;پگاڊا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ شاعر
|-
| 2022
| ''آلامبنا''
| تامل
| &quot;اوروڪلا پدوسا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2023
| ''[[ٿُنيوُ]]''
| تامل
| &quot;گينگسٽا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار، گيتڪار ۽ شاعر
|}


===فلمي موسيقار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! سال !! عنوان !! ٻولي !! نوٽ |- | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017 || ''ٽوگيڌر اپارٽ، دي مينيفيسٽ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|title=Project Lapis Sagu - Updates|website=Project Lapis Sagu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144719/https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; || انگريزي || |- | ''[[سانگو چڪرم]]'' || تامل || |- | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2019 || ''[[ساگا]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[نييا 2]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]'' || تامل || |- | ''[[راجو گاري گاڌي 3]]'' || تيلگو || ''ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2'' جو نئون نسخو |- | 2021 || ''مافڪن ماڪ'' || ملئي || |- | 2022 || ''[[سِنام (2022ع جي فلم)|سِنام]]'' || تامل || |}

===آزاد فنڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! سال !! عنوان !! ٻولي !! نوٽ |- | 2006 || ''الائيپائوتهي'' || تامل || |- | 2008 || ''ٽرافيڪ'' || تامل || |- | 2012 || ''سنگائي ناڊو'' || تامل || |- | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014 || ''مي بي'' || تامل / هندي || |- | ''اونجالاڊم'' || تامل || |- | ''بومي اٿيرم'' || تامل || |- | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2020 || ''آئيزھائي'' || تامل / انگريزي || |- | ''ايزهوووم'' || تامل || |- | ''ٽوگيڌر'' || تامل || |- | 2021 || ''ٿنيمائي'' || تامل || |- | 2022 || ''رباعيات ڪويتا'' || تامل / انگريزي || |- | 2023 || ''وِن مِن'' || تامل / انگريزي || پرٿيوي سان گڏ |}

===فلمي ڪارڪردگي===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! سال !! عنوان !! ڪردار !! نوٽ |- | 2011 || ''[[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]]'' || نانٿا || پرڌانا وِزها ايوارڊز 2011ع ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو |- | 2021 || ''دس لينڊ اِز مائين'' || ميجر حبيب الله خان || بهترين معاون اداڪار لاءِ ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ نامزدگي |- | 2022 || ''نام 2'' || ويٽائيان || |}</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.

== ڊسڪوگرافي ==

=== پس منظر گلوڪار طور ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ٻولي
! گيت
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013
| ''[[واتيڪچي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;اما ويڪ مي اَپ&quot; ۽ &quot;آري اُنائي&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| ''پرانم ڪوسم''
| تيلگو
| &quot;ايروگارا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2014
| ''[[اريما نمبي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;يارو يار اوَل&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2016
| ''[[بابو بنگارم]]''
| تيلگو
| ''بابو بنگارم ٿيم'' لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ڪدارم ڪنڊن]]''
| تامل
| &quot;ڪدارم ڪنڊن&quot; گيت لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ ريپ ٻول
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;نينجمُنڊو&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2021
| ''[[مارا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;پگاڊا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ شاعر
|-
| 2022
| ''آلامبنا''
| تامل
| &quot;اوروڪلا پدوسا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2023
| ''[[ٿُنيوُ]]''
| تامل
| &quot;گينگسٽا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار، گيتڪار ۽ شاعر
|}

===فلمي موسيقار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ٻولي
! نوٽ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| ''ٽوگيڌر اپارٽ، دي مينيفيسٽ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|title=Project Lapis Sagu - Updates|website=Project Lapis Sagu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144719/https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| انگريزي

|
|}

===آزاد فنڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ٻولي
! نوٽ
|-
| 2006
| ''الائيپائوتهي''
| تامل

===فلمي ڪارڪردگي===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ڪردار
! نوٽ
|-
| 2011
| ''[[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]]''
| نانٿا

پرڌانا وِزها ايوارڊز 2011ع ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو
2021
''دس لينڊ اِز مائين''
ميجر حبيب الله خان
بهترين معاون اداڪار لاءِ ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ نامزدگي
-
2022
''نام 2''
ويٽائيان

|
|}نوٽ: توهان جي اصل ڪوڊ ۾ عنوان به غلط هو (=فلمي موسيقار طور===). صحيح صورت ===فلمي موسيقار طور=== آهي، نه ته سيڪشن صحيح نموني ظاهر نه ٿيندو.</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.

== ڊسڪوگرافي ==

=== پس منظر گلوڪار طور ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ٻولي
! گيت
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013
| ''[[واتيڪچي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;اما ويڪ مي اَپ&quot; ۽ &quot;آري اُنائي&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| ''پرانم ڪوسم''
| تيلگو
| &quot;ايروگارا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2014
| ''[[اريما نمبي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;يارو يار اوَل&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2016
| ''[[بابو بنگارم]]''
| تيلگو
| ''بابو بنگارم ٿيم'' لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ڪدارم ڪنڊن]]''
| تامل
| &quot;ڪدارم ڪنڊن&quot; گيت لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ ريپ ٻول
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;نينجمُنڊو&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2021
| ''[[مارا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;پگاڊا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ شاعر
|-
| 2022
| ''آلامبنا''
| تامل
| &quot;اوروڪلا پدوسا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2023
| ''[[ٿُنيوُ]]''
| تامل
| &quot;گينگسٽا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار، گيتڪار ۽ شاعر
|}

===فلمي موسيقار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ٻولي
! نوٽ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| ''ٽوگيڌر اپارٽ، دي مينيفيسٽ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|title=Project Lapis Sagu - Updates|website=Project Lapis Sagu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144719/https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| انگريزي

|
|}

===آزاد فنڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! سال
! عنوان
! ٻولي
! نوٽ
|-
| 2006
| ''الائيپائوتهي''
| تامل</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.

==ڊسڪوگرافي==

===پس منظر گلوڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | پس منظر گلوڪار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | گيت
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013
| ''[[واتيڪچي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;اما ويڪ مي اپ&quot; ۽ &quot;آري اُنائي&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| ''پرانم ڪوسم''
| تيلگو
| &quot;ايروگارا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2014
| ''[[اريما نمبي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;يارو يار اوَل&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2016
| ''[[بابو بنگارم]]''
| تيلگو
| ''بابو بنگارم ٿيم'' لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ڪدارم ڪنڊن]]''
| تامل
| &quot;ڪدارم ڪنڊن&quot; گيت لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ ريپ جا لفظ
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;نينجمُنڊو&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2021
| ''[[مارا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;پگاڊا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ شاعر
|-
| 2022
| ''آلامبنا''
| تامل
| &quot;اوروڪلا پدوسا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2023
| ''[[ٿُنيوُ]]''
| تامل
| &quot;گينگسٽا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار، گيتڪار ۽ شاعر
|}

===فلمي موسيقار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#8B0000; color:white;&quot; | فلمي موسيقار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| ''ٽوگيڌر اپارٽ، دي مينيفيسٽ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|title=Project Lapis Sagu - Updates|website=Project Lapis Sagu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144719/https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| انگريزي
|
|-
| ''[[سانگو چڪرم]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ساگا]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[نييا 2]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[راجو گاري گاڌي 3]]''
| تيلگو
| ''ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2'' جو نئون نسخو
|-
| 2021
| ''مافڪن ماڪ''
| ملئي
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[سِنام (2022ع جي فلم)|سِنام]]''
| تامل
|
|}

===آزاد فنڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E3A8A; color:white;&quot; | آزاد فنڪار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| 2006
| ''الائيپائوٿي''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2008
| ''ٽرافيڪ''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2012
| ''سنگائي ناڊو''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014
| ''مي بي''
| تامل / هندي
|
|-
| ''اونجالاڊم''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''بومي اٿيرم''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2020
| ''آئيزھائي''
| تامل / انگريزي
|
|-
| ''ايزهوووم''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''ٽوگيڌر''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2021
| ''ٿنيمائي''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2022
| ''رباعيات ڪويتا''
| تامل / انگريزي
|
|-
| 2023
| ''وِن مِن''
| تامل / انگريزي
| پرٿيوي سان گڏ
|}</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.

==ڊسڪوگرافي==

===پس منظر گلوڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | پس منظر گلوڪار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | گيت
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013
| ''[[واتيڪچي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;اما ويڪ مي اپ&quot; ۽ &quot;آري اُنائي&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| ''پرانم ڪوسم''
| تيلگو
| &quot;ايروگارا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2014
| ''[[اريما نمبي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;يارو يار اوَل&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2016
| ''[[بابو بنگارم]]''
| تيلگو
| ''بابو بنگارم ٿيم'' لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ڪدارم ڪنڊن]]''
| تامل
| &quot;ڪدارم ڪنڊن&quot; گيت لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ ريپ جا لفظ
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;نينجمُنڊو&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2021
| ''[[مارا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;پگاڊا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ شاعر
|-
| 2022
| ''آلامبنا''
| تامل
| &quot;اوروڪلا پدوسا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2023
| ''[[ٿُنيوُ]]''
| تامل
| &quot;گينگسٽا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار، گيتڪار ۽ شاعر
|}

===فلمي موسيقار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#8B0000; color:white;&quot; | فلمي موسيقار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| ''ٽوگيڌر اپارٽ، دي مينيفيسٽ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|title=Project Lapis Sagu - Updates|website=Project Lapis Sagu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144719/https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| انگريزي
|
|-
| ''[[سانگو چڪرم]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ساگا]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[نييا 2]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[راجو گاري گاڌي 3]]''
| تيلگو
| ''ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2'' جو نئون نسخو
|-
| 2021
| ''مافڪن ماڪ''
| ملئي
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[سِنام (2022ع جي فلم)|سِنام]]''
| تامل
|
|}

===آزاد فنڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E3A8A; color:white;&quot; | آزاد فنڪار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| 2006
| ''الائيپائوٿي''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2008
| ''ٽرافيڪ''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2012
| ''سنگائي ناڊو''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014
| ''مي بي''
| تامل / هندي
|
|-
| ''اونجالاڊم''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''بومي اٿيرم''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2020
| ''آئيزھائي''
| تامل / انگريزي
|
|-
| ''ايزهوووم''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''ٽوگيڌر''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2021
| ''ٿنيمائي''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2022
| ''رباعيات ڪويتا''
| تامل / انگريزي
|
|-
| 2023
| ''وِن مِن''
| تامل / انگريزي
| پرٿيوي سان گڏ
|}

==فلمي ڪارڪردگي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#6A1B9A; color:white; font-size:115%;&quot; | فلمي ڪارڪردگي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | ڪردار
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| 2011
| ''[[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]]''
| نانٿا
| پرڌانا وِزها ايوارڊز 2011ع ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو
|-
| 2021
| ''دس لينڊ اِز مائين''
| ميجر حبيب الله خان
| ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار لاءِ نامزد
|-
| 2022
| ''نام 2''
| ويٽائيان
|
|}</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Shabir winning award 2012.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = شابير 2012ع ۾ انعام حاصل ڪندي
| birth_name = شابير تبري عالم
| birth_place = [[سنگاپور]]
| genre = [[انڊي پاپ]]، [[فلمي موسيقي]]، [[عالمي موسيقي|عالمي]]، [[متبادل راڪ|راڪ]]، [[لوڪ موسيقي|لوڪ]]
| instrument = [[سنٿيسائزر|سنٿ]]، [[هارمونيم]]، ڪي بورڊ، گٽار، آواز
| occupation = موسيقي پروڊيوسر، موسيقار، ترتيبڪار، گيت نويس، ڳائڻو، شاعر، اداڪار
| label = شابير ميوزڪ، [[ٿنڪ ميوزڪ]]، [[سوني ميوزڪ انڊيا]]
| years_active = 2005ع–هاڻوڪو
| website = {{URL|shabirmusic.com}}
| background = solo_singer
}}

'''شبير تبري عالم'''، جيڪو پيشاورانه طور '''شبير سلطان''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[سنگاپور]] جو ڳائڻو، گيت لکندڙ، رڪارڊ پروڊيوسر، موسيقار ۽ پرفارمر آهي. سندس اڪثر گيتن جا ٻول [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ۾ هوندا آهن.

هن 2005ع ۾ منعقد ٿيل پهرين ڳائڻي مقابلي &quot;وسنٿم اسٽار&quot; ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Star Shabir Has Waited Two Years For That Feeling Of Unity At NDP |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/music-star-shabir-waited-two-160000086.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sg.style.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو [[ميڊيا ڪارپ وسنٿم]] ٽيليويزن چينل پاران پيش ڪيو ويو هو. فلم [[ساگا]] لاءِ سندس ڳايل گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; ڀارت ۽ دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾ وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music composer Shabir makes viral debut with 'Sagaa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/27/music-composer-shabir-makes-viral-debut-with-sagaa-1849587.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ کان پوءِ شبير محسوس ڪيو ته تامل ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهٽ گيت پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان کان پوءِ هن &quot;سنگائي ناڊو&quot; نالي گيت ترتيب ڏنو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shabir performs his hit 'Singai Naadu' {{!}} National Day Parade 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCtK2WAaxZI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو 2012ع جي قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On Singai Naadu’s 10th anniversary, this is the untold story behind Shabir’s love song to the nation |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/shabir-singai-naadu-tenth-anniversary-singapore-325426 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم [[لي هسين لونگ]] هن گيت جي واکاڻ ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/1Singapore/posts/408261809230639 Singapore – Lee Hsien Loong Most of us know Munnaeru...]. Facebook (22 August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته شابير کي [[سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ]] پڻ ڏنو ويو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Chan Kong Yao |date=2017-09-15 |title=Shining youth stars {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shining-youth-stars |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو سنگاپور حڪومت طرفان نوجوان ڪامياب شخصيتن کي ڏنو ويندو آهي.

شبير ڪيترن ئي [[ايگل ويزن]]، [[ميڊيا ڪارپ]] ۽ وي يو فلمز جي ٽيليويزن سلسلن ۾ پڻ اداڪاري ڪئي آهي. هن [[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]] ۾ &quot;نانٿا&quot; جو مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ مخالف هيرو هو. هي سلسلو 2010ع ۾ نشر ٿيو ۽ سنگاپور ۽ ملائيشيا ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=#TuesdayTrivia: The Character Nanda In Vettai Is Actually The Composer Of Hit Song Yayyum! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/tuesdaytrivia-the-character-nanda-in-vettai-is-actually-the-composer-of-hit-song-yayyum |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع ۾ شابير پنهنجي اداڪاري جي بنياد تي &quot;پردھانا وِزا ايوارڊز&quot; ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو.

هن بعد ۾ مشهور سلسلي ''نام'' جي ٻئي حصي ''نام 2'' ۾ &quot;ويٽائيان&quot; جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NAAM Season 2 New character ‼️ Shabir Tabare Alam as Vettaiyan 🔥 #shorts #naamS2 #tamil #webseries |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_Y5fNhV5F4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن تاريخي ڊرامي ''دس لينڊ از مائين'' ۾ جنگي هيرو &quot;ميجر حبيب الله خان&quot; جو ڪردار پڻ نڀايو، جنهن لاءِ کيس ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار جي درجي لاءِ نامزد ڪيو ويو.

ذاتي زندگي

شبير سنگاپور ۾ ڄائو. سندس والد جو تعلق [[ترووننامالائي]]، [[تامل ناڊو]] سان آهي ۽ هو [[اردو]] ۽ [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] ڳالهائيندو آهي. سندس والده [[ملئي ٻولي|ملئي]] ۽ تامل ٻوليون ڳالهائيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Tashny Sukumaran | title=The Urban Poet | url=http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | work=The New Sunday Times, Sunday People | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231756/http://sundaypeople.nst.com.my/Current_News/SundayPeople/article/MusicDance/20090719104153/Article/index_html | archivedate=22 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

شبير ٻارهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ پنهنجو پهريون گيت ترتيب ڏنو.

==ڪيريئر==

شبير موسيقي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو ڪم 12 ورهين جي عمر ۾ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wrote my first song when I was 12: Shabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-wrote-my-first-song-when-i-was-12shabir/articleshow/57061168.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن پاڻمرادو ڪي بورڊ وڄائڻ سکيو ۽ بعد ۾ [[هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي]] جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هن وائلن جي سکيا سري ويريشور ماڌري کان ۽ گٽار جي سکيا اسٽيو واٽز کان ورتي. آخرڪار شبير موسيقي پيداوار ۽ موسيقي ترتيب جي شعبي ۾ بيچلر ڊگري حاصل ڪئي.

شبير سنگاپور جي مشهور رڪارڊنگ فنڪارن مان هڪ آهي. هن ٽي البم جاري ڪيا آهن: ''الائيپايوٿي''،&lt;ref name=&quot;Shabir's New Music Video Shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author=Sajini | title=Shabir's New Music Video Shoot | url=http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | work=Our Truest Life Is When We Are in Our Dreams Awake | date=9 April 2006 | accessdate=20 February 2010 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606155052/http://sajini.multiply.com/photos/album/38/Shabirs_N-E-W_music_vid_shoot... | archivedate=6 June 2009 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽريفڪ'' ۽ ''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''.

هن جي موسيقي تي مختلف اندازن جو اثر ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جن ۾ پاپ، انڊي، متبادل راڪ ۽ عالمي موسيقي شامل آهن. سندس شاعريءَ ۾ لفظن سان راند، استعارا ۽ آوازي لهجي سان تجربا نمايان آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tashny Sukumaran&quot;/&gt;

شبير جي ابتدائي موسيقي پسندن ۾ هي وي ميٽل ۽ راڪ بينڊ شامل هئا، جن مان خاص طور تي ''ريج اگينسٽ دي مشين'' ۽ ''ميٽاليڪا'' سندس آوازي انداز تي اثرانداز ٿيا.

===فلمي موسيقي===

فلم ''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، جنهن جي موسيقي کي ناقدن طرفان وڏي ساراهه ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مرڪزي گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; رليز ٿيڻ سان ئي تمام گهڻو مقبول ٿيو ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان پڻ ساراهه حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺائون حاصل ٿيون، جڏهن ته اسپاٽيفاءِ تي ان کي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا ٻڌو ويو آهي.

شبير واحد سنگاپوري موسيقار آهي جيڪو ڀارت ۾ فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فلمي موسيقي===

''[[ساگا]]'' شبير جي فلمي موسيقار طور پهرين فلم هئي، ۽ ان جي موسيقيءَ کي ناقدن طرفان ساراهيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sangu Chakkaram Movie Review |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051740/http://kalakkalcinema.com/sangu-chakkaram-review/5azqBj2.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلم جو مکيه گيت &quot;يايوم&quot; جاري ٿيڻ شرط وڏي مقبوليت ماڻي ۽ ناقدن سان گڏ مداحن کان به وڏي پذيرائي حاصل ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=Profile: Shabir Tabare Alam - The A List |url=http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003912/http://a-list.sg/profile-shabir-tabare-alam/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2023-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;يايوم&quot; کي يوٽيوب تي 124 ملين کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل ڀيرا ۽ اسپاٽيفاءِ تي 13 ملين کان وڌيڪ ٻڌڻيون مليون آهن. شبير واحد سنگاپوري فنڪار آهي جيڪو هندستاني فلمن لاءِ موسيقي ترتيب ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shabir is Singapore’s latest prized export – and he’s taking India by storm |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/lifestyle/shabir-singapore-latest-export-india-kollywood-composer-actor-1377746 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===آزاد موسيقي===

شبير کي عالمي تامل موسيقي تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Indran |last=P. |date=2019-01-23 |title=&quot;It’s so much more than just running around trees&quot;: Shabir speaks on the evolution of Tamil music |url=https://hear65.bandwagon.asia/articles/shabir-speaks-on-the-evolution-of-Tamil-music |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس پهريون البم ''الائيپايوٿي'' 2005ع ۾ جاري ٿيو.

سندس ٻيو البم ''ٽريفڪ'' (''ديجا وو'' ۽ ''نگارا ويتائي'') مقامي ۽ بين الاقوامي ٽيليويزن چينلن تي باقاعدي نشر ٿيندو رهيو، جن ۾ [[ايم ٽي وي ايشيا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=MTV Asia | title=Dejavu | url=http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | work=MTV Asia.com | date=1 January 2010 | accessdate=17 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090954/http://www.mtvasia.com/Videos/music.php?vid=M0295S | archive-date=9 February 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[چينل وي]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Channel V | title=Shabir | url=http://amp.channelv.com/amp/viewArtist.html?id=38511 | work=[V]AMP | year=2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; شامل آهن. ان سان ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۾ سندس شهرت وڌيڪ وڌي.

''سواسام – سينٽس آف پروز''، جيڪو هاءِ بريڊ ميڊيا پاران تيار ڪيو ويو، 7 اپريل 2012ع تي جاري ٿيو. هن البم ۾ مختلف موسيقي اندازن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو ۽ ان ۾ سنگاپور جي ڪيترين ئي مشهور شخصيتن جون شاعري پڙهڻ واريون پيشڪشون شامل هيون، جن ۾ ملڪ جو ڇهون صدر ايس. آر. ناٿن، وزير ايس. اِسوارن، اڳوڻو اين ايم پي وشوا سداشيوان ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://highbreedmedia.com/ |title=HBM |access-date=2 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129010418/http://highbreedmedia.com/ |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===تڪرار===

شبير 2005ع ۾ ٿيندڙ پهرين ''وسنٿم اسٽار'' مقابلي جو فاتح بڻيو، پر مقابلي دوران ڪجهه تڪرار پڻ پيدا ٿيا.

سندس شروعاتي پرفارمنسن کي ملايل ردعمل مليو ۽ خاص طور تي سندس تلفظ ۽ عام ٻوليءَ جي استعمال تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي. هو ڪوارٽر فائنل تائين پهتو، پر سيمي فائنل ۾ مقابلي کان ٻاهر ٿي ويو، جنهن تي ڪيترائي مداح ناراض ٿيا. پنج سؤ کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي صحيحن سان هڪ درخواست مقابلي جي منتظمن کي ڏني وئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هڪ ''وائلڊ ڪارڊ'' داخلا متعارف ڪرائي وئي. ان ذريعي شبير ٻيهر مقابلي ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار فاتح بڻيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gangster turns Icon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Leong Wai Kit |date=January 2010 |title=Gangster turns Icon |work=NTUC Lifestyle Magazine |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=4345044&amp;id=121313047576 |accessdate=17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
2021ع ۾ شبير سنگاپور جي ٻين گلوڪارن لِنيئنگ، سزائري ۽ شائي اين برائون سان گڏ قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو موضوعي گيت ''دي روڊ اَهِيڊ'' پيش ڪيو.
2024ع ۾ شبير قومي ڏينهن جي پريڊ ۾ ''مَجُلا سنگاپورا'' پيش ڪيو.هن ترتيب ۾ فلمي موسيقي → آزاد موسيقي → تڪرار هڪ ڀيرو ئي اچي ٿو، ۽ ورجاءُ ختم ٿي وڃي ٿو.

==ڊسڪوگرافي==

===پس منظر گلوڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | پس منظر گلوڪار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#D8EFD3;&quot; | گيت
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013
| ''[[واتيڪچي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;اما ويڪ مي اپ&quot; ۽ &quot;آري اُنائي&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| ''پرانم ڪوسم''
| تيلگو
| &quot;ايروگارا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2014
| ''[[اريما نمبي]]''
| تامل
| &quot;يارو يار اوَل&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2016
| ''[[بابو بنگارم]]''
| تيلگو
| ''بابو بنگارم ٿيم'' لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ گيتڪار
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ڪدارم ڪنڊن]]''
| تامل
| &quot;ڪدارم ڪنڊن&quot; گيت لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ ريپ جا لفظ
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;نينجمُنڊو&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2021
| ''[[مارا]]''
| تامل
| &quot;پگاڊا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار ۽ شاعر
|-
| 2022
| ''آلامبنا''
| تامل
| &quot;اوروڪلا پدوسا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار
|-
| 2023
| ''[[ٿُنيوُ]]''
| تامل
| &quot;گينگسٽا&quot; لاءِ گلوڪار، گيتڪار ۽ شاعر
|}

===فلمي موسيقار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#8B0000; color:white;&quot; | فلمي موسيقار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#F8D7DA;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| ''ٽوگيڌر اپارٽ، دي مينيفيسٽ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|title=Project Lapis Sagu - Updates|website=Project Lapis Sagu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144719/https://lapis-sagu.sg/updates|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| انگريزي
|
|-
| ''[[سانگو چڪرم]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2019
| ''[[ساگا]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[نييا 2]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[نينجمُنڊو نيرمائيُنڊو اوڊو راجا]]''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''[[راجو گاري گاڌي 3]]''
| تيلگو
| ''ڌِلوڪو ڌُدُدو 2'' جو نئون نسخو
|-
| 2021
| ''مافڪن ماڪ''
| ملئي
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[سِنام (2022ع جي فلم)|سِنام]]''
| تامل
|
|}

===آزاد فنڪار طور===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E3A8A; color:white;&quot; | آزاد فنڪار طور
|-
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | ٻولي
! style=&quot;background:#DBEAFE;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| 2006
| ''الائيپائوٿي''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2008
| ''ٽرافيڪ''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2012
| ''سنگائي ناڊو''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014
| ''مي بي''
| تامل / هندي
|
|-
| ''اونجالاڊم''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''بومي اٿيرم''
| تامل
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2020
| ''آئيزھائي''
| تامل / انگريزي
|
|-
| ''ايزهوووم''
| تامل
|
|-
| ''ٽوگيڌر''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2021
| ''ٿنيمائي''
| تامل
|
|-
| 2022
| ''رباعيات ڪويتا''
| تامل / انگريزي
|
|-
| 2023
| ''وِن مِن''
| تامل / انگريزي
| پرٿيوي سان گڏ
|}

==فلمي ڪارڪردگي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#6A1B9A; color:white; font-size:115%;&quot; | فلمي ڪارڪردگي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | عنوان
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | ڪردار
! style=&quot;background:#EDE7F6;&quot; | نوٽ
|-
| 2011
| ''[[ويٽائي (ٽي وي سلسلو)|ويٽائي]]''
| نانٿا
| پرڌانا وِزها ايوارڊز 2011ع ۾ بهترين اداڪار جو انعام حاصل ڪيو
|-
| 2021
| ''دس لينڊ اِز مائين''
| ميجر حبيب الله خان
| ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز ۾ بهترين معاون اداڪار لاءِ نامزد
|-
| 2022
| ''نام 2''
| ويٽائيان
|
|}

==اعزاز ۽ انعام==

وسنٿم اسٽار 2005 (فاتح)&lt;ref&gt;[http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/article-vstar2011.aspx?cp-documentid=5293194 Hall of Fame – Vasantham on xinmsn Entertainment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007103433/http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/article-vstar2011.aspx?cp-documentid=5293194 |date=7 October 2011 }}. Entertainment.xin.msn.com (19 September 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

ديرانا ٽي وي ايوارڊز 2009 — &quot;نگارا وائيتي&quot; لاءِ بهترين موسيقي وڊيو (فاتح)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.derana.lk/best_music_video.php?cat1=tamil_video Tv Derana – Sri Lanka's Premium Entertainment Channel – Teledrama, Mp3, Music videos, Reality shows and Fanclub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727160556/http://www.derana.lk/best_music_video.php?cat1=tamil_video |date=27 July 2014 }}. Derana.lk.&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڌانا وِزها 2011 — بهترين اداڪار (فاتح)&lt;ref name=&quot;entertainment.xin.msn.com&quot;&gt;[http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/events-article.aspx?cp-documentid=4980280 Pradhana Vizha 2011 – Vasantham on xinmsn Entertainment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630205154/http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/events-article.aspx?cp-documentid=4980280 |date=30 June 2013 }}. Entertainment.xin.msn.com (29 June 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور انڊين آرٽسٽس ايسوسيئيشن 2011 — اعزازي بهترين اداڪار&lt;ref name=&quot;entertainment.xin.msn.com&quot;/&gt;

پرڌانا وِزها 2012 — سڀ کان مشهور گيت (فاتح)&lt;ref&gt;[http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/pradhana-vizha-2023 Pradhana Vizha 2012 – Vasantham on xinmsn Entertainment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709202830/http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/pradhana-vizha-2023 |date=9 July 2013 }}. Entertainment.xin.msn.com (19 September 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

سنگاپور تامل ليکڪن جي تنظيم طرفان ڪنڊاسن ايوارڊ 2012 (فاتح)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.singaporetamilwriters.com/index.php/muthamizhvizha/2011-03-05-09-34-34 சிங்கப்பூர்த் தமிழ் எழுத்தாளர் கழகம்] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030112503/http://www.singaporetamilwriters.com/index.php/muthamizhvizha/2011-03-05-09-34-34 |date=30 October 2013 }}. Singaporetamilwriters.com (5 March 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڊيسن ايوارڊز 2013 — بهترين بين الاقوامي گلوڪار (فاتح)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151419232654788&amp;set=a.131478754787.104721.129902969787&amp;type=1&amp;ref=nf sg-cafe – Timeline Photos]. Facebook.&lt;/ref&gt;

ايشيائي ٽيليويزن ايوارڊز 2016 — ''ڪشاتريان'' جي موسيقي لاءِ هائيلي ڪمينڊيڊ ايوارڊ

پرڌانا وِزها 2016 — بهترين سائونڊ ٽريڪ (''ني اِندرو ڪشاتريان'' لاءِ فاتح)

سنگاپور يوٿ ايوارڊ 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nyc.gov.sg/initiatives/awards/sya |title=Singapore Youth Award |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042753/https://nyc.gov.sg/initiatives/awards/sya |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪمپاس طرفان آرٽسٽڪ ايڪسيلينس ايوارڊ 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Durai |first=Revathi |date=2022-09-28 |title=Singapore Crooner, Shabir Honoured With Prestigious Artistic Excellence Award |url=https://varnam.my/67150/singapore-crooner-shabir-honoured-with-prestigious-artistic-excellence-award/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Varnam MY |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪنٽينٽ ايشيا ايوارڊ 2022 — ايشيائي ٽي وي پروگرام يا فلم لاءِ بهترين اصل گيت&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=Paul B. S. |date=August 2022 |title=The Best Original Paper Award |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-1633.12591 |journal=Surgical Practice |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=145–145 |doi=10.1111/1744-1633.12591 |issn=1744-1625|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڌانا وِزها 2022 — &quot;ويٽائي&quot; لاءِ بهترين اصل گيت جو ايوارڊ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=These are the winners at the first night of Vasantham's Pradhana Vizha 2022 |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/vasantham-pradhana-vizha-2022-part-1-winners-parambarai-haleema-asman-339661 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==حوالا==
&lt;references /&gt;


==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [https://www.facebook.com/ShabirHighBreedMedia/ شبير جو سرڪاري فيس بڪ صفحو]


{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:سلطان، شبير}}
[[زمرو:1985ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جا سنگاپوري مرد گلوڪار]]
[[زمرو:تامل نسل وارا سنگاپوري ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:تامل مسلمان]]
[[زمرو:هندستاني نسل وارا سنگاپوري ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:تامل مرد ٽيليويزن اداڪار]]
[[زمرو:تامل ٽيليويزن پيشڪار]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جا تامل مرد اداڪار]]
[[زمرو:تامل ريئلٽي ناچ مقابلي جا شرڪت ڪندڙ]]</text>
      <sha1>t28i7yx2cgt9ckn9putssuvz3475lnl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>مشيل لوٽيٽو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385638</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:29:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار (1950–2006)}}   {{Infobox person | name               = مشيل لوٽيٽو | image              = Michel Lotito.jpeg | caption            = لوٽيٽو [[سيسنا 150]] جهاز جا حصا کائيندي | birth_name         = مشيل ڊومينيڪ لوٽيٽو | birth_date         = {{Birth date|1950|06|16|df=y}} | birth_place        = [[ويلار بونو]]، فرانس | death_date         = {{Dea...</comment>
      <origin>385638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12691" sha1="f7ifn9wm9kntf0nx0swx52lcyi6ku6e" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار (1950–2006)}}


{{Infobox person
| name               = مشيل لوٽيٽو
| image              = Michel Lotito.jpeg
| caption            = لوٽيٽو [[سيسنا 150]] جهاز جا حصا کائيندي
| birth_name         = مشيل ڊومينيڪ لوٽيٽو
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[ويلار بونو]]، فرانس
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2006|04|17|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[گرينوبل]]، فرانس
| resting_place      = [[سينٽ روش قبرستان]]، گرينوبل
| other_names        = موسيو مانژتو
| known_for          = غيرمعمولي شين جو کائڻ
| occupation         = تفريحي فنڪار
}}

'''مشيل لوٽيٽو''' ({{IPA|fr|miʃɛl lɔtito}}؛ 16 جون 1950ع – 17 اپريل 2006ع)&lt;ref name=&quot;matchid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Michel Dominique LOTITO|url=https://deces.matchid.io/id/HKFTgNFRjb7a|website=deces.matchid.io|publisher=[[فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار هو، جيڪو اهڙين شين کي ڄاڻي واڻي کائڻ سبب مشهور ٿيو جيڪي عام طور هضم نٿيون ٿي سگهن. هو '''موسيو مانژتو''' (يعني: &quot;هر شيءِ کائيندڙ صاحب&quot;) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.

سندس [[هاضمي جو نظام]] کيس روزانو لڳ ڀڳ {{Convert|900|g|lb|abbr=on}} ڌاتو کائڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو هو. هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ کائڻ جي شروعات نون سالن جي عمر ۾ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man eats 15 pounds of bicycle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sltVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6865,2906680&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Leader-Post|date=7 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Verification needed|date=June 2025|reason=Challenged by another citation.}}

==ڪيريئر==

{{Self-contradictory|about=the start date of diet (see &lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt; and &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man eats 15 pounds of bicycle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sltVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6865,2906680&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Leader-Post|date=7 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;)|date=June 2025}}

مشيل لوٽيٽو 16 سالن جي عمر ۾ غيرمعمولي شيون کائڻ شروع ڪيون&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=June 2025|reason=Challenged by another citation.}} ۽ 1966ع کان عوامي نمائشون پيش ڪرڻ لڳو.

هو [[پائڪا (بيماري)|پائڪا]] نالي هڪ [[کاڌ خوراڪ جي خرابي]] ۾ مبتلا هو، جيڪا هڪ نفسياتي بيماري آهي جنهن ۾ ماڻهو غير غذائي شين ڏانهن غيرمعمولي رغبت رکندا آهن.

ڊاڪٽرن معلوم ڪيو ته سندس معدي ۽ آنڊن جي اندروني جھلي غيرمعمولي طور تي ٿلهي هئي، جنهن سبب هو تيز ڌاتو به بنا زخمي ٿيڻ جي کائي سگهندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|title=Michel Lotito: The Man Who Ate An Airplane And Everything Else|last=Lorenzo|first=Tom|date=1 October 2012|access-date=6 April 2017|publisher=CBS|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404095344/http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس [[هاضمي رس]] پڻ غيرمعمولي طور تي طاقتور هئا، جنهن سبب هو انهن غيرمعمولي شين کي هضم ڪري سگهندو هو. ان جي ابتڙ، نرم خوراڪ جهڙوڪ ڪيلا کيس تيزابيت ۽ سيني جي جلن جو سبب بڻجندا هئا، خاص طور تي جڏهن سندس معدي ۾ ڌاتو موجود هوندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rLl7E_sIpc Michel Lotito]&quot; (video). ''ABC International''. YouTube. 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|date=February 2021}}

لوٽيٽو جي نمائش ۾ ڌاتو، شيشو، رٻڙ ۽ ٻيون مختلف شيون کائڻ شامل هوندو هو. هو شين کي ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي پوءِ کائيندو هو. هن سائيڪلون، خريداري جون ٽراليون، ٽيليويزن، بسترا ۽ هڪ [[سيسنا 150]] جهاز پڻ کائي وڃڻ جي دعويٰ ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Barron|first1=James|last2=Nagourney|first2=Adam|date=30 August 2000|title=Not Half Bad With Ketchup|page=B2|newspaper=[[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/30/nyregion/public-lives.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن کي سيسنا 150 جهاز کائڻ ۾ تقريباً ٻه سال لڳا، يعني 1978ع کان 1980ع تائين.{{Efn|2022ع ۾ ''[[سنوپس]]'' ويب سائيٽ جي ميڊيسن ڊاپسيوچ هن دعويٰ جي جاچ ڪئي ته لوٽيٽو هڪ مڪمل جهاز کاڌو هو. هن نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جيتوڻيڪ لوٽيٽو غيرمعمولي شيون کائڻ لاءِ مشهور هو ۽ گهڻو امڪان آهي ته هو اسٽيج تي اهڙيون شيون کائيندو هو، پر اهو تصديق نه ٿي سگهيو ته هن حقيقت ۾ هڪ مڪمل جهاز يا ان جو وڏو حصو کاڌو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dapcevich|first=Madison|date=7 March 2022|title=Meet Michel Lotito, the Man Who Ate an Entire Airplane ... or So He Claimed|url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2022/03/07/michel-lotito-ate-entire-airplane/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[سنوپس]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

لوٽيٽو دعويٰ ڪندو هو ته عام طور زهريليون سمجهيون ويندڙ شيون کائڻ باوجود کيس ڪو نقصان نه ٿيندو هو. نمائش دوران هو روزانو لڳ ڀڳ {{Convert|1|kg}} مواد کائيندو هو، جنهن کان اڳ معدني تيل پيئندو هو ۽ کاڌي دوران گهڻو پاڻي استعمال ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tiede|first=Tom|title=Prodigies bag big bucks by going pro|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QXZbAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4949,160500&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Madison Courier|date=4 February 1980}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته 1959ع کان 1997ع تائين لوٽيٽو &quot;لڳ ڀڳ نَوَ ٽن ڌاتو&quot; کائي چڪو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 September 2008|title=Weird world records: bizarre entries in the Guinness Book of World Records|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/2976278/Weird-world-records-bizarre-entries-in-the-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records.html?image=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|reason=Tons in which unit system? Metric or imperial?|date=June 2025}}

ڌاتو کائڻ لاءِ لوٽيٽو پهرين ان کي ننڍن ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائيندو هو. پوءِ معدني تيل پيئندو هو ۽ ڌاتو جا ٽڪرا ڳڙڪائڻ دوران پاڻي پيئندو رهندو هو. اهڙي طريقي سان هو پنهنجي ڳلي کي نقصان پهچائڻ کان سواءِ ڌاتو ڳڙڪائي سگهندو هو.

هن دعويٰ ڪئي ته سندس هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ جي باوجود کيس ڪڏهن به هاضمي جا مسئلا پيش نه آيا.&lt;ref name=mayer&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Don't Know Sh*t|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-64990-6|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROdrYZWYde8C&amp;q=%22monsieur+mangetout%22&amp;pg=PA40|author1=Doug Mayer|author2=Val Stori|author3=Tod von Jahnes|name-list-style=amp|date=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miles Kelly Publishing|title=Ripley's Believe it or Not: Arts &amp; Entertainment|publisher=Ripley Entertainment, Inc|isbn=978-1893951150|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RIPLEYS2&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|title=The Man Who Ate An Airplane Piece By Piece|publisher=[[رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]|date=2 April 2019|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303032333/https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|archive-date=3 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انعام==

لوٽيٽو ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' ۾ &quot;سڀ کان عجيب خوراڪ&quot; جو رڪارڊ رکندڙ هو.

گنيز جي پبلشرن سندس غيرمعمولي صلاحيتن جي يادگار طور کيس پتل مان ٺهيل هڪ تختي (Plaque) انعام طور ڏني. لوٽيٽو اهو انعام پڻ کائي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=John Curra|title=The Relativity of Deviance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbCNAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=brass+plaque&amp;pg=PT788|date=16 April 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-2120-2|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وفات==

لوٽيٽو 17 اپريل 2006ع تي [[گرينوبل]] ۾ 55 سالن جي عمر ۾ فطري سببن ڪري وفات ڪري ويو.&lt;ref name=matchid/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtyKNFqutHM|title=The Man With The Strangest Diet... - Guinness World Records|date=21 October 2022|last=Guinness World Records|access-date=27 October 2024|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==غيرمعمولي شين جي فهرست جيڪي مبينا طور کاڌيون ويون==

گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هيٺيون شيون:&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt;{{Citation needed|reason=The cited sources substantiate neither the full list nor the quantity of items consumed.|date=February 2024}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#8B4513; color:white;&quot; | مشيل لوٽيٽو پاران مبينا طور استعمال ڪيل شيون
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | مقدار
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | شيءِ
|-
| 45
| دروازن جا ڪنگا
|-
| 18
| سائيڪلون
|-
| 15
| خريداري ٽراليون
|-
| 7
| ٽيليويزن سيٽ
|-
| 6
| فانوس
|-
| 2
| بسترا
|-
| 1
| اسڪين جوڙو
|-
| 1
| ڪمپيوٽر
|-
| 1
| ''[[گريويٽيشن (ڪتاب)|گريويٽيشن]]'' ڪتاب جي هڪ ڪاپي
|-
| 1
| [[سيسنا 150]] هلڪو جهاز
|-
| 1
| پاڻيءَ وارو بسترو
|-
| {{Convert|500|m|ft}}
| فولادي زنجير
|-
| 1
| تابوت (هينڊلن سميت)
|-
| 1
| ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' انعامي تختي
|-
|
| مختلف ريزر ۽ بولٽ
|}

==عوامي ثقافت ۾==

* ''دي مين هو ايٽ دي 747'' (2000ع) [[بين شيرووڊ]] جو پهريون ناول آهي. هن ناول ۾ هڪ اهڙي شخص جي ڪهاڻي بيان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪو هڪ عورت کي متاثر ڪرڻ لاءِ آهستي آهستي [[بوئنگ 747]] جهاز کائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 July 2000|title=THE MAN WHO ATE THE 747|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-sherwood/the-man-who-ate-the-747/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Man Who Ate the 747|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780553801828|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[پبلشرز ويڪلي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ناول ''گنيز بڪ آف ورلڊ رڪارڊز'' کان گهڻو متاثر هو، ۽ شيرووڊ پنهنجي تحقيق دوران لوٽيٽو سان ٽيليفون ذريعي ڳالهه ٻولهه پڻ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* ''هائو ٽو ايٽ اين ايئرپلين'' (2016ع) ٻارن لاءِ هڪ تصويري ڪتاب آهي جيڪو لوٽيٽو جي زندگيءَ کان متاثر آهي. اهو پيٽر پيئرسن لکيو ۽ ميرسيا ڪيٽوسانو تصويرون ٺاهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 February 2016|title=HOW TO EAT AN AIRPLANE|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/peter-pearson/how-to-eat-an-airplane/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==

* {{Annotated link|جان فيزل}}
* {{Annotated link|تاراري}}

==نوٽس==

{{Notelist}}

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Ripley's Believe It or Not!}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lotito, Michel}}

[[زمرو:1950ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:2006ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار]]
[[زمرو:گرينوبل جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ذهني بيمارين وارا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پائڪا (بيماري)]]
[[زمرو:رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12614" sha1="nn5vg479cgj4592mw9rdsifznlhqop9" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار (1950–2006)}}


{{Infobox person
| name               = مشيل لوٽيٽو
| image              = Michel Lotito.jpeg
| caption            = لوٽيٽو [[سيسنا 150]] جهاز جا حصا کائيندي
| birth_name         = مشيل ڊومينيڪ لوٽيٽو
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[ويلار بونو]]، فرانس
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2006|04|17|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[گرينوبل]]، فرانس
| resting_place      = [[سينٽ روش قبرستان]]، گرينوبل
| other_names        = موسيو مانژتو
| known_for          = غيرمعمولي شين جو کائڻ
| occupation         = تفريحي فنڪار
}}

'''مشيل لوٽيٽو''' ({{IPA|fr|miʃɛl lɔtito}}؛ 16 جون 1950ع – 17 اپريل 2006ع)&lt;ref name=&quot;matchid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Michel Dominique LOTITO|url=https://deces.matchid.io/id/HKFTgNFRjb7a|website=deces.matchid.io|publisher=[[فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار هو، جيڪو اهڙين شين کي ڄاڻي واڻي کائڻ سبب مشهور ٿيو جيڪي عام طور هضم نٿيون ٿي سگهن. هو '''موسيو مانژتو''' (يعني: &quot;هر شيءِ کائيندڙ صاحب&quot;) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.

سندس [[هاضمي جو نظام]] کيس روزانو لڳ ڀڳ {{Convert|900|g|lb|abbr=on}} ڌاتو کائڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو هو. هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ کائڻ جي شروعات نون سالن جي عمر ۾ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man eats 15 pounds of bicycle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sltVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6865,2906680&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Leader-Post|date=7 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيريئر==

{{Self-contradictory|about=the start date of diet (see &lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt; and &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man eats 15 pounds of bicycle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sltVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6865,2906680&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Leader-Post|date=7 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;)|date=June 2025}}

مشيل لوٽيٽو 16 سالن جي عمر ۾ غيرمعمولي شيون کائڻ شروع ڪيون&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=June 2025|reason=Challenged by another citation.}} ۽ 1966ع کان عوامي نمائشون پيش ڪرڻ لڳو.

هو [[پائڪا (بيماري)|پائڪا]] نالي هڪ [[کاڌ خوراڪ جي خرابي]] ۾ مبتلا هو، جيڪا هڪ نفسياتي بيماري آهي جنهن ۾ ماڻهو غير غذائي شين ڏانهن غيرمعمولي رغبت رکندا آهن.

ڊاڪٽرن معلوم ڪيو ته سندس معدي ۽ آنڊن جي اندروني جھلي غيرمعمولي طور تي ٿلهي هئي، جنهن سبب هو تيز ڌاتو به بنا زخمي ٿيڻ جي کائي سگهندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|title=Michel Lotito: The Man Who Ate An Airplane And Everything Else|last=Lorenzo|first=Tom|date=1 October 2012|access-date=6 April 2017|publisher=CBS|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404095344/http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس [[هاضمي رس]] پڻ غيرمعمولي طور تي طاقتور هئا، جنهن سبب هو انهن غيرمعمولي شين کي هضم ڪري سگهندو هو. ان جي ابتڙ، نرم خوراڪ جهڙوڪ ڪيلا کيس تيزابيت ۽ سيني جي جلن جو سبب بڻجندا هئا، خاص طور تي جڏهن سندس معدي ۾ ڌاتو موجود هوندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rLl7E_sIpc Michel Lotito]&quot; (video). ''ABC International''. YouTube. 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|date=February 2021}}

لوٽيٽو جي نمائش ۾ ڌاتو، شيشو، رٻڙ ۽ ٻيون مختلف شيون کائڻ شامل هوندو هو. هو شين کي ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي پوءِ کائيندو هو. هن سائيڪلون، خريداري جون ٽراليون، ٽيليويزن، بسترا ۽ هڪ [[سيسنا 150]] جهاز پڻ کائي وڃڻ جي دعويٰ ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Barron|first1=James|last2=Nagourney|first2=Adam|date=30 August 2000|title=Not Half Bad With Ketchup|page=B2|newspaper=[[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/30/nyregion/public-lives.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن کي سيسنا 150 جهاز کائڻ ۾ تقريباً ٻه سال لڳا، يعني 1978ع کان 1980ع تائين.{{Efn|2022ع ۾ ''[[سنوپس]]'' ويب سائيٽ جي ميڊيسن ڊاپسيوچ هن دعويٰ جي جاچ ڪئي ته لوٽيٽو هڪ مڪمل جهاز کاڌو هو. هن نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جيتوڻيڪ لوٽيٽو غيرمعمولي شيون کائڻ لاءِ مشهور هو ۽ گهڻو امڪان آهي ته هو اسٽيج تي اهڙيون شيون کائيندو هو، پر اهو تصديق نه ٿي سگهيو ته هن حقيقت ۾ هڪ مڪمل جهاز يا ان جو وڏو حصو کاڌو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dapcevich|first=Madison|date=7 March 2022|title=Meet Michel Lotito, the Man Who Ate an Entire Airplane ... or So He Claimed|url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2022/03/07/michel-lotito-ate-entire-airplane/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[سنوپس]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

لوٽيٽو دعويٰ ڪندو هو ته عام طور زهريليون سمجهيون ويندڙ شيون کائڻ باوجود کيس ڪو نقصان نه ٿيندو هو. نمائش دوران هو روزانو لڳ ڀڳ {{Convert|1|kg}} مواد کائيندو هو، جنهن کان اڳ معدني تيل پيئندو هو ۽ کاڌي دوران گهڻو پاڻي استعمال ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tiede|first=Tom|title=Prodigies bag big bucks by going pro|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QXZbAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4949,160500&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Madison Courier|date=4 February 1980}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته 1959ع کان 1997ع تائين لوٽيٽو &quot;لڳ ڀڳ نَوَ ٽن ڌاتو&quot; کائي چڪو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 September 2008|title=Weird world records: bizarre entries in the Guinness Book of World Records|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/2976278/Weird-world-records-bizarre-entries-in-the-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records.html?image=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|reason=Tons in which unit system? Metric or imperial?|date=June 2025}}

ڌاتو کائڻ لاءِ لوٽيٽو پهرين ان کي ننڍن ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائيندو هو. پوءِ معدني تيل پيئندو هو ۽ ڌاتو جا ٽڪرا ڳڙڪائڻ دوران پاڻي پيئندو رهندو هو. اهڙي طريقي سان هو پنهنجي ڳلي کي نقصان پهچائڻ کان سواءِ ڌاتو ڳڙڪائي سگهندو هو.

هن دعويٰ ڪئي ته سندس هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ جي باوجود کيس ڪڏهن به هاضمي جا مسئلا پيش نه آيا.&lt;ref name=mayer&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Don't Know Sh*t|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-64990-6|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROdrYZWYde8C&amp;q=%22monsieur+mangetout%22&amp;pg=PA40|author1=Doug Mayer|author2=Val Stori|author3=Tod von Jahnes|name-list-style=amp|date=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miles Kelly Publishing|title=Ripley's Believe it or Not: Arts &amp; Entertainment|publisher=Ripley Entertainment, Inc|isbn=978-1893951150|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RIPLEYS2&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|title=The Man Who Ate An Airplane Piece By Piece|publisher=[[رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]|date=2 April 2019|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303032333/https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|archive-date=3 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انعام==

لوٽيٽو ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' ۾ &quot;سڀ کان عجيب خوراڪ&quot; جو رڪارڊ رکندڙ هو.

گنيز جي پبلشرن سندس غيرمعمولي صلاحيتن جي يادگار طور کيس پتل مان ٺهيل هڪ تختي (Plaque) انعام طور ڏني. لوٽيٽو اهو انعام پڻ کائي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=John Curra|title=The Relativity of Deviance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbCNAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=brass+plaque&amp;pg=PT788|date=16 April 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-2120-2|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وفات==

لوٽيٽو 17 اپريل 2006ع تي [[گرينوبل]] ۾ 55 سالن جي عمر ۾ فطري سببن ڪري وفات ڪري ويو.&lt;ref name=matchid/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtyKNFqutHM|title=The Man With The Strangest Diet... - Guinness World Records|date=21 October 2022|last=Guinness World Records|access-date=27 October 2024|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==غيرمعمولي شين جي فهرست جيڪي مبينا طور کاڌيون ويون==

گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هيٺيون شيون:&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt;{{Citation needed|reason=The cited sources substantiate neither the full list nor the quantity of items consumed.|date=February 2024}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#8B4513; color:white;&quot; | مشيل لوٽيٽو پاران مبينا طور استعمال ڪيل شيون
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | مقدار
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | شيءِ
|-
| 45
| دروازن جا ڪنگا
|-
| 18
| سائيڪلون
|-
| 15
| خريداري ٽراليون
|-
| 7
| ٽيليويزن سيٽ
|-
| 6
| فانوس
|-
| 2
| بسترا
|-
| 1
| اسڪين جوڙو
|-
| 1
| ڪمپيوٽر
|-
| 1
| ''[[گريويٽيشن (ڪتاب)|گريويٽيشن]]'' ڪتاب جي هڪ ڪاپي
|-
| 1
| [[سيسنا 150]] هلڪو جهاز
|-
| 1
| پاڻيءَ وارو بسترو
|-
| {{Convert|500|m|ft}}
| فولادي زنجير
|-
| 1
| تابوت (هينڊلن سميت)
|-
| 1
| ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' انعامي تختي
|-
|
| مختلف ريزر ۽ بولٽ
|}

==عوامي ثقافت ۾==

* ''دي مين هو ايٽ دي 747'' (2000ع) [[بين شيرووڊ]] جو پهريون ناول آهي. هن ناول ۾ هڪ اهڙي شخص جي ڪهاڻي بيان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪو هڪ عورت کي متاثر ڪرڻ لاءِ آهستي آهستي [[بوئنگ 747]] جهاز کائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 July 2000|title=THE MAN WHO ATE THE 747|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-sherwood/the-man-who-ate-the-747/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Man Who Ate the 747|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780553801828|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[پبلشرز ويڪلي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ناول ''گنيز بڪ آف ورلڊ رڪارڊز'' کان گهڻو متاثر هو، ۽ شيرووڊ پنهنجي تحقيق دوران لوٽيٽو سان ٽيليفون ذريعي ڳالهه ٻولهه پڻ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* ''هائو ٽو ايٽ اين ايئرپلين'' (2016ع) ٻارن لاءِ هڪ تصويري ڪتاب آهي جيڪو لوٽيٽو جي زندگيءَ کان متاثر آهي. اهو پيٽر پيئرسن لکيو ۽ ميرسيا ڪيٽوسانو تصويرون ٺاهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 February 2016|title=HOW TO EAT AN AIRPLANE|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/peter-pearson/how-to-eat-an-airplane/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==

* {{Annotated link|جان فيزل}}
* {{Annotated link|تاراري}}

==نوٽس==

{{Notelist}}

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Ripley's Believe It or Not!}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lotito, Michel}}

[[زمرو:1950ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:2006ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار]]
[[زمرو:گرينوبل جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ذهني بيمارين وارا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پائڪا (بيماري)]]
[[زمرو:رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]</text>
      <sha1>nn5vg479cgj4592mw9rdsifznlhqop9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385640</id>
      <parentid>385639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:36:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="10819" sha1="90ch3plgzl73s7vnddapi5uz0uco6h8" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار (1950–2006)}}


{{Infobox person
| name               = مشيل لوٽيٽو
| image              = Michel Lotito.jpeg
| caption            = لوٽيٽو [[سيسنا 150]] جهاز جا حصا کائيندي
| birth_name         = مشيل ڊومينيڪ لوٽيٽو
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[ويلار بونو]]، فرانس
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2006|04|17|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[گرينوبل]]، فرانس
| resting_place      = [[سينٽ روش قبرستان]]، گرينوبل
| other_names        = موسيو مانژتو
| known_for          = غيرمعمولي شين جو کائڻ
| occupation         = تفريحي فنڪار
}}

'''مشيل لوٽيٽو''' ({{IPA|fr|miʃɛl lɔtito}}؛ 16 جون 1950ع – 17 اپريل 2006ع)&lt;ref name=&quot;matchid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Michel Dominique LOTITO|url=https://deces.matchid.io/id/HKFTgNFRjb7a|website=deces.matchid.io|publisher=[[فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار هو، جيڪو اهڙين شين کي ڄاڻي واڻي کائڻ سبب مشهور ٿيو جيڪي عام طور هضم نٿيون ٿي سگهن. هو '''موسيو مانژتو''' (يعني: &quot;هر شيءِ کائيندڙ صاحب&quot;) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.

سندس [[هاضمي جو نظام]] کيس روزانو لڳ ڀڳ {{Convert|900|g|lb|abbr=on}} ڌاتو کائڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو هو. هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ کائڻ جي شروعات نون سالن جي عمر ۾ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man eats 15 pounds of bicycle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sltVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6865,2906680&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Leader-Post|date=7 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيريئر==

{{Self-contradictory|about=the start date of diet (see &lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt; and &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man eats 15 pounds of bicycle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sltVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6865,2906680&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Leader-Post|date=7 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;)|date=June 2025}}

مشيل لوٽيٽو 16 سالن جي عمر ۾ غيرمعمولي شيون کائڻ شروع ڪيون&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=June 2025|reason=Challenged by another citation.}} ۽ 1966ع کان عوامي نمائشون پيش ڪرڻ لڳو.

هو [[پائڪا (بيماري)|پائڪا]] نالي هڪ [[کاڌ خوراڪ جي خرابي]] ۾ مبتلا هو، جيڪا هڪ نفسياتي بيماري آهي جنهن ۾ ماڻهو غير غذائي شين ڏانهن غيرمعمولي رغبت رکندا آهن.

ڊاڪٽرن معلوم ڪيو ته سندس معدي ۽ آنڊن جي اندروني جھلي غيرمعمولي طور تي ٿلهي هئي، جنهن سبب هو تيز ڌاتو به بنا زخمي ٿيڻ جي کائي سگهندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|title=Michel Lotito: The Man Who Ate An Airplane And Everything Else|last=Lorenzo|first=Tom|date=1 October 2012|access-date=6 April 2017|publisher=CBS|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404095344/http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس [[هاضمي رس]] پڻ غيرمعمولي طور تي طاقتور هئا، جنهن سبب هو انهن غيرمعمولي شين کي هضم ڪري سگهندو هو. ان جي ابتڙ، نرم خوراڪ جهڙوڪ ڪيلا کيس تيزابيت ۽ سيني جي جلن جو سبب بڻجندا هئا، خاص طور تي جڏهن سندس معدي ۾ ڌاتو موجود هوندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rLl7E_sIpc Michel Lotito]&quot; (video). ''ABC International''. YouTube. 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|date=February 2021}}

لوٽيٽو جي نمائش ۾ ڌاتو، شيشو، رٻڙ ۽ ٻيون مختلف شيون کائڻ شامل هوندو هو. هو شين کي ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي پوءِ کائيندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Barron|first1=James|last2=Nagourney|first2=Adam|date=30 August 2000|title=Not Half Bad With Ketchup|page=B2|newspaper=[[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/30/nyregion/public-lives.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته 1959ع کان 1997ع تائين لوٽيٽو &quot;لڳ ڀڳ نَوَ ٽن ڌاتو&quot; کائي چڪو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 September 2008|title=Weird world records: bizarre entries in the Guinness Book of World Records|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/2976278/Weird-world-records-bizarre-entries-in-the-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records.html?image=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|reason=Tons in which unit system? Metric or imperial?|date=June 2025}}

ڌاتو کائڻ لاءِ لوٽيٽو پهرين ان کي ننڍن ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائيندو هو. پوءِ معدني تيل پيئندو هو ۽ ڌاتو جا ٽڪرا ڳڙڪائڻ دوران پاڻي پيئندو رهندو هو. اهڙي طريقي سان هو پنهنجي ڳلي کي نقصان پهچائڻ کان سواءِ ڌاتو ڳڙڪائي سگهندو هو.

هن دعويٰ ڪئي ته سندس هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ جي باوجود کيس ڪڏهن به هاضمي جا مسئلا پيش نه آيا.&lt;ref name=mayer&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Don't Know Sh*t|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-64990-6|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROdrYZWYde8C&amp;q=%22monsieur+mangetout%22&amp;pg=PA40|author1=Doug Mayer|author2=Val Stori|author3=Tod von Jahnes|name-list-style=amp|date=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miles Kelly Publishing|title=Ripley's Believe it or Not: Arts &amp; Entertainment|publisher=Ripley Entertainment, Inc|isbn=978-1893951150|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RIPLEYS2&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|title=The Man Who Ate An Airplane Piece By Piece|publisher=[[رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]|date=2 April 2019|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303032333/https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|archive-date=3 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انعام==

لوٽيٽو ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' ۾ &quot;سڀ کان عجيب خوراڪ&quot; جو رڪارڊ رکندڙ هو.

گنيز جي پبلشرن سندس غيرمعمولي صلاحيتن جي يادگار طور کيس پتل مان ٺهيل هڪ تختي (Plaque) انعام طور ڏني. لوٽيٽو اهو انعام پڻ کائي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=John Curra|title=The Relativity of Deviance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbCNAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=brass+plaque&amp;pg=PT788|date=16 April 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-2120-2|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وفات==

لوٽيٽو 17 اپريل 2006ع تي [[گرينوبل]] ۾ 55 سالن جي عمر ۾ فطري سببن ڪري وفات ڪري ويو.&lt;ref name=matchid/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtyKNFqutHM|title=The Man With The Strangest Diet... - Guinness World Records|date=21 October 2022|last=Guinness World Records|access-date=27 October 2024|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==غيرمعمولي شين جي فهرست جيڪي مبينا طور کاڌيون ويون==

گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هيٺيون شيون:&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt;{{Citation needed|reason=The cited sources substantiate neither the full list nor the quantity of items consumed.|date=February 2024}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#8B4513; color:white;&quot; | مشيل لوٽيٽو پاران مبينا طور استعمال ڪيل شيون
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | مقدار
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | شيءِ
|-
| 45
| دروازن جا ڪنگا
|-
| 18
| سائيڪلون
|-
| 15
| خريداري ٽراليون
|-
| 7
| ٽيليويزن سيٽ
|-
| 6
| فانوس
|-
| 2
| بسترا
|-
| 1
| اسڪين جوڙو
|-
| 1
| ڪمپيوٽر
|-
| 1
| ''[[گريويٽيشن (ڪتاب)|گريويٽيشن]]'' ڪتاب جي هڪ ڪاپي
|-
| 1
| [[سيسنا 150]] هلڪو جهاز
|-
| 1
| پاڻيءَ وارو بسترو
|-
| {{Convert|500|m|ft}}
| فولادي زنجير
|-
| 1
| تابوت (هينڊلن سميت)
|-
| 1
| ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' انعامي تختي
|-
|
| مختلف ريزر ۽ بولٽ
|}

==عوامي ثقافت ۾==

* ''دي مين هو ايٽ دي 747'' (2000ع) [[بين شيرووڊ]] جو پهريون ناول آهي. هن ناول ۾ هڪ اهڙي شخص جي ڪهاڻي بيان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪو هڪ عورت کي متاثر ڪرڻ لاءِ آهستي آهستي [[بوئنگ 747]] جهاز کائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 July 2000|title=THE MAN WHO ATE THE 747|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-sherwood/the-man-who-ate-the-747/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Man Who Ate the 747|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780553801828|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[پبلشرز ويڪلي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ناول ''گنيز بڪ آف ورلڊ رڪارڊز'' کان گهڻو متاثر هو، ۽ شيرووڊ پنهنجي تحقيق دوران لوٽيٽو سان ٽيليفون ذريعي ڳالهه ٻولهه پڻ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* ''هائو ٽو ايٽ اين ايئرپلين'' (2016ع) ٻارن لاءِ هڪ تصويري ڪتاب آهي جيڪو لوٽيٽو جي زندگيءَ کان متاثر آهي. اهو پيٽر پيئرسن لکيو ۽ ميرسيا ڪيٽوسانو تصويرون ٺاهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 February 2016|title=HOW TO EAT AN AIRPLANE|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/peter-pearson/how-to-eat-an-airplane/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==

* {{Annotated link|جان فيزل}}
* {{Annotated link|تاراري}}

==نوٽس==

{{Notelist}}

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Ripley's Believe It or Not!}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lotito, Michel}}

[[زمرو:1950ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:2006ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار]]
[[زمرو:گرينوبل جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ذهني بيمارين وارا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پائڪا (بيماري)]]
[[زمرو:رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]</text>
      <sha1>90ch3plgzl73s7vnddapi5uz0uco6h8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385641</id>
      <parentid>385640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10513" sha1="50dbwzghhact8s9qrjec5mj85cd5h8f" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار (1950–2006)}}


{{Infobox person
| name               = مشيل لوٽيٽو
| image              = Michel Lotito.jpeg
| caption            = لوٽيٽو [[سيسنا 150]] جهاز جا حصا کائيندي
| birth_name         = مشيل ڊومينيڪ لوٽيٽو
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[ويلار بونو]]، فرانس
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2006|04|17|1950|06|16|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[گرينوبل]]، فرانس
| resting_place      = [[سينٽ روش قبرستان]]، گرينوبل
| other_names        = موسيو مانژتو
| known_for          = غيرمعمولي شين جو کائڻ
| occupation         = تفريحي فنڪار
}}

'''مشيل لوٽيٽو''' ({{IPA|fr|miʃɛl lɔtito}}؛ 16 جون 1950ع – 17 اپريل 2006ع)&lt;ref name=&quot;matchid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Michel Dominique LOTITO|url=https://deces.matchid.io/id/HKFTgNFRjb7a|website=deces.matchid.io|publisher=[[فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار هو، جيڪو اهڙين شين کي ڄاڻي واڻي کائڻ سبب مشهور ٿيو جيڪي عام طور هضم نٿيون ٿي سگهن. هو '''موسيو مانژتو''' (يعني: &quot;هر شيءِ کائيندڙ صاحب&quot;) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.

سندس [[هاضمي جو نظام]] کيس روزانو لڳ ڀڳ {{Convert|900|g|lb|abbr=on}} ڌاتو کائڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو هو. هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ کائڻ جي شروعات نون سالن جي عمر ۾ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Man eats 15 pounds of bicycle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sltVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6865,2906680&amp;dq=michel-lotito&amp;hl=en|newspaper=The Leader-Post|date=7 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيريئر==

مشيل لوٽيٽو 16 سالن جي عمر ۾ غيرمعمولي شيون کائڻ شروع ڪيون&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=June 2025|reason=Challenged by another citation.}} ۽ 1966ع کان عوامي نمائشون پيش ڪرڻ لڳو.

هو [[پائڪا (بيماري)|پائڪا]] نالي هڪ [[کاڌ خوراڪ جي خرابي]] ۾ مبتلا هو، جيڪا هڪ نفسياتي بيماري آهي جنهن ۾ ماڻهو غير غذائي شين ڏانهن غيرمعمولي رغبت رکندا آهن.

ڊاڪٽرن معلوم ڪيو ته سندس معدي ۽ آنڊن جي اندروني جھلي غيرمعمولي طور تي ٿلهي هئي، جنهن سبب هو تيز ڌاتو به بنا زخمي ٿيڻ جي کائي سگهندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|title=Michel Lotito: The Man Who Ate An Airplane And Everything Else|last=Lorenzo|first=Tom|date=1 October 2012|access-date=6 April 2017|publisher=CBS|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404095344/http://tailgatefan.cbslocal.com/2012/10/01/michel-lotito-the-man-who-ate-an-airplane-and-everything-else/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس [[هاضمي رس]] پڻ غيرمعمولي طور تي طاقتور هئا، جنهن سبب هو انهن غيرمعمولي شين کي هضم ڪري سگهندو هو. ان جي ابتڙ، نرم خوراڪ جهڙوڪ ڪيلا کيس تيزابيت ۽ سيني جي جلن جو سبب بڻجندا هئا، خاص طور تي جڏهن سندس معدي ۾ ڌاتو موجود هوندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rLl7E_sIpc Michel Lotito]&quot; (video). ''ABC International''. YouTube. 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|date=February 2021}}

لوٽيٽو جي نمائش ۾ ڌاتو، شيشو، رٻڙ ۽ ٻيون مختلف شيون کائڻ شامل هوندو هو. هو شين کي ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي پوءِ کائيندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Barron|first1=James|last2=Nagourney|first2=Adam|date=30 August 2000|title=Not Half Bad With Ketchup|page=B2|newspaper=[[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/30/nyregion/public-lives.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته 1959ع کان 1997ع تائين لوٽيٽو &quot;لڳ ڀڳ نَوَ ٽن ڌاتو&quot; کائي چڪو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 September 2008|title=Weird world records: bizarre entries in the Guinness Book of World Records|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/2976278/Weird-world-records-bizarre-entries-in-the-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records.html?image=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|reason=Tons in which unit system? Metric or imperial?|date=June 2025}}

ڌاتو کائڻ لاءِ لوٽيٽو پهرين ان کي ننڍن ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائيندو هو. پوءِ معدني تيل پيئندو هو ۽ ڌاتو جا ٽڪرا ڳڙڪائڻ دوران پاڻي پيئندو رهندو هو. اهڙي طريقي سان هو پنهنجي ڳلي کي نقصان پهچائڻ کان سواءِ ڌاتو ڳڙڪائي سگهندو هو.

هن دعويٰ ڪئي ته سندس هن غيرمعمولي خوراڪ جي باوجود کيس ڪڏهن به هاضمي جا مسئلا پيش نه آيا.&lt;ref name=mayer&gt;{{Cite book|title=You Don't Know Sh*t|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-64990-6|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROdrYZWYde8C&amp;q=%22monsieur+mangetout%22&amp;pg=PA40|author1=Doug Mayer|author2=Val Stori|author3=Tod von Jahnes|name-list-style=amp|date=2 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miles Kelly Publishing|title=Ripley's Believe it or Not: Arts &amp; Entertainment|publisher=Ripley Entertainment, Inc|isbn=978-1893951150|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RIPLEYS2&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|title=The Man Who Ate An Airplane Piece By Piece|publisher=[[رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]|date=2 April 2019|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303032333/https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/mangetout/|archive-date=3 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==انعام==

لوٽيٽو ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' ۾ &quot;سڀ کان عجيب خوراڪ&quot; جو رڪارڊ رکندڙ هو.

گنيز جي پبلشرن سندس غيرمعمولي صلاحيتن جي يادگار طور کيس پتل مان ٺهيل هڪ تختي (Plaque) انعام طور ڏني. لوٽيٽو اهو انعام پڻ کائي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=John Curra|title=The Relativity of Deviance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbCNAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=brass+plaque&amp;pg=PT788|date=16 April 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-2120-2|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وفات==

لوٽيٽو 17 اپريل 2006ع تي [[گرينوبل]] ۾ 55 سالن جي عمر ۾ فطري سببن ڪري وفات ڪري ويو.&lt;ref name=matchid/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtyKNFqutHM|title=The Man With The Strangest Diet... - Guinness World Records|date=21 October 2022|last=Guinness World Records|access-date=27 October 2024|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==غيرمعمولي شين جي فهرست جيڪي مبينا طور کاڌيون ويون==

گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هيٺيون شيون:&lt;ref name=&quot;Curra2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt;{{Citation needed|reason=The cited sources substantiate neither the full list nor the quantity of items consumed.|date=February 2024}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#8B4513; color:white;&quot; | مشيل لوٽيٽو پاران مبينا طور استعمال ڪيل شيون
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | مقدار
! style=&quot;background:#F4E1C1;&quot; | شيءِ
|-
| 45
| دروازن جا ڪنگا
|-
| 18
| سائيڪلون
|-
| 15
| خريداري ٽراليون
|-
| 7
| ٽيليويزن سيٽ
|-
| 6
| فانوس
|-
| 2
| بسترا
|-
| 1
| اسڪين جوڙو
|-
| 1
| ڪمپيوٽر
|-
| 1
| ''[[گريويٽيشن (ڪتاب)|گريويٽيشن]]'' ڪتاب جي هڪ ڪاپي
|-
| 1
| [[سيسنا 150]] هلڪو جهاز
|-
| 1
| پاڻيءَ وارو بسترو
|-
| {{Convert|500|m|ft}}
| فولادي زنجير
|-
| 1
| تابوت (هينڊلن سميت)
|-
| 1
| ''[[گنيز عالمي رڪارڊ]]'' انعامي تختي
|-
|
| مختلف ريزر ۽ بولٽ
|}

==عوامي ثقافت ۾==

* ''دي مين هو ايٽ دي 747'' (2000ع) [[بين شيرووڊ]] جو پهريون ناول آهي. هن ناول ۾ هڪ اهڙي شخص جي ڪهاڻي بيان ڪئي وئي آهي جيڪو هڪ عورت کي متاثر ڪرڻ لاءِ آهستي آهستي [[بوئنگ 747]] جهاز کائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 July 2000|title=THE MAN WHO ATE THE 747|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-sherwood/the-man-who-ate-the-747/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Man Who Ate the 747|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780553801828|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[پبلشرز ويڪلي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ناول ''گنيز بڪ آف ورلڊ رڪارڊز'' کان گهڻو متاثر هو، ۽ شيرووڊ پنهنجي تحقيق دوران لوٽيٽو سان ٽيليفون ذريعي ڳالهه ٻولهه پڻ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* ''هائو ٽو ايٽ اين ايئرپلين'' (2016ع) ٻارن لاءِ هڪ تصويري ڪتاب آهي جيڪو لوٽيٽو جي زندگيءَ کان متاثر آهي. اهو پيٽر پيئرسن لکيو ۽ ميرسيا ڪيٽوسانو تصويرون ٺاهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 February 2016|title=HOW TO EAT AN AIRPLANE|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/peter-pearson/how-to-eat-an-airplane/|access-date=11 September 2023|website=[[ڪرڪس ريويوز]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==

* {{Annotated link|جان فيزل}}
* {{Annotated link|تاراري}}

==نوٽس==

{{Notelist}}

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Ripley's Believe It or Not!}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lotito, Michel}}

[[زمرو:1950ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:2006ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي تفريحي فنڪار]]
[[زمرو:گرينوبل جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ذهني بيمارين وارا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پائڪا (بيماري)]]
[[زمرو:رپليز بليو اِٽ آر ناٽ!]]</text>
      <sha1>50dbwzghhact8s9qrjec5mj85cd5h8f</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>وراج ڪدبي</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{short description|هندستاني ڪرڪيٽر (پيدائش 1989ع)}}  {{Infobox cricketer | name        = وراج ڪدبي | image       = | fullname    = وراج ولاس ڪدبي | birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1989|11|18|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ناگپور]]، [[مهاراشٽر]]، [[هندستان]] | death_date  = | death_place = | batting     = ساڄي هٿ سان بيٽنگ ڪندڙ | bowling     = ليگ بريڪ | role        = | club1       = [...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2999" sha1="nuqwggte1xosplkpt6xbg0s3pr4i3xz" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|هندستاني ڪرڪيٽر (پيدائش 1989ع)}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name        = وراج ڪدبي
| image       =
| fullname    = وراج ولاس ڪدبي
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1989|11|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[ناگپور]]، [[مهاراشٽر]]، [[هندستان]]
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| batting     = ساڄي هٿ سان بيٽنگ ڪندڙ
| bowling     = ليگ بريڪ
| role        =
| club1       = [[ودربھا ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|ودربھا]]
| year1       = 2007/08–2008/09

| columns     = 1
| column1     = [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]]
| matches1    = 6
| runs1       = 80
| bat avg1    = 26.66
| 100s/50s1   = 0/0
| top score1  = 32
| deliveries1 = 258
| wickets1    = 7
| bowl avg1   = 27.42
| fivefor1    = 0
| tenfor1     = –
| best bowling1 = 2/28
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–
| date        = 20 March 2025
| source      = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/viraj-kadbe-340834 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''وراج ولاس ڪدبي''' (پيدائش: 19 نومبر 1989ع، [[ناگپور]]) هڪ اڳوڻو [[هندستان]]ي ڪرڪيٽر آهي، جيڪو گهريلو ڪرڪيٽ ۾ [[ودربھا ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|ودربھا]] جي نمائندگي ڪندو هو۔

هن مارچ 2008ع ۾ [[راجسٿان ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|راجسٿان]] خلاف پنهنجي [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]] شروعات ڪئي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cricinfo|id=340834}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[چنائي سپر ڪنگز]] پاران [[انڊين پريميئر ليگ]] جي افتتاحي سيزن لاءِ چونڊيو ويو هو، پر ٽيم لاءِ ڪنهن به ميچ ۾ شرڪت نه ڪري سگهيو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ruchir |title=Cricketer hits depression for a six, with a camera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/cricketer-hits-depression-for-a-six-with-a-camera/articleshow/55240481.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=Times of India |date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==شماريات==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; background:#f8f9fa;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | مقابلي جو قسم
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | ميچون
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | رنس
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بيٽنگ اوسط
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | وڪيٽون
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بالنگ اوسط
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بهترين بالنگ
|-
| [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]]
| 6
| 80
| 26.66
| 7
| 27.42
| 2/28
|}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadbe, Viraj}}

[[زمرو:هندستاني ڪرڪيٽر]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جا هندستاني رانديگر]]
[[زمرو:ودربھا ڪرڪيٽر]]
[[زمرو:1989ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ناگپور جا ڪرڪيٽر]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}</text>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="2995" sha1="7gmo9626paw4dxwl1lcshnok0im1cp1" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|هندستاني ڪرڪيٽر (پيدائش 1989ع)}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name        = وراج ڪدبي
| image       =
| fullname    = وراج ولاس ڪدبي
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1989|11|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[ناگپور]]، [[مهاراشٽر]]، [[هندستان]]
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| batting     = ساڄي هٿ سان بيٽنگ ڪندڙ
| bowling     = ليگ بريڪ
| role        =
| club1       = [[ودرڀا ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|ودربھا]]
| year1       = 2007/08–2008/09

| columns     = 1
| column1     = [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]]
| matches1    = 6
| runs1       = 80
| bat avg1    = 26.66
| 100s/50s1   = 0/0
| top score1  = 32
| deliveries1 = 258
| wickets1    = 7
| bowl avg1   = 27.42
| fivefor1    = 0
| tenfor1     = –
| best bowling1 = 2/28
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–
| date        = 20 March 2025
| source      = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/viraj-kadbe-340834 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''وراج ولاس ڪدبي''' (پيدائش: 19 نومبر 1989ع، [[ناگپور]]) هڪ اڳوڻو [[هندستان]]ي ڪرڪيٽر آهي، جيڪو گهريلو ڪرڪيٽ ۾ [[ودرڀا ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|ودربھا]] جي نمائندگي ڪندو هو۔

هن مارچ 2008ع ۾ [[راجسٿان ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|راجسٿان]] خلاف پنهنجي [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]] شروعات ڪئي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cricinfo|id=340834}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[چنائي سپر ڪنگز]] پاران [[انڊين پريميئر ليگ]] جي افتتاحي سيزن لاءِ چونڊيو ويو هو، پر ٽيم لاءِ ڪنهن به ميچ ۾ شرڪت نه ڪري سگهيو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ruchir |title=Cricketer hits depression for a six, with a camera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/cricketer-hits-depression-for-a-six-with-a-camera/articleshow/55240481.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=Times of India |date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==شماريات==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; background:#f8f9fa;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | مقابلي جو قسم
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | ميچون
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | رنس
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بيٽنگ اوسط
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | وڪيٽون
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بالنگ اوسط
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بهترين بالنگ
|-
| [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]]
| 6
| 80
| 26.66
| 7
| 27.42
| 2/28
|}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadbe, Viraj}}

[[زمرو:هندستاني ڪرڪيٽر]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جا هندستاني رانديگر]]
[[زمرو:ودربھا ڪرڪيٽر]]
[[زمرو:1989ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ناگپور جا ڪرڪيٽر]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}</text>
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      <comment>خودڪار: [[زمرو:ڀارت جا ڪرڪيٽ رانديگر]] جو اضافو + ترتيب</comment>
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      <text bytes="3047" sha1="hcwb8scouixwyguonhakiyp0ljwacsz" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|هندستاني ڪرڪيٽر (پيدائش 1989ع)}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name        = وراج ڪدبي
| image       =
| fullname    = وراج ولاس ڪدبي
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1989|11|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[ناگپور]]، [[مهاراشٽر]]، [[هندستان]]
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| batting     = ساڄي هٿ سان بيٽنگ ڪندڙ
| bowling     = ليگ بريڪ
| role        =
| club1       = [[ودرڀا ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|ودربھا]]
| year1       = 2007/08–2008/09

| columns     = 1
| column1     = [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]]
| matches1    = 6
| runs1       = 80
| bat avg1    = 26.66
| 100s/50s1   = 0/0
| top score1  = 32
| deliveries1 = 258
| wickets1    = 7
| bowl avg1   = 27.42
| fivefor1    = 0
| tenfor1     = –
| best bowling1 = 2/28
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–
| date        = 20 March 2025
| source      = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/viraj-kadbe-340834 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''وراج ولاس ڪدبي''' (پيدائش: 19 نومبر 1989ع، [[ناگپور]]) هڪ اڳوڻو [[هندستان]]ي ڪرڪيٽر آهي، جيڪو گهريلو ڪرڪيٽ ۾ [[ودرڀا ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|ودربھا]] جي نمائندگي ڪندو هو۔

هن مارچ 2008ع ۾ [[راجسٿان ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم|راجسٿان]] خلاف پنهنجي [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]] شروعات ڪئي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cricinfo|id=340834}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[چنائي سپر ڪنگز]] پاران [[انڊين پريميئر ليگ]] جي افتتاحي سيزن لاءِ چونڊيو ويو هو، پر ٽيم لاءِ ڪنهن به ميچ ۾ شرڪت نه ڪري سگهيو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ruchir |title=Cricketer hits depression for a six, with a camera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/cricketer-hits-depression-for-a-six-with-a-camera/articleshow/55240481.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=Times of India |date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==شماريات==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; background:#f8f9fa;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | مقابلي جو قسم
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | ميچون
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | رنس
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بيٽنگ اوسط
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | وڪيٽون
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بالنگ اوسط
! style=&quot;background:#2e8b57; color:white;&quot; | بهترين بالنگ
|-
| [[لسٽ اي ڪرڪيٽ|لسٽ اي]]
| 6
| 80
| 26.66
| 7
| 27.42
| 2/28
|}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadbe, Viraj}}

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}
[[زمرو:ڀارت جا ڪرڪيٽ رانديگر]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ناگپور جا ڪرڪيٽر]]
[[زمرو:ودربھا ڪرڪيٽر]]
[[زمرو:هندستاني ڪرڪيٽر]]
[[زمرو:21هين صديءَ جا هندستاني رانديگر]]
[[زمرو:1989ع جون پيدائشون]]</text>
      <sha1>hcwb8scouixwyguonhakiyp0ljwacsz</sha1>
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    <title>جاسپر ڪليٽن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}  {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] | name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن | image              = | caption            = | birth_date         = | death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع | burial_label       = | burial_place       = | birth_place        = | death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]] | bu...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2636" sha1="079mtf93ta8egvugvfey8p0j3tgs3yb" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن
| image              =
| caption            =
| birth_date         =
| death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع
| burial_label       =
| burial_place       =
| birth_place        =
| death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]]
| burial_coordinates =
| nickname           =
| allegiance         = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch             = [[برطانوي فوج]]
| service_years      =
| rank               = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| unit               =
| commands           =
| battles            = [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]]
| awards             =
| relations          =
| other_work         =
}}

'''جاسپر ڪليٽن''' (وفات: 27 جون 1743ع) [[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]] هو.

==فوجي زندگي==

جاسپر ڪليٽن، سر جان ڪليٽن ۽ ايلس (بوئر) ڪليٽن جو پٽ هو. هو بڪنگهم شائر ۾ [[فرنهل پارڪ]] جي فرنهل جاگير ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref name=clayton&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqkQJJJe1TgC&amp;dq=%22Jasper+Clayton%22&amp;pg=PA13 ''The Clayton Family'' By Henry F. Hepburn, Page 15]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن فوج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ ترقيون حاصل ڪندي [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] جي عهدي تائين پهتو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

1707ع ۾ [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]] دوران هو [[المانسا جي جنگ]] ۾ موجود هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies_uk/english_infantry_regiments.html Descriptions of the English infantry regiments on 1 January 1703]&lt;/ref&gt;

1713ع ۾ کيس [[ڪرنيَل]] مقرر ڪري [[14هين رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]] جو سربراهه بڻايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/recordoffourteen00canniala/recordoffourteen00canniala_djvu.txt Historical Record of the Fourteenth or Buckinghamshire Regiment, Page 22]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ [[1715ع جي جيڪوبائيٽ بغاوت]] کي دٻائڻ واري مهم دوران هڪ بريگيڊ جي ڪمان سنڀالي.&lt;ref&gt;Lyons, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;

1727ع ۾ کيس [[جبرالٽر جو ليفٽيننٽ گورنر]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جتي هو 1730ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>079mtf93ta8egvugvfey8p0j3tgs3yb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385645</id>
      <parentid>385644</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="4672" sha1="84ksfvt02i5mf2tn07tm770bxgrm7st" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن
| image              =
| caption            =
| birth_date         =
| death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع
| burial_label       =
| burial_place       =
| birth_place        =
| death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]]
| burial_coordinates =
| nickname           =
| allegiance         = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch             = [[برطانوي فوج]]
| service_years      =
| rank               = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| unit               =
| commands           =
| battles            = [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]]
| awards             =
| relations          =
| other_work         =
}}

'''جاسپر ڪليٽن''' (وفات: 27 جون 1743ع) [[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]] هو.
هن [[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ 1743ع ۾ [[ڊيٽنگن جي جنگ]] دوران مارجي ويو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

سندس تدفين [[بڪنگهم شائر]] جي وِنگفيلڊ ۾ ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

==ماخذ==
*{{cite book
|last=Lyons
|first=Adam
|title=The 1711 Expedition to Quebec: Politics And The Limitations Of British Global Strategy
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|year=2014
|isbn=978-1472581693
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QlMAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Jasper+Clayton+jacobite+rising+1715&amp;pg=PA67
}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-gov}}

{{succession box
| before=[[رچرڊ ڪين]]
| title=[[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]]
| years=1727–1730
| after=[[جوزف سبائن (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جوزف سبائن]]
}}

{{s-mil}}

{{s-bef | before=[[فلپ هاني ووڊ]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1710–1712
}}

{{s-non | reason=رجيمينٽ ختم ڪئي وئي}}

{{s-bef | before=[[جان ٽڊڪومب]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ|ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1713–1743
}}

{{s-aft | after=[[جان پرائس (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جان پرائس]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Gibraltar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, Jasper}}

[[زمرو:1743ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ جا آفيسر]]
[[زمرو:برطانوي فوج جا ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
[[زمرو:جبرالٽر جا گورنر]]
[[زمرو:هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ ۾ ماريل برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو سال نامعلوم]]

{{British-Army-bio-stub}}
{{Gibraltar-bio-stub}}

==فوجي زندگي==

جاسپر ڪليٽن، سر جان ڪليٽن ۽ ايلس (بوئر) ڪليٽن جو پٽ هو. هو بڪنگهم شائر ۾ [[فرنهل پارڪ]] جي فرنهل جاگير ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref name=clayton&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqkQJJJe1TgC&amp;dq=%22Jasper+Clayton%22&amp;pg=PA13 ''The Clayton Family'' By Henry F. Hepburn, Page 15]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن فوج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ ترقيون حاصل ڪندي [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] جي عهدي تائين پهتو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

1707ع ۾ [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]] دوران هو [[المانسا جي جنگ]] ۾ موجود هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies_uk/english_infantry_regiments.html Descriptions of the English infantry regiments on 1 January 1703]&lt;/ref&gt;

1713ع ۾ کيس [[ڪرنيَل]] مقرر ڪري [[14هين رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]] جو سربراهه بڻايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/recordoffourteen00canniala/recordoffourteen00canniala_djvu.txt Historical Record of the Fourteenth or Buckinghamshire Regiment, Page 22]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ [[1715ع جي جيڪوبائيٽ بغاوت]] کي دٻائڻ واري مهم دوران هڪ بريگيڊ جي ڪمان سنڀالي.&lt;ref&gt;Lyons, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;

1727ع ۾ کيس [[جبرالٽر جو ليفٽيننٽ گورنر]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جتي هو 1730ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>84ksfvt02i5mf2tn07tm770bxgrm7st</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385646</id>
      <parentid>385645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:47:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="4644" sha1="qiqhnrrlzzosjsj0zfbh4sn9ez39j9j" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن
| image              =
| caption            =
| birth_date         =
| death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع
| burial_label       =
| burial_place       =
| birth_place        =
| death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]]
| burial_coordinates =
| nickname           =
| allegiance         = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch             = [[برطانوي فوج]]
| service_years      =
| rank               = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| unit               =
| commands           =
| battles            = [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]]
| awards             =
| relations          =
| other_work         =
}}

'''جاسپر ڪليٽن''' (وفات: 27 جون 1743ع) [[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]] هو.
هن [[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ 1743ع ۾ [[ڊيٽنگن جي جنگ]] دوران مارجي ويو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

سندس تدفين [[بڪنگهم شائر]] جي وِنگفيلڊ ۾ ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==ماخذ==
*{{cite book
|last=Lyons
|first=Adam
|title=The 1711 Expedition to Quebec: Politics And The Limitations Of British Global Strategy
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|year=2014
|isbn=978-1472581693
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QlMAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Jasper+Clayton+jacobite+rising+1715&amp;pg=PA67
}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-gov}}

{{succession box
| before=[[رچرڊ ڪين]]
| title=[[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]]
| years=1727–1730
| after=[[جوزف سبائن (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جوزف سبائن]]
}}

{{s-mil}}

{{s-bef | before=[[فلپ هاني ووڊ]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1710–1712
}}

{{s-non | reason=رجيمينٽ ختم ڪئي وئي}}

{{s-bef | before=[[جان ٽڊڪومب]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ|ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1713–1743
}}

{{s-aft | after=[[جان پرائس (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جان پرائس]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Gibraltar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, Jasper}}

[[زمرو:1743ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ جا آفيسر]]
[[زمرو:برطانوي فوج جا ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
[[زمرو:جبرالٽر جا گورنر]]
[[زمرو:هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ ۾ ماريل برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو سال نامعلوم]]

{{British-Army-bio-stub}}
{{Gibraltar-bio-stub}}

==فوجي زندگي==

جاسپر ڪليٽن، سر جان ڪليٽن ۽ ايلس (بوئر) ڪليٽن جو پٽ هو. هو بڪنگهم شائر ۾ [[فرنهل پارڪ]] جي فرنهل جاگير ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref name=clayton&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqkQJJJe1TgC&amp;dq=%22Jasper+Clayton%22&amp;pg=PA13 ''The Clayton Family'' By Henry F. Hepburn, Page 15]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن فوج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ ترقيون حاصل ڪندي [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] جي عهدي تائين پهتو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

1707ع ۾ [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]] دوران هو [[المانسا جي جنگ]] ۾ موجود هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies_uk/english_infantry_regiments.html Descriptions of the English infantry regiments on 1 January 1703]&lt;/ref&gt;

1713ع ۾ کيس [[ڪرنيَل]] مقرر ڪري [[14هين رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]] جو سربراهه بڻايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/recordoffourteen00canniala/recordoffourteen00canniala_djvu.txt Historical Record of the Fourteenth or Buckinghamshire Regiment, Page 22]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ [[1715ع جي جيڪوبائيٽ بغاوت]] کي دٻائڻ واري مهم دوران هڪ بريگيڊ جي ڪمان سنڀالي.&lt;ref&gt;Lyons, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;

1727ع ۾ کيس [[جبرالٽر جو ليفٽيننٽ گورنر]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جتي هو 1730ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qiqhnrrlzzosjsj0zfbh4sn9ez39j9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385647</id>
      <parentid>385646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4672" sha1="guehavd1sfvxargnk6ioo0m3o1ek22w" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن
| image              =
| caption            =
| birth_date         =
| death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع
| burial_label       =
| burial_place       =
| birth_place        =
| death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]]
| burial_coordinates =
| nickname           =
| allegiance         = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch             = [[برطانوي فوج]]
| service_years      =
| rank               = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| unit               =
| commands           =
| battles            = [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]]
| awards             =
| relations          =
| other_work         =
}}

'''جاسپر ڪليٽن''' (وفات: 27 جون 1743ع) [[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]] هو.
هن [[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ 1743ع ۾ [[ڊيٽنگن جي جنگ]] دوران مارجي ويو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

سندس تدفين [[بڪنگهم شائر]] جي وِنگفيلڊ ۾ ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==ماخذ==
*{{cite book
|last=Lyons
|first=Adam
|title=The 1711 Expedition to Quebec: Politics And The Limitations Of British Global Strategy
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|year=2014
|isbn=978-1472581693
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QlMAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Jasper+Clayton+jacobite+rising+1715&amp;pg=PA67
}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-gov}}

{{succession box
| before=[[رچرڊ ڪين]]
| title=[[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]]
| years=1727–1730
| after=[[جوزف سبائن (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جوزف سبائن]]
}}

{{s-mil}}

{{s-bef | before=[[فلپ هاني ووڊ]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1710–1712
}}

{{s-non | reason=رجيمينٽ ختم ڪئي وئي}}

{{s-bef | before=[[جان ٽڊڪومب]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ|ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1713–1743
}}

{{s-aft | after=[[جان پرائس (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جان پرائس]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Gibraltar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, Jasper}}

[[زمرو:1743ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ جا آفيسر]]
[[زمرو:برطانوي فوج جا ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
[[زمرو:جبرالٽر جا گورنر]]
[[زمرو:هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ ۾ ماريل برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو سال نامعلوم]]

{{British-Army-bio-stub}}
{{Gibraltar-bio-stub}}

==فوجي زندگي==

جاسپر ڪليٽن، سر جان ڪليٽن ۽ ايلس (بوئر) ڪليٽن جو پٽ هو. هو بڪنگهم شائر ۾ [[فرنهل پارڪ]] جي فرنهل جاگير ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref name=clayton&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqkQJJJe1TgC&amp;dq=%22Jasper+Clayton%22&amp;pg=PA13 ''The Clayton Family'' By Henry F. Hepburn, Page 15]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن فوج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ ترقيون حاصل ڪندي [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] جي عهدي تائين پهتو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

1707ع ۾ [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]] دوران هو [[المانسا جي جنگ]] ۾ موجود هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies_uk/english_infantry_regiments.html Descriptions of the English infantry regiments on 1 January 1703]&lt;/ref&gt;

1713ع ۾ کيس [[ڪرنيَل]] مقرر ڪري [[14هين رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]] جو سربراهه بڻايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/recordoffourteen00canniala/recordoffourteen00canniala_djvu.txt Historical Record of the Fourteenth or Buckinghamshire Regiment, Page 22]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ [[1715ع جي جيڪوبائيٽ بغاوت]] کي دٻائڻ واري مهم دوران هڪ بريگيڊ جي ڪمان سنڀالي.&lt;ref&gt;Lyons, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;

1727ع ۾ کيس [[جبرالٽر جو ليفٽيننٽ گورنر]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جتي هو 1730ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>guehavd1sfvxargnk6ioo0m3o1ek22w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385648</id>
      <parentid>385647</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:48:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3117" sha1="jtfcz7bsa32plw96tqjd909fj0xukwa" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن
| image              =
| caption            =
| birth_date         =
| death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع
| burial_label       =
| burial_place       =
| birth_place        =
| death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]]
| burial_coordinates =
| nickname           =
| allegiance         = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch             = [[برطانوي فوج]]
| service_years      =
| rank               = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| unit               =
| commands           =
| battles            = [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]]
| awards             =
| relations          =
| other_work         =
}}

'''جاسپر ڪليٽن''' (وفات: 27 جون 1743ع) [[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]] هو.
هن [[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ 1743ع ۾ [[ڊيٽنگن جي جنگ]] دوران مارجي ويو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

سندس تدفين [[بڪنگهم شائر]] جي وِنگفيلڊ ۾ ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==ماخذ==
*{{cite book
|last=Lyons
|first=Adam
|title=The 1711 Expedition to Quebec: Politics And The Limitations Of British Global Strategy
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|year=2014
|isbn=978-1472581693
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QlMAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Jasper+Clayton+jacobite+rising+1715&amp;pg=PA67
}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-gov}}

{{succession box
| before=[[رچرڊ ڪين]]
| title=[[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]]
| years=1727–1730
| after=[[جوزف سبائن (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جوزف سبائن]]
}}

{{s-mil}}

{{s-bef | before=[[فلپ هاني ووڊ]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1710–1712
}}

{{s-non | reason=رجيمينٽ ختم ڪئي وئي}}

{{s-bef | before=[[جان ٽڊڪومب]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ|ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1713–1743
}}

{{s-aft | after=[[جان پرائس (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جان پرائس]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Gibraltar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, Jasper}}

[[زمرو:1743ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ جا آفيسر]]
[[زمرو:برطانوي فوج جا ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
[[زمرو:جبرالٽر جا گورنر]]
[[زمرو:هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ ۾ ماريل برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو سال نامعلوم]]

{{British-Army-bio-stub}}
{{Gibraltar-bio-stub}}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>jtfcz7bsa32plw96tqjd909fj0xukwa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385649</id>
      <parentid>385648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4671" sha1="g4jfn4xfw4g68kb79bt2sovctt12wet" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن
| image              =
| caption            =
| birth_date         =
| death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع
| burial_label       =
| burial_place       =
| birth_place        =
| death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]]
| burial_coordinates =
| nickname           =
| allegiance         = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch             = [[برطانوي فوج]]
| service_years      =
| rank               = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| unit               =
| commands           =
| battles            = [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]]
| awards             =
| relations          =
| other_work         =
}}

'''جاسپر ڪليٽن''' (وفات: 27 جون 1743ع) [[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]] هو.
هن [[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ 1743ع ۾ [[ڊيٽنگن جي جنگ]] دوران مارجي ويو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

سندس تدفين [[بڪنگهم شائر]] جي وِنگفيلڊ ۾ ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;
==فوجي زندگي==

جاسپر ڪليٽن، سر جان ڪليٽن ۽ ايلس (بوئر) ڪليٽن جو پٽ هو. هو بڪنگهم شائر ۾ [[فرنهل پارڪ]] جي فرنهل جاگير ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref name=clayton&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqkQJJJe1TgC&amp;dq=%22Jasper+Clayton%22&amp;pg=PA13 ''The Clayton Family'' By Henry F. Hepburn, Page 15]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن فوج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ ترقيون حاصل ڪندي [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] جي عهدي تائين پهتو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

1707ع ۾ [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]] دوران هو [[المانسا جي جنگ]] ۾ موجود هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies_uk/english_infantry_regiments.html Descriptions of the English infantry regiments on 1 January 1703]&lt;/ref&gt;

1713ع ۾ کيس [[ڪرنيَل]] مقرر ڪري [[14هين رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]] جو سربراهه بڻايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/recordoffourteen00canniala/recordoffourteen00canniala_djvu.txt Historical Record of the Fourteenth or Buckinghamshire Regiment, Page 22]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ [[1715ع جي جيڪوبائيٽ بغاوت]] کي دٻائڻ واري مهم دوران هڪ بريگيڊ جي ڪمان سنڀالي.&lt;ref&gt;Lyons, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;

1727ع ۾ کيس [[جبرالٽر جو ليفٽيننٽ گورنر]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جتي هو 1730ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==ماخذ==
*{{cite book
|last=Lyons
|first=Adam
|title=The 1711 Expedition to Quebec: Politics And The Limitations Of British Global Strategy
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|year=2014
|isbn=978-1472581693
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QlMAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Jasper+Clayton+jacobite+rising+1715&amp;pg=PA67
}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-gov}}

{{succession box
| before=[[رچرڊ ڪين]]
| title=[[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]]
| years=1727–1730
| after=[[جوزف سبائن (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جوزف سبائن]]
}}

{{s-mil}}

{{s-bef | before=[[فلپ هاني ووڊ]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1710–1712
}}

{{s-non | reason=رجيمينٽ ختم ڪئي وئي}}

{{s-bef | before=[[جان ٽڊڪومب]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ|ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1713–1743
}}

{{s-aft | after=[[جان پرائس (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جان پرائس]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Gibraltar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, Jasper}}

[[زمرو:1743ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ جا آفيسر]]
[[زمرو:برطانوي فوج جا ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
[[زمرو:جبرالٽر جا گورنر]]
[[زمرو:هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ ۾ ماريل برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو سال نامعلوم]]

{{British-Army-bio-stub}}
{{Gibraltar-bio-stub}}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>g4jfn4xfw4g68kb79bt2sovctt12wet</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385650</id>
      <parentid>385649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4681" sha1="gqs5re8fzijqcqiyt54nrjbf884n1cx" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برطانوي فوج جو جنرل}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix   = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]{{Clear}}
| name               = جاسپر ڪليٽن
| image              =
| caption            =
| birth_date         =
| death_date         = 27 جون 1743ع
| burial_label       =
| burial_place       =
| birth_place        =
| death_place        = وِنگفيلڊ، [[بڪنگهم شائر]]
| burial_coordinates =
| nickname           =
| allegiance         = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch             = [[برطانوي فوج]]
| service_years      =
| rank               = [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
| unit               =
| commands           =
| battles            = [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]]
| awards             =
| relations          =
| other_work         =
}}

'''جاسپر ڪليٽن''' (وفات: 27 جون 1743ع) [[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]] هو.
هن [[آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ 1743ع ۾ [[ڊيٽنگن جي جنگ]] دوران مارجي ويو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

سندس تدفين [[بڪنگهم شائر]] جي وِنگفيلڊ ۾ ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==فوجي زندگي==

جاسپر ڪليٽن، سر جان ڪليٽن ۽ ايلس (بوئر) ڪليٽن جو پٽ هو. هو بڪنگهم شائر ۾ [[فرنهل پارڪ]] جي فرنهل جاگير ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref name=clayton&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqkQJJJe1TgC&amp;dq=%22Jasper+Clayton%22&amp;pg=PA13 ''The Clayton Family'' By Henry F. Hepburn, Page 15]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن فوج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ ترقيون حاصل ڪندي [[ليفٽيننٽ جنرل (برطانيا)|ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]] جي عهدي تائين پهتو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

1707ع ۾ [[هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ]] دوران هو [[المانسا جي جنگ]] ۾ موجود هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies_uk/english_infantry_regiments.html Descriptions of the English infantry regiments on 1 January 1703]&lt;/ref&gt;

1713ع ۾ کيس [[ڪرنيَل]] مقرر ڪري [[14هين رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]] جو سربراهه بڻايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/recordoffourteen00canniala/recordoffourteen00canniala_djvu.txt Historical Record of the Fourteenth or Buckinghamshire Regiment, Page 22]&lt;/ref&gt;

هن اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ [[1715ع جي جيڪوبائيٽ بغاوت]] کي دٻائڻ واري مهم دوران هڪ بريگيڊ جي ڪمان سنڀالي.&lt;ref&gt;Lyons, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;

1727ع ۾ کيس [[جبرالٽر جو ليفٽيننٽ گورنر]] مقرر ڪيو ويو، جتي هو 1730ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=clayton/&gt;

==ماخذ==
*{{cite book
|last=Lyons
|first=Adam
|title=The 1711 Expedition to Quebec: Politics And The Limitations Of British Global Strategy
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|year=2014
|isbn=978-1472581693
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QlMAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Jasper+Clayton+jacobite+rising+1715&amp;pg=PA67
}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-gov}}

{{succession box
| before=[[رچرڊ ڪين]]
| title=[[جبرالٽر جو گورنر]]
| years=1727–1730
| after=[[جوزف سبائن (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جوزف سبائن]]
}}

{{s-mil}}

{{s-bef | before=[[فلپ هاني ووڊ]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1710–1712
}}

{{s-non | reason=رجيمينٽ ختم ڪئي وئي}}

{{s-bef | before=[[جان ٽڊڪومب]]}}

{{s-ttl
| title=ڪرنيَل، [[ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ|ڪليٽن جي رجيمينٽ آف فُٽ]]
| years=1713–1743
}}

{{s-aft | after=[[جان پرائس (برطانوي فوجي آفيسر)|جان پرائس]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Gibraltar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, Jasper}}

[[زمرو:1743ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ يارڪشائر رجيمينٽ جا آفيسر]]
[[زمرو:برطانوي فوج جا ليفٽيننٽ جنرل]]
[[زمرو:جبرالٽر جا گورنر]]
[[زمرو:هسپانوي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:آسٽريائي جانشيني جي جنگ ۾ ماريل برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو سال نامعلوم]]

{{British-Army-bio-stub}}
{{Gibraltar-bio-stub}}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>gqs5re8fzijqcqiyt54nrjbf884n1cx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>جوان ڊومينگو سُواريز</title>
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      <id>385651</id>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{short description|ارجنٽائني مُڪيباز}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}  {{Infobox sportsperson | name = جوان ڊومينگو سُواريز | full_name = | image = | caption = | nationality = ارجنٽائني | sport = [[مُڪيبازي]]  | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | مردن جي [[شوقيا مُڪيبازي]]}} {{MedalCountry | {{ARG}} }} {{MedalCompetition | [[پين آمريڪن رانديون]]}} {{MedalBronze | 1975ع پين آم...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3034" sha1="kpfsg2f52etdmtcqos3niojva6eiebz" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ارجنٽائني مُڪيباز}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = جوان ڊومينگو سُواريز
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = ارجنٽائني
| sport = [[مُڪيبازي]]

| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | مردن جي [[شوقيا مُڪيبازي]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{ARG}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[پين آمريڪن رانديون]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[1975ع پين آمريڪن رانديون|1975ع ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] | [[1975ع پين آمريڪن راندين ۾ مُڪيبازي|هلڪو ڳرو وزن]]}}

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|5|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''جوان ڊومينگو سُواريز''' (پيدائش: 1 مئي 1952ع) هڪ ارجنٽائني [[مُڪيبازي|مُڪيباز]] آهي.

هن [[1976ع سمر اولمپڪس]] ۾ مردن جي [[1976ع سمر اولمپڪس ۾ مُڪيبازي – هلڪو ڳرو وزن|هلڪي ڳري وزن]] واري مقابلي ۾ حصو ورتو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/su/juan-domingo-suarez-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418084638/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/su/juan-domingo-suarez-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Juan Domingo Suárez Olympic Results |accessdate=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تمغا ۽ اعزاز==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; border:2px solid #4F81BD;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | مقابلو
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | هنڌ
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | درجو
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | تمغو
|-
| 1975ع
| [[پين آمريڪن رانديون]]
| ميڪسيڪو سٽي
| هلڪو ڳرو وزن
| style=&quot;background:#CD7F32; color:white;&quot; | ڪانسي
|}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suarez, Juan Domingo}}

[[زمرو:1952ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:هلڪي ڳري وزن جا مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:ارجنٽائني مرد مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:ارجنٽينا جا اولمپڪ مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:1976ع سمر اولمپڪس جا مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:1975ع پين آمريڪن راندين جا مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:ارجنٽينا لاءِ پين آمريڪن راندين جا ڪانسي تمغا ماڻيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:مُڪيبازي ۾ پين آمريڪن راندين جا ڪانسي تمغا ماڻيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو هنڌ نامعلوم (زنده ماڻهو)]]
[[زمرو:1975ع پين آمريڪن راندين جا تمغا ماڻيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:20هين صديءَ جا ارجنٽائني رانديگر]]

{{Argentina-boxing-bio-stub}}</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = جوان ڊومينگو سُواريز
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = ارجنٽائني
| sport = [[مُڪيبازي]]

| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | مردن جي [[شوقيا مُڪيبازي]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{ARG}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[پين آمريڪن رانديون]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[1975ع پين آمريڪن رانديون|1975ع ميڪسيڪو سٽي]] | [[1975ع پين آمريڪن راندين ۾ مُڪيبازي|هلڪو ڳرو وزن]]}}

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|5|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''جوان ڊومينگو سُواريز''' (پيدائش: 1 مئي 1952ع) هڪ ارجنٽائني [[مُڪيبازي|مُڪيباز]] آهي.

هن [[1976ع سمر اولمپڪس]] ۾ مردن جي [[1976ع سمر اولمپڪس ۾ مُڪيبازي – هلڪو ڳرو وزن|هلڪي ڳري وزن]] واري مقابلي ۾ حصو ورتو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/su/juan-domingo-suarez-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418084638/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/su/juan-domingo-suarez-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Juan Domingo Suárez Olympic Results |accessdate=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تمغا ۽ اعزاز==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; border:2px solid #4F81BD;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | مقابلو
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | هنڌ
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | درجو
! style=&quot;background:#4F81BD; color:white;&quot; | تمغو
|-
| 1975ع
| [[پين آمريڪن رانديون]]
| ميڪسيڪو سٽي
| هلڪو ڳرو وزن
| style=&quot;background:#CD7F32; color:white;&quot; | ڪانسي
|}

==حوالا==
{{reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suarez, Juan Domingo}}

[[زمرو:1952ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:زنده ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:هلڪي ڳري وزن جا مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:ارجنٽائني مرد مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:ارجنٽينا جا اولمپڪ مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:1976ع سمر اولمپڪس جا مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:1975ع پين آمريڪن راندين جا مُڪيباز]]
[[زمرو:ارجنٽينا لاءِ پين آمريڪن راندين جا ڪانسي تمغا ماڻيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:مُڪيبازي ۾ پين آمريڪن راندين جا ڪانسي تمغا ماڻيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:پيدائش جو هنڌ نامعلوم (زنده ماڻهو)]]
[[زمرو:1975ع پين آمريڪن راندين جا تمغا ماڻيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:20هين صديءَ جا ارجنٽائني رانديگر]]

{{Argentina-boxing-bio-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>8pdg1kv3xnpj6g2sji96gbh7jzdxzz9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385653</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|فرانسيسي پادري ۽ انقلابي سياستدان (1754–1831)}}  [[File:Portrait_de_Claude_Alexandre_Isabeau_député_à_la_Convention_nationale,_D.6211.jpg|thumb|ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو جو بنا تاريخ وارو پورٽريٽ]]  '''ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو''' ({{lang-fr|Claude-Alexandre Ysabeau}}) 14 جولاءِ 1754ع تي [[جيان]] ۾ ڄائو ۽ 18 مارچ 1831ع تي [[پيرس]] ۾ وف...</comment>
      <origin>385653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5055" sha1="32gxh0u995e164vbb5educ9hf54t6x6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي پادري ۽ انقلابي سياستدان (1754–1831)}}

[[File:Portrait_de_Claude_Alexandre_Isabeau_député_à_la_Convention_nationale,_D.6211.jpg|thumb|ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو جو بنا تاريخ وارو پورٽريٽ]]

'''ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو''' ({{lang-fr|Claude-Alexandre Ysabeau}}) 14 جولاءِ 1754ع تي [[جيان]] ۾ ڄائو ۽ 18 مارچ 1831ع تي [[پيرس]] ۾ وفات ڪيائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو شروعات ۾ [[سينٽ فلپ نيري جي اوريٽورين جماعت]] جو پادري هو ۽ بعد ۾ [[روحانيت جي شهري آئين]] تحت [[سينٽ مارٽن-دي-ٽور]] ۾ آئيني پادري بڻيو. 1791ع ۾ هو [[ٽور]] جي بشپ جو وائسر جنرل پڻ مقرر ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[ويندوم فوجي اسڪول]] ۽ [[ڪاليج دي ٽور]] ۾ استاد طور پڻ خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.

ايزابو کي [[اندر-اي-لوار]] شعبي جي نمائندي طور [[قومي ڪنوينشن]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن [[لوئي شانزدهم]] جي موت جي سزا جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو.

==سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرميون==

قومي ڪنوينشن کيس [[پيرينيز-اورينتال]] موڪليو ته جيئن اتي فوج کي منظم ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grhis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fichier alphabétique des représentants en missions mars 1793 - octobre 1795|url=http://grhis.univ-rouen.fr/grhis/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/FICH_ALPHA_REM.pdf|website=grhis.univ-rouen.fr|publisher=Groupe de Recherche d’Histoire de l’Université de Rouen|accessdate=13 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

بعد ۾ آگسٽ 1793ع ۾ کيس [[ژان-لامبير ٽاليان]] سان گڏ قومي ڪنوينشن پاران [[بورڊيو]] ۾ ڪمشنر طور موڪليو ويو، جتي بغاوت جي ڪوشش کان پوءِ امن امان بحال ڪرڻ سندس ذميواري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Chronicle of the French Revolution p.361 Longman Group 1989&lt;/ref&gt;

[[روبسپيئر]] کين هدايت ڪئي ته &quot;غدارن ۽ بادشاهت پسندن کي جلدي ۽ سخت سزا ڏني وڃي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, J.M. ''Robespierre'' p.401 Basil Blackwell 1988&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1793ع جي آخر تائين ايزابو ۽ ٽاليان صرف 104 وفاقي اڳواڻن کي موت جي سزا ڏني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Gough, Hugh ''The Terror in the French Revolution'' p.46 Palgrave Macmillan 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

بعد ۾ روبسپيئر ٻنهي تي حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي اختيار ڪرڻ جو الزام هنيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ايزابو پنهنجي نالي جي صفائي لاءِ پيرس موٽي آيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

ٽاليان سان گڏ ايزابو به انهن ڪنوينشن ميمبرن مان هو، جن [[ٿرميڊوري ردعمل]] کي جنم ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ روبسپيئر جي حڪومت ختم ٿي وئي.

1795ع جي مارچ ۾ هو [[عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي]] جو ميمبر بڻيو ۽ ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ [[بزرگن جي ڪائونسل]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.

[[فرانسيسي ڪنسوليٽ]] ۽ سلطنت جي دور ۾ هن ٽپال کاتي جي معائني ڪندڙ آفيسر طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.

هن جي تدفين [[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] جي 37هين شعبي ۾ ڪئي وئي آهي.

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* ايزابو جو پورٽريٽ، اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي آرڪائيو:
  http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201225517/http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 |date=2015-12-01 }}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ysabeau, Claude-Alexandre}}

[[زمرو:1831ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:1754ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي انقلابي]]
[[زمرو:جيان جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:دورِ دهشت جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پير لاشيز قبرستان ۾ مدفون ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:بزرگن جي ڪائونسل جا ميمبر]]
[[زمرو:لوئي شانزدهم جي سزائے موت جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:انقلابي مشن جا نمائندا]]
[[زمرو:عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي جا ميمبر]]</text>
      <sha1>32gxh0u995e164vbb5educ9hf54t6x6</sha1>
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      <parentid>385653</parentid>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385654</origin>
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      <text bytes="5051" sha1="4i1025hts5f8btggt7qa1dfyt4goxyn" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي پادري ۽ انقلابي سياستدان (1754–1831)}}

[[File:Portrait_de_Claude_Alexandre_Isabeau_député_à_la_Convention_nationale,_D.6211.jpg|thumb|ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو جو بنا تاريخ وارو پورٽريٽ]]

'''ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو''' ({{lang-fr|Claude-Alexandre Ysabeau}}) 14 جولاءِ 1754ع تي [[جيان]] ۾ ڄائو ۽ 18 مارچ 1831ع تي [[پيرس]] ۾ وفات ڪيائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو شروعات ۾ [[سينٽ فلپ نيري جي اوريٽورين جماعت]] جو پادري هو ۽ بعد ۾ [[روحانيت جي شهري آئين]] تحت [[سينٽ مارٽن-دي-ٽور]] ۾ آئيني پادري بڻيو. 1791ع ۾ هو [[ٽور]] جي بشپ جو وائسر جنرل پڻ مقرر ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

هو [[ويندوم فوجي اسڪول]] ۽ [[ڪاليج دي ٽور]] ۾ استاد طور پڻ خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.

ايزابو کي [[اندر-اي-لوار]] شعبي جي نمائندي طور [[قومي ڪنوينشن]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن [[لوئي شانزدهم]] جي موت جي سزا جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو.

==سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرميون==

قومي ڪنوينشن کيس [[پيرينيز-اورينتال]] موڪليو ته جيئن اتي فوج کي منظم ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grhis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fichier alphabétique des représentants en missions mars 1793 - octobre 1795|url=http://grhis.univ-rouen.fr/grhis/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/FICH_ALPHA_REM.pdf|website=grhis.univ-rouen.fr|publisher=Groupe de Recherche d’Histoire de l’Université de Rouen|accessdate=13 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

بعد ۾ آگسٽ 1793ع ۾ کيس [[ژان-لامبير ٽاليان]] سان گڏ قومي ڪنوينشن پاران [[بورڊيو]] ۾ ڪمشنر طور موڪليو ويو، جتي بغاوت جي ڪوشش کان پوءِ امن امان بحال ڪرڻ سندس ذميواري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Chronicle of the French Revolution p.361 Longman Group 1989&lt;/ref&gt;

[[روبسپيئر]] کين هدايت ڪئي ته &quot;غدارن ۽ بادشاهت پسندن کي جلدي ۽ سخت سزا ڏني وڃي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, J.M. ''Robespierre'' p.401 Basil Blackwell 1988&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1793ع جي آخر تائين ايزابو ۽ ٽاليان صرف 104 وفاقي اڳواڻن کي موت جي سزا ڏني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Gough, Hugh ''The Terror in the French Revolution'' p.46 Palgrave Macmillan 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
بعد ۾ روبسپيئر ٻنهي تي حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي اختيار ڪرڻ جو الزام هنيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ايزابو پنهنجي نالي جي صفائي لاءِ پيرس موٽي آيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

ٽاليان سان گڏ ايزابو به انهن ڪنوينشن ميمبرن مان هو، جن [[ٿرميڊوري ردعمل]] کي جنم ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ روبسپيئر جي حڪومت ختم ٿي وئي.
1795ع جي مارچ ۾ هو [[عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي]] جو ميمبر بڻيو ۽ ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ [[بزرگن جي ڪائونسل]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.
[[فرانسيسي ڪنسوليٽ]] ۽ سلطنت جي دور ۾ هن ٽپال کاتي جي معائني ڪندڙ آفيسر طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.
هن جي تدفين [[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] جي 37هين شعبي ۾ ڪئي وئي آهي.

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* ايزابو جو پورٽريٽ، اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي آرڪائيو:
  http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201225517/http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 |date=2015-12-01 }}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ysabeau, Claude-Alexandre}}

[[زمرو:1831ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:1754ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي انقلابي]]
[[زمرو:جيان جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:دورِ دهشت جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پير لاشيز قبرستان ۾ مدفون ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:بزرگن جي ڪائونسل جا ميمبر]]
[[زمرو:لوئي شانزدهم جي سزائے موت جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:انقلابي مشن جا نمائندا]]
[[زمرو:عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي جا ميمبر]]</text>
      <sha1>4i1025hts5f8btggt7qa1dfyt4goxyn</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>385655</id>
      <parentid>385654</parentid>
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        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5036" sha1="2kcvh06efsqg5gkyzivg85sjie2pqgj" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي پادري ۽ انقلابي سياستدان (1754–1831)}}

[[File:Portrait_de_Claude_Alexandre_Isabeau_député_à_la_Convention_nationale,_D.6211.jpg|thumb|ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو جو بنا تاريخ وارو پورٽريٽ]]

'''ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو''' (Claude-Alexandre Ysabeau) 14 جولاءِ 1754ع تي [[جيان]] ۾ ڄائو ۽ 18 مارچ 1831ع تي [[پيرس]] ۾ وفات ڪيائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو شروعات ۾ [[سينٽ فلپ نيري جي اوريٽورين جماعت]] جو پادري هو ۽ بعد ۾ [[روحانيت جي شهري آئين]] تحت [[سينٽ مارٽن-دي-ٽور]] ۾ آئيني پادري بڻيو. 1791ع ۾ هو [[ٽور]] جي بشپ جو وائسر جنرل پڻ مقرر ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;
هو [[ويندوم فوجي اسڪول]] ۽ [[ڪاليج دي ٽور]] ۾ استاد طور پڻ خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.
ايزابو کي [[اندر-اي-لوار]] شعبي جي نمائندي طور [[قومي ڪنوينشن]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;
هن [[لوئي شانزدهم]] جي موت جي سزا جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو.

==سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرميون==

قومي ڪنوينشن کيس [[پيرينيز-اورينتال]] موڪليو ته جيئن اتي فوج کي منظم ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grhis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fichier alphabétique des représentants en missions mars 1793 - octobre 1795|url=http://grhis.univ-rouen.fr/grhis/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/FICH_ALPHA_REM.pdf|website=grhis.univ-rouen.fr|publisher=Groupe de Recherche d’Histoire de l’Université de Rouen|accessdate=13 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

بعد ۾ آگسٽ 1793ع ۾ کيس [[ژان-لامبير ٽاليان]] سان گڏ قومي ڪنوينشن پاران [[بورڊيو]] ۾ ڪمشنر طور موڪليو ويو، جتي بغاوت جي ڪوشش کان پوءِ امن امان بحال ڪرڻ سندس ذميواري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Chronicle of the French Revolution p.361 Longman Group 1989&lt;/ref&gt;

[[روبسپيئر]] کين هدايت ڪئي ته &quot;غدارن ۽ بادشاهت پسندن کي جلدي ۽ سخت سزا ڏني وڃي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, J.M. ''Robespierre'' p.401 Basil Blackwell 1988&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1793ع جي آخر تائين ايزابو ۽ ٽاليان صرف 104 وفاقي اڳواڻن کي موت جي سزا ڏني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Gough, Hugh ''The Terror in the French Revolution'' p.46 Palgrave Macmillan 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
بعد ۾ روبسپيئر ٻنهي تي حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي اختيار ڪرڻ جو الزام هنيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ايزابو پنهنجي نالي جي صفائي لاءِ پيرس موٽي آيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

ٽاليان سان گڏ ايزابو به انهن ڪنوينشن ميمبرن مان هو، جن [[ٿرميڊوري ردعمل]] کي جنم ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ روبسپيئر جي حڪومت ختم ٿي وئي.
1795ع جي مارچ ۾ هو [[عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي]] جو ميمبر بڻيو ۽ ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ [[بزرگن جي ڪائونسل]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.
[[فرانسيسي ڪنسوليٽ]] ۽ سلطنت جي دور ۾ هن ٽپال کاتي جي معائني ڪندڙ آفيسر طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.
هن جي تدفين [[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] جي 37هين شعبي ۾ ڪئي وئي آهي.

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* ايزابو جو پورٽريٽ، اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي آرڪائيو:
  http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201225517/http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 |date=2015-12-01 }}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ysabeau, Claude-Alexandre}}

[[زمرو:1831ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:1754ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي انقلابي]]
[[زمرو:جيان جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:دورِ دهشت جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پير لاشيز قبرستان ۾ مدفون ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:بزرگن جي ڪائونسل جا ميمبر]]
[[زمرو:لوئي شانزدهم جي سزائے موت جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:انقلابي مشن جا نمائندا]]
[[زمرو:عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي جا ميمبر]]</text>
      <sha1>2kcvh06efsqg5gkyzivg85sjie2pqgj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385656</id>
      <parentid>385655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:01:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5034" sha1="qzzmyx5sx08fos4bq605k3n43yywxyq" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|فرانسيسي پادري ۽ انقلابي سياستدان (1754–1831)}}

[[File:Portrait_de_Claude_Alexandre_Isabeau_député_à_la_Convention_nationale,_D.6211.jpg|thumb|ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو جو بنا تاريخ وارو پورٽريٽ]]

'''ڪلاڊ-اليگزاندر ايزابو''' (Claude-Alexandre Ysabeau) 14 جولاءِ 1754ع تي [[جيان]] ۾ ڄائو ۽ 18 مارچ 1831ع تي [[پيرس]] ۾ وفات ڪيائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو شروعات ۾ [[سينٽ فلپ نيري جي اوريٽورين جماعت]] جو پادري هو ۽ بعد ۾ [[روحانيت جي شهري آئين]] تحت [[سينٽ مارٽن-دي-ٽور]] ۾ آئيني پادري بڻيو. 1791ع ۾ هو [[ٽور]] جي بشپ جو وائسر جنرل پڻ مقرر ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;
هو [[ويندوم فوجي اسڪول]] ۽ [[ڪاليج دي ٽور]] ۾ استاد طور پڻ خدمتون سرانجام ڏيندو رهيو.
ايزابو کي [[اندر-اي-لوار]] شعبي جي نمائندي طور [[قومي ڪنوينشن]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13294|title=Claude, Alexandre Ysabeau - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;
هن [[لوئي سورھون]] جي موت جي سزا جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو.

==سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرميون==

قومي ڪنوينشن کيس [[پيرينيز-اورينتال]] موڪليو ته جيئن اتي فوج کي منظم ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grhis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fichier alphabétique des représentants en missions mars 1793 - octobre 1795|url=http://grhis.univ-rouen.fr/grhis/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/FICH_ALPHA_REM.pdf|website=grhis.univ-rouen.fr|publisher=Groupe de Recherche d’Histoire de l’Université de Rouen|accessdate=13 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

بعد ۾ آگسٽ 1793ع ۾ کيس [[ژان-لامبير ٽاليان]] سان گڏ قومي ڪنوينشن پاران [[بورڊيو]] ۾ ڪمشنر طور موڪليو ويو، جتي بغاوت جي ڪوشش کان پوءِ امن امان بحال ڪرڻ سندس ذميواري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Chronicle of the French Revolution p.361 Longman Group 1989&lt;/ref&gt;

[[روبسپيئر]] کين هدايت ڪئي ته &quot;غدارن ۽ بادشاهت پسندن کي جلدي ۽ سخت سزا ڏني وڃي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, J.M. ''Robespierre'' p.401 Basil Blackwell 1988&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1793ع جي آخر تائين ايزابو ۽ ٽاليان صرف 104 وفاقي اڳواڻن کي موت جي سزا ڏني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Gough, Hugh ''The Terror in the French Revolution'' p.46 Palgrave Macmillan 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
بعد ۾ روبسپيئر ٻنهي تي حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي اختيار ڪرڻ جو الزام هنيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ايزابو پنهنجي نالي جي صفائي لاءِ پيرس موٽي آيو.&lt;ref&gt;Forrest, Alan I. The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 p. 221 Clarendon Press, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

ٽاليان سان گڏ ايزابو به انهن ڪنوينشن ميمبرن مان هو، جن [[ٿرميڊوري ردعمل]] کي جنم ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ روبسپيئر جي حڪومت ختم ٿي وئي.
1795ع جي مارچ ۾ هو [[عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي]] جو ميمبر بڻيو ۽ ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ [[بزرگن جي ڪائونسل]] لاءِ چونڊيو ويو.
[[فرانسيسي ڪنسوليٽ]] ۽ سلطنت جي دور ۾ هن ٽپال کاتي جي معائني ڪندڙ آفيسر طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.
هن جي تدفين [[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] جي 37هين شعبي ۾ ڪئي وئي آهي.

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* ايزابو جو پورٽريٽ، اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي آرڪائيو:
  http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201225517/http://frda.stanford.edu/en/catalog/mv482nd6896 |date=2015-12-01 }}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ysabeau, Claude-Alexandre}}

[[زمرو:1831ع جون وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:1754ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي انقلابي]]
[[زمرو:جيان جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:دورِ دهشت جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پير لاشيز قبرستان ۾ مدفون ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:بزرگن جي ڪائونسل جا ميمبر]]
[[زمرو:لوئي شانزدهم جي سزائے موت جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيندڙ]]
[[زمرو:انقلابي مشن جا نمائندا]]
[[زمرو:عام سلامتي ڪاميٽي جا ميمبر]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|بيلاروسي صحافي (پيدائش 1979ع)}} {{Infobox person | name               = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن | image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg | caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي | native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}} | birth_date         = {{birth date|1979|06|6|df=yes}} | birth_place        = [[هرودنا]]، بيل...</comment>
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| image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg
| caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي
| native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}}
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| other_names        =
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| occupation         = صحافي
| organization       =
| awards             = [[File:Pahonia_Medal_BNR_ribbon.png|50px]] [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]]
}}


'''دزيانِس ياؤهينيئاوِچ ايوَاشِن''' (ٻيا نالا: '''دزيانِس ايوَاشِن'''، '''دينيس ايوَاشِن'''؛ ('''Dzianis Jaŭhienavič Ivashyn''' )؛ پيدائش: 6 جون 1979ع، [[هرودنا]]، [[سوويت يونين]]) هڪ [[بيلاروس]]ي صحافي آهي.

هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار لاءِ آزاد نامانگار طور ڪم ڪندو آهي ۽ يوڪرين جي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] منصوبي سان رضاڪار جاچ ڪندڙ طور پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي. 2021ع ۾ کيس [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] (ڪي جي بي) گرفتار ڪيو ۽ مٿس [[وطن سان غداري]] جو الزام هنيو ويو. سندس ساٿين جو خيال آهي ته سندس گرفتاري بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ٿيل اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن بابت سندس تحقيقي مضمونن سبب ٿي.

==صحافتي سرگرميون==

ايوَاشِن 2014ع ۾ يوڪرين جي [[يورو ميدان]] تحريڪ ۾ شريڪ ٿيو. ساڳئي سال هو يوڪريني جاچ منصوبي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] جي بيلاروسي ايڊيشن سان ايڊيٽر طور شامل ٿيو.&lt;ref name=a&gt;{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/31152056.html |title=«Ён змагаўся за праўду». Чым вядомы Дзяніс Івашын, якога затрымаў КДБ, і пры чым тут Украіна |lang=be |website=[[RFE/RL]] |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21 |last1=Свабода |first1=Радыё }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=belsat /&gt;&lt;ref name=spring&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn |title=Dzianis Ivashyn, journalist |website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]] |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار جو آزاد نامانگار بڻيو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس اهم مضمونن جا موضوع [[بيلاروس]] ۽ [[شام]] ۾ [[روس]] جي اثررسوخ، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[عظيم تطهير]] دوران ٿيل اجتماعي قبرستان [[ڪوراپاتي]] ڀرسان تجارتي تعمير، ۽ بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن جي ڀرتي هئا.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
2017ع ۾ کيس [[آزادي جو ڏينهن (بيلاروس)]] جي جلسي دوران صحافتي ڪم ڪرڻ سبب پنج ڏينهن قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |title=Редактор и журналист сайта InformNapalm Беларусь Денис Ивашин осуждён на 5 суток за работу на Дне Воле |lang=ru |date= |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065001/https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
12 مارچ 2021ع تي ايوَاشِن کي [[هرودنا]] ۾ [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] طرفان گرفتار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;</text>
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| name               = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن
| image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg
| caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي
| native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1979|06|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[هرودنا]]، [[بيلاروسي سوويت سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]، [[سوويت يونين]]
| other_names        =
| known_for          =
| occupation         = صحافي
| organization       =
| awards             = [[File:Pahonia_Medal_BNR_ribbon.png|50px]] [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]]
}}


'''دزيانِس ياؤهينيئاوِچ ايوَاشِن''' (ٻيا نالا: '''دزيانِس ايوَاشِن'''، '''دينيس ايوَاشِن'''؛ ('''Dzianis Jaŭhienavič Ivashyn''' )؛ پيدائش: 6 جون 1979ع، [[هرودنا]]، [[سوويت يونين]]) هڪ [[بيلاروس]]ي صحافي آهي.

هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار لاءِ آزاد نامانگار طور ڪم ڪندو آهي ۽ يوڪرين جي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] منصوبي سان رضاڪار جاچ ڪندڙ طور پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي. 2021ع ۾ کيس [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] (ڪي جي بي) گرفتار ڪيو ۽ مٿس [[وطن سان غداري]] جو الزام هنيو ويو. سندس ساٿين جو خيال آهي ته سندس گرفتاري بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ٿيل اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن بابت سندس تحقيقي مضمونن سبب ٿي.

==صحافتي سرگرميون==

ايوَاشِن 2014ع ۾ يوڪرين جي [[يورو ميدان]] تحريڪ ۾ شريڪ ٿيو. ساڳئي سال هو يوڪريني جاچ منصوبي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] جي بيلاروسي ايڊيشن سان ايڊيٽر طور شامل ٿيو.&lt;ref name=a&gt;{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/31152056.html |title=«Ён змагаўся за праўду». Чым вядомы Дзяніс Івашын, якога затрымаў КДБ, і пры чым тут Украіна |lang=be |website=[[RFE/RL]] |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21 |last1=Свабода |first1=Радыё }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=belsat /&gt;&lt;ref name=spring&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn |title=Dzianis Ivashyn, journalist |website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]] |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار جو آزاد نامانگار بڻيو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس اهم مضمونن جا موضوع [[بيلاروس]] ۽ [[شام]] ۾ [[روس]] جي اثررسوخ، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[عظيم تطهير]] دوران ٿيل اجتماعي قبرستان [[ڪوراپاتي]] ڀرسان تجارتي تعمير، ۽ بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن جي ڀرتي هئا.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
2017ع ۾ کيس [[آزادي جو ڏينهن (بيلاروس)]] جي جلسي دوران صحافتي ڪم ڪرڻ سبب پنج ڏينهن قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |title=Редактор и журналист сайта InformNapalm Беларусь Денис Ивашин осуждён на 5 суток за работу на Дне Воле |lang=ru |date= |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065001/https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
12 مارچ 2021ع تي ايوَاشِن کي [[هرودنا]] ۾ [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] طرفان گرفتار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;

ايوَاشِن جو چوڻ هو ته انهن ماڻهن کي بيلاروسي شهريت ڏيڻ ۽ پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ڪرڻ دوران قانوني ڀڃڪڙيون ٿيون، ۽ هن اهو پڻ دعويٰ ڪيو ته ڪجهه اڳوڻا برڪوت اهلڪار [[2020ع جا بيلاروسي احتجاج]] دٻائڻ ۾ به شامل هئا.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
شروعات ۾ ايوَاشِن تي [[بيلاروس جي فوجداري قانون]] جي دفعه 365 تحت &quot;پوليس آفيسر جي سرگرمين ۾ مداخلت&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
30 آڪٽوبر 2021ع تي ظاهر ٿيو ته مٿس دفعه 356 تحت &quot;اعليٰ درجي جي وطن سان غداري&quot; جو الزام پڻ لاڳو ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس وڪيل کان رازداري وارو معاهدو ورتو ويو، جنهن تحت هو جاچ بابت ڪا به ڄاڻ ظاهر نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
ايوَاشِن کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج ڀيرا (مجموعي طور 30 ڏينهن) سزا واري اڪيلي ڪوٺڙي ({{langx|ru|карцер}}) ۾ رکيو ويو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;

سندس گهرواري موجب، سزا واري ڪوٺڙي ۾ ٻئي ڀيري رهڻ دوران کيس [[فالج]] جو دورو پيو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
سندس مائٽن جو چوڻ آهي ته جيل انتظاميا ڄاڻي واڻي سندس خط و ڪتابت جي حق تي پابنديون وڌيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/104048 |title=Мать журналиста Ивашина, у которого случился сердечный приступ: «Его могут убить» |lang=ru |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

24 مارچ 2021ع تي بيلاروس جي اٺ انساني حقن واري تنظيمن ايوَاشِن کي سياسي قيدي قرار ڏنو ۽ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/102595 |title=Требуем немедленного освобождения политзаключенного Дениса Ивашина |lang=ru |date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[يورپي فيڊريشن آف جرنلسٽس]] پڻ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://europeanjournalists.org/blog/2021/03/15/belarus-efj-demands-release-of-journalist-denis-ivashin/ |title=Belarus: EFJ Demands Release of Journalist Denis Ivashin |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
آئرلينڊ جي پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر [[شان هاگي]] ايوَاشِن جو &quot;سرپرست&quot; (Godfather) بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0715/1235124-belarus-ireland/ |title=Oireachtas members sponsor political prisoners in Belarus |website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
مارچ 2023ع ۾ کيس [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]] سان نوازيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Рада БНР узнагародзіла Медалём Ордэну «Пагоні» шэраг беларусаў. Белсат онлайн - Belsat TV |url=https://belsat.eu/news/25-03-2023-rada-bnr-uznagarodzila-medalyom-ordenu-pagoni-sherag-belarusau |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=belsat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{cite web
 |author=
 |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=پروفائيل
 |website=[[وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivashyn, Dzianis}}

[[زمرو:1979 ۾ جنم]]
[[زمرو: زنده ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروس ۾ سياسي قيدي]]
[[زمرو:وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز موجب سياسي قيدي]]</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن
| image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg
| caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي
| native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1979|06|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[هرودنا]]، [[بيلاروسي سوويت سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]، [[سوويت يونين]]
| other_names        =
| known_for          =
| occupation         = صحافي
| organization       =
| awards             = [[File:Pahonia_Medal_BNR_ribbon.png|50px]] [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]]
}}


'''دزيانِس ياؤهينيئاوِچ ايوَاشِن''' (ٻيا نالا: '''دزيانِس ايوَاشِن'''، '''دينيس ايوَاشِن'''؛ ('''Dzianis Jaŭhienavič Ivashyn''' )؛ پيدائش: 6 جون 1979ع، [[هرودنا]]، [[سوويت يونين]]) هڪ [[بيلاروس]]ي صحافي آهي.

هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار لاءِ آزاد نامانگار طور ڪم ڪندو آهي ۽ يوڪرين جي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] منصوبي سان رضاڪار جاچ ڪندڙ طور پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي. 2021ع ۾ کيس [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] (ڪي جي بي) گرفتار ڪيو ۽ مٿس [[وطن سان غداري]] جو الزام هنيو ويو. سندس ساٿين جو خيال آهي ته سندس گرفتاري بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ٿيل اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن بابت سندس تحقيقي مضمونن سبب ٿي.

==صحافتي سرگرميون==

ايوَاشِن 2014ع ۾ يوڪرين جي [[يورو ميدان]] تحريڪ ۾ شريڪ ٿيو. ساڳئي سال هو يوڪريني جاچ منصوبي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] جي بيلاروسي ايڊيشن سان ايڊيٽر طور شامل ٿيو&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 |author=
 |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/31152056.html
 |title=«Ён змагаўся за праўду». Чым вядомы Дзяніс Івашын, якога затрымаў КДБ, і пры чым тут Украіна
 |lang=be
 |website=[[RFE/RL]]
 |date=2021-03-15
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 |last1=Свабода
 |first1=Радыё
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;belsat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spring&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |author=
 |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=Dzianis Ivashyn, journalist
 |website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار جو آزاد نامانگار بڻيو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس اهم مضمونن جا موضوع [[بيلاروس]] ۽ [[شام]] ۾ [[روس]] جي اثررسوخ، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[عظيم تطهير]] دوران ٿيل اجتماعي قبرستان [[ڪوراپاتي]] ڀرسان تجارتي تعمير، ۽ بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن جي ڀرتي هئا.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
2017ع ۾ کيس [[آزادي جو ڏينهن (بيلاروس)]] جي جلسي دوران صحافتي ڪم ڪرڻ سبب پنج ڏينهن قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |title=Редактор и журналист сайта InformNapalm Беларусь Денис Ивашин осуждён на 5 суток за работу на Дне Воле |lang=ru |date= |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065001/https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
12 مارچ 2021ع تي ايوَاشِن کي [[هرودنا]] ۾ [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] طرفان گرفتار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;

ايوَاشِن جو چوڻ هو ته انهن ماڻهن کي بيلاروسي شهريت ڏيڻ ۽ پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ڪرڻ دوران قانوني ڀڃڪڙيون ٿيون، ۽ هن اهو پڻ دعويٰ ڪيو ته ڪجهه اڳوڻا برڪوت اهلڪار [[2020ع جا بيلاروسي احتجاج]] دٻائڻ ۾ به شامل هئا.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
شروعات ۾ ايوَاشِن تي [[بيلاروس جي فوجداري قانون]] جي دفعه 365 تحت &quot;پوليس آفيسر جي سرگرمين ۾ مداخلت&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
30 آڪٽوبر 2021ع تي ظاهر ٿيو ته مٿس دفعه 356 تحت &quot;اعليٰ درجي جي وطن سان غداري&quot; جو الزام پڻ لاڳو ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس وڪيل کان رازداري وارو معاهدو ورتو ويو، جنهن تحت هو جاچ بابت ڪا به ڄاڻ ظاهر نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
ايوَاشِن کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج ڀيرا (مجموعي طور 30 ڏينهن) سزا واري اڪيلي ڪوٺڙي ({{langx|ru|карцер}}) ۾ رکيو ويو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;

سندس گهرواري موجب، سزا واري ڪوٺڙي ۾ ٻئي ڀيري رهڻ دوران کيس [[فالج]] جو دورو پيو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
سندس مائٽن جو چوڻ آهي ته جيل انتظاميا ڄاڻي واڻي سندس خط و ڪتابت جي حق تي پابنديون وڌيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/104048 |title=Мать журналиста Ивашина, у которого случился сердечный приступ: «Его могут убить» |lang=ru |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

24 مارچ 2021ع تي بيلاروس جي اٺ انساني حقن واري تنظيمن ايوَاشِن کي سياسي قيدي قرار ڏنو ۽ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/102595 |title=Требуем немедленного освобождения политзаключенного Дениса Ивашина |lang=ru |date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[يورپي فيڊريشن آف جرنلسٽس]] پڻ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://europeanjournalists.org/blog/2021/03/15/belarus-efj-demands-release-of-journalist-denis-ivashin/ |title=Belarus: EFJ Demands Release of Journalist Denis Ivashin |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
آئرلينڊ جي پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر [[شان هاگي]] ايوَاشِن جو &quot;سرپرست&quot; (Godfather) بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0715/1235124-belarus-ireland/ |title=Oireachtas members sponsor political prisoners in Belarus |website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
مارچ 2023ع ۾ کيس [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]] سان نوازيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Рада БНР узнагародзіла Медалём Ордэну «Пагоні» шэраг беларусаў. Белсат онлайн - Belsat TV |url=https://belsat.eu/news/25-03-2023-rada-bnr-uznagarodzila-medalyom-ordenu-pagoni-sherag-belarusau |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=belsat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{cite web
 |author=
 |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=پروفائيل
 |website=[[وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivashyn, Dzianis}}

[[زمرو:1979 ۾ جنم]]
[[زمرو: زنده ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروس ۾ سياسي قيدي]]
[[زمرو:وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز موجب سياسي قيدي]]</text>
      <sha1>e3nw76d2wdpdgt6pk9eoqw63i9ul68d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385660</id>
      <parentid>385659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:14:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8177" sha1="k1ja6o2um98p89h01kuuztrs0pusm51" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|بيلاروسي صحافي (پيدائش 1979ع)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن
| image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg
| caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي
| native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1979|06|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[هرودنا]]، [[بيلاروسي سوويت سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]، [[سوويت يونين]]
| other_names        =
| known_for          =
| occupation         = صحافي
| organization       =
| awards             = [[File:Pahonia_Medal_BNR_ribbon.png|50px]] [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]]
}}


'''دزيانِس ياؤهينيئاوِچ ايوَاشِن''' (ٻيا نالا: '''دزيانِس ايوَاشِن'''، '''دينيس ايوَاشِن'''؛ ('''Dzianis Jaŭhienavič Ivashyn''' )؛ پيدائش: 6 جون 1979ع، [[هرودنا]]، [[سوويت يونين]]) هڪ [[بيلاروس]]ي صحافي آهي.

هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار لاءِ آزاد نامانگار طور ڪم ڪندو آهي ۽ يوڪرين جي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] منصوبي سان رضاڪار جاچ ڪندڙ طور پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي. 2021ع ۾ کيس [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] (ڪي جي بي) گرفتار ڪيو ۽ مٿس [[وطن سان غداري]] جو الزام هنيو ويو. سندس ساٿين جو خيال آهي ته سندس گرفتاري بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ٿيل اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن بابت سندس تحقيقي مضمونن سبب ٿي.

==صحافتي سرگرميون==

ايوَاشِن 2014ع ۾ يوڪرين جي [[يورو ميدان]] تحريڪ ۾ شريڪ ٿيو. ساڳئي سال هو يوڪريني جاچ منصوبي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] جي بيلاروسي ايڊيشن سان ايڊيٽر طور شامل ٿيو&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 |author= |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/31152056.html
 |title=«Ён змагаўся за праўду». Чым вядомы Дзяніс Івашын, якога затрымаў КДБ, і пры чым тут Украіна
 |lang=be
 |website=[[RFE/RL]]
 |date=2021-03-15
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 |last1=Свабода
 |first1=Радыё
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spring&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |author=
|url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=Dzianis Ivashyn, journalist
 |website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار جو آزاد نامانگار بڻيو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس اهم مضمونن جا موضوع [[بيلاروس]] ۽ [[شام]] ۾ [[روس]] جي اثررسوخ، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[عظيم تطهير]] دوران ٿيل اجتماعي قبرستان [[ڪوراپاتي]] ڀرسان تجارتي تعمير، ۽ بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن جي ڀرتي هئا.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
2017ع ۾ کيس [[آزادي جو ڏينهن (بيلاروس)]] جي جلسي دوران صحافتي ڪم ڪرڻ سبب پنج ڏينهن قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |title=Редактор и журналист сайта InformNapalm Беларусь Денис Ивашин осуждён на 5 суток за работу на Дне Воле |lang=ru |date= |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065001/https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
12 مارچ 2021ع تي ايوَاشِن کي [[هرودنا]] ۾ [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] طرفان گرفتار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;

ايوَاشِن جو چوڻ هو ته انهن ماڻهن کي بيلاروسي شهريت ڏيڻ ۽ پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ڪرڻ دوران قانوني ڀڃڪڙيون ٿيون، ۽ هن اهو پڻ دعويٰ ڪيو ته ڪجهه اڳوڻا برڪوت اهلڪار [[2020ع جا بيلاروسي احتجاج]] دٻائڻ ۾ به شامل هئا.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
شروعات ۾ ايوَاشِن تي [[بيلاروس جي فوجداري قانون]] جي دفعه 365 تحت &quot;پوليس آفيسر جي سرگرمين ۾ مداخلت&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
30 آڪٽوبر 2021ع تي ظاهر ٿيو ته مٿس دفعه 356 تحت &quot;اعليٰ درجي جي وطن سان غداري&quot; جو الزام پڻ لاڳو ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس وڪيل کان رازداري وارو معاهدو ورتو ويو، جنهن تحت هو جاچ بابت ڪا به ڄاڻ ظاهر نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
ايوَاشِن کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج ڀيرا (مجموعي طور 30 ڏينهن) سزا واري اڪيلي ڪوٺڙي ({{langx|ru|карцер}}) ۾ رکيو ويو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;

سندس گهرواري موجب، سزا واري ڪوٺڙي ۾ ٻئي ڀيري رهڻ دوران کيس [[فالج]] جو دورو پيو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
سندس مائٽن جو چوڻ آهي ته جيل انتظاميا ڄاڻي واڻي سندس خط و ڪتابت جي حق تي پابنديون وڌيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/104048 |title=Мать журналиста Ивашина, у которого случился сердечный приступ: «Его могут убить» |lang=ru |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

24 مارچ 2021ع تي بيلاروس جي اٺ انساني حقن واري تنظيمن ايوَاشِن کي سياسي قيدي قرار ڏنو ۽ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/102595 |title=Требуем немедленного освобождения политзаключенного Дениса Ивашина |lang=ru |date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[يورپي فيڊريشن آف جرنلسٽس]] پڻ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://europeanjournalists.org/blog/2021/03/15/belarus-efj-demands-release-of-journalist-denis-ivashin/ |title=Belarus: EFJ Demands Release of Journalist Denis Ivashin |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
آئرلينڊ جي پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر [[شان هاگي]] ايوَاشِن جو &quot;سرپرست&quot; (Godfather) بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0715/1235124-belarus-ireland/ |title=Oireachtas members sponsor political prisoners in Belarus |website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
مارچ 2023ع ۾ کيس [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]] سان نوازيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Рада БНР узнагародзіла Медалём Ордэну «Пагоні» шэраг беларусаў. Белсат онлайн - Belsat TV |url=https://belsat.eu/news/25-03-2023-rada-bnr-uznagarodzila-medalyom-ordenu-pagoni-sherag-belarusau |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=belsat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{cite web
 |author=
 |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=پروفائيل
 |website=[[وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivashyn, Dzianis}}

[[زمرو:1979 ۾ جنم]]
[[زمرو: زنده ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروس ۾ سياسي قيدي]]
[[زمرو:وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز موجب سياسي قيدي]]</text>
      <sha1>k1ja6o2um98p89h01kuuztrs0pusm51</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385661</id>
      <parentid>385660</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:15:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8162" sha1="5lda08iwvw08prnmfyx6gojnvob6859" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|بيلاروسي صحافي (پيدائش 1979ع)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن
| image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg
| caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي
| native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1979|06|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[هرودنا]]، [[بيلاروسي سوويت سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]، [[سوويت يونين]]
| other_names        =
| known_for          =
| occupation         = صحافي
| organization       =
| awards             = [[File:Pahonia_Medal_BNR_ribbon.png|50px]] [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]]
}}


'''دزيانِس ياؤهينيئاوِچ ايوَاشِن''' (ٻيا نالا: '''دزيانِس ايوَاشِن'''، '''دينيس ايوَاشِن'''؛ ('''Dzianis Jaŭhienavič Ivashyn''' )؛ پيدائش: 6 جون 1979ع، [[هرودنا]]، [[سوويت يونين]]) هڪ [[بيلاروس]]ي صحافي آهي.

هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار لاءِ آزاد نامانگار طور ڪم ڪندو آهي ۽ يوڪرين جي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] منصوبي سان رضاڪار جاچ ڪندڙ طور پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي. 2021ع ۾ کيس [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] (ڪي جي بي) گرفتار ڪيو ۽ مٿس [[وطن سان غداري]] جو الزام هنيو ويو. سندس ساٿين جو خيال آهي ته سندس گرفتاري بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ٿيل اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن بابت سندس تحقيقي مضمونن سبب ٿي.

==صحافتي سرگرميون==

ايوَاشِن 2014ع ۾ يوڪرين جي [[يورو ميدان]] تحريڪ ۾ شريڪ ٿيو. ساڳئي سال هو يوڪريني جاچ منصوبي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] جي بيلاروسي ايڊيشن سان ايڊيٽر طور شامل ٿيو&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 |author= |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/31152056.html
 |title=«Ён змагаўся за праўду». Чым вядомы Дзяніс Івашын, якога затрымаў КДБ, і пры чым тут Украіна
 |lang=be
 |website=[[RFE/RL]]
 |date=2021-03-15
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 |last1=Свабода
 |first1=Радыё
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spring&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |author=
|url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=Dzianis Ivashyn, journalist
 |website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار جو آزاد نامانگار بڻيو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس اهم مضمونن جا موضوع [[بيلاروس]] ۽ [[شام]] ۾ [[روس]] جي اثررسوخ، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[عظيم تطهير]] دوران ٿيل اجتماعي قبرستان [[ڪوراپاتي]] ڀرسان تجارتي تعمير، ۽ بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن جي ڀرتي هئا.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
2017ع ۾ کيس [[آزادي جو ڏينهن (بيلاروس)]] جي جلسي دوران صحافتي ڪم ڪرڻ سبب پنج ڏينهن قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |title=Редактор и журналист сайта InformNapalm Беларусь Денис Ивашин осуждён на 5 суток за работу на Дне Воле |lang=ru |date= |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065001/https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
12 مارچ 2021ع تي ايوَاشِن کي [[هرودنا]] ۾ [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] طرفان گرفتار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;

ايوَاشِن جو چوڻ هو ته انهن ماڻهن کي بيلاروسي شهريت ڏيڻ ۽ پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ڪرڻ دوران قانوني ڀڃڪڙيون ٿيون، ۽ هن اهو پڻ دعويٰ ڪيو ته ڪجهه اڳوڻا برڪوت اهلڪار [[2020ع جا بيلاروسي احتجاج]] دٻائڻ ۾ به شامل هئا.
شروعات ۾ ايوَاشِن تي [[بيلاروس جي فوجداري قانون]] جي دفعه 365 تحت &quot;پوليس آفيسر جي سرگرمين ۾ مداخلت&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
30 آڪٽوبر 2021ع تي ظاهر ٿيو ته مٿس دفعه 356 تحت &quot;اعليٰ درجي جي وطن سان غداري&quot; جو الزام پڻ لاڳو ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس وڪيل کان رازداري وارو معاهدو ورتو ويو، جنهن تحت هو جاچ بابت ڪا به ڄاڻ ظاهر نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
ايوَاشِن کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج ڀيرا (مجموعي طور 30 ڏينهن) سزا واري اڪيلي ڪوٺڙي ({{langx|ru|карцер}}) ۾ رکيو ويو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;

سندس گهرواري موجب، سزا واري ڪوٺڙي ۾ ٻئي ڀيري رهڻ دوران کيس [[فالج]] جو دورو پيو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
سندس مائٽن جو چوڻ آهي ته جيل انتظاميا ڄاڻي واڻي سندس خط و ڪتابت جي حق تي پابنديون وڌيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/104048 |title=Мать журналиста Ивашина, у которого случился сердечный приступ: «Его могут убить» |lang=ru |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

24 مارچ 2021ع تي بيلاروس جي اٺ انساني حقن واري تنظيمن ايوَاشِن کي سياسي قيدي قرار ڏنو ۽ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/102595 |title=Требуем немедленного освобождения политзаключенного Дениса Ивашина |lang=ru |date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[يورپي فيڊريشن آف جرنلسٽس]] پڻ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://europeanjournalists.org/blog/2021/03/15/belarus-efj-demands-release-of-journalist-denis-ivashin/ |title=Belarus: EFJ Demands Release of Journalist Denis Ivashin |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
آئرلينڊ جي پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر [[شان هاگي]] ايوَاشِن جو &quot;سرپرست&quot; (Godfather) بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0715/1235124-belarus-ireland/ |title=Oireachtas members sponsor political prisoners in Belarus |website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
مارچ 2023ع ۾ کيس [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]] سان نوازيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Рада БНР узнагародзіла Медалём Ордэну «Пагоні» шэраг беларусаў. Белсат онлайн - Belsat TV |url=https://belsat.eu/news/25-03-2023-rada-bnr-uznagarodzila-medalyom-ordenu-pagoni-sherag-belarusau |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=belsat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{cite web
 |author=
 |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=پروفائيل
 |website=[[وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivashyn, Dzianis}}

[[زمرو:1979 ۾ جنم]]
[[زمرو: زنده ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروس ۾ سياسي قيدي]]
[[زمرو:وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز موجب سياسي قيدي]]</text>
      <sha1>5lda08iwvw08prnmfyx6gojnvob6859</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385662</id>
      <parentid>385661</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:16:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8147" sha1="q2rcpc9xnxfjejkcz9cpnc3hyg4v9kx" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|بيلاروسي صحافي (پيدائش 1979ع)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن
| image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg
| caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي
| native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1979|06|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[هرودنا]]، [[بيلاروسي سوويت سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]، [[سوويت يونين]]
| other_names        =
| known_for          =
| occupation         = صحافي
| organization       =
| awards             = [[File:Pahonia_Medal_BNR_ribbon.png|50px]] [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]]
}}


'''دزيانِس ياؤهينيئاوِچ ايوَاشِن''' (ٻيا نالا: '''دزيانِس ايوَاشِن'''، '''دينيس ايوَاشِن'''؛ ('''Dzianis Jaŭhienavič Ivashyn''' )؛ پيدائش: 6 جون 1979ع، [[هرودنا]]، [[سوويت يونين]]) هڪ [[بيلاروس]]ي صحافي آهي.

هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار لاءِ آزاد نامانگار طور ڪم ڪندو آهي ۽ يوڪرين جي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] منصوبي سان رضاڪار جاچ ڪندڙ طور پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي. 2021ع ۾ کيس [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] (ڪي جي بي) گرفتار ڪيو ۽ مٿس [[وطن سان غداري]] جو الزام هنيو ويو. سندس ساٿين جو خيال آهي ته سندس گرفتاري بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ٿيل اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن بابت سندس تحقيقي مضمونن سبب ٿي.

==صحافتي سرگرميون==

ايوَاشِن 2014ع ۾ يوڪرين جي [[يورو ميدان]] تحريڪ ۾ شريڪ ٿيو. ساڳئي سال هو يوڪريني جاچ منصوبي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] جي بيلاروسي ايڊيشن سان ايڊيٽر طور شامل ٿيو&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 |author= |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/31152056.html
 |title=«Ён змагаўся за праўду». Чым вядомы Дзяніс Івашын, якога затрымаў КДБ, і пры чым тут Украіна
 |lang=be
 |website=[[RFE/RL]]
 |date=2021-03-15
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 |last1=Свабода
 |first1=Радыё
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spring&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |author=
|url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=Dzianis Ivashyn, journalist
 |website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار جو آزاد نامانگار بڻيو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس اهم مضمونن جا موضوع [[بيلاروس]] ۽ [[شام]] ۾ [[روس]] جي اثررسوخ، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[عظيم تطهير]] دوران ٿيل اجتماعي قبرستان [[ڪوراپاتي]] ڀرسان تجارتي تعمير، ۽ بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن جي ڀرتي هئا.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
2017ع ۾ کيس [[آزادي جو ڏينهن (بيلاروس)]] جي جلسي دوران صحافتي ڪم ڪرڻ سبب پنج ڏينهن قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |title=Редактор и журналист сайта InformNapalm Беларусь Денис Ивашин осуждён на 5 суток за работу на Дне Воле |lang=ru |date= |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065001/https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
12 مارچ 2021ع تي ايوَاشِن کي [[هرودنا]] ۾ [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] طرفان گرفتار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;

ايوَاشِن جو چوڻ هو ته انهن ماڻهن کي بيلاروسي شهريت ڏيڻ ۽ پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ڪرڻ دوران قانوني ڀڃڪڙيون ٿيون، ۽ هن اهو پڻ دعويٰ ڪيو ته ڪجهه اڳوڻا برڪوت اهلڪار [[2020ع جا بيلاروسي احتجاج]] دٻائڻ ۾ به شامل هئا.
شروعات ۾ ايوَاشِن تي [[بيلاروس جي فوجداري قانون]] جي دفعه 365 تحت &quot;پوليس آفيسر جي سرگرمين ۾ مداخلت&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
30 آڪٽوبر 2021ع تي ظاهر ٿيو ته مٿس دفعه 356 تحت &quot;اعليٰ درجي جي وطن سان غداري&quot; جو الزام پڻ لاڳو ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس وڪيل کان رازداري وارو معاهدو ورتو ويو، جنهن تحت هو جاچ بابت ڪا به ڄاڻ ظاهر نٿو ڪري سگهي.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
ايوَاشِن کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج ڀيرا (مجموعي طور 30 ڏينهن) سزا واري اڪيلي ڪوٺڙي ({{langx|ru|карцер}}) ۾ رکيو ويو.

سندس گهرواري موجب، سزا واري ڪوٺڙي ۾ ٻئي ڀيري رهڻ دوران کيس [[فالج]] جو دورو پيو.&lt;ref name=dw /&gt;
سندس مائٽن جو چوڻ آهي ته جيل انتظاميا ڄاڻي واڻي سندس خط و ڪتابت جي حق تي پابنديون وڌيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/104048 |title=Мать журналиста Ивашина, у которого случился сердечный приступ: «Его могут убить» |lang=ru |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

24 مارچ 2021ع تي بيلاروس جي اٺ انساني حقن واري تنظيمن ايوَاشِن کي سياسي قيدي قرار ڏنو ۽ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/102595 |title=Требуем немедленного освобождения политзаключенного Дениса Ивашина |lang=ru |date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[يورپي فيڊريشن آف جرنلسٽس]] پڻ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://europeanjournalists.org/blog/2021/03/15/belarus-efj-demands-release-of-journalist-denis-ivashin/ |title=Belarus: EFJ Demands Release of Journalist Denis Ivashin |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
آئرلينڊ جي پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر [[شان هاگي]] ايوَاشِن جو &quot;سرپرست&quot; (Godfather) بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0715/1235124-belarus-ireland/ |title=Oireachtas members sponsor political prisoners in Belarus |website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
مارچ 2023ع ۾ کيس [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]] سان نوازيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Рада БНР узнагародзіла Медалём Ордэну «Пагоні» шэраг беларусаў. Белсат онлайн - Belsat TV |url=https://belsat.eu/news/25-03-2023-rada-bnr-uznagarodzila-medalyom-ordenu-pagoni-sherag-belarusau |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=belsat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{cite web
 |author=
 |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=پروفائيل
 |website=[[وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivashyn, Dzianis}}

[[زمرو:1979 ۾ جنم]]
[[زمرو: زنده ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروس ۾ سياسي قيدي]]
[[زمرو:وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز موجب سياسي قيدي]]</text>
      <sha1>q2rcpc9xnxfjejkcz9cpnc3hyg4v9kx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385663</id>
      <parentid>385662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:17:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* صحافتي سرگرميون */</comment>
      <origin>385663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8117" sha1="l1eyicgj6e5zrgrxwvqc1waq1lqmf5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|بيلاروسي صحافي (پيدائش 1979ع)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن
| image              = Dzianis Ivasyn 2017.jpg
| caption            = دزيانِس ايوَاشِن، 2017ع ۾ عدالت ۾ موجود بيلاروسي صحافي
| native_name        = {{nobold|Дзяніс Івашын}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1979|06|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[هرودنا]]، [[بيلاروسي سوويت سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]، [[سوويت يونين]]
| other_names        =
| known_for          =
| occupation         = صحافي
| organization       =
| awards             = [[File:Pahonia_Medal_BNR_ribbon.png|50px]] [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]]
}}


'''دزيانِس ياؤهينيئاوِچ ايوَاشِن''' (ٻيا نالا: '''دزيانِس ايوَاشِن'''، '''دينيس ايوَاشِن'''؛ ('''Dzianis Jaŭhienavič Ivashyn''' )؛ پيدائش: 6 جون 1979ع، [[هرودنا]]، [[سوويت يونين]]) هڪ [[بيلاروس]]ي صحافي آهي.

هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار لاءِ آزاد نامانگار طور ڪم ڪندو آهي ۽ يوڪرين جي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] منصوبي سان رضاڪار جاچ ڪندڙ طور پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي. 2021ع ۾ کيس [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] (ڪي جي بي) گرفتار ڪيو ۽ مٿس [[وطن سان غداري]] جو الزام هنيو ويو. سندس ساٿين جو خيال آهي ته سندس گرفتاري بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ٿيل اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن بابت سندس تحقيقي مضمونن سبب ٿي.

==صحافتي سرگرميون==

ايوَاشِن 2014ع ۾ يوڪرين جي [[يورو ميدان]] تحريڪ ۾ شريڪ ٿيو. ساڳئي سال هو يوڪريني جاچ منصوبي [[اِنفارم نيپالم]] جي بيلاروسي ايڊيشن سان ايڊيٽر طور شامل ٿيو&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 |author= |url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/31152056.html
 |title=«Ён змагаўся за праўду». Чым вядомы Дзяніс Івашын, якога затрымаў КДБ, і пры чым тут Украіна
 |lang=be
 |website=[[RFE/RL]]
 |date=2021-03-15
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 |last1=Свабода
 |first1=Радыё
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spring&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |author=
|url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=Dzianis Ivashyn, journalist
 |website=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ هو ''[[نووي چاس]]'' اخبار جو آزاد نامانگار بڻيو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس اهم مضمونن جا موضوع [[بيلاروس]] ۽ [[شام]] ۾ [[روس]] جي اثررسوخ، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[عظيم تطهير]] دوران ٿيل اجتماعي قبرستان [[ڪوراپاتي]] ڀرسان تجارتي تعمير، ۽ بيلاروسي پوليس ۾ اڳوڻن [[برڪوت (خصوصي پوليس دستو)|برڪوت]] اهلڪارن جي ڀرتي هئا.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
2017ع ۾ کيس [[آزادي جو ڏينهن (بيلاروس)]] جي جلسي دوران صحافتي ڪم ڪرڻ سبب پنج ڏينهن قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |title=Редактор и журналист сайта InformNapalm Беларусь Денис Ивашин осуждён на 5 суток за работу на Дне Воле |lang=ru |date= |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065001/https://bydc.info/video/592-redaktor-i-zhurnalist-sajta-informnapalm-belarus-denis-ivashin-osuzhdjon-na-5-sutok-za-rabotu-na-dne-vole-video |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
12 مارچ 2021ع تي ايوَاشِن کي [[هرودنا]] ۾ [[بيلاروس جي رياستي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] طرفان گرفتار ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;

ايوَاشِن جو چوڻ هو ته انهن ماڻهن کي بيلاروسي شهريت ڏيڻ ۽ پوليس ۾ ڀرتي ڪرڻ دوران قانوني ڀڃڪڙيون ٿيون، ۽ هن اهو پڻ دعويٰ ڪيو ته ڪجهه اڳوڻا برڪوت اهلڪار [[2020ع جا بيلاروسي احتجاج]] دٻائڻ ۾ به شامل هئا.
شروعات ۾ ايوَاشِن تي [[بيلاروس جي فوجداري قانون]] جي دفعه 365 تحت &quot;پوليس آفيسر جي سرگرمين ۾ مداخلت&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
30 آڪٽوبر 2021ع تي ظاهر ٿيو ته مٿس دفعه 356 تحت &quot;اعليٰ درجي جي وطن سان غداري&quot; جو الزام پڻ لاڳو ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
سندس وڪيل کان رازداري وارو معاهدو ورتو ويو، جنهن تحت هو جاچ بابت ڪا به ڄاڻ ظاهر نٿو ڪري سگهي.
ايوَاشِن کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج ڀيرا (مجموعي طور 30 ڏينهن) سزا واري اڪيلي ڪوٺڙي ({{langx|ru|карцер}}) ۾ رکيو ويو.

سندس گهرواري موجب، سزا واري ڪوٺڙي ۾ ٻئي ڀيري رهڻ دوران کيس [[فالج]] جو دورو پيو.
سندس مائٽن جو چوڻ آهي ته جيل انتظاميا ڄاڻي واڻي سندس خط و ڪتابت جي حق تي پابنديون وڌيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/104048 |title=Мать журналиста Ивашина, у которого случился сердечный приступ: «Его могут убить» |lang=ru |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

24 مارچ 2021ع تي بيلاروس جي اٺ انساني حقن واري تنظيمن ايوَاشِن کي سياسي قيدي قرار ڏنو ۽ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/102595 |title=Требуем немедленного освобождения политзаключенного Дениса Ивашина |lang=ru |date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[يورپي فيڊريشن آف جرنلسٽس]] پڻ سندس فوري آزادي جو مطالبو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://europeanjournalists.org/blog/2021/03/15/belarus-efj-demands-release-of-journalist-denis-ivashin/ |title=Belarus: EFJ Demands Release of Journalist Denis Ivashin |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
آئرلينڊ جي پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر [[شان هاگي]] ايوَاشِن جو &quot;سرپرست&quot; (Godfather) بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0715/1235124-belarus-ireland/ |title=Oireachtas members sponsor political prisoners in Belarus |website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=spring /&gt;
مارچ 2023ع ۾ کيس [[پاهونيا حڪم جو تمغو]] سان نوازيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Рада БНР узнагародзіла Медалём Ордэну «Пагоні» шэраг беларусаў. Белсат онлайн - Belsat TV |url=https://belsat.eu/news/25-03-2023-rada-bnr-uznagarodzila-medalyom-ordenu-pagoni-sherag-belarusau |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=belsat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==

* {{cite web
 |author=
 |url=https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn
 |title=پروفائيل
 |website=[[وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز]]
 |access-date=2021-11-21
 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivashyn, Dzianis}}

[[زمرو:1979 ۾ جنم]]
[[زمرو: زنده ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:بيلاروس ۾ سياسي قيدي]]
[[زمرو:وياسنا انساني حق مرڪز موجب سياسي قيدي]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|برازيل جي هڪ ميونسپالٽي}}   {{Infobox settlement | name = اراراس | official_name = اراراس شهر | settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي | image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG | imagesize = 220 | image_alt = | image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان | image_flag = Ba...</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/re==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}

==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.

انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.</text>
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      <text bytes="9534" sha1="ldge3mkjg51z8gik0m3aikv34ehqo2n" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برازيل جي هڪ ميونسپالٽي}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/re==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}

==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.

انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.

==مشهور شخصيتون==

* [[ويلوسو (فٽبالر، پيدائش 1968ع)|ويلوسو]] — فٽبال رانديگر
* [[سوراٽو (فٽبالر)|سوراٽو]] — فٽبال رانديگر
* [[لوئيزا باپتيستا]] — ٽرائي ايٿليٽ

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[سائو پائولو جون ميونسپالٽيون]]

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Brazil topics}}

{{São Paulo state|Piracicaba}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اراراس| ]]

[[زمرو:1862ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]

[[زمرو:برازيل ۾ 1862ع جون بنيادون]]

{{MesoregionCampinas-geo-stub}}</text>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/re==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}

==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.

انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[سائو پائولو جون ميونسپالٽيون]]

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Brazil topics}}

{{São Paulo state|Piracicaba}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اراراس| ]]

[[زمرو:1862ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]

[[زمرو:برازيل ۾ 1862ع جون بنيادون]]

{{MesoregionCampinas-geo-stub}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:27:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385668</origin>
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      <text bytes="9184" sha1="l8m5og4nid14tw61118t3wdvwhd9wr4" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برازيل جي هڪ ميونسپالٽي}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/re==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}

==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.

انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Brazil topics}}

{{São Paulo state|Piracicaba}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اراراس| ]]

[[زمرو:1862ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]

[[زمرو:برازيل ۾ 1862ع جون بنيادون]]

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      <text bytes="8904" sha1="p90hibe986behsfuc58lmm9cm3ywzj5" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برازيل جي هڪ ميونسپالٽي}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/re==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}

==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.

انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.</text>
      <sha1>p90hibe986behsfuc58lmm9cm3ywzj5</sha1>
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      <text bytes="8814" sha1="3nxh9ikczurk8mlmthoa7c1ig1y3se0" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|برازيل جي هڪ ميونسپالٽي}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/re==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}

==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.
انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.</text>
      <sha1>3nxh9ikczurk8mlmthoa7c1ig1y3se0</sha1>
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      <id>385671</id>
      <parentid>385670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/re==آبادي==
==آبادي==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}

==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.
انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.
==مشهور شخصيتون==

* [[ويلوسو (فٽبالر، پيدائش 1968ع)|ويلوسو]] — فٽبال رانديگر
* [[سوراٽو (فٽبالر)|سوراٽو]] — فٽبال رانديگر
* [[لوئيزا باپتيستا]] — ٽرائي ايٿليٽ

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[سائو پائولو جون ميونسپالٽيون]]

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Brazil topics}}

{{São Paulo state|Piracicaba}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اراراس| ]]

[[زمرو:1862ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]

[[زمرو:برازيل ۾ 1862ع جون بنيادون]]

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{{Infobox settlement
| name = اراراس
| official_name = اراراس شهر
| settlement_type = ميونسپالٽي
| image_skyline = Fonte luminosa na Praça Barão de Araras com o Monumento ao Centenário ao fundo.JPG
| imagesize = 220
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۾ چشمو، پٺيان شهر جي صديءَ واري يادگار سان
| image_flag = Bandeira de Araras.svg
| image_shield = Brasão de Araras.svg
| nickname = ''وڻن جو شهر''
| image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Araras.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = اراراس جو مقام
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = برازيل ۾ مقام
| coordinates = {{coord|22|21|26|S|47|23|04|W|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[برازيل جا علائقا|علائقو]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[برازيل جو ڏکڻ اوڀر علائقو|ڏکڻ اوڀر]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[برازيل جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو]]
| subdivision_type3 = ميسوريجن
| subdivision_name3 = [[پيراسيڪابا ميسوريجن]]
| subdivision_type4 = مائڪرو علائقو
| subdivision_name4 = [[ليميئرا مائڪرو علائقو]]
| established_title = بنياد
| established_date = 15 آگسٽ 1862ع
| leader_title = ميئر
| leader_name = [[پيدرو ايليزيو فيليو]] ([[لبرل پارٽي (برازيل)|پي ايل]])
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;dados&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?codmun=350330|title=IBGE - Cidades - São Paulo - Araras|website=www.ibge.gov.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 644.831
| elevation_m = 629
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/araras/panorama |title=IBGE 2025 |author=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 130,866
| population_as_of = [[2022ع برازيل مردم شماري|2022ع جي مردم شماري]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 135,744
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;IBGE&quot;/&gt;
| population_demonym = ارارينسي
| timezone = [[يو ٽي سي−03|برازيليا سرڪاري وقت]]
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = [[يو ٽي سي−02|برازيل جو اونهاري وارو وقت]]
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ
| postal_code = 13600-000
| area_code = (+55) 19
| website = {{URL|http://www.araras.sp.gov.br/}}
}}

'''اراراس''' (Araras) [[برازيل]] جي [[سائو پائولو (رياست)|سائو پائولو رياست]] جي اندرين حصي ۾ واقع هڪ [[برازيل جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] آهي. 2022ع جي مردم شماري موجب هن جي آبادي 130,866 هئي.

==نالي جو مطلب==

''اراراس'' جو مطلب [[مڪائو]] (رنگين طوطا) آهي.

==تاريخ==

شهر اراراس بابت پهريون رڪارڊ ارڙهين صديءَ مان ملي ٿو. 19 مئي 1865ع تي بينتو لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي اراراس) ۽ جوزي دي لاسيردا گيمارائيس (بارائو دي آري)، جيڪي اراراس جا باني سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، شهر جي سرپرست بزرگ ''اسان جي خاتون پاتروسينيو'' جي گرجا گهر جي تعمير لاءِ زمين عطا ڪئي.

شهر جو نالو ''اراراس'' انهن بيشمار رنگين طوطن سبب پيو جيڪي ريبيرائو داس فورناس واري علائقي ۾ رهندا هئا. 24 مارچ 1871ع تي قانون نمبر 29 تحت هن آبادي کي ''ويلا'' جو درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن سان ميونسپالٽي جي قيام جو عمل شروع ٿيو.

اراراس جي سياسي خودمختياري جي ياد ۾ 24 مارچ کي شهر جي سالگرهه طور ملهايو ويندو آهي.
2012ع ۾ اراراس پنهنجي قيام جا 150 سال ۽ [[ليميئرا]] کان سياسي ۽ انتظامي آزادي جا 145 سال مڪمل ڪيا. ان موقعي تي 25 مارچ 2012ع تي [[ريبيرائو پريتو سمفني آرڪيسٽرا]] شهر ۾ موسيقي پيش ڪئي. هن تقريب ۾ بارائو دي اراراس چوڪ ۽ باسيليڪا جي ميدان ۾ ست هزار کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araras - Guia do cidade Araras -SP Aqui você Encontra ! |url=https://www.encontraararas.com.br/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.encontraararas.com.br |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Clear}}
==آبادي==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:center; margin:auto;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | اراراس جي تاريخي آبادي
|-
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#CFE8CF;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1872 || 5,495
|-
| 1890 || 9,355
|-
| 1900 || 11,663
|-
| 1910 || 21,574
|-
| 1920 || 25,613
|-
| 1925 || 28,003
|-
| 1929 || 42,722
|-
| 1934 || 24,234
|-
| 1937 || 25,908
|-
| 1940 || 22,614
|-
| 1946 || 23,970
|-
| 1950 || 28,599
|-
| 1958 || 34,108
|-
| 1960 || 39,102
|-
| 1970 || 53,422
|-
| 1980 || 65,010
|-
| 1991 || 87,459
|-
| 2000 || 104,196
|-
| 2010 || 118,843
|-
| 2022 || 130,866
|}
{{Clear}}
==رانديون==

[[يونيائو سائو جواو ايسپورتي ڪلب]]، جيڪو 1981ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر جو سڀ کان ڪامياب [[فٽبال]] ڪلب آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;União São João Esporte Club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |title=União São João - Arquivo de Clubes |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206022803/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/sp/usj.htm |archive-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ميڊيا==

ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن جي شعبي ۾ شهر کي اڳ ۾ ''ٽيليڪومونيڪاڪائونس دي سائو پائولو'' ڪمپني خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imprensaoficial.com.br/DO/BuscaDO2001Documento_11_4.aspx?link=/1973/ineditoriais/abril/24/p1/pag_0054_DUI6O3SN7V5CNe7E7ANSRTTG04F.pdf&amp;pagina=54&amp;data=24/04/1973&amp;caderno=Ineditoriais&amp;paginaordenacao=100054|title=Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973|access-date=2024-06-04|website=www.imprensaoficial.com.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1998ع ۾ اها ڪمپني ''ٽيليفونيڪا'' طرفان خريد ڪئي وئي، جنهن 2012ع ۾ [[ويوو (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن ڪمپني)|ويوو]] برانڊ اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:vivo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ri.telefonica.com.br/en/the-company/our-history/|title=Our History - Telefônica RI|access-date=2024-06-04|website=Telefônica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي اها ڪمپني موبائل فون، مقرر ٽيليفون لائينون، انٽرنيٽ (فائبر آپٽڪس ۽ 4G) ۽ ٽيليويزن (سيٽلائيٽ ۽ ڪيبل) جون خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي.

==مذهب==

[[عيسائيت]] شهر ۾ نمايان مذهب آهي.

===رومن ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر===

ميونسپالٽي جو ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر [[ليميئرا جي رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsapa.html|title=São Paulo (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===پروٽيسٽنٽ گرجا گهر===

شهر ۾ انجيلي عقيدن جا مختلف فرق موجود آهن، خاص طور تي [[پينٽيڪوسٽلزم|پينٽيڪوسٽل]] فرقا.
انهن ۾ [[برازيل ۾ اسيمبليز آف گاڊ]] شامل آهي، جيڪا ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏي انجيلي جماعت آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://confradesp.com.br/campos-eclesiasticos/|title=Campos Eclesiásticos|date=2018-12-10|access-date=2024-06-18|website=CONFRADESP|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ad.org.br/locations/|title=Arquivos: Locais|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Assembleia de Deus Belém – Sede|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه [[برازيل جي مسيحي جماعت]] ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروٽيسٽنٽ فرقا پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br/localidade|title=Localidade - Congregação Cristã no Brasil|access-date=2024-06-18|website=congregacaocristanobrasil.org.br|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
اهي مذهبي جماعتون سڄي برازيل ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهيون آهن.
==مشهور شخصيتون==

* [[ويلوسو (فٽبالر، پيدائش 1968ع)|ويلوسو]] — فٽبال رانديگر
* [[سوراٽو (فٽبالر)|سوراٽو]] — فٽبال رانديگر
* [[لوئيزا باپتيستا]] — ٽرائي ايٿليٽ

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[سائو پائولو جون ميونسپالٽيون]]

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}

{{Brazil topics}}

{{São Paulo state|Piracicaba}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اراراس| ]]

[[زمرو:1862ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]

[[زمرو:برازيل ۾ 1862ع جون بنيادون]]

{{MesoregionCampinas-geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>qp7eytedwf17lp3j2cllz1ofyitmz16</sha1>
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    <title>ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ</title>
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      <id>385673</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:42:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{مختصر وضاحت|آسام جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو تڪ}}  {{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}  {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}  {{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency | type = SLA | constituency_no    = 41 | map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg | name               = ڀاباني پور...</comment>
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      <text bytes="5937" sha1="g1zog7ofej5bq2bwjmewm42skarjema" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|آسام جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو تڪ}}

{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==

===2021ع ضمني چونڊ===

{{Election box begin |title=2021 آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ضمني چونڊ: [[ڀاباني پور]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=64,200
|percentage=56.41
|change=New
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=سيليندر ناٿ داس
|votes=38,559
|percentage=33.58
|change=New
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=جبار علي
|votes=6,430
|percentage=5.65
|change=-38.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=1,120
|percentage=0.98
|change=-0.15
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=25,651
|percentage=22.83
|change=
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,13,806
|percentage=
|change=
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=All India United Democratic Front
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}</text>
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{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==

===2021ع ضمني چونڊ===

{{Election box begin |title=2021 آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ضمني چونڊ: [[ڀاباني پور]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=64,200
|percentage=56.41
|change=New
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=سيليندر ناٿ داس
|votes=38,559
|percentage=33.58
|change=New
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=جبار علي
|votes=6,430
|percentage=5.65
|change=-38.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=1,120
|percentage=0.98
|change=-0.15
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=25,651
|percentage=22.83
|change=
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,13,806
|percentage=
|change=
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=All India United Democratic Front
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}</text>
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{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==

== Election results ==
===2021 by-election===
{{Election box begin |title=2021 Assam Legislative Assembly By-Election: [[Barpeta district|Bhabanipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes= 64,200|percentage= 56.41|change= New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sailendra Nath Das|votes= 38,559|percentage= 33.58|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Jubbar Ali|votes= 6,430|percentage= 5.65
|change= -38.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes= 1,120
|percentage= 0.98
|change= -0.15
}} 
{{Election box majority||votes= 25,651|percentage= 22.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,13,806|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
 |winner     = Bharatiya Janata Party
 |loser      = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes={{formatnum:55546}}|percentage=44.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Dr. Ranjit Deka]], Ph.D|votes={{formatnum:52748}}|percentage=42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abul Kalam Azad|votes={{formatnum:5400}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Kamal Kumar Medhi|votes={{formatnum:3217}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Binoy Kherkatary|votes={{formatnum:1594}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Ruhul Amin|votes={{formatnum:1434}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Makhan Swargiary|votes={{formatnum:1358}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1037|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,439|percentage=2.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=125603|percentage=84.32|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 148961
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = All India United Democratic Front
 |candidate  = [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
 |votes      = 28,383
 |percentage = 25.73
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
 |votes      = 25,944
 |percentage = 23.52
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Bharatiya Janata Party
 |candidate  = [[Manoj Baruah]]
 |votes      = 22,380
 |percentage = 20.29
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Milan Baro]]
 |votes      = 14,500
 |percentage = 13.14
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Kanak Baro]]
 |votes      = 8,748
 |percentage = 7.93
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Indian National Congress
 |candidate  = [[Rajib Das]]
 |votes      = 6,620
 |percentage = 6.00
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = None of the above
 |candidate  = None of the above
 |votes      = 706
 |percentage = 0.64
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box majority|
 |votes      = 2,439
 |percentage = 2.21
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
 |votes      = 1,10,280
 |percentage = 86.60
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 1,27,341
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
* Abul Kalam Azad (AIUDF): 24,756 votes
* Phanidhar Talukdar (IND): 19,714 votes</text>
      <sha1>d14lo9r7rdra6qwh8akdxou26m2x991</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385683</id>
      <parentid>385675</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9462" sha1="o6i4bzxnvdr1o56annvxdoit28a5bug" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|آسام جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو تڪ}}

{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==


===2021 by-election===
{{Election box begin |title=2021 Assam Legislative Assembly By-Election: [[Barpeta district|Bhabanipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes= 64,200|percentage= 56.41|change= New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sailendra Nath Das|votes= 38,559|percentage= 33.58|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Jubbar Ali|votes= 6,430|percentage= 5.65
|change= -38.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes= 1,120
|percentage= 0.98
|change= -0.15
}} 
{{Election box majority||votes= 25,651|percentage= 22.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,13,806|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
 |winner     = Bharatiya Janata Party
 |loser      = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes={{formatnum:55546}}|percentage=44.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Dr. Ranjit Deka]], Ph.D|votes={{formatnum:52748}}|percentage=42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abul Kalam Azad|votes={{formatnum:5400}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Kamal Kumar Medhi|votes={{formatnum:3217}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Binoy Kherkatary|votes={{formatnum:1594}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Ruhul Amin|votes={{formatnum:1434}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Makhan Swargiary|votes={{formatnum:1358}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1037|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,439|percentage=2.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=125603|percentage=84.32|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 148961
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = All India United Democratic Front
 |candidate  = [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
 |votes      = 28,383
 |percentage = 25.73
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
 |votes      = 25,944
 |percentage = 23.52
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Bharatiya Janata Party
 |candidate  = [[Manoj Baruah]]
 |votes      = 22,380
 |percentage = 20.29
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Milan Baro]]
 |votes      = 14,500
 |percentage = 13.14
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Kanak Baro]]
 |votes      = 8,748
 |percentage = 7.93
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Indian National Congress
 |candidate  = [[Rajib Das]]
 |votes      = 6,620
 |percentage = 6.00
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = None of the above
 |candidate  = None of the above
 |votes      = 706
 |percentage = 0.64
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box majority|
 |votes      = 2,439
 |percentage = 2.21
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
 |votes      = 1,10,280
 |percentage = 86.60
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 1,27,341
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
* Abul Kalam Azad (AIUDF): 24,756 votes
* Phanidhar Talukdar (IND): 19,714 votes</text>
      <sha1>o6i4bzxnvdr1o56annvxdoit28a5bug</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385691</id>
      <parentid>385683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2021ع جي ضمني چونڊ */</comment>
      <origin>385691</origin>
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      <text bytes="9496" sha1="r6k6wu3h9c9qqedqbkxxth95cgp08yz" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|آسام جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو تڪ}}

{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==


===2021ع جي ضمني چونڊ===
{{Election box begin |title=2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي جي ضمني چونڊ: [[ڀاباني پور]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=64,200
|percentage=56.41
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=شيليندر ناٿ داس
|votes=38,559
|percentage=33.58
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=جبار علي
|votes=6,430
|percentage=5.65
|change=-38.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=1,120
|percentage=0.98
|change=-0.15
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=25,651
|percentage=22.83
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,13,806
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=All India United Democratic Front
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes={{formatnum:55546}}|percentage=44.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Dr. Ranjit Deka]], Ph.D|votes={{formatnum:52748}}|percentage=42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abul Kalam Azad|votes={{formatnum:5400}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Kamal Kumar Medhi|votes={{formatnum:3217}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Binoy Kherkatary|votes={{formatnum:1594}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Ruhul Amin|votes={{formatnum:1434}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Makhan Swargiary|votes={{formatnum:1358}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1037|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,439|percentage=2.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=125603|percentage=84.32|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 148961
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = All India United Democratic Front
 |candidate  = [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
 |votes      = 28,383
 |percentage = 25.73
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
 |votes      = 25,944
 |percentage = 23.52
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Bharatiya Janata Party
 |candidate  = [[Manoj Baruah]]
 |votes      = 22,380
 |percentage = 20.29
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Milan Baro]]
 |votes      = 14,500
 |percentage = 13.14
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Kanak Baro]]
 |votes      = 8,748
 |percentage = 7.93
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Indian National Congress
 |candidate  = [[Rajib Das]]
 |votes      = 6,620
 |percentage = 6.00
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = None of the above
 |candidate  = None of the above
 |votes      = 706
 |percentage = 0.64
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box majority|
 |votes      = 2,439
 |percentage = 2.21
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
 |votes      = 1,10,280
 |percentage = 86.60
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 1,27,341
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
* Abul Kalam Azad (AIUDF): 24,756 votes
* Phanidhar Talukdar (IND): 19,714 votes</text>
      <sha1>r6k6wu3h9c9qqedqbkxxth95cgp08yz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385710</id>
      <parentid>385691</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:18:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2021ع جي ضمني چونڊ */</comment>
      <origin>385710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9507" sha1="agmafqm3bjvj8wivxredykjzhws1h67" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|آسام جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو تڪ}}

{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==


===2021ع جي ضمني چونڊ===
{{Election box begin |title=2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي جي ضمني چونڊ: [[ڀاباني پور]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي 
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=64,200
|percentage=56.41
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=شيليندر ناٿ داس
|votes=38,559
|percentage=33.58
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=جبار علي
|votes=6,430
|percentage=5.65
|change=-38.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=1,120
|percentage=0.98
|change=-0.15
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=25,651
|percentage=22.83
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,13,806
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=All India United Democratic Front
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes={{formatnum:55546}}|percentage=44.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Dr. Ranjit Deka]], Ph.D|votes={{formatnum:52748}}|percentage=42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abul Kalam Azad|votes={{formatnum:5400}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Kamal Kumar Medhi|votes={{formatnum:3217}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Binoy Kherkatary|votes={{formatnum:1594}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Ruhul Amin|votes={{formatnum:1434}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Makhan Swargiary|votes={{formatnum:1358}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1037|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,439|percentage=2.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=125603|percentage=84.32|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 148961
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = All India United Democratic Front
 |candidate  = [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
 |votes      = 28,383
 |percentage = 25.73
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
 |votes      = 25,944
 |percentage = 23.52
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Bharatiya Janata Party
 |candidate  = [[Manoj Baruah]]
 |votes      = 22,380
 |percentage = 20.29
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Milan Baro]]
 |votes      = 14,500
 |percentage = 13.14
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Kanak Baro]]
 |votes      = 8,748
 |percentage = 7.93
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Indian National Congress
 |candidate  = [[Rajib Das]]
 |votes      = 6,620
 |percentage = 6.00
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = None of the above
 |candidate  = None of the above
 |votes      = 706
 |percentage = 0.64
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box majority|
 |votes      = 2,439
 |percentage = 2.21
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
 |votes      = 1,10,280
 |percentage = 86.60
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 1,27,341
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
* Abul Kalam Azad (AIUDF): 24,756 votes
* Phanidhar Talukdar (IND): 19,714 votes</text>
      <sha1>agmafqm3bjvj8wivxredykjzhws1h67</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385711</id>
      <parentid>385710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:19:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2021ع */</comment>
      <origin>385711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="9526" sha1="m1vygpdx62sv1hc3uv2m2gobb03282b" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|آسام جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو تڪ}}

{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==


===2021ع جي ضمني چونڊ===
{{Election box begin |title=2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي جي ضمني چونڊ: [[ڀاباني پور]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي 
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=64,200
|percentage=56.41
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=شيليندر ناٿ داس
|votes=38,559
|percentage=33.58
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=جبار علي
|votes=6,430
|percentage=5.65
|change=-38.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=1,120
|percentage=0.98
|change=-0.15
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=25,651
|percentage=22.83
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,13,806
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=All India United Democratic Front
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021ع===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي چونڊ]]: [[ڀاباني پور]]&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[ڀارت جي اليڪشن ڪميشن]] |accessdate=13 نومبر 2021ع}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes={{formatnum:55546}}
|percentage=44.57
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate=[[ڊاڪٽر رنجيت ڊيڪا]]، پي ايڇ ڊي
|votes={{formatnum:52748}}
|percentage=42
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=ابوالڪلام آزاد
|votes={{formatnum:5400}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=ڪمل ڪمار ميڌي
|votes={{formatnum:3217}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=بنوي کيرڪٽاري
|votes={{formatnum:1594}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=روح الامين
|votes={{formatnum:1434}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=مکن سوارگيارِي
|votes={{formatnum:1358}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=مٿين مان ڪوبه نه
|votes=1037
|percentage=0.83
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=2,439
|percentage=2.21
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=125603
|percentage=84.32
}}

{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors=148961
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner=All India United Democratic Front
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = All India United Democratic Front
 |candidate  = [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
 |votes      = 28,383
 |percentage = 25.73
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
 |votes      = 25,944
 |percentage = 23.52
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Bharatiya Janata Party
 |candidate  = [[Manoj Baruah]]
 |votes      = 22,380
 |percentage = 20.29
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Milan Baro]]
 |votes      = 14,500
 |percentage = 13.14
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Independent (politician)
 |candidate  = [[Kanak Baro]]
 |votes      = 8,748
 |percentage = 7.93
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = Indian National Congress
 |candidate  = [[Rajib Das]]
 |votes      = 6,620
 |percentage = 6.00
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party      = None of the above
 |candidate  = None of the above
 |votes      = 706
 |percentage = 0.64
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box majority|
 |votes      = 2,439
 |percentage = 2.21
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
 |votes      = 1,10,280
 |percentage = 86.60
 |change     =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
 |reg. electors = 1,27,341
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
 |winner     = All India United Democratic Front
 |swing      =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
* Abul Kalam Azad (AIUDF): 24,756 votes
* Phanidhar Talukdar (IND): 19,714 votes</text>
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{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==


===2021ع جي ضمني چونڊ===
{{Election box begin |title=2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي جي ضمني چونڊ: [[ڀاباني پور]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي 
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=64,200
|percentage=56.41
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=شيليندر ناٿ داس
|votes=38,559
|percentage=33.58
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=جبار علي
|votes=6,430
|percentage=5.65
|change=-38.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=1,120
|percentage=0.98
|change=-0.15
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=25,651
|percentage=22.83
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,13,806
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=All India United Democratic Front
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021ع===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي چونڊ]]: [[ڀاباني پور]]&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[ڀارت جي اليڪشن ڪميشن]] |accessdate=13 نومبر 2021ع}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes={{formatnum:55546}}
|percentage=44.57
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate=[[ڊاڪٽر رنجيت ڊيڪا]]، پي ايڇ ڊي
|votes={{formatnum:52748}}
|percentage=42
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=ابوالڪلام آزاد
|votes={{formatnum:5400}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=ڪمل ڪمار ميڌي
|votes={{formatnum:3217}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=بنوي کيرڪٽاري
|votes={{formatnum:1594}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=روح الامين
|votes={{formatnum:1434}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=مکن سوارگيارِي
|votes={{formatnum:1358}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=مٿين مان ڪوبه نه
|votes=1037
|percentage=0.83
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=2,439
|percentage=2.21
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=125603
|percentage=84.32
}}

{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors=148961
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner=All India United Democratic Front
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2016ع===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي چونڊ]]: [[ڀاباني پور]]
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=[[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
|votes=28,383
|percentage=25.73
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent (politician)
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=25,944
|percentage=23.52
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[منوج باروا]]
|votes=22,380
|percentage=20.29
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent (politician)
|candidate=[[ملان بارو]]
|votes=14,500
|percentage=13.14
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent (politician)
|candidate=[[ڪنڪ بارو]]
|votes=8,748
|percentage=7.93
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[راجيب داس]]
|votes=6,620
|percentage=6.00
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=706
|percentage=0.64
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=2,439
|percentage=2.21
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,10,280
|percentage=86.60
}}

{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors=1,27,341
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner=All India United Democratic Front
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2011===
* Abul Kalam Azad (AIUDF): 24,756 votes
* Phanidhar Talukdar (IND): 19,714 votes</text>
      <sha1>71dic5o1um4irsopaxq9pn1hnkshibz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385713</id>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="9468" sha1="eqek75oovnrjza5idrc7iyrclba06d0" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|آسام جي قانون ساز اسيمبليءَ جو تڪ}}

{{for|اولهه بنگال واري تڪ|ڀاباني پور، اولهه بنگال اسيمبلي تڪ}}


{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no    = 41
| map_image          = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name               = ڀاباني پور
| mla                = [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| party              = [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي|بي جي پي]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state              = [[آسام]]
| division           = [[هيٺيون آسام ڊويزن]]
| district           = [[بجالي ضلعو]]
| loksabha_cons      = [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ|ڪوڪراجهار]]
| established        = 1962
| reservation        = ڪابه نه
| abolished          = 2023
}}

'''ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ''' [[آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي]] جي 126 اسيمبلي تڪن مان هڪ هو. ڀاباني پور [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]] جو حصو هو. ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ اسيمبلي تڪ [[اولهه بنگال]] جي ودهان سڀا ۾ پڻ موجود آهي.

هي تڪ 2023ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تڪ بابت تفصيل==

* ملڪ: [[ڀارت]]
* رياست: [[آسام]]
* ضلعو: [[بجالي ضلعو]]
* لوڪ سڀا تڪ: [[ڪوڪراجهار لوڪ سڀا تڪ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh re2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* اسيمبلي درجو: ديهي
* شرح خواندگي: 79٪
* 2021ع جي عام چونڊن موجب اهل ووٽر: 1,17,396
** مرد ووٽر: 75,355
** عورت ووٽر: 72,693
* جاگرافيائي بيهڪ: 26°31′21.7″N 91°04′48.4″E
* ڪل ايراضي: 378 چورس ڪلوميٽر
* شامل علائقا:
** بارپيٽا ٿاڻي ۾ ڀاباني پور موزو
** سورڀوگ ٿاڻي ۾ بيجني موزو
** پٽاچرڪوچي ٿاڻي ۾ هستيناپور موزو
** بجالي ضلعي جي بارپيٽا سب ڊويزن جا علائقا
* بين الاضلاعي سرحد: بجالي
* پولنگ اسٽيشنون:
** 2011ع: 167
** 2016ع: 169
** 2021ع: 41

==وڌان سڀا جا ميمبر==

هيٺ آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي ۾ ڀاباني پور تڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ ماضي جي ميمبرن جي فهرست ڏنل آهي:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#1E90FF; color:white;&quot; | ڀاباني پور اسيمبلي تڪ جا ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | ميمبر
! style=&quot;background:#DCEEFF;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 1962
| مهاديو داس
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1967
| ڊي. چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1972
| گهنا ڪانتا بارو
| [[ريووليوشنري ڪميونسٽ پارٽي آف انڊيا]]
|-
| 1978
| تارني چرن داس
| [[جنتا پارٽي]]
|-
| 1983
| مير عبدالحليم
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 1985
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1991
| ملان بارو
| [[آزاد اميدوار]]
|-
| 1996
| سريندر ميڌي
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 1998
| بنود گياري
|
|-
| 2000
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2001
| سربانند چوڌري
| [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]]
|-
| 2006
| [[ڊاڪٽر منورنجن داس]]
| [[آسام گنا پريشد]]
|-
| 2011
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2016
| [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|-
| 2021
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#FF8C00; color:white;&quot; | 2021ع ضمني چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | چونڊ
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | اميدوار
! style=&quot;background:#FFE4B5;&quot; | پارٽي
|-
| 2021ع (ضمني چونڊ)
| [[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==چونڊ نتيجا==


===2021ع جي ضمني چونڊ===
{{Election box begin |title=2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي جي ضمني چونڊ: [[ڀاباني پور]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي 
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=64,200
|percentage=56.41
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=شيليندر ناٿ داس
|votes=38,559
|percentage=33.58
|change=نئون
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=جبار علي
|votes=6,430
|percentage=5.65
|change=-38.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=1,120
|percentage=0.98
|change=-0.15
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=25,651
|percentage=22.83
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,13,806
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=All India United Democratic Front
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021ع===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2021ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي چونڊ]]: [[ڀاباني پور]]&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[ڀارت جي اليڪشن ڪميشن]] |accessdate=13 نومبر 2021ع}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes={{formatnum:55546}}
|percentage=44.57
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate=[[ڊاڪٽر رنجيت ڊيڪا]]، پي ايڇ ڊي
|votes={{formatnum:52748}}
|percentage=42
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=ابوالڪلام آزاد
|votes={{formatnum:5400}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=ڪمل ڪمار ميڌي
|votes={{formatnum:3217}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=بنوي کيرڪٽاري
|votes={{formatnum:1594}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=روح الامين
|votes={{formatnum:1434}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=مکن سوارگيارِي
|votes={{formatnum:1358}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=مٿين مان ڪوبه نه
|votes=1037
|percentage=0.83
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=2,439
|percentage=2.21
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=125603
|percentage=84.32
}}

{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors=148961
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner=All India United Democratic Front
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2016ع===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016ع آسام قانون ساز اسيمبلي چونڊ]]: [[ڀاباني پور]]
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=All India United Democratic Front
|candidate=[[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]]
|votes=28,383
|percentage=25.73
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent (politician)
|candidate=[[فنيڌر تالقدار]]
|votes=25,944
|percentage=23.52
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[منوج باروا]]
|votes=22,380
|percentage=20.29
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent (politician)
|candidate=[[ملان بارو]]
|votes=14,500
|percentage=13.14
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent (politician)
|candidate=[[ڪنڪ بارو]]
|votes=8,748
|percentage=7.93
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[راجيب داس]]
|votes=6,620
|percentage=6.00
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[مٿين مان ڪوبه نه]]
|votes=706
|percentage=0.64
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes=2,439
|percentage=2.21
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,10,280
|percentage=86.60
}}

{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors=1,27,341
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner=All India United Democratic Front
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2011ع===

* [[ابوالڪلام آزاد (ڀارتي سياستدان)|ابوالڪلام آزاد]] (آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ): 24,756 ووٽ
* [[فنيڌر تالقدار]] (آزاد اميدوار): 19,714 ووٽ</text>
      <sha1>eqek75oovnrjza5idrc7iyrclba06d0</sha1>
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    <title>سانچو:Election box gain with party link</title>
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    <id>98809</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:00:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;!-- چونڊ اميدوارن ۽ نتيجن جو سانچو      هن سانچي جي استعمال بابت تفصيل لاءِ Template_talk:Election box ڏسو      --&gt;  |- style=&quot;background-color:#F6F6F6&quot; | style=&quot;background-color: {{if empty|{{{colour|}}}|{{{color|}}}|{{#if:{{{winner|}}}|{{#invoke:Political party|fetch|{{{winner}}}|color}}}}}}&quot; | | colspan=&quot;2&quot;   | {{#if:{{{winner|}}}|[[{{{winner}}}|{{#invoke:Political party|fetch|{{{winner}}}|shortname}}]]}} '''ح...</comment>
      <origin>385676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="835" sha1="6888n483jdpla40156f0ju04in01a5n" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- چونڊ اميدوارن ۽ نتيجن جو سانچو
     هن سانچي جي استعمال بابت تفصيل لاءِ Template_talk:Election box ڏسو
     --&gt;

|- style=&quot;background-color:#F6F6F6&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: {{if empty|{{{colour|}}}|{{{color|}}}|{{#if:{{{winner|}}}|{{#invoke:Political party|fetch|{{{winner}}}|color}}}}}}&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;   | {{#if:{{{winner|}}}|[[{{{winner}}}|{{#invoke:Political party|fetch|{{{winner}}}|shortname}}]]}} '''حاصل ڪئي''' {{#switch:{{lc:{{{loser}}}}}
 | unknown = (نامعلوم)
 | ? = ?
 | #default = {{#if:{{{loser|}}}|[[{{{loser}}}|{{#invoke:Political party|fetch|{{{loser}}}|shortname}}]] کان}}
 }}
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | [[سوئنگ (سياست)|سوئنگ]]
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | {{{swing}}}
||
|-
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Indian National Congress/meta/color</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385677</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;nowiki&gt;#00FFFF&lt;/nowiki&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="4s3kkhprziek5v28xe4xqbow8jldmgh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;#00FFFF&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Indian National Congress/meta/shortname</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:07:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;ڀا.قا.ڪا.&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; هي سانچو [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.  استعمال: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;  نتيجو: {{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385678</origin>
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      <text bytes="307" sha1="msq0opdenfty6xlobxypc3x7yvbcsso" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;ڀا.قا.ڪا.&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
هي سانچو [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.

استعمال:
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

نتيجو:
{{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>msq0opdenfty6xlobxypc3x7yvbcsso</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="328" sha1="0ressf8qcpxkcjvju53kldtjerpmk7f" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
هي سانچو [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.

استعمال:
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

نتيجو:
{{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0ressf8qcpxkcjvju53kldtjerpmk7f</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>385679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:12:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="298" sha1="pznhno2f7eqr9n15y5uc1x0r62nyua0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;I.N.C.&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
هي سانچو [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.

استعمال:
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

نتيجو:
{{Indian National Congress/meta/shortname}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pznhno2f7eqr9n15y5uc1x0r62nyua0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:All India United Democratic Front/meta/color</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385682</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:16:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: green&lt;noinclude&gt;  [[Category:India political party colour templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="95" sha1="bx5e3ja9ewpob1rji5x5xk549w9w3b1" xml:space="preserve">green&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:India political party colour templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bx5e3ja9ewpob1rji5x5xk549w9w3b1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:All India United Democratic Front/meta/shortname</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98813</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;AIUDF&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; هي سانچو [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.  استعمال: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{All India United Democratic Front/meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;  نتيجو: {{All India United Democratic Front/meta/shortname}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="341" sha1="f0851nb2ep5kfz6aicbrvfhqc9qd9g9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;AIUDF&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
هي سانچو [[آل انڊيا يونائيٽيڊ ڊيموڪريٽڪ فرنٽ]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.

استعمال:
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{All India United Democratic Front/meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

نتيجو:
{{All India United Democratic Front/meta/shortname}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f0851nb2ep5kfz6aicbrvfhqc9qd9g9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:None of the above/meta/color</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385686</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;#FFFFFF&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; هي سانچو &quot;مٿين مان ڪوبه نه&quot; (ٻيا) لاءِ رنگ فراهم ڪري ٿو.  استعمال: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{None of the above/meta/color}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;  نتيجو: {{None of the above/meta/color}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385686</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="268" sha1="bqjlziqozkqx4nxber7ak2ow5wv1kpm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;#FFFFFF&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
هي سانچو &quot;مٿين مان ڪوبه نه&quot; (ٻيا) لاءِ رنگ فراهم ڪري ٿو.

استعمال:
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{None of the above/meta/color}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

نتيجو:
{{None of the above/meta/color}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bqjlziqozkqx4nxber7ak2ow5wv1kpm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385687</id>
      <parentid>385686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:27:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18" sha1="5vyic0wcoqjcyzrirx370ghyevgq4qk" xml:space="preserve">#FFFFFF&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5vyic0wcoqjcyzrirx370ghyevgq4qk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385688</id>
      <parentid>385687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:28:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385688</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15" sha1="q9hu08vso8dft5qg11r38ikbfuvvcon" xml:space="preserve">grey&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q9hu08vso8dft5qg11r38ikbfuvvcon</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385689</id>
      <parentid>385688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17" sha1="7ieqdih76fzqomam2yr03u2r97por8t" xml:space="preserve">yellow&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7ieqdih76fzqomam2yr03u2r97por8t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:None of the above/meta/shortname</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385690</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:32:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;ٻيا&lt;/includeonly&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="5apq49ccfjjz4t3glzxwsg6s9za71sw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;ٻيا&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5apq49ccfjjz4t3glzxwsg6s9za71sw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Asom Gana Parishad/meta/color</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385692</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: blue&lt;noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15" sha1="b6cxuzdsnyyb80crzgz55nc82o00393" xml:space="preserve">blue&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b6cxuzdsnyyb80crzgz55nc82o00393</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Independent politician/meta/color</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385693</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:42:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: purple&lt;noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17" sha1="s0267ihpg2k9uew2qar6fir7saj2e2r" xml:space="preserve">purple&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s0267ihpg2k9uew2qar6fir7saj2e2r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Independent politician/meta/shortname</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385694</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:43:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: marron&lt;noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17" sha1="296hdxbik28494ehuxoi1ikbhqmo887" xml:space="preserve">marron&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>296hdxbik28494ehuxoi1ikbhqmo887</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385695</id>
      <parentid>385694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:44:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16" sha1="gr2eof3rcwdjy8salu3t0dmk4bzkyg1" xml:space="preserve">black&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gr2eof3rcwdjy8salu3t0dmk4bzkyg1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385696</id>
      <parentid>385695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:45:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18" sha1="5hr8w1uvwb8778nhmvdwdr581cev37g" xml:space="preserve">crimson&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5hr8w1uvwb8778nhmvdwdr581cev37g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385697</id>
      <parentid>385696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:46:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="rmdpj3cswy3nyd8vo7poppxyzsbz554" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;آزاد&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rmdpj3cswy3nyd8vo7poppxyzsbz554</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Asom Gana Parishad/meta/shortname</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385698</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;آسوم گانا&lt;/includeonly&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="i19yumtpeun23abu1fu60ka2lxuv98r" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;آسوم گانا&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i19yumtpeun23abu1fu60ka2lxuv98r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bharatia Janta Party/meta/shortname</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385700</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T07:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;بي جي پي&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; هي سانچو [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.  استعمال: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Bharatia Janta Party /meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="229" sha1="9p5hycmlieuhsmy2u1o2k17xug151lk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;بي جي پي&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
هي سانچو [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي]] جو مختصر نالو فراهم ڪري ٿو.

استعمال:
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Bharatia Janta Party /meta/shortname}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9p5hycmlieuhsmy2u1o2k17xug151lk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>غزوه بدر</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385702</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T08:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: بدر جي جنگ (عربي: غزوة بدر)، جنهن کي قرآن پاڪ ۽ مسلمانن طرفان &quot;يوم الفرقان&quot; پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، 13 مارچ 624ع ([[17 رمضان]] 2 هجري) تي موجوده [[سعودي عرب]] جي مدينه صوبي ۾ واقع بدر جي مقام جي ويجهو وڙهي وئي هئي. هن جنگ ۾ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] پنهنجي [[صحابه ڪرام جي فهرست|صحابه ڪرام]] جي اڳو...</comment>
      <origin>385702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5148" sha1="s9dsjx1uy9605yk8rg42ttj4tiaex8r" xml:space="preserve">بدر جي جنگ (عربي: غزوة بدر)، جنهن کي قرآن پاڪ ۽ مسلمانن طرفان &quot;يوم الفرقان&quot; پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، 13 مارچ 624ع ([[17 رمضان]] 2 هجري) تي موجوده [[سعودي عرب]] جي مدينه صوبي ۾ واقع بدر جي مقام جي ويجهو وڙهي وئي هئي. هن جنگ ۾ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] پنهنجي [[صحابه ڪرام جي فهرست|صحابه ڪرام]] جي اڳواڻي ڪندي قريش جي فوج کي شڪست ڏني، جنهن جي قيادت عمرو بن هشام ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو مسلمانن ۾ ابو جهل جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هي جنگ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] ۽ سندن قبيلي قريش جي وچ ۾ ڇهن سالن تائين هلندڙ جنگ جو شروعاتي نقطو ثابت ٿي. ان کان اڳ، 623ع جي آخر ۽ 624ع جي شروعات ۾ مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ ڪجهه ننڍيون جهيڙيون ۽ مقابلا پڻ ٿي چڪا هئا.&lt;ref group=&quot;ابو سفیان&quot;&gt;[[17 رمضان|17]]&lt;/ref&gt;

غزوه بدر کان ڪجهه ڏينهن اڳ، جڏهن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي خبر پئي ته ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ مڪي جو هڪ واپاري قافلو [[شام]] کان واپس اچي رهيو آهي، ته [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ ﷺ]] ان کي روڪڻ لاءِ هڪ ننڍڙو لشڪر تيار ڪيو. جڏهن [[ابو سفيان]] کي مسلمانن جي منصوبي جي خبر پئي ته هن پنهنجو رستو اختيار ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ هڪ ڊگهو ۽ وڌيڪ محفوظ رستو اختيار ڪيو، جيئن [[مدينو|مديني]] جي ويجهو اچڻ کان بچي سگهي. ساڳئي وقت، هن مڪي ڏانهن هڪ قاصد موڪلي مدد طلب ڪئي. عمرو بن هشام ([[ابوجھل|ابو جهل]]) لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار ماڻهن تي مشتمل لشڪر تيار ڪيو ۽ بدر جي ويجهو پهچي &quot;العُدوة القُصوىٰ&quot; نالي واري واري ٽڪريءَ تي پنهنجو لشڪر لاٿائين ۽ خيما هنيا.

بدر مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي قريش جي وچ ۾ پهريون وڏو معرڪو هو. اتر طرف کان اڳتي وڌندي مسلمان مڪي جي لشڪر جي سامهون اچي بيٺا. جنگ جي شروعات ٻنهي ڌرين جي بهادر جنگجوئن جي مبارزي (مقابلي) سان ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ قريش جي لشڪر تيرن جي وسڪاري جي آڙ ۾ مسلمانن تي حملو ڪري ڇڏيو. مسلمانن هن حملي جو ڀرپور جواب ڏنو ۽ قريش جي صفن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ قريش جا ڪيترائي اهم سردار مارجي ويا، جن ۾ ابو جهل ۽ اميه بن خلف پڻ شامل هئا.

مسلمانن جي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي قيادت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط بڻائي ڇڏيو. مديني جا رهواسي وڏي جوش ۽ جذبي سان پاڻ ﷺ جي ايندڙ مهمن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لڳا، ۽ مديني کان ٻاهر وارا قبيلا پڻ کلي طرح مسلمانن جا اتحادي بڻجي ويا. اسلامي تاريخ ۾ هي جنگ هڪ فيصلائتي فتح طور درج ٿيل آهي، جنهن کي الله تعاليٰ جي خاص مڏ جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ٻين تاريخي ذريعن موجب، هي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي اعليٰ حڪمت عملي، بهترين رٿابندي ۽ جنگي مهارتن جو به شاندار مثال هئي.

== پس منظر ==
۶۲۲ع ۾ هجرتِ مدينه کان پوءِ مدينه جي رهاڪن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي پنهنجي برادري جو سربراھ چونڊيو. مسلمانن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو مڪي جي قافلن تي حملو ڪندا جڏهن اهي مدينه جي ويجهو کان گذرندا. هي فيصلو ان ظلم ۽ ستم جي ردعمل ۾ ڪيو ويو جيڪو مڪي وارن مسلمانن تي ڪيو هو. هجرت کان پوءِ مڪي جي مشرڪن مسلمانن جون زمينون ۽ ملڪيتون زبردستي کسي ورتيون هيون، جنهن جو بدلو وٺڻ ضروري سمجهيو ويو.

۶۲۴ع جي شروعات ۾، قريش جو هڪ واپاري قافلو ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ شام (ممڪن طور غزه) کان مڪي واپس اچي رهيو هو. هي قافلو لڳ ڀڳ ۵۰،۰۰۰ دينار جي ماليت جو سامان کڻي اچي رهيو هو ۽ ان جي حفاظت لاءِ ۷۰ محافظ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. اهو قافلو غير معمولي طور وڏو هو، شايد ان ڪري ته ڪيترائي ننڍا قافلا پنهنجي حفاظت جي خاطر گڏ ٿي ويا هئا. مڪي جا سڀ وڏا واپاري ۽ سرمايه دار هن واپاري مهم ۾ شامل هئا، تنهنڪري انهن کي هن قافلي جي محفوظ واپسي ۾ گهري دلچسپي هئي.</text>
      <sha1>s9dsjx1uy9605yk8rg42ttj4tiaex8r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385703</id>
      <parentid>385702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T08:34:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>385703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5091" sha1="ordnfby0ey0fnxn4z3ecs2bh53bht7b" xml:space="preserve">بدر جي جنگ (عربي: غزوة بدر)، جنهن کي قرآن پاڪ ۽ مسلمانن طرفان &quot;يوم الفرقان&quot; پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، 13 مارچ 624ع ([[17 رمضان]] 2 هجري) تي موجوده [[سعودي عرب]] جي مدينه صوبي ۾ واقع بدر جي مقام جي ويجهو وڙهي وئي هئي. هن جنگ ۾ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] پنهنجي [[صحابه ڪرام جي فهرست|صحابه ڪرام]] جي اڳواڻي ڪندي قريش جي فوج کي شڪست ڏني، جنهن جي قيادت عمرو بن هشام ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو مسلمانن ۾ ابو جهل جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هي جنگ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] ۽ سندن قبيلي قريش جي وچ ۾ ڇهن سالن تائين هلندڙ جنگ جو شروعاتي نقطو ثابت ٿي. ان کان اڳ، 623ع جي آخر ۽ 624ع جي شروعات ۾ مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ ڪجهه ننڍيون جهيڙيون ۽ مقابلا پڻ ٿي چڪا هئا.

غزوه بدر کان ڪجهه ڏينهن اڳ، جڏهن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي خبر پئي ته ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ مڪي جو هڪ واپاري قافلو [[شام]] کان واپس اچي رهيو آهي، ته [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ ﷺ]] ان کي روڪڻ لاءِ هڪ ننڍڙو لشڪر تيار ڪيو. جڏهن [[ابو سفيان]] کي مسلمانن جي منصوبي جي خبر پئي ته هن پنهنجو رستو اختيار ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ هڪ ڊگهو ۽ وڌيڪ محفوظ رستو اختيار ڪيو، جيئن [[مدينو|مديني]] جي ويجهو اچڻ کان بچي سگهي. ساڳئي وقت، هن مڪي ڏانهن هڪ قاصد موڪلي مدد طلب ڪئي. عمرو بن هشام ([[ابوجھل|ابو جهل]]) لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار ماڻهن تي مشتمل لشڪر تيار ڪيو ۽ بدر جي ويجهو پهچي &quot;العُدوة القُصوىٰ&quot; نالي واري واري ٽڪريءَ تي پنهنجو لشڪر لاٿائين ۽ خيما هنيا.

بدر مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي قريش جي وچ ۾ پهريون وڏو معرڪو هو. اتر طرف کان اڳتي وڌندي مسلمان مڪي جي لشڪر جي سامهون اچي بيٺا. جنگ جي شروعات ٻنهي ڌرين جي بهادر جنگجوئن جي مبارزي (مقابلي) سان ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ قريش جي لشڪر تيرن جي وسڪاري جي آڙ ۾ مسلمانن تي حملو ڪري ڇڏيو. مسلمانن هن حملي جو ڀرپور جواب ڏنو ۽ قريش جي صفن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ قريش جا ڪيترائي اهم سردار مارجي ويا، جن ۾ ابو جهل ۽ اميه بن خلف پڻ شامل هئا.

مسلمانن جي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي قيادت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط بڻائي ڇڏيو. مديني جا رهواسي وڏي جوش ۽ جذبي سان پاڻ ﷺ جي ايندڙ مهمن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لڳا، ۽ مديني کان ٻاهر وارا قبيلا پڻ کلي طرح مسلمانن جا اتحادي بڻجي ويا. اسلامي تاريخ ۾ هي جنگ هڪ فيصلائتي فتح طور درج ٿيل آهي، جنهن کي الله تعاليٰ جي خاص مڏ جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ٻين تاريخي ذريعن موجب، هي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي اعليٰ حڪمت عملي، بهترين رٿابندي ۽ جنگي مهارتن جو به شاندار مثال هئي.

== پس منظر ==
۶۲۲ع ۾ هجرتِ مدينه کان پوءِ مدينه جي رهاڪن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي پنهنجي برادري جو سربراھ چونڊيو. مسلمانن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو مڪي جي قافلن تي حملو ڪندا جڏهن اهي مدينه جي ويجهو کان گذرندا. هي فيصلو ان ظلم ۽ ستم جي ردعمل ۾ ڪيو ويو جيڪو مڪي وارن مسلمانن تي ڪيو هو. هجرت کان پوءِ مڪي جي مشرڪن مسلمانن جون زمينون ۽ ملڪيتون زبردستي کسي ورتيون هيون، جنهن جو بدلو وٺڻ ضروري سمجهيو ويو.

۶۲۴ع جي شروعات ۾، قريش جو هڪ واپاري قافلو ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ شام (ممڪن طور غزه) کان مڪي واپس اچي رهيو هو. هي قافلو لڳ ڀڳ ۵۰،۰۰۰ دينار جي ماليت جو سامان کڻي اچي رهيو هو ۽ ان جي حفاظت لاءِ ۷۰ محافظ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. اهو قافلو غير معمولي طور وڏو هو، شايد ان ڪري ته ڪيترائي ننڍا قافلا پنهنجي حفاظت جي خاطر گڏ ٿي ويا هئا. مڪي جا سڀ وڏا واپاري ۽ سرمايه دار هن واپاري مهم ۾ شامل هئا، تنهنڪري انهن کي هن قافلي جي محفوظ واپسي ۾ گهري دلچسپي هئي.</text>
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        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:غزوه]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="5114" sha1="62alnzjsxkd2a87a2x5tkjn67ph523v" xml:space="preserve">بدر جي جنگ (عربي: غزوة بدر)، جنهن کي قرآن پاڪ ۽ مسلمانن طرفان &quot;يوم الفرقان&quot; پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، 13 مارچ 624ع ([[17 رمضان]] 2 هجري) تي موجوده [[سعودي عرب]] جي مدينه صوبي ۾ واقع بدر جي مقام جي ويجهو وڙهي وئي هئي. هن جنگ ۾ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] پنهنجي [[صحابه ڪرام جي فهرست|صحابه ڪرام]] جي اڳواڻي ڪندي قريش جي فوج کي شڪست ڏني، جنهن جي قيادت عمرو بن هشام ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو مسلمانن ۾ ابو جهل جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هي جنگ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] ۽ سندن قبيلي قريش جي وچ ۾ ڇهن سالن تائين هلندڙ جنگ جو شروعاتي نقطو ثابت ٿي. ان کان اڳ، 623ع جي آخر ۽ 624ع جي شروعات ۾ مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ ڪجهه ننڍيون جهيڙيون ۽ مقابلا پڻ ٿي چڪا هئا.

غزوه بدر کان ڪجهه ڏينهن اڳ، جڏهن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي خبر پئي ته ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ مڪي جو هڪ واپاري قافلو [[شام]] کان واپس اچي رهيو آهي، ته [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ ﷺ]] ان کي روڪڻ لاءِ هڪ ننڍڙو لشڪر تيار ڪيو. جڏهن [[ابو سفيان]] کي مسلمانن جي منصوبي جي خبر پئي ته هن پنهنجو رستو اختيار ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ هڪ ڊگهو ۽ وڌيڪ محفوظ رستو اختيار ڪيو، جيئن [[مدينو|مديني]] جي ويجهو اچڻ کان بچي سگهي. ساڳئي وقت، هن مڪي ڏانهن هڪ قاصد موڪلي مدد طلب ڪئي. عمرو بن هشام ([[ابوجھل|ابو جهل]]) لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار ماڻهن تي مشتمل لشڪر تيار ڪيو ۽ بدر جي ويجهو پهچي &quot;العُدوة القُصوىٰ&quot; نالي واري واري ٽڪريءَ تي پنهنجو لشڪر لاٿائين ۽ خيما هنيا.

بدر مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي قريش جي وچ ۾ پهريون وڏو معرڪو هو. اتر طرف کان اڳتي وڌندي مسلمان مڪي جي لشڪر جي سامهون اچي بيٺا. جنگ جي شروعات ٻنهي ڌرين جي بهادر جنگجوئن جي مبارزي (مقابلي) سان ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ قريش جي لشڪر تيرن جي وسڪاري جي آڙ ۾ مسلمانن تي حملو ڪري ڇڏيو. مسلمانن هن حملي جو ڀرپور جواب ڏنو ۽ قريش جي صفن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ قريش جا ڪيترائي اهم سردار مارجي ويا، جن ۾ ابو جهل ۽ اميه بن خلف پڻ شامل هئا.

مسلمانن جي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي قيادت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط بڻائي ڇڏيو. مديني جا رهواسي وڏي جوش ۽ جذبي سان پاڻ ﷺ جي ايندڙ مهمن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لڳا، ۽ مديني کان ٻاهر وارا قبيلا پڻ کلي طرح مسلمانن جا اتحادي بڻجي ويا. اسلامي تاريخ ۾ هي جنگ هڪ فيصلائتي فتح طور درج ٿيل آهي، جنهن کي الله تعاليٰ جي خاص مڏ جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ٻين تاريخي ذريعن موجب، هي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي اعليٰ حڪمت عملي، بهترين رٿابندي ۽ جنگي مهارتن جو به شاندار مثال هئي.

== پس منظر ==
۶۲۲ع ۾ هجرتِ مدينه کان پوءِ مدينه جي رهاڪن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي پنهنجي برادري جو سربراھ چونڊيو. مسلمانن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو مڪي جي قافلن تي حملو ڪندا جڏهن اهي مدينه جي ويجهو کان گذرندا. هي فيصلو ان ظلم ۽ ستم جي ردعمل ۾ ڪيو ويو جيڪو مڪي وارن مسلمانن تي ڪيو هو. هجرت کان پوءِ مڪي جي مشرڪن مسلمانن جون زمينون ۽ ملڪيتون زبردستي کسي ورتيون هيون، جنهن جو بدلو وٺڻ ضروري سمجهيو ويو.

۶۲۴ع جي شروعات ۾، قريش جو هڪ واپاري قافلو ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ شام (ممڪن طور غزه) کان مڪي واپس اچي رهيو هو. هي قافلو لڳ ڀڳ ۵۰،۰۰۰ دينار جي ماليت جو سامان کڻي اچي رهيو هو ۽ ان جي حفاظت لاءِ ۷۰ محافظ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. اهو قافلو غير معمولي طور وڏو هو، شايد ان ڪري ته ڪيترائي ننڍا قافلا پنهنجي حفاظت جي خاطر گڏ ٿي ويا هئا. مڪي جا سڀ وڏا واپاري ۽ سرمايه دار هن واپاري مهم ۾ شامل هئا، تنهنڪري انهن کي هن قافلي جي محفوظ واپسي ۾ گهري دلچسپي هئي.

[[زمرو:غزوه]]</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:غزوہ بدر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="5143" sha1="oif03e5jullz2sezjwne1timwg47ez1" xml:space="preserve">بدر جي جنگ (عربي: غزوة بدر)، جنهن کي قرآن پاڪ ۽ مسلمانن طرفان &quot;يوم الفرقان&quot; پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، 13 مارچ 624ع ([[17 رمضان]] 2 هجري) تي موجوده [[سعودي عرب]] جي مدينه صوبي ۾ واقع بدر جي مقام جي ويجهو وڙهي وئي هئي. هن جنگ ۾ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] پنهنجي [[صحابه ڪرام جي فهرست|صحابه ڪرام]] جي اڳواڻي ڪندي قريش جي فوج کي شڪست ڏني، جنهن جي قيادت عمرو بن هشام ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو مسلمانن ۾ ابو جهل جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هي جنگ حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] ۽ سندن قبيلي قريش جي وچ ۾ ڇهن سالن تائين هلندڙ جنگ جو شروعاتي نقطو ثابت ٿي. ان کان اڳ، 623ع جي آخر ۽ 624ع جي شروعات ۾ مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ ڪجهه ننڍيون جهيڙيون ۽ مقابلا پڻ ٿي چڪا هئا.

غزوه بدر کان ڪجهه ڏينهن اڳ، جڏهن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي خبر پئي ته ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ مڪي جو هڪ واپاري قافلو [[شام]] کان واپس اچي رهيو آهي، ته [[محمد ﷺ|پاڻ ﷺ]] ان کي روڪڻ لاءِ هڪ ننڍڙو لشڪر تيار ڪيو. جڏهن [[ابو سفيان]] کي مسلمانن جي منصوبي جي خبر پئي ته هن پنهنجو رستو اختيار ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ هڪ ڊگهو ۽ وڌيڪ محفوظ رستو اختيار ڪيو، جيئن [[مدينو|مديني]] جي ويجهو اچڻ کان بچي سگهي. ساڳئي وقت، هن مڪي ڏانهن هڪ قاصد موڪلي مدد طلب ڪئي. عمرو بن هشام ([[ابوجھل|ابو جهل]]) لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار ماڻهن تي مشتمل لشڪر تيار ڪيو ۽ بدر جي ويجهو پهچي &quot;العُدوة القُصوىٰ&quot; نالي واري واري ٽڪريءَ تي پنهنجو لشڪر لاٿائين ۽ خيما هنيا.

بدر مسلمانن ۽ مڪي جي قريش جي وچ ۾ پهريون وڏو معرڪو هو. اتر طرف کان اڳتي وڌندي مسلمان مڪي جي لشڪر جي سامهون اچي بيٺا. جنگ جي شروعات ٻنهي ڌرين جي بهادر جنگجوئن جي مبارزي (مقابلي) سان ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ قريش جي لشڪر تيرن جي وسڪاري جي آڙ ۾ مسلمانن تي حملو ڪري ڇڏيو. مسلمانن هن حملي جو ڀرپور جواب ڏنو ۽ قريش جي صفن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ قريش جا ڪيترائي اهم سردار مارجي ويا، جن ۾ ابو جهل ۽ اميه بن خلف پڻ شامل هئا.

مسلمانن جي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي قيادت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط بڻائي ڇڏيو. مديني جا رهواسي وڏي جوش ۽ جذبي سان پاڻ ﷺ جي ايندڙ مهمن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لڳا، ۽ مديني کان ٻاهر وارا قبيلا پڻ کلي طرح مسلمانن جا اتحادي بڻجي ويا. اسلامي تاريخ ۾ هي جنگ هڪ فيصلائتي فتح طور درج ٿيل آهي، جنهن کي الله تعاليٰ جي خاص مڏ جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ٻين تاريخي ذريعن موجب، هي فتح حضرت محمد ﷺ جي اعليٰ حڪمت عملي، بهترين رٿابندي ۽ جنگي مهارتن جو به شاندار مثال هئي.

== پس منظر ==
۶۲۲ع ۾ هجرتِ مدينه کان پوءِ مدينه جي رهاڪن حضرت [[محمد ﷺ]] کي پنهنجي برادري جو سربراھ چونڊيو. مسلمانن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو مڪي جي قافلن تي حملو ڪندا جڏهن اهي مدينه جي ويجهو کان گذرندا. هي فيصلو ان ظلم ۽ ستم جي ردعمل ۾ ڪيو ويو جيڪو مڪي وارن مسلمانن تي ڪيو هو. هجرت کان پوءِ مڪي جي مشرڪن مسلمانن جون زمينون ۽ ملڪيتون زبردستي کسي ورتيون هيون، جنهن جو بدلو وٺڻ ضروري سمجهيو ويو.

۶۲۴ع جي شروعات ۾، قريش جو هڪ واپاري قافلو ابو سفيان بن حرب جي اڳواڻي ۾ شام (ممڪن طور غزه) کان مڪي واپس اچي رهيو هو. هي قافلو لڳ ڀڳ ۵۰،۰۰۰ دينار جي ماليت جو سامان کڻي اچي رهيو هو ۽ ان جي حفاظت لاءِ ۷۰ محافظ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. اهو قافلو غير معمولي طور وڏو هو، شايد ان ڪري ته ڪيترائي ننڍا قافلا پنهنجي حفاظت جي خاطر گڏ ٿي ويا هئا. مڪي جا سڀ وڏا واپاري ۽ سرمايه دار هن واپاري مهم ۾ شامل هئا، تنهنڪري انهن کي هن قافلي جي محفوظ واپسي ۾ گهري دلچسپي هئي.

[[زمرو:غزوه]]
[[زمرو:غزوہ بدر]]</text>
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    <title>الرايه مسجد، مڪه</title>
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        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356407341|Al-Rayah Mosque, Mecca]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
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Al-Rayah Mosque, Mecca|native_name=|image=|image_upright=|caption=|location=[[Mecca Province|Makkah]], [[Hejaz]]|coordinates={{Coord|24|28|44|N|39|36|1|E|display=title,inline}}|map_type=Saudi Arabia|map_alt=|map_size=250|map_caption=Location within Saudi Arabia|map_relief=|geo=|religious_affiliation=[[اسلام]]|status=[[Mosque]]|functional_status=|region=|province=|website=|architect=|architecture_type=|architecture_style=[[Islamic Architecture|Islamic]]|established=|groundbreaking=|year_completed=|construction_cost=|capacity=|dome_quantity=|dome_height_outer=|dome_dia_outer=|minaret_quantity=|minaret_height=}}
'''الرايه مسجد''' (عربي: {{langx|ar|مسجد الراية|}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي شهر [[مڪو|مڪي]] جي الجدرياه ضلعي ۾ واقع تاريخي مسجدن مان هڪ آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:مسجدون بلحاظ شهر]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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Al-Rayah Mosque, Mecca|native_name=|image=|image_upright=|caption=|location=[[Mecca Province|Makkah]], [[Hejaz]]|coordinates={{Coord|24|28|44|N|39|36|1|E|display=title,inline}}|map_type=Saudi Arabia|map_alt=|map_size=250|map_caption=Location within Saudi Arabia|map_relief=|geo=|religious_affiliation=[[اسلام]]|status=[[Mosque]]|functional_status=|region=|province=|website=|architect=|architecture_type=|architecture_style=[[Islamic Architecture|Islamic]]|established=|groundbreaking=|year_completed=|construction_cost=|capacity=|dome_quantity=|dome_height_outer=|dome_dia_outer=|minaret_quantity=|minaret_height=}}
'''الرايه مسجد''' (عربي: {{langx|ar|مسجد الراية|}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي شهر [[مڪو|مڪي]] جي الجدرياه ضلعي ۾ واقع تاريخي مسجدن مان هڪ آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زمرو:مسجدون بلحاظ شهر]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>385709</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="1045" sha1="hekhn5kjrlh9x1wmr0xj18u7mys1acy" xml:space="preserve">{{ڄاڻخانو مذهبي عمارت|building_name=الرايه مسجد&lt;br&gt;
Al-Rayah Mosque, Mecca|native_name=|image=|image_upright=|caption=|location=[[Mecca Province|Makkah]], [[Hejaz]]|coordinates={{Coord|24|28|44|N|39|36|1|E|display=title,inline}}|map_type=Saudi Arabia|map_alt=|map_size=250|map_caption=Location within Saudi Arabia|map_relief=|geo=|religious_affiliation=[[اسلام]]|status=[[Mosque]]|functional_status=|region=|province=|website=|architect=|architecture_type=|architecture_style=[[Islamic Architecture|Islamic]]|established=|groundbreaking=|year_completed=|construction_cost=|capacity=|dome_quantity=|dome_height_outer=|dome_dia_outer=|minaret_quantity=|minaret_height=}}
'''الرايه مسجد''' (عربي: {{langx|ar|مسجد الراية|}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي شهر [[مڪو|مڪي]] جي الجدرياه ضلعي ۾ واقع تاريخي مسجدن مان هڪ آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زمرو:مسجدون بلحاظ شهر]]
[[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>شورٽون ريڪارڊز</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385714</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:27:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|آمريڪي موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل}}  {{Infobox record label | name        = {{color|white|شورٽون ريڪارڊز}} | parent      = {{ubl|[[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] (2006ع–2010ع)|[[شورٽون انٽرٽينمينٽ]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)}} | founder     = [[جارڊن شور]] | distributor = [[انٽرسڪوپ گيفن اي اينڊ ايم ريڪارڊز]] (آمريڪا) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;پول...</comment>
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{{Infobox record label
| name        = {{color|white|شورٽون ريڪارڊز}}
| parent      = {{ubl|[[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] (2006ع–2010ع)|[[شورٽون انٽرٽينمينٽ]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)}}
| founder     = [[جارڊن شور]]
| distributor = [[انٽرسڪوپ گيفن اي اينڊ ايم ريڪارڊز]] (آمريڪا) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[پوليڊور ريڪارڊز]] (برطانيه) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)
| location    = [[لاس اينجلس]]، [[ڪيليفورنيا]]
}}

'''شورٽون ريڪارڊز'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jordan Schur in partnership with Interscope Records launches Suretone Records|url=http://www.universalmusic.com/jordan-schur-in-partnership-with-interscope-records-launches-suretone-records/|website=UMG|access-date=2016-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪا جو هڪ موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل آهي، جيڪو 2006ع ۾ [[جارڊن شور]]، جيڪو [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] جو اڳوڻو چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Leeds |first=Jeff |date=2006-03-14 |title=President of Geffen Records Is Leaving to Start New Label |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/14/business/president-of-geffen-records-is-leaving-to-start-new-label.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[انٽرسڪوپ ريڪارڊز]] جي گڏيل سهڪار سان قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Newman|first=Melinda|date=25 Mar 2006|title=Geffen Shuffle: Fair In, Shur Gets New Label Shot|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|volume=118|issue=12|pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ليبل خاص طور [[آلٽرنيٽو راڪ]] موسيقي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gallo |first=Phil |date=2006-03-14 |title=Schur rolls with rock label |url=https://variety.com/2006/music/markets-festivals/schur-rolls-with-rock-label-1117939686/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duhigg |first=Charles |date=2006-03-15 |title=Universal Music Forms Suretone Records |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-15-fi-briefs15.2-story.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ويزر]]، [[دي ڪيور]]، [[روني (موسيقي گروپ)|روني]]، [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]] ۽ [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]] جهڙا ڪيترائي مشهور موسيقي گروپ [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] سان وابسته رهيا ۽ انهن جي رليزن تي Suretone جو نشان پڻ استعمال ٿيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |author=Billboard Staff |date=2007-02-20 |title=Suretone Taps P2Ps |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/suretone-taps-p2ps-1326677/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]] ۽ [[شويزي]] جي البمن جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ هي ليبل بند ڪيو ويو. 2016ع ۾ Suretone ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جي موسيقي جي ورهاست [[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] ذريعي شروع ڪئي وئي.

==وابسته فنڪار==

{{div col|2}}

* [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]]
* [[دي بليڪ اينجلز]]
* [[ڪليڪٽو سول]]
* [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]]
* [[دي ڪيور]]
* [[ڊيڊ (موسيقي گروپ)|ڊيڊ]]
* [[ڊراپ ڊيڊ، گارجيس]]
* [[ايسٽرن ڪانفرنس چيمپيئنز]]
* [[فرام فرسٽ ٽو لاسٽ]]
* [[گڊ باءِ جون]]
* [[هيڊ وي]]
* [[لمپ بزڪٽ]]
* مينيڪ
* [[ميري ويدر]]
* [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]]
* [[دي پنڪ اسپائيڊرز]]
* [[ريان ايڊمز]]
* [[سانتانا (موسيقي گروپ)|سانتانا]]
* سارا ڊيوڊسن
* سائي
* [[شويزي]]
* ٽوئن لمب
* [[زي زي ٽاپ]]

{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:آمريڪي موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[زمرو:2006ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[Category:يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]]

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{{Infobox record label
| name        = {{color|white|شورٽون ريڪارڊز}}
| parent      = {{ubl|[[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] (2006ع–2010ع)|[[شورٽون انٽرٽينمينٽ]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)}}
| founder     = [[جارڊن شور]]
| distributor = [[انٽرسڪوپ گيفن اي اينڊ ايم ريڪارڊز]] (آمريڪا) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[پوليڊور ريڪارڊز]] (برطانيه) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)
| location    = [[لاس اينجلس]]، [[ڪيليفورنيا]]
}}

'''شورٽون ريڪارڊز'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jordan Schur in partnership with Interscope Records launches Suretone Records|url=http://www.universalmusic.com/jordan-schur-in-partnership-with-interscope-records-launches-suretone-records/|website=UMG|access-date=2016-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪا جو هڪ موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل آهي، جيڪو 2006ع ۾ [[جارڊن شور]]، جيڪو [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] جو اڳوڻو چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Leeds |first=Jeff |date=2006-03-14 |title=President of Geffen Records Is Leaving to Start New Label |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/14/business/president-of-geffen-records-is-leaving-to-start-new-label.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[انٽرسڪوپ ريڪارڊز]] جي گڏيل سهڪار سان قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Newman|first=Melinda|date=25 Mar 2006|title=Geffen Shuffle: Fair In, Shur Gets New Label Shot|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|volume=118|issue=12|pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ليبل خاص طور [[آلٽرنيٽو راڪ]] موسيقي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gallo |first=Phil |date=2006-03-14 |title=Schur rolls with rock label |url=https://variety.com/2006/music/markets-festivals/schur-rolls-with-rock-label-1117939686/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duhigg |first=Charles |date=2006-03-15 |title=Universal Music Forms Suretone Records |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-15-fi-briefs15.2-story.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ويزر]]، [[دي ڪيور]]، [[روني (موسيقي گروپ)|روني]]، [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]] ۽ [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]] جهڙا ڪيترائي مشهور موسيقي گروپ [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] سان وابسته رهيا ۽ انهن جي رليزن تي شورٽون جو نشان پڻ استعمال ٿيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |author=Billboard Staff |date=2007-02-20 |title=Suretone Taps P2Ps |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/suretone-taps-p2ps-1326677/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]] ۽ [[شويزي]] جي البمن جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ هي ليبل بند ڪيو ويو. 2016ع ۾ شورٽون ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جي موسيقي جي ورهاست [[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] ذريعي شروع ڪئي وئي.

==وابسته فنڪار==

{{div col|2}}

* [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]]
* [[دي بليڪ اينجلز]]
* [[ڪليڪٽو سول]]
* [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]]
* [[دي ڪيور]]
* [[ڊيڊ (موسيقي گروپ)|ڊيڊ]]
* [[ڊراپ ڊيڊ، گارجيس]]
* [[ايسٽرن ڪانفرنس چيمپيئنز]]
* [[فرام فرسٽ ٽو لاسٽ]]
* [[گڊ باءِ جون]]
* [[هيڊ وي]]
* [[لمپ بزڪٽ]]
* مينيڪ
* [[ميري ويدر]]
* [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]]
* [[دي پنڪ اسپائيڊرز]]
* [[ريان ايڊمز]]
* [[سانتانا (موسيقي گروپ)|سانتانا]]
* سارا ڊيوڊسن
* سائي
* [[شويزي]]
* ٽوئن لمب
* [[زي زي ٽاپ]]

{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:آمريڪي موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[زمرو:2006ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[Category:يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]]

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{{Infobox record label
| name        = {{color|white|شورٽون ريڪارڊز}}
| parent      = {{ubl|[[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] (2006ع–2010ع)|[[شورٽون انٽرٽينمينٽ]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)}}
| founder     = [[جارڊن شور]]
| distributor = [[انٽرسڪوپ گيفن اي اينڊ ايم ريڪارڊز]] (آمريڪا) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[پوليڊور ريڪارڊز]] (برطانيه) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)
| location    = [[لاس اينجلس]]، [[ڪيليفورنيا]]
}}

'''شورٽون ريڪارڊز''' (Suretone Records)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jordan Schur in partnership with Interscope Records launches Suretone Records|url=http://www.universalmusic.com/jordan-schur-in-partnership-with-interscope-records-launches-suretone-records/|website=UMG|access-date=2016-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪا جو هڪ موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل آهي، جيڪو 2006ع ۾ [[جارڊن شور]]، جيڪو [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] جو اڳوڻو چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Leeds |first=Jeff |date=2006-03-14 |title=President of Geffen Records Is Leaving to Start New Label |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/14/business/president-of-geffen-records-is-leaving-to-start-new-label.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[انٽرسڪوپ ريڪارڊز]] جي گڏيل سهڪار سان قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Newman|first=Melinda|date=25 Mar 2006|title=Geffen Shuffle: Fair In, Shur Gets New Label Shot|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|volume=118|issue=12|pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ليبل خاص طور [[آلٽرنيٽو راڪ]] موسيقي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gallo |first=Phil |date=2006-03-14 |title=Schur rolls with rock label |url=https://variety.com/2006/music/markets-festivals/schur-rolls-with-rock-label-1117939686/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duhigg |first=Charles |date=2006-03-15 |title=Universal Music Forms Suretone Records |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-15-fi-briefs15.2-story.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ويزر]]، [[دي ڪيور]]، [[روني (موسيقي گروپ)|روني]]، [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]] ۽ [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]] جهڙا ڪيترائي مشهور موسيقي گروپ [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] سان وابسته رهيا ۽ انهن جي رليزن تي شورٽون جو نشان پڻ استعمال ٿيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |author=Billboard Staff |date=2007-02-20 |title=Suretone Taps P2Ps |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/suretone-taps-p2ps-1326677/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]] ۽ [[شويزي]] جي البمن جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ هي ليبل بند ڪيو ويو. 2016ع ۾ شورٽون ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جي موسيقي جي ورهاست [[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] ذريعي شروع ڪئي وئي.

==وابسته فنڪار==

{{div col|2}}

* [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]]
* [[دي بليڪ اينجلز]]
* [[ڪليڪٽو سول]]
* [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]]
* [[دي ڪيور]]
* [[ڊيڊ (موسيقي گروپ)|ڊيڊ]]
* [[ڊراپ ڊيڊ، گارجيس]]
* [[ايسٽرن ڪانفرنس چيمپيئنز]]
* [[فرام فرسٽ ٽو لاسٽ]]
* [[گڊ باءِ جون]]
* [[هيڊ وي]]
* [[لمپ بزڪٽ]]
* مينيڪ
* [[ميري ويدر]]
* [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]]
* [[دي پنڪ اسپائيڊرز]]
* [[ريان ايڊمز]]
* [[سانتانا (موسيقي گروپ)|سانتانا]]
* سارا ڊيوڊسن
* سائي
* [[شويزي]]
* ٽوئن لمب
* [[زي زي ٽاپ]]

{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:آمريڪي موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[زمرو:2006ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[Category:يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]]

{{US-record-label-stub}}</text>
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{{Infobox record label
| name        = {{color|white|
شورٽون ريڪارڊز}}
 {{color|white|Suretone Records}}
| image       = Suretone Records logo.png
| parent      = {{ubl|[[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] (2006ع–2010ع)|[[شورٽون انٽرٽينمينٽ]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)}}
| founder     = [[جارڊن شور]]
| distributor = [[انٽرسڪوپ گيفن اي اينڊ ايم ريڪارڊز]] (آمريڪا) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[پوليڊور ريڪارڊز]] (برطانيه) {{small|(2006ع–2010ع)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] (2016ع–هاڻوڪو)
| location    = [[لاس اينجلس]]، [[ڪيليفورنيا]]
}}

'''شورٽون ريڪارڊز''' (Suretone Records)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jordan Schur in partnership with Interscope Records launches Suretone Records|url=http://www.universalmusic.com/jordan-schur-in-partnership-with-interscope-records-launches-suretone-records/|website=UMG|access-date=2016-01-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪا جو هڪ موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل آهي، جيڪو 2006ع ۾ [[جارڊن شور]]، جيڪو [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] جو اڳوڻو چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Leeds |first=Jeff |date=2006-03-14 |title=President of Geffen Records Is Leaving to Start New Label |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/14/business/president-of-geffen-records-is-leaving-to-start-new-label.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[انٽرسڪوپ ريڪارڊز]] جي گڏيل سهڪار سان قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Newman|first=Melinda|date=25 Mar 2006|title=Geffen Shuffle: Fair In, Shur Gets New Label Shot|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|volume=118|issue=12|pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي ليبل خاص طور [[آلٽرنيٽو راڪ]] موسيقي جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gallo |first=Phil |date=2006-03-14 |title=Schur rolls with rock label |url=https://variety.com/2006/music/markets-festivals/schur-rolls-with-rock-label-1117939686/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duhigg |first=Charles |date=2006-03-15 |title=Universal Music Forms Suretone Records |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-15-fi-briefs15.2-story.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ويزر]]، [[دي ڪيور]]، [[روني (موسيقي گروپ)|روني]]، [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]] ۽ [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]] جهڙا ڪيترائي مشهور موسيقي گروپ [[گيفن ريڪارڊز]] سان وابسته رهيا ۽ انهن جي رليزن تي شورٽون جو نشان پڻ استعمال ٿيندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |author=Billboard Staff |date=2007-02-20 |title=Suretone Taps P2Ps |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/suretone-taps-p2ps-1326677/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]] ۽ [[شويزي]] جي البمن جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ هي ليبل بند ڪيو ويو. 2016ع ۾ شورٽون ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جي موسيقي جي ورهاست [[آلٽرنيٽو ڊسٽريبيوشن الائنس]] ذريعي شروع ڪئي وئي.

==وابسته فنڪار==

{{div col|2}}

* [[اينجلز اينڊ ايئر ويوز]]
* [[دي بليڪ اينجلز]]
* [[ڪليڪٽو سول]]
* [[ڪرس ڪارنيل]]
* [[دي ڪيور]]
* [[ڊيڊ (موسيقي گروپ)|ڊيڊ]]
* [[ڊراپ ڊيڊ، گارجيس]]
* [[ايسٽرن ڪانفرنس چيمپيئنز]]
* [[فرام فرسٽ ٽو لاسٽ]]
* [[گڊ باءِ جون]]
* [[هيڊ وي]]
* [[لمپ بزڪٽ]]
* مينيڪ
* [[ميري ويدر]]
* [[نيو فائونڊ گلوري]]
* [[دي پنڪ اسپائيڊرز]]
* [[ريان ايڊمز]]
* [[سانتانا (موسيقي گروپ)|سانتانا]]
* سارا ڊيوڊسن
* سائي
* [[شويزي]]
* ٽوئن لمب
* [[زي زي ٽاپ]]

{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:آمريڪي موسيقي رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[زمرو:2006ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رڪارڊ ليبل]]
[[Category:يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]]

{{US-record-label-stub}}</text>
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{{!}} {{{country}}}
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[[زمرو:موسيقي بابت معلوماتي سانچا]]
[[زمرو:ريڪارڊ ليبل]]

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{{!}} {{{url}}}
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[[زمرو:موسيقي بابت معلوماتي سانچا]]
[[زمرو:ريڪارڊ ليبل]]

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[[زمرو:موسيقي بابت معلوماتي سانچا]]
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}  {{Infobox French commune |name                   = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل |commune status         = [[فرانس جون ڪميونون|ڪميون]] |image                  = Le Mesnil-en-Thelle mairie 2.JPG |caption                = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل جي ٽائون هال |image coat of arms     = Blason Mesnil-en-Thelle.svg |arrondissement         = سينلي |canton                 = شانتيئي |INSEE...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2348" sha1="nmol5flxxxfdp1291liy1b1jkees09n" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل
|commune status         = [[فرانس جون ڪميونون|ڪميون]]
|image                  = Le Mesnil-en-Thelle mairie 2.JPG
|caption                = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل جي ٽائون هال
|image coat of arms     = Blason Mesnil-en-Thelle.svg
|arrondissement         = سينلي
|canton                 = شانتيئي
|INSEE                  = 60398
|postal code            = 60530
|mayor                  = ناديا موريا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=6 June 2023|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|term                   = 2023–2026
|intercommunality       =
|coordinates            = {{coord|49.1789|2.2864|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 45
|elevation min m        = 29
|elevation max m        = 101
|area km2               = 6.09
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}

'''لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل''' ({{IPA|fr|lə menil ɑ̃ tɛl}}) [[فرانس]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ واقع [[اواز]] کاتي جي هڪ [[فرانس جون ڪميونون|ڪميون]] آهي.

==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل جي تاريخي آبادي
! style=&quot;background:#E8F5E9;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#E8F5E9;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1968
| 824
|-
| 1975
| 1,310
|-
| 1982
| 1,516
|-
| 1990
| 2,118
|-
| 1999
| 2,089
|-
| 2007
| 2,297
|-
| 2012
| 2,296
|-
| 2017
| 2,229
|-
| 2023
| 2,439
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;pophist&quot;&gt;[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-60398#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[اواز کاتي جون ڪميونون]]

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Oise communes}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mesnilenthelle}}

[[Category:اواز جون ڪميونون]]

{{SenlisArrondissement-geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>nmol5flxxxfdp1291liy1b1jkees09n</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2314" sha1="hfzmlx62vufjnluqzg9w62mbf9ttsab" xml:space="preserve">

{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل
|commune status         = [[فرانس جون ڪميونون|ڪميون]]
|image                  = Le Mesnil-en-Thelle mairie 2.JPG
|caption                = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل جي ٽائون هال
|image coat of arms     = Blason Mesnil-en-Thelle.svg
|arrondissement         = سينلي
|canton                 = شانتيئي
|INSEE                  = 60398
|postal code            = 60530
|mayor                  = ناديا موريا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=6 June 2023|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|term                   = 2023–2026
|intercommunality       =
|coordinates            = {{coord|49.1789|2.2864|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 45
|elevation min m        = 29
|elevation max m        = 101
|area km2               = 6.09
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}

'''لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل''' ({{IPA|fr|lə menil ɑ̃ tɛl}}) [[فرانس]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ واقع [[اواز]] کاتي جي هڪ [[فرانس جون ڪميونون|ڪميون]] آهي.

==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل جي تاريخي آبادي
! style=&quot;background:#E8F5E9;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#E8F5E9;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1968
| 824
|-
| 1975
| 1,310
|-
| 1982
| 1,516
|-
| 1990
| 2,118
|-
| 1999
| 2,089
|-
| 2007
| 2,297
|-
| 2012
| 2,296
|-
| 2017
| 2,229
|-
| 2023
| 2,439
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;pophist&quot;&gt;[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-60398#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[اواز کاتي جون ڪميونون]]

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Oise communes}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mesnilenthelle}}

[[Category:اواز جون ڪميونون]]

{{SenlisArrondissement-geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>hfzmlx62vufjnluqzg9w62mbf9ttsab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385728</id>
      <parentid>385725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:45:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل
|commune status         = [[فرانس جون ڪميونون|ڪميون]]
|image                  = Le Mesnil-en-Thelle mairie 2.JPG
|caption                = لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل جي ٽائون هال
|image coat of arms     = Blason Mesnil-en-Thelle.svg
|arrondissement         = سينلي
|canton                 = شانتيئي
|INSEE                  = 60398
|postal code            = 60530
|mayor                  = ناديا موريا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=6 June 2023|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|term                   = 2023–2026
|intercommunality       =
|coordinates            = {{coord|49.1789|2.2864|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 45
|elevation min m        = 29
|elevation max m        = 101
|area km2               = 6.09
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}

'''لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل''' (Le Mesnil-en-Thelle) [[فرانس]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ واقع [[اواز]] کاتي جي هڪ [[فرانس جون ڪميونون|ڪميون]] آهي.

==آبادي==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | لو ميزنيل-آن-ٿيل جي تاريخي آبادي
! style=&quot;background:#E8F5E9;&quot; | سال
! style=&quot;background:#E8F5E9;&quot; | آبادي
|-
| 1968
| 824
|-
| 1975
| 1,310
|-
| 1982
| 1,516
|-
| 1990
| 2,118
|-
| 1999
| 2,089
|-
| 2007
| 2,297
|-
| 2012
| 2,296
|-
| 2017
| 2,229
|-
| 2023
| 2,439
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;pophist&quot;&gt;[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-60398#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[اواز کاتي جون ڪميونون]]

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Oise communes}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mesnilenthelle}}

[[Category:اواز جون ڪميونون]]

{{SenlisArrondissement-geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>jg5psw9djh4qd8cneace1zgpnauk4o8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:France metadata Wikidata</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385727</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:44:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{#switch: {{{1}}}  | population_footnotes = {{#if: {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2019-01-01}}  | &lt;ref name=popleg2019&gt;{{cite web  |title={{wikidata|label|eid=Q110382235}}  |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-{{#if: {{wikidata|property|P374}} | {{wikidata|property|P374}} | {{main other|[[زمرو:حوالن کانسواءِ France metadata Wikidata استعمال ڪندڙ صفحا]]}} }}  |publisher={{wikidata|property|linked|eid=Q104619889|P12...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2305" sha1="pvne6p3nmm9txozotnztziobxssnazp" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch: {{{1}}}

| population_footnotes = {{#if: {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2019-01-01}}
 | &lt;ref name=popleg2019&gt;{{cite web
 |title={{wikidata|label|eid=Q110382235}}
 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-{{#if: {{wikidata|property|P374}} | {{wikidata|property|P374}} | {{main other|[[زمرو:حوالن کانسواءِ France metadata Wikidata استعمال ڪندڙ صفحا]]}} }}
 |publisher={{wikidata|property|linked|eid=Q104619889|P123}}
 |date=29 ڊسمبر 2021ع}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | {{#if: {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2018-01-01}}
 | &lt;ref name=popleg2018&gt;{{cite web
 |title={{wikidata|label|eid=Q104619889}}
 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5001880?geo=COM-{{#if: {{wikidata|property|P374}} | {{wikidata|property|P374}} | {{main other|[[زمرو:حوالن کانسواءِ France metadata Wikidata استعمال ڪندڙ صفحا]]}} }}
 |publisher={{wikidata|property|linked|eid=Q104619889|P123}}
 |date=28 ڊسمبر 2020ع}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 }} }}

| population_total = {{#if:
 {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2019-01-01}}
 | {{wikidata|property|raw|P1082|P585=2019-01-01}}
 | {{#if:
 {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2018-01-01}}
 | {{wikidata|property|raw|P1082|P585=2018-01-01}}
 | {{main other|[[زمرو:حوالن کانسواءِ France metadata Wikidata استعمال ڪندڙ صفحا]]}}
 }}
 }}

| population_as_of = {{#if:
 {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2019-01-01}}
 | جنوري&amp;nbsp;2019ع
 | {{#if:
 {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2018-01-01}}
 | جنوري&amp;nbsp;2018ع
 }}
 }}

| population_footnotes2 = {{#if: {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2019-01-01}}
 | &lt;ref name=popleg2019&gt;{{cite web
 |title=2019ع جي قانوني آباديءَ واري مڪمل فائل جو ڊائونلوڊ
 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6011070
 |publisher={{wikidata|property|linked|eid=Q110382235|P123}}
 |date=28 ڊسمبر 2020ع}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | {{#if: {{wikidata|reference|raw|P1082|P585=2018-01-01}}
 | &lt;ref name=popleg2018&gt;{{cite web
 |title=2018ع جي قانوني آباديءَ واري مڪمل فائل جو ڊائونلوڊ
 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4989724
 |publisher={{wikidata|property|linked|eid=Q104619889|P123}}
 |date=28 ڊسمبر 2020ع}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 }} }}

}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pvne6p3nmm9txozotnztziobxssnazp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>شيروئيشي اسٽيشن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98827</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:53:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{short description|جاپان جي ساپورو شهر ۾ ريلوي اسٽيشن}}  {{Infobox station | name               = {{JRHSN|H|03|50}}&lt;br/&gt;شيروئيشي اسٽيشن | native_name        = شيروئيشي اسٽيشن | native_name_lang   = ja | type               = | style              = JR Hokkaido | image              = JR_Hakodate-Main-Line%E3%83%BBChitose-Line_Shiroishi_Station_building_%28South_Exit%29.jpg | alt                = | caption            =...</comment>
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      <text bytes="5586" sha1="0wae7gdxkotjwm6pcysgqzjotwae6y6" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|جاپان جي ساپورو شهر ۾ ريلوي اسٽيشن}}

{{Infobox station
| name               = {{JRHSN|H|03|50}}&lt;br/&gt;شيروئيشي اسٽيشن
| native_name        = شيروئيشي اسٽيشن
| native_name_lang   = ja
| type               =
| style              = JR Hokkaido
| image              = JR_Hakodate-Main-Line%E3%83%BBChitose-Line_Shiroishi_Station_building_%28South_Exit%29.jpg
| alt                =
| caption            = سيپٽمبر 2018ع ۾ شيروئيشي اسٽيشن جو ڏکڻيون حصو
| other_name         =
| address            = [[شيروئيشي-ڪو، ساپورو]]، [[هوڪائيدو]]
| country            = جاپان
| coordinates        =
| operator           = {{ric|JR Hokkaido|name=y}}
| line               = {{Plainlist|
* {{rcb|JR Hokkaido|Hakodate|yes|type=3}}
* {{rcb|JR Hokkaido|Chitose|yes}}
}}
| distance           = {{cvt|292.1|km|mi}} تان {{STN|Hakodate|x}}
| platforms          = 2 [[ٻيٽ نما پليٽفارم]]
| tracks             = 4
| connections        = {{ric|Sapporo Municipal Subway}} [[شيروئيشي اسٽيشن (ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي)]]
| structure          = زميني سطح تي
| status             = عملي سان گڏ
| code               = H03
| opened             = {{Start date and age|1903|04|21|df=y}}
| closed             =
| former             =
| passengers         = روزانو 7,928
| pass_year          = مالي سال 2015ع
| map_type           = Japan Hokkaido#Japan
| services           = {{Adjstn|system1=JR Hokkaido|line1=Chitose|type1=Local|left1=Heiwa|right1=Naebo|line2=Rapid Airport|left2=Shin-Sapporo|right2=Sapporo|line3=Hakodate|type3=Local|left3=Naebo|right3=Atsubetsu}}
| other_services_collapsible = yes
| other_services     = {{Adjstn|system1=JR Hokkaido|line1=sra|nonstop1=yes|line5=Ōzora|nonstop5=yes|line7=Tokachi|nonstop7=yes}}
}}

'''شيروئيشي اسٽيشن'''(Shiroishi Station/白石駅) [[شيروئيشي-ڪو، ساپورو]]، [[هوڪائيدو]]، [[جاپان]] ۾ واقع هڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن آهي، جنهن کي [[هوڪائيدو ريلوي ڪمپني]] (JR Hokkaido) هلائي ٿي. اسٽيشن جو نمبر '''H03''' آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=JR Hokkaido Route Map|url=http://www2.jrhokkaido.co.jp/global/english/ttable/route_map.pdf|access-date=2016-11-19|publisher=Hokkaido Railway Company|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207145544/http://www2.jrhokkaido.co.jp/global/english/ttable/route_map.pdf|archivedate=2016-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==اسٽيشن جي جوڙجڪ==

اسٽيشن ۾ ٻه [[ٻيٽ نما پليٽفارم]] (پليٽفارم 2/3 ۽ 5/6) آهن، جيڪي چار ريل لائينن جي خدمت ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻه اضافي گذرندڙ لائينون (1 ۽ 4) پڻ موجود آهن. اڳ ۾ ٽريڪ 1 سان لڳ هڪ [[پاسي وارو پليٽفارم]] موجود هو، پر اهو صرف مال برداري لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو ۽ بند ٿيل هو. 2011ع ۾ موجوده اسٽيشن عمارت جي تعمير دوران اهو پليٽفارم هٽايو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

اسٽيشن ۾ خودڪار ٽڪيٽ مشينون، خودڪار داخلا دروازا موجود آهن جيڪي [[ڪيتاڪا]] ڪارڊ قبول ڪن ٿا،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Service Range Kitaca|url=http://www2.jrhokkaido.co.jp/global/english/kitaca/p02.html|access-date=2016-11-19|publisher=JR Hokkaido|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183456/http://www2.jrhokkaido.co.jp/global/english/kitaca/p02.html|archivedate=2016-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ هڪ عملي وارو &quot;[[ميدوري نو مادوگوچي]]&quot; ٽڪيٽ آفيس پڻ آهي.

===پليٽفارم===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ style=&quot;background:#2E8B57; color:white;&quot; | پليٽفارم تفصيل
! پليٽفارم
! لائين
! رخ
|-
| 2
| هاڪوڊاتي مکيه لائين
| [[ساپورو]]، [[تيني]] ۽ [[اوتارو]] ڏانهن
|-
| 3
| چيتوسي لائين
| ساپورو، تيني ۽ اوتارو ڏانهن
|-
| 5
| چيـتوسي لائين
| [[چيتوسي، هوڪائيدو|چيتوسي]] ۽ [[توماڪوماي]] ڏانهن
|-
| 6
| هاڪوڊاتي مکيه لائين
| [[ايبيتسو]]، [[ايواميزاوا]] ۽ [[تاڪيڪاوا]] ڏانهن
|}

==ڀرپاسي اسٽيشنون==

{{J-railservice start}}
{{J-route|route=Hakodate Main Line|col=Orange|f=w}}
{{J-rserv|service=Limited Express ''Sōya''|p}}
{{J-rserv|service=Limited Express ''Okhotsk''|p}}
{{J-rserv|service=Limited Express ''Lilac''|p}}
{{J-rserv|service=Limited Express ''Kamui''|p}}
{{J-rserv|service=Semi-Rapid|previous={{STN|Naebo|x}}|next={{STN|Ōasa|x}}|col=red}}
{{J-rserv|service=Local|previous={{STN|Naebo|x}}|next={{STN|Atsubetsu|x}}|col=gray}}
{{S-end}}

==آسپاس وارو علائقو==

* ساپورو-شيروئيشي بس ٽرمينل
* ساپورو-شيروئيشي پوسٽ آفيس

==پڻ ڏسو==

* [[جاپان جي ريلوي اسٽيشنن جي فهرست]]

==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}

==خارجي ڳنڍڻا==

* [http://www.jrhokkaido.co.jp/network/barrier/059/shiroishi-map.html شيروئيشي اسٽيشن جو JR هوڪائيدو نقشو]

{{Hakodate Main Line}}
{{Chitose Line}}

{{coord|43|3|17|N|141|24|49|E|source:zhwiki_region:JP_scale:5000|display=title}}

[[زمرو:1903ع ۾ قائم ٿيل جاپان جون ريلوي اسٽيشنون]]
[[زمرو:ساپورو جون ريلوي اسٽيشنون]]</text>
      <sha1>0wae7gdxkotjwm6pcysgqzjotwae6y6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:J-railservice start</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385731</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; !colspan=2|&lt;big&gt;&amp;laquo;&lt;/big&gt; !Service !colspan=2|&lt;big&gt;&amp;raquo;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; [[Category:Japan rail transport templates]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="9m2qj4o9yqy9z4ryb66mtzs3ck6bjw5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=2|&lt;big&gt;&amp;laquo;&lt;/big&gt;
!Service
!colspan=2|&lt;big&gt;&amp;raquo;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Japan rail transport templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9m2qj4o9yqy9z4ryb66mtzs3ck6bjw5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:J-route</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385732</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T09:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;|- !colspan=5 style=&quot;background:{{{col|white}}};&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:{{#ifeq:{{{f}}}|w|white|black}}&quot;&gt;{{{route}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; [[Category:Japan rail transport templates]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="215" sha1="iuq5lu1dmplsrakwe8ch01hyvl4ux07" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|-
!colspan=5 style=&quot;background:{{{col|white}}};&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:{{#ifeq:{{{f}}}|w|white|black}}&quot;&gt;{{{route}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Japan rail transport templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iuq5lu1dmplsrakwe8ch01hyvl4ux07</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:J-rserv</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385733</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:00:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;|- !colspan=5 style=&quot;background:{{{col|white}}};&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:{{#ifeq:{{{f}}}|w|white|black}}&quot;&gt;{{{route}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; [[Category:Japan rail transport templates]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="215" sha1="iuq5lu1dmplsrakwe8ch01hyvl4ux07" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|-
!colspan=5 style=&quot;background:{{{col|white}}};&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:{{#ifeq:{{{f}}}|w|white|black}}&quot;&gt;{{{route}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Japan rail transport templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iuq5lu1dmplsrakwe8ch01hyvl4ux07</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Adjstn</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98831</id>
    <redirect title="سانچو:Adjacent stations" />
    <revision>
      <id>385734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:01:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>صفحي کي [[سانچو:Adjacent stations]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>385734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43" sha1="qjocqz3v3mx0blnybihignnvs9bdvkr" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو[[سانچو:Adjacent stations]]</text>
      <sha1>qjocqz3v3mx0blnybihignnvs9bdvkr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Rcb</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385735</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:03:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Adjacent stations|box}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="102" sha1="0z5wsspuhn41s44huksyg8mmcifp924" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Adjacent stations|box}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0z5wsspuhn41s44huksyg8mmcifp924</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Ric</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385736</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:05:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Adjacent stations|icon}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>385736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103" sha1="nf44jlki17lvz51z36jzomdujd55y7h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Adjacent stations|icon}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nf44jlki17lvz51z36jzomdujd55y7h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>عبدالحمید ثانی</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385739</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:11:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: عبدالحميد ثاني (عثماني ترڪي: عبد الحميد ثاني، ترڪي: II. Abdülhamid؛ 21 سيپٽمبر 1842 - 10 فيبروري 1918) عثماني سلطنت جا 34ھون سلطان هئا، جنھون 1876 کان 1909 تائين حڪمراني ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Abdulhamid II {{!}} Biography, History, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdulhamid-II |access-date=2026-06-16 |work=Encyclopedia Britannic...</comment>
      <origin>385739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1217" sha1="18q96dshs7nji5krr5qp2r4e57ym5ju" xml:space="preserve">عبدالحميد ثاني (عثماني ترڪي: عبد الحميد ثاني، ترڪي: II. Abdülhamid؛ 21 سيپٽمبر 1842 - 10 فيبروري 1918) عثماني سلطنت جا 34ھون سلطان هئا، جنھون 1876 کان 1909 تائين حڪمراني ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Abdulhamid II {{!}} Biography, History, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdulhamid-II |access-date=2026-06-16 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هو عثماني سلطنت جا آخري اهڙا حڪمران هئا جن بکھرندڙ سلطنت تي ڪجهه حد تائين مؤثر ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. سندن دورِ حڪومت اندروني ۽ بيروني بحرانن سان ڀريل هو، جن ۾ بلقان جون بغاوتون، قومپرستي جا وڌندڙ رجحان ۽ روس سان هڪ ناڪام جنگ (1877-78) شامل هئا.

انهن بحرانن سبب سلطنت کي وڏو نقصان پهتو، جنهن دوران مصر ۽ قبرص جهڙا اهم علائقا سلطنت جي هٿ مان نڪري ويا. تنهن هوندي به 1897 ۾ يونان خلاف جنگ ۾ سلطان کي فتح حاصل ٿي۔</text>
      <sha1>18q96dshs7nji5krr5qp2r4e57ym5ju</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Adjacent stations/Sapporo Municipal Subway</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>98835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385741</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:14:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: local hokkaido = &quot;[[%1 اسٽيشن (هوڪائيدو)|%1]]&quot; local subway = &quot;[[%1 اسٽيشن (ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي)|%1]]&quot;  local p = { 	[&quot;system title&quot;] = &quot;[[ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي]]&quot;, 	[&quot;system icon&quot;] = &quot;[[File:ST Logo.svg|21px|link=ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي|alt=ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي جو نشان]]&quot;,  	[&quot;station format&quot;] = { 		&quot;%1 اسٽيشن&quot;,  		[&quot;Sapporo&quot;] = subway, 		[&quot;Nakanoshima&quot;] = hokkaido, 		[&quot;Hirag...</comment>
      <origin>385741</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1793" sha1="pe384l4gknfpqiaegqmys0v7il58efh" xml:space="preserve">local hokkaido = &quot;[[%1 اسٽيشن (هوڪائيدو)|%1]]&quot;
local subway = &quot;[[%1 اسٽيشن (ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي)|%1]]&quot;

local p = {
	[&quot;system title&quot;] = &quot;[[ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي]]&quot;,
	[&quot;system icon&quot;] = &quot;[[File:ST Logo.svg|21px|link=ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي|alt=ساپورو ميونسپل سب وي جو نشان]]&quot;,

	[&quot;station format&quot;] = {
		&quot;%1 اسٽيشن&quot;,

		[&quot;Sapporo&quot;] = subway,
		[&quot;Nakanoshima&quot;] = hokkaido,
		[&quot;Hiragishi&quot;] = subway,
		[&quot;Motomachi&quot;] = hokkaido,
		[&quot;Ōyachi&quot;] = hokkaido,
		[&quot;Hibarigaoka&quot;] = hokkaido,
		[&quot;Gakuen-Mae&quot;] = hokkaido,
		[&quot;Kotoni&quot;] = subway,
		[&quot;Sakaemachi&quot;] = hokkaido,
		[&quot;Shiroishi&quot;] = subway,
	},

	[&quot;line icon format&quot;] = &quot;link&quot;,

	[&quot;lines&quot;] = {
		[&quot;_default&quot;] = {
			[&quot;icon&quot;] = &quot;[[File:Subway Sapporo%1.svg|16px|link=%1 لائين (ساپورو)|alt=ساپورو جي %1 لائين جو نشان]]&quot;,
			[&quot;title&quot;] = &quot;[[%1 لائين (ساپورو)|%1 لائين]]&quot;,
		},

		[&quot;Namboku&quot;] = {
			[&quot;color&quot;] = &quot;00947f&quot;,
			[&quot;left terminus&quot;] = &quot;Asabu&quot;,
			[&quot;right terminus&quot;] = &quot;Makomanai&quot;,
		},

		[&quot;Tōzai&quot;] = {
			[&quot;icon&quot;] = &quot;[[File:Subway SapporoTozai.svg|16px|link=Tōzai Line (Sapporo)|alt=توزائي لائين جو نشان]]&quot;,
			[&quot;color&quot;] = &quot;ff9100&quot;,
			[&quot;left terminus&quot;] = &quot;Miyanosawa&quot;,
			[&quot;right terminus&quot;] = &quot;Shin-Sapporo&quot;,
		},

		[&quot;Tōhō&quot;] = {
			[&quot;icon&quot;] = &quot;[[File:Subway SapporoToho.svg|16px|link=Tōhō Line|alt=توهو لائين جو نشان]]&quot;,
			[&quot;title&quot;] = &quot;[[توهو لائين]]&quot;,
			[&quot;color&quot;] = &quot;0077dd&quot;,
			[&quot;left terminus&quot;] = &quot;Sakaemachi&quot;,
			[&quot;right terminus&quot;] = &quot;Fukuzumi&quot;,
		}
	},

	[&quot;aliases&quot;] = {
		[&quot;n&quot;] = &quot;Namboku&quot;,
		[&quot;namboku&quot;] = &quot;Namboku&quot;,
		[&quot;toz&quot;] = &quot;Tōzai&quot;,
		[&quot;tozai&quot;] = &quot;Tōzai&quot;,
		[&quot;t&quot;] = &quot;Tōzai&quot;,
		[&quot;toho&quot;] = &quot;Tōhō&quot;,
		[&quot;h&quot;] = &quot;Tōhō&quot;,
	}
}

return p</text>
      <sha1>pe384l4gknfpqiaegqmys0v7il58efh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Rail pass box</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>98836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385742</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:15:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox | child = yes | decat = yes  | label1 = Passengers {{#if:{{{pass_year|}}}|({{{pass_year}}})}} |  data1 = {{#if:{{{passengers|}}}|{{{passengers}}}{{#if:{{{pass_percent|}}}|&amp;emsp;{{#ifexpr:{{{pass_percent}}} &gt; 0|{{profit}}|{{#ifexpr:{{{pass_percent}}} &lt; 0|{{loss}}|{{steady}}}}}}&amp;nbsp;{{#expr:abs {{{pass_percent}}}}}%}}{{#if:{{{system|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{system}}})}}}} | label2 = Rank |  data2 = {{{pass_rank|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Documentation|con...</comment>
      <origin>385742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1127" sha1="heoo9xw3krvfcoa9yj0xdqyc5kuxr2w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox
| child = yes | decat = yes

| label1 = Passengers {{#if:{{{pass_year|}}}|({{{pass_year}}})}}
|  data1 = {{#if:{{{passengers|}}}|{{{passengers}}}{{#if:{{{pass_percent|}}}|&amp;emsp;{{#ifexpr:{{{pass_percent}}} &gt; 0|{{profit}}|{{#ifexpr:{{{pass_percent}}} &lt; 0|{{loss}}|{{steady}}}}}}&amp;nbsp;{{#expr:abs {{{pass_percent}}}}}%}}{{#if:{{{system|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{system}}})}}}}
| label2 = Rank
|  data2 = {{{pass_rank|}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content=
This template is used inside public transit station and line infoboxes as a standard means of presenting passenger traffic.

== Example ==
{{Infobox
| data1 = {{Rail pass box
 | passengers   = {{{passengers}}}
 | pass_percent = 0
 | pass_rank    = {{{pass_rank}}}
 | pass_year    = {{{pass_year}}}
 | system       = {{{system}}}
 }}
}}
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow: auto;&quot;&gt;
{{Infobox
| data1 = {{Rail pass box
 | passengers   = {{{passengers|}}}
 | pass_percent = {{{pass_percent|}}}
 | pass_rank    = {{{pass_rank}}}
 | pass_year    = {{{pass_year|}}}
 | system       = {{{system|}}}
 }}
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

}}
[[Category:Rail transport templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>heoo9xw3krvfcoa9yj0xdqyc5kuxr2w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>385743</id>
      <parentid>385742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:16:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>385743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1257" sha1="sju15htp6bls4wxvn1k506wojqptcrs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox
| child = yes
| decat = yes

| label1 = مسافر {{#if:{{{pass_year|}}}|({{{pass_year}}})}}
|  data1 = {{#if:{{{passengers|}}}|{{{passengers}}}{{#if:{{{pass_percent|}}}|&amp;emsp;{{#ifexpr:{{{pass_percent}}} &gt; 0|{{profit}}|{{#ifexpr:{{{pass_percent}}} &lt; 0|{{loss}}|{{steady}}}}}}&amp;nbsp;{{#expr:abs {{{pass_percent}}}}}%}}{{#if:{{{system|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{system}}})}}}}
| label2 = درجو
|  data2 = {{{pass_rank|}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content=
هي سانچو عوامي آمدرفت جي اسٽيشنن ۽ لائينن جي معلوماتي خانن اندر مسافرن جي اچ وڃ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ معياري طريقي طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي.

== مثال ==
{{Infobox
| data1 = {{Rail pass box
 | passengers   = {{{passengers}}}
 | pass_percent = 0
 | pass_rank    = {{{pass_rank}}}
 | pass_year    = {{{pass_year}}}
 | system       = {{{system}}}
 }}
}}
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow: auto;&quot;&gt;
{{Infobox
| data1 = {{Rail pass box
 | passengers   = {{{passengers|}}}
 | pass_percent = {{{pass_percent|}}}
 | pass_rank    = {{{pass_rank}}}
 | pass_year    = {{{pass_year|}}}
 | system       = {{{system|}}}
 }}
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

}}
[[Category:ريل آمدرفت جا سانچا]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sju15htp6bls4wxvn1k506wojqptcrs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>محمد بن عمر الواقدي</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385744</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: محمد بن عمر بن واقدي (پيدائش: 10 سيپٽمبر 747ع — وفات: 27 اپريل 823ع) ٻي صدي هجري جا هڪ مؤرخ هئا.  امام احمد بن حنبل رحمہ الله صرف واقدي کي ئي نه، پر انهن جهڙن ٻين مورخن ۽ رجالِ حديث جي امامن کي به ضعيف قرار ڏنو، جيڪي هر راوي جي جدا جدا بيان کي نقل ڪرڻ بدران سڀ راوين جون معلوم...</comment>
      <origin>385744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1241" sha1="is9314pla2gzt004f3ujfxq3m8veg5r" xml:space="preserve">محمد بن عمر بن واقدي (پيدائش: 10 سيپٽمبر 747ع — وفات: 27 اپريل 823ع) ٻي صدي هجري جا هڪ مؤرخ هئا.

امام احمد بن حنبل رحمہ الله صرف واقدي کي ئي نه، پر انهن جهڙن ٻين مورخن ۽ رجالِ حديث جي امامن کي به ضعيف قرار ڏنو، جيڪي هر راوي جي جدا جدا بيان کي نقل ڪرڻ بدران سڀ راوين جون معلومات گڏ ڪري بيان ڪندا هئا. انهن جي نظر ۾ اهڙي طريقي جون ڪتابون غير مستند هيون، ڇاڪاڻ ته محدثين لاءِ انهن مان اهو طئي ڪرڻ مشڪل ٿي ويندو هو ته ڪنهن به روايت يا قصي ۾ ڪهڙو لفظ ڪهڙي راوي جو آهي. پر واقدي پنهنجو هي طريقه تصنيف هن دليل سان بيان ڪندا هئا ته ان سان واقعات جو تسلسل ۽ منظم و مربوط انداز برقرار رهندو آهي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Islamic world {{!}} History, Population, &amp; Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-world |access-date=2026-06-16 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}} &lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:JRHSN</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:18:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block; position:relative; vertical-align:middle; border:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} /9}}px solid {{#switch: {{{color|{{{1|}}}}}} |A=#E09C42 |AP=#0098D8 |B=#EB848D |F=#994A95 |G=#0C9436 |H=#487CBC |K=#7FBE41 |M=#487CBC |N=#487CBC |S=#E44550 |T=#EBB1B0 |W=#8A483B }}; border-radius:50%; margin:1px; height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 4}}px; width:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 4}}px; line-height:100%; background:white...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1670" sha1="i9rzrsn3sq5bfrso4m6dwrc6j7fkq69" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block; position:relative; vertical-align:middle; border:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} /9}}px solid {{#switch: {{{color|{{{1|}}}}}}
|A=#E09C42
|AP=#0098D8
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}}; border-radius:50%; margin:1px; height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 4}}px; width:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 4}}px; line-height:100%; background:white; font-weight:600; font-size:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 10}}px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0; width:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 4}}px; text-align:center; color:black; {{#switch:{{{name|{{{1}}}}}}|SR|Mb=top:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} / 25}}px; height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 10}}px; line-height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 10}}px; font-size:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 10}}px;|#default=top:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} / 50}}px; height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 8 / 25}}px; line-height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 10 / 25}}px; font-size:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 19 / 50}}px;}}&quot;&gt;{{{name|{{{1|}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position:absolute; bottom:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} / 20}}px; left:0; height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 19 / 50}}px; width:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 3 / 4}}px; line-height:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 23 / 50}}px; text-align:center; font-weight:600; font-size:{{#expr: {{{size|{{{3|30}}}}}} * 19 / 50}}px; color:black;&quot;&gt;{{{number|{{{num|{{{2|}}}}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
[[Category:Japan rail station number templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>اورخان اول</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98839</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:22:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: '''اورخان اول''' (پيدائش: 6 فيبروري 1281ع — وفات: اپريل 1362ع)، جن کي اورخان غازي (عثماني: اورخان غازي) جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، سلطنت عثمانيه جا ٻيا حڪمران هئا. انهن کي سلطنت عثمانيه جو اصل باني به قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي، &lt;ref&gt;https://ttk.gov.tr/osmanli-padisahlari/&lt;/ref&gt;جن 1326ع کان 1359ع تائين حڪو...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1241" sha1="gg65s8gd283g8j3nmbqa26govtftqzy" xml:space="preserve">'''اورخان اول''' (پيدائش: 6 فيبروري 1281ع — وفات: اپريل 1362ع)، جن کي اورخان غازي (عثماني: اورخان غازي) جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، سلطنت عثمانيه جا ٻيا حڪمران هئا. انهن کي سلطنت عثمانيه جو اصل باني به قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي، &lt;ref&gt;https://ttk.gov.tr/osmanli-padisahlari/&lt;/ref&gt;جن 1326ع کان 1359ع تائين حڪومت ڪئي. انهن مغربي اناطوليه جو وڏو حصو عثماني سلطنت ۾ شامل ڪيو، جڏهن ته انهن جي دور ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ترڪ فوجون يورپ ۾ داخل ٿيون، جڏهن انهن جي پٽ سليمان پاشا 1354ع ۾ گيلي پولِي تي قبضو ڪيو. دنيا جي پهرين منظم فوج قرار ڏنل “يني چري” پڻ انهن جي دور ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ فتح ڪيل علائقن جي غير مسلم غلام نوجوانن کي اسلام قبول ڪرائي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو. هو 1359ع ۾ 75 سالن جي عمر ۾ وفات ڪري ويو. انهن 30 سال حڪومت ڪئي۔&lt;ref&gt;https://d-nb.info/gnd/122922999&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سید علی محمد باب</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385747</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:24:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: سيد علي محمد باب (پيدائش: 1820ع — وفات: 1850ع)، بابي يا بہائي مذهب جو باني هو. سندس والد محمد رضا شيراز جو هڪ واپاري هو. سيد علي محمد تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪربلا ويو ۽ پوءِ شيراز واپس اچي 24 سالن جي عمر ۾ “بابِ خدا تائين پهچڻ جو دروازو” هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو. اصفهان جو گورنر منوچ...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1724" sha1="0ltgkiyih6p9gmrkcvvvp9efbsfuqi0" xml:space="preserve">سيد علي محمد باب (پيدائش: 1820ع — وفات: 1850ع)، بابي يا بہائي مذهب جو باني هو. سندس والد محمد رضا شيراز جو هڪ واپاري هو. سيد علي محمد تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪربلا ويو ۽ پوءِ شيراز واپس اچي 24 سالن جي عمر ۾ “بابِ خدا تائين پهچڻ جو دروازو” هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو. اصفهان جو گورنر منوچهر سندس پيروڪار بڻيو. مرزا يحيٰ نوري، جيڪو پوءِ “صبح ازل” جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، ۽ مرزا حسين علي نوري، جيڪو بہاءُ الله جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، گڏوگڏ آيت الله ملا برغاني جي حسين و جميل ڌيءَ زرّين تاج، جيڪا قرۃ العين طاهره سڏبي هئي، هن مذهب جا سرگرم مبلغ هئا. عالمن باب جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي ۽ کيس ڪافر قرار ڏنو. بادشاهه ناصرالدين قاچار جي حڪم تي آخرڪار تبريز جي چوڪ تي کيس گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو ۽ سندس لاش شهر کان ٻاهر اڇلايو ويو. سندس پيروڪارن جو عقيدو آهي ته سندس مريدن لاش لڪائي ڇڏيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ پنجاهه سال پوءِ عبدالبهاء جي دور ۾ فلسطين کڻي وڃي جبل ڪرمل تي دفن ڪيو ويو. بهائي هن کي “مقام اعلىٰ” چون ٿا. باب ٻه ڪتاب “بيان” ۽ “دلائل السبعہ” لکيا، جن مان سندس مذهبي عقيدن جو مختصر اندازو لڳائي سگهجي ٿو۔</text>
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  <page>
    <title>قاضي عبدالمجيد عابد</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385750</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T10:31:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>سائين بخش</username>
        <id>21992</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: قاضي عبدالمجيد عابد (مارچ 1915ع — 27 آگسٽ 1996ع) هڪ پاڪستاني سياستدان ۽ صحافي هو، جيڪو سنڌ جي شهر حيدرآباد سان تعلق رکندو هو. هو پاڪستان جي قومي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ مختلف وقتن تي ڪيترن ئي وفاقي وزيرن جا عهدا سنڀاليا. هن وفاقي حڪومت ۾ مختلف وزيرن طور خدمتون انجام ڏني...</comment>
      <origin>385750</origin>
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      <text bytes="963" sha1="9q5vg2my7kzdh1gugjkipf7pyt4roep" xml:space="preserve">قاضي عبدالمجيد عابد (مارچ 1915ع — 27 آگسٽ 1996ع) هڪ پاڪستاني سياستدان ۽ صحافي هو، جيڪو سنڌ جي شهر حيدرآباد سان تعلق رکندو هو. هو پاڪستان جي قومي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ مختلف وقتن تي ڪيترن ئي وفاقي وزيرن جا عهدا سنڀاليا. هن وفاقي حڪومت ۾ مختلف وزيرن طور خدمتون انجام ڏنيون، جن ۾ اطلاعات ۽ نشريات جو وفاقي وزير، تعليم جو وفاقي وزير، خوراڪ ۽ زراعت جو وفاقي وزير، ۽ پاڻي ۽ بجلي جو وفاقي وزير شامل آهن. هو سنڌي ٻولي جي اخبار “ڊانلي عبرت” (Daily Ibrat) جو باني ۽ پبلشر پڻ هو. هن 27 آگسٽ 1996ع تي ڦڦڙن جي ڪينسر سبب وفات ڪئي۔&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dawn.com/news/113214/hyderabad-qazi-abid&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:منحصر رياستون</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385754</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:34:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ملڪ]]</comment>
      <origin>385754</origin>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="q4q7mod9e6lt4mjjpy1d7mmu5i5k3n1" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ملڪ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385757</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:44:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</comment>
      <origin>385757</origin>
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      <text bytes="83" sha1="7ozb7qqk4y2jo9an2ssc77h69yu3zfc" xml:space="preserve">
[[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>385766</id>
      <parentid>385757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:52:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="82" sha1="atyo9bb437p2wtp5viyvjwkd1r3wzme" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>385758</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]]</comment>
      <origin>385758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="56" sha1="jjtzp7s4ki52z0mkxkf8qsm8ylnq1a7" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:شهر]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>مدينو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <redirect title="مدينه منوره" />
    <revision>
      <id>385763</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[مدينو]] کي [[مدينه منوره]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>385763</origin>
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      <text bytes="37" sha1="8w036ht8diitaulccegyf5krw8dxxyp" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[مدينه منوره]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>مڪو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>385765</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:51:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[مڪو]] کي [[مڪه مڪرمه]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>385765</origin>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="sagb06mpeta5gzyy6r50b9iirlg2w9z" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[مڪه مڪرمه]]</text>
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  <page>
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    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>98847</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-16T11:55:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فلسطین]]</comment>
      <origin>385768</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="25" sha1="fq754h0yr6lrh9za2bll81sztpwigi3" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:فلسطین]]</text>
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